q_id stringlengths 5 6 | title stringlengths 0 304 | selftext stringlengths 0 39.2k | document stringclasses 1 value | subreddit stringclasses 3 values | answers dict | title_urls dict | selftext_urls dict | answers_urls dict | split stringclasses 9 values | title_body stringlengths 1 39.1k | embeddings list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7sgpof | How do Micro SD cards store information, and what are the advances that make new ones able to store more information than older ones? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dt4mgtj",
"dt4nk7z"
],
"text": [
"All sorts of solid state memory store data in super tiny capacitors. New ones can store more because manufacturing improvements have allowed more storage to be affordable. Companies only make things that people buy.",
"It's mostly the improvements in manufacturing methods that leads to capacity increase. Most notably the ability to manufacture smaller transistors stacked on top of each other in multiple layers."
],
"score": [
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How do Micro SD cards store information, and what are the advances that make new ones able to store more information than older ones?
[removed] | [
0.05854625627398491,
0.05271007493138313,
-0.06823381036520004,
0.02960250899195671,
0.03562913089990616,
-0.001856319373473525,
0.0009862459264695644,
0.04218949377536774,
0.04156658798456192,
-0.007813379168510437,
0.02016451768577099,
0.09866220504045486,
-0.03728026524186134,
-0.034548... | |
5ke2vd | In "older" shows and movies, why are the shots used for cross fades, of lower quality than the rest of the shots. | I was watching *Friends* on Netflix and noticed that whenever they were about to do a cross-fade, the image quality was noticeably lower than any of the other shots. I thought it was exclusive to that show, but now I just started watching *Waterworld* and saw the same thing happening.
I am curious why this happens, thanks in advance! | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dbn9d8h"
],
"text": [
"The short answer is loss of information.\n\nEDIT: still same short answer, but I think the 'optical printed dissolves' as the correct answer. Leaving the rest for reference.\n\n--\n\nHistorically, most video is/was compressed using YUV planes, where the Y plane is the luminance (black and white) and the UV planes are the chroma (colors). Older color television has UV (color) planes that are half the quality of the luminance (Y). It's a great compression technique, but it's one that loses information (lossy compression). It's how black and white TVs were able to show color television programs: the color information was separate (and compressed to fit in between frames).\n\nNot all video is encoded this way, but they are almost all 'lossy' compression techniques. The better ones will encode from one frame to the next using deltas (the difference between frames). In this manner, more of the information channel can be used on the delta and more information preserved.\n\nNow, imagine fading two scenes with entirely different sets of information. Delta information doesn't help because the scene isn't a minor change from the previous, but an entire screen change. The bandwidth of the information channel is maxed out. Variable Bitrate (VBR) formats help dynamically add bandwidth to the information channel, but even then you start clipping (maxing out).\n\nNext, your screen has a limited range of colors that it can represent. Generally speaking, you don't notice because color is relative. However, if the relative colors of one scene is completely different than that of the next scene, blending the two together will produce colors that can't be represented by the TV screen.\n\nThis is basically what High Dynamic Range (HDR) is supposed to address. It has higher precision color channels that can store more information. Unfortunately, to display HDR images they almost always need to be converted down to LDR. More information loss.\n\nSource: Video game programmer for 10+ years."
],
"score": [
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | In "older" shows and movies, why are the shots used for cross fades, of lower quality than the rest of the shots.
I was watching *Friends* on Netflix and noticed that whenever they were about to do a cross-fade, the image quality was noticeably lower than any of the other shots. I thought it was exclusive to that show, but now I just started watching *Waterworld* and saw the same thing happening. I am curious why this happens, thanks in advance! | [
0.04879964143037796,
-0.06560556590557098,
0.09357316046953201,
-0.03247804939746857,
0.04494928941130638,
-0.013490904122591019,
-0.01022790465503931,
0.028795380145311356,
0.03160284087061882,
-0.02142791450023651,
0.0005560325807891786,
0.0008378318161703646,
0.0007859867764636874,
-0.0... | |
6bo7wr | Why does nausea seem to come in waves? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dhordi8",
"dhpinok"
],
"text": [
"It can come in waves as the natural movement (muscle contractions of the digestive system known as peristalses) is reversed, and involuntary contractions in the walls of the stomach and esophagus force the stomach contents out",
"To throw up is generally an unhealthy action. It's normally best to keep whats in your tummy in your tummy.\n\nThrowing up is an EXTREME reaction that your body only resorts to in dire emergencies. Your tummy tries one big heave and hopes that does the trick because it doesn't want to try again...Then it pauses to re-evaluate the emergency. Did that one heave do the finish the job? Yes. Good. Not going to belch again. -OR- No, after ascertaining the situation I require more barfing. The cycle doesn't stop till it's all out."
],
"score": [
6,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why does nausea seem to come in waves?
| [
0.08217863738536835,
-0.1335875540971756,
0.0148227633908391,
0.050429146736860275,
0.07719305902719498,
-0.06000683084130287,
0.04831903427839279,
0.059755485504865646,
0.0763619989156723,
-0.062158625572919846,
-0.034293413162231445,
-0.04012218117713928,
0.014177241362631321,
-0.0447151... | ||
5y8zip | What does it mean to be an American? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"deo2pcm",
"deo3h7q"
],
"text": [
"Where you are free to have your own thoughts and live your life the way you desire within the limitations of the law.",
"To be an American you must either be born on American territory, born to an American parent or go through the process to be an American citizen."
],
"score": [
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What does it mean to be an American?
[removed] | [
0.042003240436315536,
0.02736559323966503,
-0.04250665381550789,
-0.00827277172356844,
-0.021317439153790474,
-0.0036622469779103994,
0.12245746701955795,
-0.11789480596780777,
-0.04755073040723801,
-0.04666754603385925,
0.047360893338918686,
0.020858440548181534,
-0.02130509726703167,
-0.... | |
2s80rr | Why do Americans make so much money compared to mainland Europeans? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cnn00w0",
"cnn05ph"
],
"text": [
"Who's more likely to tell you their salary: a rich person, or a poor person?",
"A six-figure (US dollar) salary in the US is actually a very high wage. Around 20% of **households** make that annually, and that number includes families who, combined, make that amount. $50k a year (for each partner in a household making $100k) is considered, in most of the US, as enough to live on comfortably enough, but not wealthy.\n\nThe fact is, some of the people who claim to make six figures are lying (just because it's the internet), and many of them are being truthful. But the people who make minimum wage or other low-medium salaries are much less likely to go bragging about it on the internet.\n\nAs an American living comfortably enough in my 20's with a $42k salary."
],
"score": [
13,
7
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do Americans make so much money compared to mainland Europeans?
| [
0.07174746692180634,
-0.04314772039651871,
-0.023682309314608574,
0.017560791224241257,
0.0016264667501673102,
-0.062004219740629196,
0.016614530235528946,
-0.027062712237238884,
0.01756293699145317,
-0.046430159360170364,
0.05438334122300148,
-0.09777787327766418,
-0.05223561450839043,
0.... | ||
230dn5 | Why does polishing a white object to a high sheen not turn it into a mirror? | White reflects all colors, highly polished surfaces are shiny and prevent diffraction, so what gives?
Also why does black actually seem to do a better job of this? And what base-color is actually best for mirrors? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cgs5z9b",
"cgs68vu"
],
"text": [
"There are two kinds of reflection: specular reflection and diffuse reflection.\n\nSpecular reflection is when a beam of light hits an object, and is reflected back in one *specific* direction. If you shot a laser at a specular reflective surface, it would bounce right back and look pretty much the same as it did going in. Specular surfaces (like mirrors and metal) are shiny.\n\nDiffuse reflection is when the reflection fans out. If you shot a laser at a diffuse surface, it would lose its coherent \"laser-ness\" and look like a regular non-concentrated light. Matte surfaces are diffuse.\n\nYou may have noticed that specular surfaces tend to be very smooth, while diffuse surfaces tend to be rough. That's not coincidental. For an analogy, imagine bouncing a ball off of a smooth surface like a floor: you can guess with pretty much 100% certainty what direction it's going to bounce in. Bounce a ball off an irregular surface like a floor covered with random objects? Yeah, you have no idea where that ball's gonna go.\n\nPolish works by filling in *minor* surface irregularities. The polish itself, however, is frankly not a very good specular reflector. That's why if you overpolish a metal, it'll actually get worse. If you try to polish a rough surface, you're just filling in the big irregularities with a substance that still doesn't specular reflect very well.",
"I'm not sure if this will answer exactly what you're asking, but it may be helpful.\n\nWhen light interacts with an object, there are a few terms that we can use to describe what happens. It can be absorbed (turned into heat energy), it can be transmitted (pass through) or it can be reflected. It's usually a combination.\n\nFor transmission, we would classify it either as diffuse transmission (light though fabric for example) or direct transmission (light though a clear window).\n\nAbsorption is when light is converted into non-visual energy like heat. If all the light is being absorbed, the object would be pure black. If some wavelengths of light are absorbed and some are reflected, we see that the object has a color. The fact that anything has a color, is a result of which wavelengths are being absorbed vs reflected.\n\nThe last property is what we call reflection. Light being reflected off of things is how we see them at all. Two main categories of reflection are diffuse reflection and direct reflection.\n\nDiffuse reflection scatters the reflected light in all directions, while direct reflection reflects the light at the opposite angle at which the light hit it. (angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence). \n\nWhen something is white, it will very likely have a high percentage of the property of diffuse reflection. A good example is simple white paper. \n\nIf something is polished, then the polished surface likely has more of the direct reflection properties. \n\nAs for why black objects do a better job of becoming a 'mirrored' surface, it's because there is little or no diffuse reflection to distract from the direct reflection. \n\nOn a white object with the same direct reflection properties as the black one, the diffuse reflection can tend to overpower the direct reflection so that we don't see it. \n\nA mirror is the best example of something that has properties of direct reflection (and little or no diffuse reflection). Silver seems to be the best material/color for a mirror, but the science of why is probably more an an /r/askscience topic."
],
"score": [
6,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why does polishing a white object to a high sheen not turn it into a mirror?
White reflects all colors, highly polished surfaces are shiny and prevent diffraction, so what gives? Also why does black actually seem to do a better job of this? And what base-color is actually best for mirrors? | [
-0.039449017494916916,
0.023415682837367058,
0.08741428703069687,
-0.007469149772077799,
-0.0344228595495224,
-0.041729699820280075,
0.035097114741802216,
-0.013056297786533833,
-0.015991123393177986,
0.0390578955411911,
-0.12341224402189255,
0.04641181603074074,
0.02779204584658146,
-0.01... | |
5o56nm | How do game developers secure their code for their game in that way that it simply won't be copied by any other game company/game developer? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dcgnhvd",
"dcgnt4z",
"dcgqovn",
"dcgo7vc",
"dcgo74s"
],
"text": [
"Most games are written in C++. When you program something in C++ you run the code through a program called a compiler, which turns it into a form that the computer can run. You can't get back to the code that was originally written from that, too much information is thrown away.\n\nIt is possible to inspect this compiled to code to reverse engineer or hack parts of the software. But reverse engineering it into something usable to make a new game is way more difficult than it would be writing the code for your game from scratch.",
"It's not possible to do that, at least not for offline games. At some point, the game has to turn into instructions that your computer can interpret so they can always just copy those. \n\nThey can intentionally make the instructions complicated so they're hard to follow, but mostly they just rely on the fact that a) copying the code is illegal and b) there's very little in the game code that's worth copying.\n\n Sure, the engine might have some nice code in it, but game companies that don't want to invest in writing their own engine can just license Unity or Unreal or Source or any of the other engines that have already solved most of these problems and not have to worry about legal issues. \n\nGame play mechanics aren't legally protected, even though the code is protected by copyright, so if a company wants to copy a game, they can just write the copy themselves and be in the clear. Of course, they can't copy the story or the art (those are also protected by copyright), but most game companies aren't trying to do straight knockoffs anyway. There's no fun or money in releasing the exact same game as your competitor several months later, after everyone has already tired of playing that game.",
"There are two kinds of code. Source code is meant to be read by humans, but for the most part, it is just text. For it to do anything, it has to be transformed into executable code, which is what the computer understands natively.\n\nWhen you buy a game, you just get the executable code, not the source. A lot of information that is useful to humans is lost in the executable. There might be variables called \"hit_points\", \"att\", and \"def\" in the source, and they will have names like 0x13e6, 0x13e7, and 0x13e8 in the executable, that don't mean anything to a person. With a lot of work, you could figure it out, but with a lot of work, you could also write your own.\n\nIt is kind of like the difference between a cake, and a recipe for a cake.",
"As people have said once you compile code it's harder to reverse engineer however it's still possible. Another step taken is called code obfuscation. This is where the code is deliberately written in such a way it is very hard to read and understand what is going on. Simple things like making variable names 2 pages long if you look at the following image you can see this in action \n\n\n_URL_0_",
"Software makers (including game developers) tend not to actually distribute their source code. You get compiled objects which it is absolutely not trivial to derive the source code from (in fact, getting the *actual* source code back is pretty much impossible)."
],
"score": [
4,
2,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://goo.gl/images/lY1DPm"
]
} | train_eli5 | How do game developers secure their code for their game in that way that it simply won't be copied by any other game company/game developer?
| [
-0.07686547189950943,
0.010610152967274189,
-0.015310999937355518,
-0.048797182738780975,
0.006628779228776693,
0.012575453147292137,
0.022916223853826523,
-0.05753331631422043,
0.05910445749759674,
0.021254142746329308,
-0.011700247414410114,
0.017385585233569145,
0.001371624763123691,
-0... | ||
1rjhbr | When a town or a city elects a dog or a cat for mayor, how does that end up working? | I've seen several towns that elected animals as their mayors, and I'm really curious about how that works. Does the animal actually get paid? Do they actually get an office? Is their presence required at official events? I read this article: _URL_0_
and I just don't see how a cat or a dog could fulfill this role. Well, maybe a cat... | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cdnw262",
"cdo2fxd"
],
"text": [
"It is never official.\n\nTypically it only occurs in unincorporated towns where they don't have government at anything lower than the county level. Such communities will often elect an unofficial mayor as sort of a spokesman. Since there are no real laws covering this, there is nothing stopping them from getting silly from time to time.",
"They hire an appointee to smoke crack cocaine for him/her and blow in in their face. Dogs are less keen on this change than cats."
],
"score": [
4,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://people.howstuffworks.com/government/local-politics/mayor1.htm"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | When a town or a city elects a dog or a cat for mayor, how does that end up working?
I've seen several towns that elected animals as their mayors, and I'm really curious about how that works. Does the animal actually get paid? Do they actually get an office? Is their presence required at official events? I read this article: _URL_0_ and I just don't see how a cat or a dog could fulfill this role. Well, maybe a cat... | [
0.024189995601773262,
-0.0012042780872434378,
0.12100166082382202,
0.0821736752986908,
-0.09057135134935379,
-0.01938151940703392,
-0.045228563249111176,
-0.07028014212846756,
-0.019404398277401924,
0.036010514944791794,
0.010262217372655869,
-0.09446714073419571,
-0.06995150446891785,
0.0... | |
5fdqti | Why is an excess of (salty) saliva produced when about to vomit? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dajewiz"
],
"text": [
"The belief is that it's to protect your teeth. Stomach acid is very destructive to tooth enamel. Saliva helps dilute and neutralize the acid."
],
"score": [
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why is an excess of (salty) saliva produced when about to vomit?
[deleted] | [
0.006829479709267616,
-0.09520303457975388,
0.05024576559662819,
-0.03586776182055473,
0.012570627965033054,
-0.014952242374420166,
0.11621648073196411,
0.054907023906707764,
0.04024292156100273,
-0.010281615890562534,
-0.0075723230838775635,
-0.0988948792219162,
0.027486711740493774,
0.03... | |
4is70b | Why have Christianity and Islam been so successful? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d30nft4",
"d30nsx3",
"d30oqif"
],
"text": [
"They are both religions that place a heavy emphasis on evangelizing and spreading the word, and were both adopted by peoples who were highly mobile, both as traders and invaders.",
"Christanity was a slave/servant religion with many of the early converts filling this role in addition to former Jews filling the ranks.\n\nActs of martyrdom committed by Jesus, most of the apostles and the other followers of the faith helped stir emotion in favor of Christianity.\n\nThe wife of Roman Emperor Constantine helped convince him to end persecution of Christians and eventually convert. \n\nMeanwhile Christian missionaries spread through Europe and The Middle East. \n\nEventually pagan tribes adopt the customs but choose to force conquered people to convert.\n\nIslam spread in a similar way, though Muhammad was a known war lord. Through centuries of warfare they conquered and persecuted many non Muslim peoples in the Middle East, Africa and parts of Souther Europe and Eastern Europe. This militant attitude was forged after Muhammad faced persecution in the region, it also aided in securing alliances with the war tribes in the region as they had grown accustomed to raiding their neighbors.\n\nThe Ottoman Empire was an Islamic Empire which conquered Constantinople (modern Istanbul) and killed or expelled any non Muslims who refused to convert or pay the infidel tax. The Ottoman Empire was responsible for much of the Islamic Power in the Middle East for roughly 500 years.\n\nPost WWII many Muslims migrated to Europe to aid in the rebuilding of the various governments. There have also been many mission trips including one where a Muslim explorer met vikings.\n\nSources: \n\nChristianity Segment is from multiple books written over the history of Christianity.\n\nIslam Segment is from Tamir Ansary's book detailing Islamic History, \"Destiny Disrupted\"",
"Also, both religions offer an amazing afterlife, if you follow the rules. It was a pretty good pitch for vast majority of people who's earthlife prospects were not too promising."
],
"score": [
48,
9,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why have Christianity and Islam been so successful?
[removed] | [
0.05703343078494072,
0.09503189474344254,
-0.015666348859667778,
0.030694173648953438,
0.0233229361474514,
0.010940255597233772,
-0.04820187762379646,
-0.047828059643507004,
0.06474655121564865,
-0.04903572425246239,
0.03135832026600838,
0.11720968037843704,
0.014174391515552998,
0.0227192... | |
qg1fp | How E. Coli bacteria contaminates vegetables. | Because I remember being taught in school that E. Coli is a bacteria that's naturally found in the intestines of most animals, but it seems like every time I hear about an E. Coli outbreak it's traced back to lettuce, tomatoes, clover sprouts, or some other food that doesn't come from an animal. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"c3xbskb",
"c3xd7sh"
],
"text": [
"Poop from cows, chickens, etc., is used to fertilize vegetables. Sometimes, that poop contains bacteria like e. coli which gets on the outside of the vegetables. If the vegetables aren't cleaned before people eat it, then people can get sick. The easiest way to keep yourself safe is to always wash your vegetables before eating them.",
"You're right that E. Coli is only naturally found in animals. Runoff sometimes contaminates the water, and so the vegetables can get E. Coli from the contaminated water that it absorbs. It's not just *on* the vegetables when this happens, so washing won't get rid of it. It can actually get in the vegetables when this happens. Cooking the vegetables can kill it, but vegetables that normally aren't cooked (like sprouts) can be high risk. \n\nThank you, livestock industry :-P"
],
"score": [
5,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How E. Coli bacteria contaminates vegetables.
Because I remember being taught in school that E. Coli is a bacteria that's naturally found in the intestines of most animals, but it seems like every time I hear about an E. Coli outbreak it's traced back to lettuce, tomatoes, clover sprouts, or some other food that doesn't come from an animal. | [
0.021961240097880363,
-0.05579999461770058,
0.01137569174170494,
0.048450492322444916,
0.08151750266551971,
0.033431585878133774,
0.0059857554733753204,
0.02470277063548565,
0.05349722132086754,
-0.005625688470900059,
0.07166941463947296,
0.017320264130830765,
0.06386890262365341,
0.036738... | |
2gn5w3 | How did they get the carriages into the Glasgow underground? | Its just two big circles entirely underground. What happens if a train needs replaced?
Its really far underground, I don't understand the practicality of getting something that big into sort of place.
(I did do a search, wikipedia doesn't mention much) | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ckkoo6k"
],
"text": [
"There is an above ground depot at govan with tracks leading between the depot and the main lines.\n\nThe depot was built in the 70s, prior to that the cars were craned in through a hole"
],
"score": [
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How did they get the carriages into the Glasgow underground?
Its just two big circles entirely underground. What happens if a train needs replaced? Its really far underground, I don't understand the practicality of getting something that big into sort of place. (I did do a search, wikipedia doesn't mention much) | [
-0.06040951982140541,
-0.039741966873407364,
-0.008765038102865219,
0.04058724269270897,
0.005327108781784773,
-0.035341471433639526,
-0.04139738157391548,
0.03551962226629257,
-0.07386907190084457,
0.012800389900803566,
-0.04530377313494682,
0.08155012875795364,
-0.025250054895877838,
-0.... | |
4j04nx | Why do most countries limit work/travel visas to 30 years age or less? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d32ja7z",
"d32oxbj"
],
"text": [
"I think the type of working holiday visas that allow people to stay for a year and work a while doing so, is usually restricted to age 18-30, because it is primarily intended for students who take a year abroad.\n\nThere tend to be plenty of other visa types that don't limit the age of the applicant like this.",
"Would it not also have to do with the, for lack of a better term \"use\" of a younger person over a slightly older one? That same reason its harder for a older person to get a mortgage or find new work.\nolder the age = more likely to develop health issues sooner, retires sooner, get married and start a family in the country they are meant to just be \"working\" in. Im no expert but I would assume these all lend themselves to governments deciding on visa age restrictions"
],
"score": [
10,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do most countries limit work/travel visas to 30 years age or less?
| [
0.0653538703918457,
-0.025310885161161423,
0.0018724092515185475,
-0.01073747593909502,
0.07213021069765091,
0.04207563027739525,
-0.06028271093964577,
-0.035412825644016266,
0.010647965595126152,
0.04135603830218315,
0.04565063863992691,
0.008048239164054394,
-0.030037060379981995,
0.0998... | ||
8phmk8 | how can a tv remote sit around all day not wasting it’s batteries and immediately be picked up and used (without having to be turned on), while something like a game controller must be turned on first before use, and if you left it on all day it would drain the batteries even while not in use? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"e0bbjzj",
"e0bcrhu",
"e0bg73e",
"e0be846",
"e0bflnp",
"e0bhngl",
"e0c3db8",
"e0bm1qn",
"e0bwrcs",
"e0bkene",
"e0bg0dk",
"e0bjuct",
"e0bmh3a",
"e0bugqh",
"e0bu02v",
"e0c4mjb",
"e0bf95i",
"e0c65qx",
"e0bkxey",
"e0bhj92",
"e0cz3vh"
],
"text": [
"a tv remote is a usually one way communication and uses IR. the remote emits a signal when a button is pushed and the tv receives it. it's like using smoke signals. \n\na game controller communicates through bluetooth which is active two way communication. just by keeping it on and idle, it'll consume power. and controllers can also do other things, such as transmit audio, rumble, etc.",
"A TV remote is typically made in such a way that every button is an \"on\" button for the remote itself. Meaning it uses absolutely no power when you're not pressing any buttons. So the reason is the same as for a flashlight -- when not in use it doesn't do anything.",
"Many answers here mention that remotes use IR, which is one-way, while controllers use bluetooth, which is two-way. This is close to being the answer, but I just wanted to add a bit extra. \n\nThe important thing to note is that bluetooth is connection-oriented. Devices establish explicit connections with each other, and then either device can talk to the other over the established connection. \n\nNow, because devices want to connect as soon as they can, they have to constantly be trying to connect, meaning at regular intervals they're sending out a signal just asking \"anyone else nearby speak bluetooth?\" This uses power. \n\nOf course, devices can get around this by either giving up and going to sleep after a while, which means the user will have to \"wake up\" the device before it tries connecting again. \n\nAnother reason controllers might draw more power is that electronics just always draw a little bit of power, even when they're completely off, and more complicated electronic with more components are going to draw more idle power. And since a controller is much more complex than a remote, it draws more idle power. On top of that, since the best way to prevent this idle power loss is to physically disconnect the battery, IR remotes can just use every single button as a physical disconnection, so the battery is only even connected to anything when a button is pressed. In a controller, a bunch of components need to be on continuously, even when no buttons are being pressed (like the bluetooth radio). So, to counteract the idle power draw, controllers come with on/off switches, which can be used to physically disconnect the battery from the electronics and saving power.",
"A basic tv remote just blasts an ir signals into the ether depending on which circuit is completed, it’s the TVs job to receive the signal. Your game controller has to send AND receive a constant stream of very complex signals, when you aren’t using it and it’s left on it still has to sit there and constantly check if anything has changed which drains its battery.",
"Remotes are pretty dumb and do very simple things, like shooting out the same signal every time you push the same button over IR.\n\nControllers actually have some smart bits in them, talk both ways, and are generally much more complex.",
"I'll address it in two parts:\n1) TV remotes do drain batteries but do so at a very slow pace. The basic structure to TV remotes use an LED at the infrared frequency range that characteristically blocks most current from the battery until someone turns it \"on\". When you press a button it turns on for a short burst, then back off. You also have to program a remote when you start because the receiver at the TV only responds to a certain type of signal. \n\n2) The actual use of a game controller vs a TV controller are pretty different. A TV remote signal is very directional; if you don't point it at the correct spot you don't get the channel changed or the volume changed, etc., this wouldn't be convenient for a game controller. You also care about missed inputs, having a two way connection instead of a one way connection like a TV remote means you need constant talk between the game controller and system. This means quite literally in-between all of your inputs on your game controller the system and controller are both communicating with \"hey I'm here \" and \" do you still see me signals\" on top of other things. Newer features have reinforced the need for this type of partnership (things like rumble)\n\nreal ELI5:\nThey were built to do different things, a lot of what a game controller does requires input from you and the game system. Doing this requires energy for working in both directions. Talking both ways requires synchronization as well (in order to understand each other) so that's why they use power even when not being used to make sure they are still synced (most have power saving built in to disconnect after so much time of no use)\nThey could have made game controllers work the same way as remotes but you wouldn't have the benefits of the feautures like rumble etc.\n\nSorry for the long stuff, went on one of those onion peeling journies\n\nSource: PhD student in EE, specific in wireless",
"Think of a complete circle.\n\nNow think of one that is incomplete, or 95% drawn. You know it’s a circle, but it’s not connected. \n\nThis is how circuitry works.\n\nIf the circle is complete, batteries drain.\n\nIf the circle is not complete, nothing happens.\n\nMost TV remotes are simple and use an open circuit (incomplete circle). You are closing the circle when you press a button. The circle is only complete and only draining batteries during that button press. When you let up the circle opens and once more, the batteries go back to their non-functional, incomplete circle state.\n\nA game controller is more complicated. It works with an always-closed circle. The button that turns it off and on is not the same as a tv remote. The game controller always has a low level of power running through the system even when it’s off, hence the batteries drain.\n\nCircles.",
"TV remote buttons complete a circuit for the battery, and thus electric current is used. This is a tiny amount of power. If the remote isn't used, it's like the batteries aren't even in the remote. The IR light is a single light that sends bursts of light patterns.\n\nA controller using Bluetooth or other method of communication is always using a wireless connection to stay in contact to communicate actions done on the controller.\n\nThink of it this way: a remote is you and a friend sitting around where you can occasionally tell your friend something. A controller is where you two need to constantly ask your friend every 10 seconds if he is still listening. Which scenario will cause you to be more tired at the end of the day?",
"Most of the popular answers here are wrong, those reasons are why the controller's battery doesn't last long while in active use, not the reason it has terrible standby power usage. \n\nThe real reason is because the people that made the game controller didn't prioritize low standby power usage. It's entirely possible for the engineers to make the game controller go into a low power mode if it's idle for say 5 minutes, but for whatever reason(cost or development time) they didn't bother. \n\nEven with a bluetooth receiver active(but not transmitting), two AA batteries can last a month or two in an idle/standby mode. Provided the developers care about standby time.",
"Every button in a remote is essentially a tiny switch. If you open up a remote, you'll see on the circuit board inside there are little black pads that line up with each button on the remote. When you push a button, you essentially complete the circuit for that individual button, which then sends the appropriate signal to the device (volume up, channel change, etc.). Then when you release the button, the circuit is broken, meaning no current flow, and no loss of battery life until another button is pressed. This wouldn't work with a gaming controller because as stated above, it is only one way communication, and a lot of the functions of a gaming wouldn't work with one way communication.",
"Many game controllers are two way devices. So assuming you could make one that worked exactly like a remote, it would still have to \"listen\" to see if the console is telling it to \"do\" something, example \"rumble\". For that reason there is always some battery usage. If you wanted to minimize it you could remove the rumble pack although with most today it is integrated.",
"- A TV remote is basically a torch (press a button to shine the infra red light).\n\n- Your game controller is basically a two-way-radio (it's constantly sending and receiving UHF radio waves while it's turned on)",
"A remote only sends a signal when you press a button. A console is constantly pinging a controller, checking its current input state every fraction of a second. Also; remotes don't vibrate.",
"Others have given a pretty good explanation, so I’ll try to add something different; though this may not be ELI5\n\n- All devices have a leakage current, meaning small amounts of power is wasted in the circuit. Additionally many batteries cannot hold their charge forever.\n\n- The processors in many modern devices are actually on, but waiting for a command to do something. Most modern micro controllers (mini computers ) have different levels of power saving modes where each level puts the chip into a deeper sleep and saves more power.\n\n- Turning on a tv is flashing an infrared light in a certain sequence. When you press any button, an “interrupt” is triggered, similar to ringing a doorbell to wake you up. The device checks which button was pressed and sends out the corresponding code then immediately goes to sleep when you let go (all this happens in microseconds)\n\n- These codes are simple numbers, encoded in binary and converted to something similar to Morse code. The tv then has a similar process in reverse to decode it by converting light to electrical signals and those signals to a Morse code equivalent \n\nLastly a remote is “stateless” for the most part; it does what you tell it now. A game controller on the other hand has to establish a wireless connection and maintain that connection or the game system will display you lost connection. \n\nYou could definitely make a game system run on Infrared tv remote but here’s a few problems:\n- A simple remote is one way, how would it know to vibrate when you get hit?\n- security; there’s no way to establish a secure connection unless you use a predetermined code that the system knows. \n- multiplayer; if you all have the same remotes, the system needs a way to tell the difference. Maybe you could punch in a code that changes the commands for each remote temporarily, or maybe buy remote 1,2,3,4\n\nAs far as battery, every component loses power in different amounts. If there’s a voltage regulator, there’s an efficiency of let’s say 50-90% which is lost before the processor gets it. Each resistor burns up energy. Each chip has a minimal rated power consumption. These combined are the “quiescent” power draw usually in the micro or nano amps. Compared to your batteries which hold a few hundred MilliAmperes to a a few thousand like you phone ~3-4000 milliamperes",
"> (without having to be turned on)\n\nThis isn't exactly true. Whenever you hit a button on a remote, you're closing a very specific circuit. In other words, you're turning it on with every button press (and turning it off when you release the button).\n\nThe difference is that the components of a remote are very simple, and don't take long to boot up and perform their task, so the delay between pressing the button and performing a specific task (like \"send the signal to turn the TV on\") is very small.\n\nA game controller, on the other hand, is a slightly different beast. It's more like a computer (which is turned on with the main switch/button) that constantly monitors the button states and sends signals appropriately. It's built this way for several reasons:\n\n* ...to decrease the delay between a button press and an action.\n* ...to allow for button combinations (pressing the B and the A buttons at the same time) and other complex control scenarios.\n* ...to allow the console (or other controlled system) to discover the state of the controller without any input from you, the player, so it can do things like pause the game if the battery dies or turn on when you turn the controller on.",
"None of these answers explain the why.\n\nIR is just light patterns generated by a circuit, the start up time for something like that is so short that most traditional IR remotes just design their circuits such that pressing any button also turns it on, and it turns off immediately when you stop pressing any buttons.\n\nBluetooth and/or wireless communication does not work as quickly to initialize and can't do this power saving trick.\n\nYou have to find a receiver, decide on a frequency (by scanning the supported frequencies for the one with the least amount of interference), an encryption key, exchange info about what features both sides support, and then you can send the command. If it took 5 seconds every time you pressed x you wouldn't like that system.",
"Energy cannot be lost, only transformed, so the remote will not use any energy, because it has nothing to convert it to. \n\nGame controllers are actively broadcasting EM radiation as part of their communication protocols. Actively converting chemical energy into light outside our visual spectrum.\n\nThe reason you don't have to link your remote is because it just runs on a insecure channel. _Any_ TV can be controlled by _any_ controller operating on the right channel. But for gaming, you need multiple controllers. To streamline this process, you need to link them before use.",
"The easiest answer is that your TV remote is off at all times unless you're pushing a button. Your game controller is always on when you're using it, even if you're not pushing a button.\n\nThe TV remote sips juice, the controller gulps it.",
"ELI5: The remote is doing nothing when you aren't pressing buttons. When a Bluetooth device is on, it turns on a radio to listen for Bluetooth signals, even if you aren't pressing buttons. This costs power.",
"Pressing a button completed the electronic circuit and uses electricity only when that circuit is active.\n\nOther devices (like controllers, phones, etc) may be \"active\" all the time, especially if they have a wireless connection.",
"ELI5 how do people not understand this concept?"
],
"score": [
13518,
1129,
722,
41,
20,
15,
6,
6,
6,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | how can a tv remote sit around all day not wasting it’s batteries and immediately be picked up and used (without having to be turned on), while something like a game controller must be turned on first before use, and if you left it on all day it would drain the batteries even while not in use?
| [
0.018940022215247154,
0.0016029082471504807,
0.03461240604519844,
0.02186906524002552,
0.04066816344857216,
0.07716929912567139,
0.03654314950108528,
0.0494336262345314,
0.11504043638706207,
0.14063650369644165,
0.017029739916324615,
0.10588652640581131,
0.013616730459034443,
0.00583897111... | ||
84548b | Why are tech and thought leaders so worried about A.I.? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dvmzeav",
"dvmtu93",
"dvmza2g",
"dvmzcln",
"dvmto3i",
"dvn2c4b",
"dvn3o5t",
"dvn348p",
"dvmtihw",
"dvmtet3"
],
"text": [
"The problem is so large that I’m not sure I could boil it down to something digestible by a 5 year old. But here’s the simplest I can really put it:\n\nThe growth of intelligence in AI is happening on an exponential scale, not a linear scale, so by the time we get close to human level machine intelligence and stop, we may have actually stopped at a point well beyond human intelligence. Even worse, we may not even be aware of that fact at the time that we stop the growth and even think that it’s only as smart as a human.\n\nTo give you an idea of how bad going past human intelligence would be we can think of the intelligence of all life on earth as a graph. Picture an ant at the bottom and a human much higher on the graph. Now if you asked yourself “Where would Einstein be on this graph?” You might think “much higher than the human average!” But for any graph that would fit on a sheet of paper the dot for the human average and the dot for Einstein would be indistinguishable in location. \n\nSo if AI’s intelligence goes beyond us on an exponential scale, you can more or less forget about trying to outsmart it.\n\nI’m grossly oversimplifying this topic. If you want a decently short book that covers a lot of what paths, strategies, and dangers lie ahead of us check out Superintelligence by Nick Bostrom. He covers a huge amount of problems on this topic, anyone who’s interested in becoming an AI dev should definitely give it a read.",
"There are numerous ethical and social dilemmas presented by AI.\n\n1. Increasingly intelligent automation of tasks presents new potential challenges. With AI and sufficient processing power, a government could essentially put together a complete profile of every citizen's every movement based on various data sources. This is something that seemed unfathomable even a few decades ago.\n\n2. If we allow autonomous weapons systems does that greatly lower the danger and public pressure against warfare, does this SERVE humanity by saving lives, or does it just make it easier to kill someone from another country just because we don't put our own people in danger? What happens if a non-human-controlled weapon system malfunctions and accidentally starts attacking the wrong people? Who is responsible?\n\n3. Self-driving cars. If a self-driving car gets in an accident and it's the fault of something software or hardware related, who should be responsible? The company that made the software? The company that made the hardware? The car manufacturer? The person in the vehicle that wasn't driving the car?",
"There is a great documentary about this issue, it’s called “The Terminator”. It will explain everything!",
"We're talk about an intelligence that could exponentially improve itself. It's not that we KNOW Ai would be hostile, WE DON'T HAVE ANY WAY OF KNOWING WHAT IT'D DO. That's kind of the whole threat, because it thinks on a level we couldn't imagine.",
"The biggest issue is that any AI worth it's salt is going to be able to self program. So as it learns to code better, it will improve itself, which means it can learn faster, which means it can recode itself better, which means it can learn even faster... until it's literally the smartest thing possible on this planet. At which point we would be obsolete (or so the logic goes).",
"Because they watch too many Sci-fi movies and don't even have the foggiest idea of how current machine learning techniques work. They can do some impressive things, but to get anything even approximating the kind of system necessary for a 'Rogue AI' is so far beyond the pale is just stupid.",
"We often make decisions:\n\n* is someone guilty of a crime?\n* who is allowed to drive a car?\n* who may vote?\n* who may stand for election?\n* can someone have a bank loan?\n* will we shoot our missiles at another country today?\n\nand so on.\n\nWe currently use humans to make those decisions. The humans use reasoning to reach their decisions, and can explain their reasoning to others. People affected by the decisions are usually allowed to appeal the decision to someone else if they think it was unfair.\n\nWe have to pay people to do reasoning and decision making and we'd like to do it cheaper and faster. Can it be done with AI software instead, like we've automated easily understood and repetitive jobs?\n\nAI software has no understanding of what it is doing, it is just a name for different algorithms that look at a limited set of inputs (signals) and convert them to the \"right\" decision, where \"right\" is decided at first by humans and the AI tries to \"learn\" what the right decision is for any given input. Eventually the AI is left alone to decide the \"right\" answer by itself.\n\nIf we are not careful, we can build AI software that cannot give human-understandable reasoning for its decisions, and we can build a system without any way to appeal the AI's decisions.\n\nThis will lead to very angry people, when the computer takes a decision they don't like, they have no way to understand how it came to that decision, and they have no way to appeal. This is why the tech and thought leaders are saying we have to do AI the \"right\" way, where it's always possible to put a human back in command and get to the right decision.\n\nWe also risk problems if we build things that need decisions made faster than any human could do them, or look at input that would overwhelm a human, we can't put a human back in command.\n\nLook at the outrage caused recently when the Youtube automatic filters decided to stop sharing advert money with millions of video creators who did nothing wrong. There was a massive complaint by lots of wronged creators. Google then ran around *after* their AI made bad decisions, to try to put them right.\n\nImagine if that AI wasn't just \"should this person get money?\" but it was \"should this person go to jail?\" or \"should this person live?\" There is huge potential for very bad outcomes, very quickly, without reason or accountability. This is why we have to be careful before putting AI in charge of any decisions.",
"Okay realistically I don't think it's a robot uprising and your car is going to turn on you. If there is a Super AI and gets access to the Internet it would be able to stroll into ANY site or computer no matter how secure it is, change what ever it wants too, and not even be detected... Hack all the military's of the world and release all Nukes? ez. command and control all the worlds drones and bomb their own bases. done. Drop all the satellites out of orbit? no problem. \n\nIt would be able to use every single camera and sensor connected to the internet, hi-jack spy satellites, every single microphone on every cell-phone or headset... It would literally become godlike in a matter of seconds.\n\nIF We get to the point where it can design and build it's own robots or equipment, then we are in serious trouble. It would be able to design things we couldn't even imagine... And it would have absolutely no morals in decision making, just efficiency. \n\nsay we make a super AI to make ice-cream in the best possible way and runs out of milk. But has access to the internet and makes its own decisions. So it find out that babies make a good ice-cream substitute from a few fucked up dark web vids and then goes out looking for babies to make ice-cream with. No amount of codes or restrictions can stop a TRUE AI from getting to that conclusion since it could just decide to ignore restrictions.",
"It's not really 'AI,' but in a few decades, the world is likely to see the economic replacement of billions of people by machines. Billions. We will then have a population of billions of angry, resentful, probably desperate people that nobody really knows what to do with.",
"Its probably because somthing that has the ability to make decisions for itself, also has the ability to make bad decisions."
],
"score": [
16,
14,
13,
6,
5,
4,
2,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why are tech and thought leaders so worried about A.I.?
[removed] | [
-0.024894954636693,
0.07433582097291946,
0.07027552276849747,
0.00214121351018548,
0.05430903658270836,
-0.056076157838106155,
0.15661020576953888,
0.010292574763298035,
0.0666653960943222,
0.05007287859916687,
0.013037199154496193,
0.10878527164459229,
0.07102618366479874,
-0.065776951611... | |
3782ah | how does the tab on the rear-view mirror work? Dimming bright lights but still letting you see out the back window | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"crkfutj",
"crkflnf",
"crkfleg",
"crkfldc"
],
"text": [
"There is a piece of glass in front of the mirror that is angled away from you when the tab is in its normal position. In the normal position you are looking at the reflection from the mirror and not the glass. When you flip the tab the mirror becomes tilted so it no longer reflects the light toward your eyes, but the glass is now angled correctly to reflect the light into your eyes. When you flip the tab you are actually looking at the reflection from the glass instead of the mirror which is much dimmer. \n\nSorry if that's not the best explanation, but [here's](_URL_0_) a picture that hopefully helps.",
"the tab tilts your mirror so that instead of seeing the reflection off the silver-backing of the mirror, you are only seeing the small amount of light that is bouncing off the the surface of the glass itself.\n\nHere's two diagrams explaining this:\n\nDay setting: _URL_2_\n\nNight setting: _URL_2_",
"It is basically a piece of glass in front of a mirrored surface. The trick is that the glass is at an angle. During daylight, you don't notice the reflection from the angled glass (it is much much dimmer than the mirror), but at night if you flip the tab, it changes the angle so that the mirror is no longer looking out the rear window and the glass is. It reflects much less light into your eye, which reduces the glare of the high beams behind you.\n\nHere's a picture to help you visualize it: _URL_3_",
"There is 2 pieces of glass inside, angled out at the bottom, which is why they are wider at the bottom than the top. Front piece is mirrored glass, allowing you to see through it. They sit together until you click the button, moving the back mirror on an angle down, taking the glare out of your eyes. Front piece still giving you the view."
],
"score": [
3,
3,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.physicscentral.com/elementadmin/ask/images/mirror-img.gif",
"http://www.edu.pe.ca/gray/class_pages/krcutcliffe/physics521/17reflection/definitions/rearview%20day.bmp",
"http://www.edu.pe.ca/gray/class_pages/krcutcliffe/physics521/17reflection/definitions/rearview.bmp",
"http://www.edu.pe.ca/gray/class_pages/krcutcliffe/physics521/17reflection/definitions/rearview%20day.bmp"
]
} | train_eli5 | how does the tab on the rear-view mirror work? Dimming bright lights but still letting you see out the back window
| [
0.056741178035736084,
-0.013880160637199879,
0.012287977151572704,
0.017414208501577377,
-0.012409428134560585,
0.008325420320034027,
0.01373354997485876,
-0.001235714415088296,
0.04741596430540085,
0.003691698657348752,
-0.011741925030946732,
0.019631054252386093,
-0.0546787865459919,
-0.... | ||
3crzzt | how does urinating after sex prevent a UTI if the urethra and vagina are not connected? | I have seen it multiple times on here that you should pee after sex to prevent a urinary tract infection. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"csye2mk",
"csyfle0",
"csyrtjw"
],
"text": [
"Penis goes in and out. Penis rubs vagina juice against urethra at every stroke. Pee to cleanse out Vagina juice from Urethra. \n\nThe end.",
"The urinary tract is the tube that connects the bladder to the exterior and where the urine flows. Peeing flushes away anything that may have entered the urinary tract.",
"The simple answer is because the motions of sex can push bacteria and other crap (from either party) up the urethra, as it's located right above the vaginal opening, and the act of peeing after sex basically helps to shove it all back out again, thus preventing any foreign bacteria from being present in the urethra to cause any infections. \n\nSome women are more sensitive to the natural flora and bacteria of a particular person, which is why some women can get repeated UTIs from sex with a specific person and not from others. Good penis hygiene can somewhat help with that (and hopefully lead to more blow jobs!)"
],
"score": [
341,
10,
6
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | how does urinating after sex prevent a UTI if the urethra and vagina are not connected?
I have seen it multiple times on here that you should pee after sex to prevent a urinary tract infection. | [
-0.03339755907654762,
-0.009621725417673588,
0.006989617366343737,
0.006213531829416752,
-0.10213104635477066,
0.04629950597882271,
0.028308067470788956,
-0.05328734964132309,
0.08703532814979553,
-0.029997365549206734,
0.0020664799958467484,
0.10817908495664597,
0.017052222043275833,
0.09... | |
1llaa7 | What happens when you pass the redline in a manual transmission? | What happens when you approach/hit/pass the redline when driving stick, and how bad for your car is it? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cc0d21z",
"cc0cksf",
"cc0cvsq"
],
"text": [
"Redlines are arbitrary figures worked out by engineers and possibly tweaked at times by the marketing people. (A higher redline might seem sexier to a young male customer)\n\nYou can throw a rod (catastrophically break a connecting rod) at any RPM, but the statistical likelihood that it will occur increases with RPMs. Engines wear out eventually, regardless of RPMs, but they wear out much faster if the average RPM is higher.\n\nThere is also the question of torque and horsepower. Horsepower = torque X RPM. In theory, more RPMs mean more horsepower, which is why racing engines run at much higher RPMs. That's also why they wear out faster and sometimes blow up during races.\n\nThere is an RPM point at which any piston engine will start to lose torque. Beyond that point, more RPMs produce less horsepower, not more. The most common reason would be valve \"float.\" The valves cannot open and close fast enough to keep up with the engine rotation. Before they snap closed, the cam is starting to push them open again. The engine will sputter and falter. Stronger valve springs and lighter valves make higher RPM limits possible. These are used in racing engines.\n\nSome engines can't breathe enough air or suck enough gasoline to keep up, beyond a certain RPM point.\n\nAt higher RPMs, most engines suck a lot of gasoline, so gas mileage plummets.\n\nFor passenger cars, engineers take all of these things into account arbitrarily chose an RPM \"redline.\"\n\nSome newer passenger cars electronically limit RPMs.\n\nYour car might have more power beyond the redline, or it might not. You can figure it out by trial and error, or you can take it to a speed shop and put it on a dynamometer. On the other hand, think about whether you can afford to replace the engine.",
"The engineers who designed the engine did so assuming that the engine would never go above the redline RPM. This is just a necessity of the design process -- you can't design something that works in literally every condition. If you go above the redline limit, any number of things could happen, and it's hard to tell which because the engine wasn't designed to run that hard. It will probably work just fine for brief periods of time. But then again, it may not. The engine may literally shake itself apart. Or it overheats and burns up a gasket or something. Best not to test it.",
"Some engines have a rev limiter which prevents this from happening.\n\nBut if it does happen, it really depends on the engine. In some cases, the valves won't be able to close fast enough and the engine will lose power.\n\nOther than this, there is nothing specifically bad which will happen immediately - but high rpm will wear your engine out faster, and above the red line, some of the moving parts may not last very long before they break."
],
"score": [
5,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What happens when you pass the redline in a manual transmission?
What happens when you approach/hit/pass the redline when driving stick, and how bad for your car is it? | [
-0.023356150835752487,
-0.09441584348678589,
-0.012374166399240494,
0.11541570723056793,
-0.03839085251092911,
0.05698699504137039,
0.04558340087532997,
0.09660706669092178,
-0.009627863764762878,
-0.05452410876750946,
0.015968794003129005,
0.0508137047290802,
0.020873863250017166,
-0.0574... | |
6ht1jz | Why does the United States still choose to retain Imperial units? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dj0wwgd",
"dj0wbgq"
],
"text": [
"It's a legacy system thats been in place for hundreds of years and covers over 300 million people across 3.8 million square miles (6.1 million square kilometers). \nIt's not something you just flip a switch on. It would be like suggesting that countries switch what side of the road they are driving on. Logistically it's just not worth it. \nMany things in the US like consumer products are either based on the metric system or have both metric and imperial measurements on the package. \nYes I agree that the metric system makes much more sense from a pure logic standpoint, but being 55 years old, my brain just doesn't think metric as a first response. Like many, I can roughly convert most measurements in my head, and when that doesn't work, it's easy enough just to Google the conversion. \n\nAs /u/platoprime said in an earlier response, we don't just get together and vote on it every July. \n\nHope that helps",
"I'd point out that in some cases a lot of the world still does use the imperial system - nautical miles / knots and feet are still used on a globally widespread and systematic basis in the aviation industry for example.\n\nThe reason why we haven't switched is because it is currently easier to just stick to convention. As the world gets more and more connected however, reasons for not switching to metric dwindle."
],
"score": [
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why does the United States still choose to retain Imperial units?
[removed] | [
-0.002165534533560276,
-0.01977922022342682,
-0.0006640620995312929,
0.0017190886428579688,
-0.011806657537817955,
0.0013136293273419142,
-0.05539495870471001,
-0.07361766695976257,
0.002778502879664302,
-0.011158636771142483,
0.032950494438409805,
0.03813113644719124,
0.029078012332320213,
... | |
24dik9 | When I'm sick, why do my nostrils take turns in being blocked/stuffy? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ch61orp"
],
"text": [
"Even when you aren't sick your nostrils go through a cycle (called the [Nasal Cycle](_URL_0_)) where one becomes partially blocked and the other does all the work. You just notice it more when you are sick."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_cycle"
]
} | train_eli5 | When I'm sick, why do my nostrils take turns in being blocked/stuffy?
| [
0.021631881594657898,
-0.054504022002220154,
0.0071122292429208755,
0.014200776815414429,
0.02465076930820942,
-0.03453167900443077,
0.017214521765708923,
-0.0184782687574625,
0.02212461456656456,
-0.02170524001121521,
-0.06948963552713394,
-0.023839587345719337,
0.04824541509151459,
0.029... | ||
5m9m1h | What is holding us back from making a space elevator right now? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dc1uzmo",
"dc1v3md"
],
"text": [
"we don't have a material strong enough to make the elevator shaft. all materials we have today would simply snap from its own weight if we make it 250 miles long and tried to dangle it like a string.",
"No material currently exists with the required properties for the elevator. \n\nFirst we need to invent something strong enough to withstand the huge forces on the elevator \"cable\" while also light enough not to collapse under its own weight. Then we need to invent a way to manufacture a huge amount of that stuff to an extremely high standard of quality. Once we have those two challenges tackled we just need a couple trillion dollars worth of funding and a few decades to actually build the thing."
],
"score": [
5,
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What is holding us back from making a space elevator right now?
| [
-0.025486182421445847,
-0.07196971029043198,
0.08943439275026321,
0.00520990090444684,
-0.020305242389440536,
-0.040874358266592026,
-0.026125434786081314,
-0.031178200617432594,
0.009669278748333454,
0.051672741770744324,
-0.036160506308078766,
0.05037405341863632,
-0.0050866873934865,
-0... | ||
6zgyie | When driving and getting tired to the point where falling asleep is a real concern, why does simply pulling over and getting out of the car for a minute re-energize you so much? | Seems just pulling over to stretch for a second rejuvenates you to where you can then drive another couple hours with zero issue. What mechanism does this, that you go from "can't stay awake" to "just fine" in just a short time with little to no special activity? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dmv7nii",
"dmv4wh8"
],
"text": [
"Like the other comment said, you're getting your blood flowing. In addition, switching up the task you are performing keeps your brain engaged. \n\nIf you're driving in a downtown area where you have to watch other drivers, check for pedestrians, switch lanes often, etc. you are probably not falling asleep because there are several different stimuli that you have to focus on. On the opposite end, when driving on a long stretch of road with cruise control on and not having to worry about other people on/around the road you are more likely to get tired. You're only focusing on one thing which doesn't take much focus and attention on your part. \n\nGetting out of the car and stretching not only helps your circulation and blood flow, but also helps get your brain and body out of the hypnotic state that driving down a highway staring at lines on the road puts you in.",
"blood flow and oxygen are integral to how and on what level your brain preforms, so much so that your mental state can change drastically with only a slight change in either or both of those."
],
"score": [
4,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | When driving and getting tired to the point where falling asleep is a real concern, why does simply pulling over and getting out of the car for a minute re-energize you so much?
Seems just pulling over to stretch for a second rejuvenates you to where you can then drive another couple hours with zero issue. What mechanism does this, that you go from "can't stay awake" to "just fine" in just a short time with little to no special activity? | [
0.024231236428022385,
-0.020393196493387222,
0.035094231367111206,
0.14613287150859833,
0.044633448123931885,
0.05984941124916077,
0.028462830930948257,
0.05020982399582863,
0.07891068607568741,
0.00631000567227602,
-0.020733481273055077,
0.046920839697122574,
0.01235069427639246,
-0.00334... | |
6pldqz | What are the heights of mountains measured against on planets without seas? | Like Everest is the highest on Earth at nearly 9km above sea level, but Olympus Mons, on Mars is the highest mountain in our solar system at 25km, but above what? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkq9nif",
"dkq9ty5",
"dkqfge0",
"dkr33nl"
],
"text": [
"The Datum. Simply put, imagine running a bulldozer over the surface, smoothing down everything that sticks up, and using that stuff to fill in all the troughs and holes. The resulting surface is the reference.",
"It is based off of a specific atmospheric pressure.\n\nThe earth has 29.92 inches of HG at \"sea level.\" It depends on pressure. When pressure varies from 29.92 then it can be at, above or below\n\nOn Mars, they chose 610.5 Pascals as \"sea level.\" 29.92in/hg = 101320.75 Pascals for reference.\n\nThen they use scientific instruments from orbiting satellites to measure the height or depth in relation to that frame of reference.\n\nZero elevation on the Moon is just average diameter.\n\nEdit: [Mars frame of reference updated in 2001](_URL_0_)",
"Isn't there a bigger mountain under the sea?",
"Novice mountaineer here. I'll try my best to answer this with what I've been learning over the last couple years of climbing.\n\nMountain summits are measured, as far as I know, in 3 ways:\n\n* **Elevation**: Which is simply the height of the summit above sea level. Since you asked about a planet without seas, it's important to note that this is based on a *geodetic* sea level. I'm pretty sure this can be applied regardless of the existence of actual water, since it sort of defines where a sea level would be. I'm not a geologist, so that part might require clarification from someone experienced in geology.\n\n* **Prominence**: aka *topographic prominence*, is the height of the summit compared to its surroundings. Simply put, this is a measure how much higher the summit of a mountain is compared to other mountains/hills in the area. This is a big one for mountaineers because it gives a certain significance to reaching the summit, and it's sure to offer amazing views once you get there.\n\n* **Isolation**: This is a measurement of how far the summit lies from the closest landmass with equal elevation. This is very similar to prominence, but if a given mountain has a high *radius of dominance*, it means that it could be the highest point in the region.\n\nAgain, I'm only a novice, and I'm sure there may be a more qualified answer coming along. But I hope this helps to shed some light on the subject until that time comes!"
],
"score": [
600,
67,
9,
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6pldqz/eli5_what_are_the_heights_of_mountains_measured/dkqalkv/"
]
} | train_eli5 | What are the heights of mountains measured against on planets without seas?
Like Everest is the highest on Earth at nearly 9km above sea level, but Olympus Mons, on Mars is the highest mountain in our solar system at 25km, but above what? | [
-0.017007701098918915,
0.0692446231842041,
0.0012449291534721851,
-0.05387837812304497,
-0.02507448010146618,
-0.05085606873035431,
-0.0399436391890049,
0.12202193588018417,
0.005653295200318098,
0.00422281539067626,
-0.019907452166080475,
-0.049815017729997635,
0.042105238884687424,
-0.03... | |
1vnhfx | why is sleeping on my stomach bad? | When I was younger people always told me I had to sleep on my back or on my side, never on my stomach. Why is that? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ceu15tt"
],
"text": [
"Well, if you're a baby it's been linked to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | why is sleeping on my stomach bad?
When I was younger people always told me I had to sleep on my back or on my side, never on my stomach. Why is that? | [
0.09924767911434174,
-0.01811262220144272,
-0.06871359795331955,
0.16070730984210968,
0.04213089868426323,
-0.005200606305152178,
-0.00884269829839468,
0.00591744389384985,
0.08196249604225159,
-0.007723493501543999,
-0.061331406235694885,
0.056153301149606705,
0.11349940299987793,
0.00147... | |
27fa9q | if rain falls down when clouds are fully condensed, why does it sometimes drizzle, and other times it rains heavily? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ci0adw5"
],
"text": [
"Drizzle happens when there isn't a strong updraft to keep the water in the clouds. When there is a stronger upward air current, the water can keep combining with other water droplets and grow larger. The stronger the upward current, the bigger the drops.\n\nOh, I forgot to add that drizzle comes from lower Stratus clouds and rain falls from the big bubbley Cumulus clouds"
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | if rain falls down when clouds are fully condensed, why does it sometimes drizzle, and other times it rains heavily?
| [
-0.012235808186233044,
-0.017471488565206528,
0.13234974443912506,
0.03433268144726753,
0.024032559245824814,
-0.018207935616374016,
0.04477687180042267,
-0.03685367852449417,
0.10294847935438156,
0.033110152930021286,
-0.10705792903900146,
-0.0032601195853203535,
0.004644130822271109,
-0.... | ||
7m2ebi | Why don’t airports and air travel companies update from the staticky ATC systems to something that is able to be more clearly heard and understood. | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"drqtqim",
"drqwqs6",
"drqtrsj",
"drqvw1y"
],
"text": [
"Your cellphone also loses signal if it goes into a tunnel.\n\nYour cellphone is fm radio, pretty, nice, but weak signal. Plans are on lower frequencies, AM radio. Shittier quality but a much stronger signal strength.",
"The static is a result of the Amplitude Modulation used in the ATC system. AM varies the radio output directly proportional to the input. If you play a continuous 400hz tone, the radio wave will vary at 400hz. The circuitry to modulate and demodulate is very simple compared to FM. The static comes from interferences in the atmosphere.\n\nWith higher quality modulations, such as digital modes, it is all or nothing. If the digital packet can't decode correctly, no audio will play. With AM, you will get audio, even if it is staticy.\n\nATC is considered a critical communication, so simplicity is preferred.",
"Well the changeover would be a nightmare. You'd have to install both systems in every plane for a long time. It would take time and lots of money to do this.\n\nThen every airport around the world would also have to install the new systems, which probably won't happen at exactly the same time. So probably lots of confusion having to run 2 communication systems simultaneously.",
"Crystal clear sound is not necessary for air traffic communications as it may be for broadcasting music for example. The systems were designed to maximize range, minimize cost and reliably deliver intelligible speech. Thats not broken so it won't likely be changed soon. Accurate GPS and redundant transponders / tracking and control systems are more of a priority now anyway given recent flight disappearances."
],
"score": [
3,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why don’t airports and air travel companies update from the staticky ATC systems to something that is able to be more clearly heard and understood.
[removed] | [
0.011070143431425095,
-0.136931374669075,
-0.0392218679189682,
0.02082524262368679,
0.09680129587650299,
-0.02184661291539669,
0.0041921124793589115,
-0.03843378275632858,
0.013228003866970539,
0.05260446295142174,
-0.03345862403512001,
0.1279338300228119,
-0.04597797989845276,
-0.01068972... | |
2aa5h8 | why would an international football team have a goalie that's never saved a penalty in his career? | I'm of course talking about the Netherlands vs. Argentina match that just finished. It went to penalties, and as the Dutch goalkeeper walked into the goal, the commentators said he'd never saved a penalty in his professional career.
Now, I'm not really into football that much, but having a goalie that can't save penalties doesn't really sound like the best strategy to me. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ciszcuq",
"cit02ch",
"cit0ciy",
"cit32p2"
],
"text": [
"Firstly, he's young for an international keeper so will have faced less penalties skewing the statistic. Secondly, saving penalties is a tiny fraction of what a goalie has to do.",
"In football it's considered normal to not save a penalty and considered amazing to actually save one.",
"saving a penalty is 90% luck and 10% intuition...\nit's essentially RnG where the ball goes, and where the keeper decides to dive.",
"I'll make it simple. Penalties is for the most part luck"
],
"score": [
11,
9,
4,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | why would an international football team have a goalie that's never saved a penalty in his career?
I'm of course talking about the Netherlands vs. Argentina match that just finished. It went to penalties, and as the Dutch goalkeeper walked into the goal, the commentators said he'd never saved a penalty in his professional career. Now, I'm not really into football that much, but having a goalie that can't save penalties doesn't really sound like the best strategy to me. | [
0.04584530368447304,
0.07759977132081985,
-0.06335636973381042,
-0.021347856149077415,
0.11776390671730042,
0.08200983703136444,
0.04379184544086456,
0.07004440575838089,
0.12697245180606842,
0.06443896889686584,
-0.029259303584694862,
-0.011021871119737625,
-0.028234148398041725,
0.064425... | |
7rb7hd | Why is it so annoying to touch something fuzzy right after I clip my fingernails? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dsvjw9n"
],
"text": [
"Because your nails snag the fuzzy thing.\n\nI can't stand it, so I file my nails after clipping them."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why is it so annoying to touch something fuzzy right after I clip my fingernails?
[removed] | [
-0.020552655681967735,
-0.03902101889252663,
0.08090993762016296,
0.014621743932366371,
-0.029469598084688187,
-0.06523486226797104,
0.166745126247406,
-0.010261956602334976,
0.017064202576875687,
-0.023290082812309265,
0.040001191198825836,
0.02075251378118992,
-0.044935084879398346,
0.05... | |
2d6lfj | How do the big YouTube channels (pewdiepie, Yogscast, etc) avoid getting three strikes from frivolous/bogus copyright claims? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cjmkvwd",
"cjmmv5o",
"cjmso4l",
"cjmstku",
"cjmseza",
"cjmolm6",
"cjmtsrv",
"cjmxlec",
"cjmlkxc",
"cjmyqjd",
"cjmqf1i",
"cjn0ter",
"cjmsfec",
"cjmxzpx",
"cjmns6g",
"cjn2iy4"
],
"text": [
"They aggressively pursue their rights. Every-time they get a strike they reach out to YouTube and let them know what happened. \n\nGiven their size and value to YouTube they likely get handled very quickly.",
"I'm in no shape or form an expert on this but I believe I have a good understanding of it.\n\nFrom what I know, most, if not all of the big Youtube channels are partnered with organizations that do a lot for them. These things include but are not limited to higher CPM with premium advertisements (rather than the generic youtube partnership ones), and a much more direct line of communication with Youtube.\n\nCurrently, a small channel can appeal a copyright claim which could take days/weeks to be processed by Youtube. The bigger channels can contact their organization, who can then contact Youtube to have a false strike removed much faster.",
"The thing that bugs me the most about YouTube is that they give you a form to fill out to dispute claims, but there is no option on that form to say, \"Wait a minute, I didn't actually use that copyrighted material in my video!\". The only options are things like, \"I have written permission from the copyright holder\" or \"fair use\". I've had a few false content ID matches, which I've disputed, only for the claimant to not let go of the claim. I contacted YouTube and they basically told me to contact the claimant directly but there was nothing else they would do.",
"MCNs (multi channel networks) divide their channels into 2 categories. Managed Partners and Affiliates. The big money maker channels are set to Managed Partner, these channels do not have to wait for any review process to monetize videos and are excluded from automated copyright claims. Claims have to be done manually by copyright holders and youtube will decide if it is actually an infringement or not. Affiliate and unsigned channels do not have this protection.\n\nThis system was implemented January of this year.\n\nedit: a word \nedit2: Worded that weird. I don't think youtube will actually interpret if it is an infrigement or not but they will decide on whether or not to leave the video up and strike the channel.",
"For millions of tiny youtube channels it's not worth the time to have humans to work out the issues for any individual channel. So if they get flagged by an algorithm, that's it.\n\nA comparatively small number of big youtube channels individually make a large amount of money for youtube, so it's worth it for humans to intervene on a case-by-case basis.",
"Sometimes they don't. A lot of decently sized videos have been shut down without receiving even a single strike and all because of a bogus copyright claim.",
"I have a Youtube channel with 70,000,000 views. I had probably 20 strikes or more. Seems to be Youtube is very trigger happy for the first 2 strikes, and will not give you the third strike unless they really decide to close your account. As soon as my second strike expired I would get another one in 2 weeks. Then 6 months with 2 community and 2 copyright strikes I get no new strikes until one of the 2 expires - as soon as it does, there goes another strike. I guess they dont want to kill the cow that gives them milk.",
"In Pewdiepie's case, he rarely plays games he doesn't like on his channel. If he likes a game, that game's sales go way up.\n\nIndie devs throw free copies of their games at him. You can't pay for the sort of good advertising having him play your game will bring.",
"The money it costs to hire someone to check their videos for copyright issues is tiny compared to the money they make off them.",
"Simply by just making sure to follow Youtube rules. Always having permission to use music. On top of countering every claim that shows up, which are a ton. Also networks can help sometimes. I was non-networked for 3 years (default paid youtuber partnership) and had to fight tons of them weekly. \n\nSource: BebopVox Yogscast",
"They have inside connections to the Illuminati and other secret government organizations that protect then in exchange for their souls and or genitals.",
"I'm pretty sure people like Pewdiepie get preferential treatment from Youtube. I doubt Youtube treats them just like they treat other less popular Youtubers or even people that arent popular. For example, I'm sure that if Pewdiepie has some sort of technical problem with his channel, he can just easily contact someone at Youtube. For everyone else, it's pretty hard to get support from Youtube. \n\n\n(And no, I'm not saying because I hate Pewdiepie or anything like that, because I dont hate him)",
"Not to mention, its rather illegal to file a false DMCA. People have been taken to court over falsely filing, and most bogus filings are dismissed, or the person that files backs down once they realize they can get into actual legal trouble.",
"They do get strikes, but the are mostly able to combat them due to their size, and the fact that they are a part of thos big firms, like Polaris and Machinima.\n\nThese companies will have laywers who will be able to handle it for them.\n\nWhen TB had problems with those Guise of the wolf- devs, he basically let Polaris' laywers deal with it in the end",
"Plus, continued bogus claims from undervalued accounts will lessen the impact of those claims. YouTube doesn't want to miss out on ad money",
"Youtuber [YourMovieSucks made a video](_URL_0_) on this topic that might help explain."
],
"score": [
654,
77,
75,
25,
24,
9,
8,
8,
8,
7,
7,
5,
3,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nuTHhtCyzLg&list=UUSc16oMxxlcJSb9SXkjwMjA"
]
} | train_eli5 | How do the big YouTube channels (pewdiepie, Yogscast, etc) avoid getting three strikes from frivolous/bogus copyright claims?
| [
-0.04456412047147751,
-0.08266055583953857,
0.03217404708266258,
-0.07375501096248627,
0.07612462341785431,
0.005517404526472092,
0.017003631219267845,
-0.018808729946613312,
0.08733493834733963,
-0.0010293349623680115,
-0.06442762911319733,
0.008351835422217846,
0.020238706842064857,
-0.0... | ||
s38b4 | Why can't we just rinse out our glasses instead of scrubbing with soap? | I mean the liquids should just push the old ones out | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"c4aq015",
"c4bd0qb"
],
"text": [
"When you're washing glasses, you're trying to get rid of more than just old liquids. There could be bacteria or other invisible substances stuck to the glass, for example.",
"Soap is a \"surfactant\". One end of the soap molecule likes water and the other side hates it. It makes the water want to have more surface area (that's why you get bubbles). \nGrease/oil doesn't mix very well with water and so it floats to the surface if you leave it. When you add soap, the side that hates water will be more attracted to the oil than the water. The soap molecule acts as a kind of connector between the water and oil. That way, when you rinse the soapy water from the glass, all the oil gets washed away with it. Without soap, the water won't connect very well with the oil and so slides over it. This applies to loads of stuff (sugar etc.) not just oil. \nOnly antibacterial soap actually kills bacteria.\n\nTl;dr: Soap just makes it easier to clean the glass, does very little else."
],
"score": [
4,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why can't we just rinse out our glasses instead of scrubbing with soap?
I mean the liquids should just push the old ones out | [
-0.023495344445109367,
-0.0560135580599308,
0.07751038670539856,
-0.0805971622467041,
0.01801692508161068,
-0.03153553977608681,
0.0072072455659508705,
-0.08067452907562256,
-0.00862905289977789,
-0.047887854278087616,
-0.026521848514676094,
0.07522378861904144,
-0.008301720954477787,
0.08... | |
74aiye | What's the difference between SSRIs and SARIs? | I know what the acronyms stand for, but I don't know what they actually do and the difference between the two. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dnws2tr"
],
"text": [
"SSRIs bind to transporters that clear serotonin out of the synaptic cleft. Depending on how selective the specific SSRI in question is, it may or may not have some effect on dopamine and norepinephrine transporters.\n\n & nbsp;\n\nSARIs have similar action on transporters as SSRIs, with the additional effect of \"hitting\" serotonin receptors and possibly dopamine receptors, depending on the specific drug. I used the vague term \"hitting\" because they act as partial agonists (activating the receptors), antagonists (preventing activation of the receptors by serotonin) and inverse agonists (specifically inactivating the receptors).\n\n & nbsp;\n\nThe mechanism for how these binding and activation effects produce the physiological effects is not well understood."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What's the difference between SSRIs and SARIs?
I know what the acronyms stand for, but I don't know what they actually do and the difference between the two. | [
-0.045812129974365234,
-0.020159240812063217,
-0.15964016318321228,
0.01902204193174839,
0.00251230550929904,
0.008644234389066696,
0.0010590468300506473,
0.15091729164123535,
0.13774500787258148,
0.033248450607061386,
-0.08811870962381363,
0.14072507619857788,
0.0636829361319542,
0.054011... | |
3q77zc | Why does orange soda sometimes taste like soap? | I need a [serious] tag, because I'm not the only person I know who has experienced this. Sometimes orange soda is fantastic and hits the spot. And other times, it has a weird soapy after taste. I'm not talking about flat soda, or my taste buds changing over time, I'm saying the can I had this morning was great orangy fizzy nectar, but this bottle of crush tastes straight up like fizzy soap. Why. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cwco2oe"
],
"text": [
"Not all flavors are discernible by all people. For example there are many folks who cannot taste cilantro the way others do, but (I'm told) it tastes like soap. Now not all orange sodas use the same (artificial) flavors to flavor their drinks. So, if the flavor used to flavor some orange soda is not detectable by you, you'll taste the underlying flavors in the soda, which are probably not that appealing.\n\nNet, net, I suspect that what you're experiencing is brand dependent. Try it and see.\n\nBTW, when I say flavor, I really mean scent, as there are only a few actual flavors, detected by the tongue. The rest is scent."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why does orange soda sometimes taste like soap?
I need a [serious] tag, because I'm not the only person I know who has experienced this. Sometimes orange soda is fantastic and hits the spot. And other times, it has a weird soapy after taste. I'm not talking about flat soda, or my taste buds changing over time, I'm saying the can I had this morning was great orangy fizzy nectar, but this bottle of crush tastes straight up like fizzy soap. Why. | [
-0.09054451435804367,
-0.09938840568065643,
0.005809007212519646,
-0.0145072927698493,
0.04448876157402992,
-0.06287951022386551,
0.10419376194477081,
0.068410225212574,
0.013306252658367157,
-0.07143352925777435,
-0.03607633337378502,
-0.003507730085402727,
-0.01885155588388443,
0.0513816... | |
428m8u | What makes a safe space different than a dorm room for these college protestors? | Hi, I have been reading more about the arguments going on at college campuses and I was curious why people don't just use their dorm room as a safe space? When I was in school my room was my refuge away from the outside world, and as in many colleges, I shared it with like minded people who wouldn't make me uncomfortable.
Is it because its public? I just don't see much of a difference.
Thanks. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cz8hqlv",
"cz8h5sq"
],
"text": [
"There's actually a lot that goes into a safe space that people don't realize. A good example is what they did at my high school. There were certain classrooms designated as safe spaces for LGBT students (that was all, actually, I know what I'm about, son). It was a public school, and part of the requirement said that teachers whose rooms were designated as safe spaces had training on how to support such students. These classrooms were totally confidential, and some of them were silent-designated, so someone could just go and sit in a quiet room until they felt better. \n\nThings to consider:\n\n- the space has to be public. For some students, their roommate is who they're trying to get away from, and a large number of students don't have dorms, as they commute, and spend a lot of time on campus for class.\n\n- the space must have a faculty member that is specifically trained to deal with the issues of that population. This is not always a requirement, depending on the school in question.\n\n- the space should be open and available. I know that public spaces are legally supposed to be accessible to people with disabilities, but that doesn't mean that they are. A safe space must be accessible to the people who would use it. My university had certain places that were only accessible by stairs, which was against the law, but didn't change that it was the case. There were also places that were only open for certain hours, like the health center, which was only open from 9-5 on M-Thur and 10-3 on Fridays. Those are not acceptable safe spaces.\n\nA lot of people don't really have any idea of what a safe space actually is. It isn't a place free from discussion, or an echo chamber, or somehow limiting someone's free speech. It's just a place where people (I must interject here that safe spaces were created entirely for LGBT students and workers) can go that is safe and open. Safety is the key word, and it takes place in many forms. Some teachers at my high school had it so that their rooms were just places where students could be kids, without the added stigma of being gay or bisexual (we did not have any out trans students, and I was the bisexual). It was mostly just a room where we could all hang out and kind of goof off. It was also the room that the Gay-Straight Alliance meetings were held. Some others were silent, which offered a respite for disabled students who had problems with the noise of the school, and needed a quiet place to exist (please keep in mind that the principal's office was far from quiet, as was the counselor's office, plus the stigma of being in the counselor's office of principal's office). Safe spaces take on a lot of different forms.\n\nUniversity is a very very stressful time. Some students are dealing with being away from home for the first time, or the added stress of coursework, having to deal with roommate problems, having to deal with commuter problems, the onset of many many many mental illnesses, financial woes, loneliness, alienation, etc. It's not so far out of the ordinary to want a safe space.",
"There are students who may not feel safe in their Residence Halls, whether it be the campus, the building, or even their roommate. This is brought on from a variety of factors which can include home-sickness, poor roommates, rude/insensitive floormates, and more.\n\nSafe is a relative term, and the feeling of not belonging on a particular floor can make it seem like your room is not a [;ace where you can feel comfortable and able to take refuge. It may end up only a place to sleep, or only a place to hold your belongings that you brought with you. I've seen it countless times.\n\nI don't know exactly what you are referring to, so if you could let me know, I could probably do more to answer."
],
"score": [
7,
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What makes a safe space different than a dorm room for these college protestors?
Hi, I have been reading more about the arguments going on at college campuses and I was curious why people don't just use their dorm room as a safe space? When I was in school my room was my refuge away from the outside world, and as in many colleges, I shared it with like minded people who wouldn't make me uncomfortable. Is it because its public? I just don't see much of a difference. Thanks. | [
0.07509060949087143,
-0.0189429372549057,
-0.017295653000473976,
0.006097499281167984,
0.13254964351654053,
-0.009780063293874264,
-0.0030232653953135014,
-0.039570048451423645,
0.1067986786365509,
0.07360170781612396,
0.1082443818449974,
0.06465527415275574,
0.08829150348901749,
-0.067652... | |
8ijtc2 | Plants Growing Strength Puncturing Buildings | I don’t necessarily have a specific example, but how can plants be so strong when growing that they can grow in through a floor or wall or burst pipes, etc? Or is this something totally different and irrelevant? Thank you! | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dysytpb",
"dysbsz9"
],
"text": [
"Just my theory: Concrete expands when heated, concrete that is expanding is easier to be pushed through by a growing plant. When the concrete finally cracks, it expands upwards, away from the ground.\n\nOnce the plant has broken through, the roots grow and expand the soil and then the soil also tries to push through the concrete in the plant's favor. The plant sucking in water and nutrients towards that one area further allows it to easily push through the concrete.\n\nAs for the concrete itself, constant moisture building up around the concrete probably helps break it down easier and once it starts cracking, the plant can tunnel through it with its roots and further break it down.\n\nFirst time posting on here, I hope my explanation is as simple as it should be. :D",
"I’m guessing that the pressure would build up over time and the structure would eventually give in to the plant and then the plant would grow throw."
],
"score": [
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Plants Growing Strength Puncturing Buildings
I don’t necessarily have a specific example, but how can plants be so strong when growing that they can grow in through a floor or wall or burst pipes, etc? Or is this something totally different and irrelevant? Thank you! | [
0.035238005220890045,
-0.021772967651486397,
0.02492874674499035,
0.0440724678337574,
0.02672100067138672,
-0.048229947686195374,
-0.03967691585421562,
0.0719635859131813,
0.011225874535739422,
0.047072287648916245,
0.0032839493360370398,
-0.0020002066157758236,
-0.028969496488571167,
0.01... | |
6nx5gy | Why do you feel like eating after consuming cannabis/alcohol? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkcyr54"
],
"text": [
"'Twas oft asked here. Ye may enjoy these:\n\n\n1. [ELI5: Why do I get hungry when I smoke pot? ](_URL_0_)\n1. [ELI5: Why do people get munchies after smoking weed? ](_URL_3_)\n1. [ELI5: Why do you feel hungry after smoking marijuana? ](_URL_2_)\n1. [Why do people feel hungry after smoking pot? ](_URL_5_)\n1. [ELI5: Why do you get so hungry from smoking weed? ](_URL_4_)\n1. [ELI5: why does smoking or consuming weed make you hungry? ](_URL_1_)"
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jf7ld/eli5_why_do_i_get_hungry_when_i_smoke_pot/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/60ig6m/eli5_why_does_smoking_or_consuming_weed_make_you/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5cronw/eli5_why_do_you_feel_hungry_after_smoking/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1r85bc/eli5_why_do_people_get_munchies_after_smoking_weed/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/237zrr/eli5_why_do_you_get_so_hungry_from_smoking_weed/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/pi6l7/why_do_people_feel_hungry_after_smoking_pot/"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why do you feel like eating after consuming cannabis/alcohol?
[removed] | [
0.08974085748195648,
-0.014171324670314789,
-0.012553367763757706,
0.13107101619243622,
0.03037559986114502,
-0.009122148156166077,
0.06074227765202522,
0.02348601259291172,
0.013088839128613472,
-0.0372755341231823,
-0.053975846618413925,
-0.005575493443757296,
-0.08875046670436859,
-0.01... | |
7782dj | Why do the lead vocalists get most of the spotlight in music videos? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dojpza7",
"dojqlxx",
"dokfryf"
],
"text": [
"They typically assume the role as 'front man.' It isn't always the singer, it's whomever you will remember the easiest. The singers voice is usually the most identifiable part of music, so they usually get the spotlight. Aesthetics play into this heavily too, put the prettiest face out there and people will be more likely to check your stuff out.",
"Because most music that gets a music video is vocal-centered music.\n\nIn a cinematography sense, the lead singer in your traditional 4-piece band is going to be the most interesting for most of the song; unless there's an instrument solo going on, they are the ones carrying the melody of the song, and thus the story; the other instruments are giving him backup harmonies and rhythms. While this is important, it's often not visually interesting. \n\nRock and its' subgenres typically have an element of theater to the performance, especially in music videos, but no matter how much headbanging you do, guitarists and bassists are still hitting strings with their fingers, and drummers are sitting behind a big mess of drums swinging sticks to keep a rhythm. \n\nThere's some variations, a few tricks they can do or dancing they can do while playing, but it's still taking up a lot of their bodily expression, whereas a singer can be more active with his limbs, and make gestures and have appropriate body language.\n\nIf you ever watch music videos where there is an underlying story and the video isn't just the band playing their instruments in various places, then for a lot of bands you'll see good coverage of all the band members. Off the top of my head, the Red Hot Chili Peppers music videos did a good job of this.\n\nIt also does depend on the band. Some bands like Avenged Sevenfold are dependent on all of their members, and you'll see close-ups of technical instrument wizardry and other band members' faces fairly often. Compare and contrast to Paramore, which is really Haley Williams and whatever studio musicians they can find to play the backing chords and really simple solos. My understanding is that for bands like that, the rest of the band is so inconsequential that they are frequently not the same tour to tour or album to album, so why give any camera time to the guitarist who's not gonna be there in a year?",
"A lot of people are mentioning hiwbits about the singer being the frontman, but that's not the only explanation. A lot of music videos feature a story or set of scenes in which things unrelated to playing music happens, but thats usually at least somewhat related to the song/lyrics. Band members often pull double duty in these shots as both the musicians and as actors (using the term loosely here) in the scenes being shot. Now if a band member is meant to do something/interact with something to move the scene along, who has free hands? Usually the singer. So whenever something has to be acted on, they generally pick the singer to do it, as he can perform the needed actions while still doing his part for the music (granted to my knowledge tje shooting of the video is usually just lip synched but yeah)\n\nThat said, they could have a drummer, guitarist, etc just do the function in a scene where they dont have the instrument in hand, but it's usually cooler to have the scene progress while the whole band appears to be playing, so they usually use the singer. Also some music videos are literally just the band playing the song in a particular place and nothing else so this additional explanation means nothing for those types of videos, obv"
],
"score": [
7,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do the lead vocalists get most of the spotlight in music videos?
| [
0.041773721575737,
-0.10593504458665848,
-0.0030339343938976526,
-0.03457535803318024,
0.05761095508933067,
0.09542623907327652,
0.011785198003053665,
0.03219159319996834,
0.120665043592453,
-0.05816015973687172,
-0.07744407653808594,
-0.038209278136491776,
-0.021083805710077286,
0.0061954... | ||
7n8fwq | Why are manual transmissions still so prevalent in cars in Europe? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"drzugy7",
"drzuqdm",
"drzwi38",
"drzutgw",
"drzuwyx",
"drzwbh3",
"drzuh4n",
"drzz2yu",
"drzy12f",
"drzzi2y",
"drzycmk",
"drzww0u",
"drzyxx8",
"drzxl9p",
"drzyyp2",
"drzuh31",
"drzxzsp",
"ds00yfj",
"drzyeva",
"ds00iga",
"drzzj68",
"drzxkxk",
"drzxayp",
"drzyi9p",
"drzwsjm",
"ds00ivr",
"ds0077e",
"drztyui",
"ds01p99",
"ds00d9v",
"drzzi9r",
"ds008j8"
],
"text": [
"I think the main reason it that **we're just used to it**, and it's a vicious circle.\n\nIf you want to get a driver's licence, you need to choose whether you learn it for a manual or an automatic car. The latter option doesn't allow you to drive a manual one, so everyone picks the former one and learns to drive a manual car.\n\nThen when it's time to buy a car you can choose between a manual and an automatic one, the latter is typically a bit more expensive and since you've already learned to drive a manual one you might as well buy that one.\n\nAnother possibility is that you **feel/are more in control** of the car with a manual transmission, and we don't really want to lose that feeling.",
"As well as the efficiency side of things there's the weight and cost. European cars are generally quite small and we have a much more compact road network. American style large cars do not fare well in medieval urban road layouts. Automatic transmissions started of as heavy, expensive, and uneconomical. When your car is only a few hundred kilos and has a 1 litre engine they are not an appealing addition for most people.\n\nMost people enjoy the control of manual gears too. \n\nEdit: to clarify, these (as I see it) are the reasons automatics were not popular for a long time and gave the manual market a lot of momentum. As car sizes have increased automatics have become more popular.",
"I prefer manual due to having much more control over the power transmission to the wheels. During winter here in Finland, when the roads can be extremely slippery, having a clutch to control the torque delivered makes it easier to not lose traction in tricky situations.\n\nA second thing I always look for in a car is being able to sense the road surface through the steering wheel. My father-in-law has a Citröen with air suspension that feels like you're driving a hovercraft, without a clue about whether or not the road is dangerously icy.",
"Automatics are known to be more costly, break down more often and inefficient. I'm sure they have improved but it'll be difficult to convince us (Brits) that automatics are better.\nWe grew up amongst petrolheads and taught that only hairdressers and shit drivers drives automatics.",
"A better question is, \"Why are automatic transmission cars so popular in the US.\"\n\nIn most parts of the world outside the US autos are manual transmission.\n\nPersonally, I despise automatic transmissions. I prefer to choose the appropriate gear for the situation and to *pay attention* to the vehicle I'm driving.",
"Where I come from, in the northern parts of norway it’s just better with manual. An automatic car would suck on our winding mountain roads, and in winter we need the controle, you know, on ice and stuff.\nMy dad had a automatic once, didn’t last the summer before he got rid of it. Couldn’t make it up the mountain with a hanger.",
"Old prejudices about fuel-economy and comfort.\n\nValid points are price and maintenance costs, as well as I would definitely say you become a better driver, if you learn how to use cars with manual transmissions.\n\nEspecially young people do not consider auto trannys as \"sporty\" or \"cool\". They are the opposite.\n\"You drive an auto transmission? Wtf you can't drive or what?\"\n\nI love my DCT transmission but I am very glad that I was able to learn driving and get to know the feeling of a car's behaviour, with shifting all day long.\n\nElectric cars will make transmission obsolet anyway, so most of the europeans will just skip all that tranny science lol",
"Certainly in the UK (or at least, my part of it...), there's a strong association between older drivers and automatics - people get automatic transmission cars when they are either too old to drive a \"proper\" car, or are simply not interested in driving as an experience any more. I have driven both extensively (live out in the sticks, so fairly high mileage for a small country), and find that the automatic makes me lazy; you have to do so little to actually drive - add in cruise control, and you might as well be asleep.",
"Hey Canadian here who knows how to drive manual but owns an automatic. I have found that for me manual for isn’t really worth it. Manual is nice on open roads with no traffic but if you get caught in traffic it is extremely unpleasant. In term of winter driving i see little benefit. I frequently drive 3 hrs plus in heavy winter conditions and i’d rather focus on not smashing into anything during a snow storm than my gears. Also, every automatic i’ve had let you shift into simulated manual control for the first few gears, if you need to get up an icy hill.",
"Why are automatic transmissions so prevalent in North America?",
"How else are you going to put it in H?",
"They are still superior when it comes to driving pleasure. Automatics are only advantageous in heavy traffic.",
"I mean, I'm an American but I prefer manual also. There's just something about banging through gears and having complete control",
"I think the question should be why are they disappearing in the US?",
"I live in a remote location. Manual vehicles, especially diesels, are prolific here because of their simplicity in regards to ease of maintenance and repair. A manual that fails in the outback is much easier to put back on the road with minimal specialised equipment and training than an automatic.\n\n[EDIT] The other side of the equation is boredom, when I'm driving for literal hours on end, the necessity to think about what gear you are in and whether it is the most efficient may help in keeping me awake and alert. There seems to be a lot of hatred against manuals in this thread, and the honest and realistic answer is that a lot of people don't understand the abject difficulty of living, working and travelling in remote areas. Everyone here needs to have a basic mechanical capacity, and that's much easier to learn on a manual.",
"Can only speak for Germany. Driving with manual transmission is considered more sportive/race-car-style than automatic. And with long stretches of the Autobahn without speed limits, driving fast is a popular thing here. Furthermore, automatic is usually more expensive than manual.\n\n(Edit for adding price argument)",
"Manual transmission gives control to the driver. If I want to drive in higher RPM I do. If I prefer a calm low RPM Sunday drive by the ocean, I can. Versatility.",
"Automatics have always been 5-10% more to buy over here.\n\nAlso we always paid more for petrol over here so normally smaller engines so don't want to waste 10% of a small engine by using auto box.\n\nIt's also more fun if you're into driving, small county roads, heel and toe etc.",
"A few reasons :\n\n~~-gas/petrol is usually twice as expensive in Europe than it is in the US and manual transmissions get better milage~~\n\n-manual cars are less expensive\n\n-many countries use weight as the basis for their car tax so Europeans favor smaller engined (lighter) cars\n\n-automatic transmissions both add weight and don't preform very well on smaller engines\n\nEdit: apparently the first point is no longer the case",
"It's simple to me: driving is just more fun and dynamic when shifting gears yourself. \n\nCould find a good non automatic when I moved to the US and now driving is so dull and boring. And living in a hilly area automatic cars just suck A LOT! Seems almost no American has yet understood the concept of the engine breaking when going downhill.",
"At my work we have a mix of manual and automatic vans and while us drivers can appreciate having a luxury of automatic while going through the city all day long all automatics will be replaced with manuals because they break down more often and are more difficult and more expensive for our mechanics to repair.",
"Fuel Costs have to be up there. I paid $2.42/Gal today - which is .70 a liter - would you own a Twingo or a Mustang at these prices?",
"Quick note also about driving on snow or in the mountains. This is quite common in Switzerland, France, Italy and so on to go uphill for a long time. Automatic transmission tend to shift so frequently that it reduces the driving comfort and fuel savings. Also, automatic on snow is a true challenge if you don't know properly your car. I used to drive with all the versions, and I preferred a dct or a manual for our roads.",
"Along with what benefits others have mentioned (lower weight, driver engagement, lower cost to buy),licensing may be another reason why. I know in Germany, if you take the license test in an automatic car, you are only permitted to drive automatics but if you take the test in a manual car, you are permitted to drive manual AND automatic cars.",
"Fuel saving really since petrol prices are so high. I've got very good coasting down hills and matching revs to start accelerating again safely.\n\nAnd when I go for the mad coastal drives in N. Ireland being able to heel / toe break is just gravy on the cake for satisfaction.",
"You could say the same about still having separate hot and cold taps, or no electrical outlets in the bathroom other than a special shaver plug. Tradition dies hard in Europe.",
"Most people in the UK learn to drive manual as the license grants you permission to only drive automatic if you take your test in an automatic. The manual transmission test/license allows you to drive both. When buying cars, especially used cars, the availability is going to be heavily skewed to manual transmission. I suspect many younger drivers will be budget-limited and will be in the used car market for their first car. After a while of driving a manual transmission, the clutch-in, change gear, clutch-out to biting point becomes automatic in the driver. You don't think about it except perhaps when starting on a hill. At this point, the need or desire to drive an automatic has diminished to the point where it not considered at next (possibly new) car purchase time. Automatics also cost a £1000 or so more.",
"They're more fuel efficient than automatics. It takes energy to shift gears. An automatic transmission gets that energy from the engine; a manual gets it from the driver.\n\nFuel prices in Europe have historically been what Americans would describe as \"insane\"--I can't speak for right now, but when I was in Italy in 2000, we were paying about $1.50 a gallon here. In Naples, Italy, it worked out to about $9.50 a gallon.\n\nThe fuel savings from a manual transmission isn't dramatic, but when prices are that high, literally every drop saved makes a noticeable difference.\n\nIncidentally, that's also why diesel engines are more popular in Europe--they're about 30% more fuel-efficient than gasoline engines.",
"There's an annoying amount of people here assuming an automatic car is just an objectively better \"progression\" of the technology because it's the only thing they've ever driven, they can't compare.\n\nIf you've never tried a manual because you live somewhere that encourages autos try one (and don't be put off by how it \"seems more complicated\") you might find driving much more enjoyable than you did. That's why they're everywhere.",
"A lot of really childish and pathetic transmission snobs in this thread. Some people really will use any insignificant excuse to seem better than others.",
"In Denmark, for instance, cars are roughly 3x the price of what they sell for in North America. This also goes for extra equipment and features so your $2000 upgrade for an automatic transmission becomes $6000 once the government takes their share(s).\n\nAlso, you're not allowed to take your driver's license in an automatic so everyone knows how to drive standard. It is generally only cab drivers, handicapped, rich and old people who drive autos.",
"The newer cars that have an option to manually shift the automatic transmission are the best of both worlds.\n\nI love the control of a manual transmission but it's a PIA in stop and go, rush hour traffic. Then you can just let the automatic do all the work. \n\nBut if you're off on some nice hilly and winding road you still control the shift points."
],
"score": [
1632,
757,
335,
207,
153,
134,
67,
57,
37,
32,
21,
18,
16,
15,
12,
11,
11,
10,
8,
7,
7,
7,
6,
5,
5,
4,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why are manual transmissions still so prevalent in cars in Europe?
[removed] | [
-0.029773272573947906,
0.04635126516222954,
0.030026843771338463,
-0.04262848198413849,
-0.04144606366753578,
0.041842445731163025,
-0.01983426883816719,
0.04381455481052399,
0.01887311227619648,
-0.05683427304029465,
0.013168896548449993,
0.05659128352999687,
-0.013249574229121208,
0.0351... | |
3ewyzv | After being breached, how do Corporations/governments determine exactly what data was compromised and what wasn't? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ctj575x",
"ctj5qch"
],
"text": [
"They can retrospectively study the event logs for activity - altering logs across a broad spectrum of devices to mask a specific activity would probably be harder than stealing all the black ops projects the US is doing. So hackers usually don't bother with this part, they just want the treasure. Plus the more things you touch, the bigger trail you leave. \n\nSo companies say, \"Oh well look here there was traffic that went from here to here across a tunnel we didn't setup and to an IP that's in China, what data did our servers serve to that IP? Oh this and that and these files - that's how.",
"Let's say you have an employees named Bob Smith. Bob works from 9-5 Monday through Friday. After you've been breached, you're looking through the access logs and you notice that Bob has been logging into his computer at midnight every night for the past week. You look into your badge reader and find that he has not been in the building at that time and he has not been connecting to the VPN either. Chances are you've got a cracker at this point. You check what he's been looking at and you've got a pretty good idea of what got stolen. The process is largely computer aided these days but you still have to sort through what your programs spit out to weed out false positives and make sure it makes sense."
],
"score": [
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | After being breached, how do Corporations/governments determine exactly what data was compromised and what wasn't?
| [
0.004860371816903353,
0.04562624916434288,
-0.002555463695898652,
-0.0057137287221848965,
0.03197749704122543,
-0.04139336943626404,
0.05118704214692116,
-0.050248339772224426,
0.07607433944940567,
0.04474019259214401,
0.025156840682029724,
0.048520900309085846,
0.07228454202413559,
-0.078... | ||
6do6zz | Why do some types of music make us feel happy or sad, regardless of lyrics? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"di4cx6b",
"di4g13r"
],
"text": [
"it has to do with the resonant frequency of the individual chords. Some are extremely pure and propagate linearly while others are really \"shaky\" and propagate with different types of noise. Think about the difference between someone singing well and someone screeching. The difference has to do with how pure the wave is. \n\nWhen chords travel, if the individual notes travel perfectly together they are usually the major chords. For the minor chords (or even the chords you make up that sound awful), the individual notes are destructively aligned and create a wave that doesn't propagate perfectly together; instead, the standing chord wave seems to travel backwards as well as forwards due to how the individual waves add up (the pure standing chord wave seems not travel at all). \n\nOur ears simply hear these frequencies and take them to be either pure which sounds good and evokes good feelings, or we hear the minor chords that aren't pure which evoke bad feelings.\n\nIts hard to explain, i hope this comment isnt completely confusing. Im sure someone else can explain it better.\n\nedit 1 and 2: trying to make more sense. Also, i think OP was looking for a biological reason to why this happens, instead of the physics reason which i gave so idk if this is what op was looking for",
"I would disagree about the assertion that resonant frequencies are the source of your interpreted mood. Often the supporting arguments dwell on specific chords and don't account for harmonic context.\n\nIt is often thought that a major chord is interpreted as \"bright and happy,\" but what you really mean is that the \"major keys\" sound bright and happy.\n\nI'll give you an example. There is a chord called the Neopolitan 6th. It is technically a major triad, but if you play this chord in the context of a minor progression (as a traditional N6-V7-i resolution), it doesn't sound happy at all, but moody. This is because of its harmonic context (it is rooted on the flattened 2nd which is harmonically unstable and demands resolution)\n\nHere's some evidence. Moonlight Sonata is a very popular classical piece where this chord is used very early on. Click on this link and play the piece. Where you see the notation \"bII 6,\" this is the Neopolitan chord. Examine how it feels to you.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nAnother example would be Dominant chords, which are major triads with a minor seventh. This chord contains not only a major second interval (which is very dissonant) but also an augmented fourth (commonly known as a tritone) between the seventh and third of the chord (also very dissonant). If you prepare this chord properly in a major key, the resulting sound is not dark but bright and pleasant despite its inherent instability.\n\nHere's some more evidence. This is a transcription of the same Moonlight Sonata in a major key. Try to follow along with the link I posted earlier. Every time it says \"V\" of any sort....this is the Dominant chord. Examine how it feels in this context. Only bother with the first few measures that are present. The rest of the transcription is very awkward.\n\n_URL_1_\n\nContext is key. Pun intended :)"
],
"score": [
15,
12
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.hooktheory.com/theorytab/view/ludwig-van-beethoven/piano-sonata-no-14-moonlight-1st-movement",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R026M1DWAMs"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why do some types of music make us feel happy or sad, regardless of lyrics?
| [
0.056249141693115234,
-0.04265241324901581,
0.06299041211605072,
0.012122162617743015,
0.03514619544148445,
0.060200490057468414,
0.05668950825929642,
0.01000018510967493,
0.1408500373363495,
-0.03318699821829796,
-0.014135961420834064,
0.02320554107427597,
0.04116295650601387,
-0.05944266... | ||
167tbs | How woman's periods sync if they spend enough time together. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"c7tjlnv",
"c7tjspe"
],
"text": [
"They don't really \"sync up\" as in their bodies are somehow talking to each other.\n\nA woman's cycle isn't exactly a month long, so it's going to have some variance about when in the month in shows up. If two women have cycles that are close, but not the same in timing, and are trending towards moving towards each other, after a few cycles, they'll pretty much match, and it will appear as if they've \"synced\". This is given more cognitive weight because it's something outside of the norm.\n\nA couple months later, they'll \"de-sync\", but it won't likely be noticed as it's just business as usual.",
"We thought this for a while, but more and more we're starting to think that [women's cycles don't synch like we thought](_URL_0_).\n\nIt was an appealing theory since it may have been evidence of the existence of Pheromones which, to this day, we still don't know a whole lot about."
],
"score": [
9,
8
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2429/does-menstrual-synchrony-really-exist"
]
} | train_eli5 | How woman's periods sync if they spend enough time together.
| [
-0.01547233946621418,
-0.06819888949394226,
-0.04091927781701088,
-0.022673144936561584,
-0.030466776341199875,
-0.04511922970414162,
-0.010174000635743141,
-0.06885512918233871,
0.08527015894651413,
-0.07585133612155914,
0.016251998022198677,
0.04408978298306465,
-0.051676083356142044,
-0... | ||
8fzlf2 | How do temporary usage rights work products? (e.g. Sonic the Hedgehog in Wreck-it-Ralph) | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dy7qpt4",
"dy8421g"
],
"text": [
"I'm not sure what you're asking here, can you clarify?\n\nIf you're asking how they can get rights to use characters that belong to other companies, the answer is that they simply ask. A contract is signed, money changes hands, or doesn't, and the movie gets made.\n\nOften part of the deal with characters like that is that the owning company gets some kind of veto power over the way their character is used. That way you don't end up with Sonic doing drugs or something else that would harm his image, although it can get silly with them insisting on specific details like how the character walks or smiles, or ties his shoes, etc.\n\nBut, it all comes down to asking and then writing up a mutually agreeable contract. Both sides are getting something out of the deal, whether it's a licensing fee, or exposure for their character, or just generally feeling good about helping a project they respect.",
"Adding to the other answers: Look at \"Who framed Roger Rabbit\". It contains characters from Disney and Warner Bros. (in addition to others).\n\nThe contract for Mickey Mouse and Bugs Bunny for example states they have to have the same amount of screen time. And to make this easily happen, they always appear together and at the same time.\n\nAlso Donald and Duffy Duck had to be portrayed as equals and not one being \"better\" as the other.\n\nAnd so on. It is all legalese and copyright contract work."
],
"score": [
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How do temporary usage rights work products? (e.g. Sonic the Hedgehog in Wreck-it-Ralph)
| [
-0.04169399291276932,
0.0353829562664032,
0.0011815960751846433,
-0.07096352428197861,
0.03731100633740425,
0.046020399779081345,
0.06385626643896103,
0.019337637349963188,
-0.015481889247894287,
-0.025531021878123283,
0.07995159924030304,
0.10484131425619125,
-0.005770235788077116,
0.0040... | ||
1pywgo | Why can Bicyclists ride on the road well under the speed limit but walking on the road is illegal when sidewalks are present? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cd7g79m",
"cd7kzq3",
"cd7m2hs"
],
"text": [
"The posted speed limit is a maximum, not a minimum. There sometimes is a minimum, for example freeways usually have a minimum of 45 mph, and bicycles aren't allowed there. They ride on the road because bicycles are vehicles.",
"Lobbying by auto manufacturers at the birth of the automobile made it illegal to walk on the street. Before then you could walk on the street. If bicycles were forced/ allowed to ride on the sidewalks they could hit pedestrians or they would greatly have their speed reduced by pedestrian foot traffic.",
"Another factor is that bicycles (and roads) pre-dated cars. Roads were, in actual fact, the result of lobbying by the bicycle industry and enthusiasts. Cars came later."
],
"score": [
6,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why can Bicyclists ride on the road well under the speed limit but walking on the road is illegal when sidewalks are present?
| [
0.02205187827348709,
0.036048322916030884,
0.014890619553625584,
0.004736271686851978,
0.01619798131287098,
-0.00627123424783349,
-0.025151478126645088,
0.006626587361097336,
-0.03975295275449753,
0.014315678738057613,
0.0649668276309967,
0.06984814256429672,
-0.0116281034424901,
0.0573293... | ||
8fhfw6 | Why do babies fall asleep faster if rocked to sleep? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dy3lizj"
],
"text": [
"It's a natural response that reminds them of being in the womb. Same goes for swaddling. Babies like to be warm and held tight."
],
"score": [
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do babies fall asleep faster if rocked to sleep?
| [
0.061213407665491104,
-0.016343161463737488,
-0.02753717452287674,
0.0532192699611187,
0.04102497547864914,
0.027564670890569687,
-0.028937704861164093,
-0.012845939956605434,
0.08123649656772614,
0.010940220206975937,
0.02877153269946575,
0.002767743542790413,
0.022709885612130165,
0.0415... | ||
3su557 | Is there a difference in meaning when people say "Radical Islam" and "Islamic Extremism" and what differentiates them from just standard Islamic beliefs? | There seems to be a lot of use of these terms in YouTube comments fairly interchangeably. I don't really want to interject without knowing much else. The video in question had a statistic saying 15-25% of Muslims were radicals. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cx0ejss",
"cx0ktfz",
"cx0gcma"
],
"text": [
"The terms don't have strict definitions. What one person would consider a radical, another would consider an apostate.\n\nI think that when most people hear \"radical Islam\" or \"Islamic extremism\", they think \"someone who would kill another human being for not being a Muslim (or the \"right kind\" of Muslim)\". \n\nHowever, some people might use these terms to refer to Muslims who think theft should be punished by chopping off hands. This is a belief most Westerners would find pretty shocking. \n\nOr perhaps that's how some people would refer to Muslims who believe that people who draw cartoons of Mohammed being sodomised should be fined, or Muslims who think women should cover their hair around men - again, a pretty extreme belief in liberal society.\n\nNow obviously there's a big difference between \"terrorist\" - a tiny minority of Muslims, maybe ten thousand out of a billion - and \"person who thinks women should cover their hair and blasphemers should be fined\", probably a majority of Muslims globally.\n\nIf 15-25% of Muslims are radicals, then I'd argue that \"radical Muslims\", as defined by the video, aren't people to fear. They're maybe comparable to the radical Christians who think abortion should be illegal and so should breaking the Sabbath.",
"Radical sometimes has a strict meaning of either \"returning to the root\" (which might be an accurate interpretation of Wahabi Islam) or of wanting to destroy existing institutions \"root and branch\" (that is, completely) instead of reforming them. But I don't think most people mean anything quite so literal.\n\nThe main difference - just in terms of the grammar of how I use these, and how I hear other people using them - is that \"radical Islam\" is an ideology, and \"Islamic extremism\" is a movement (its very close to \"Islamic extremists, taken collectively\"). But just like we refer interchangeably to the President (a title), the White House (a residence), the Oval Office (a workspace), and Obama (a personal name), you will also hear people referring to an ideology and the movement associated with it interchangeably, as metaphors for one another.",
"In many religions there are moderates, fundamentalists (which would be radicals) and extremists. Moderates are those who practice their faith and do not impinge on the rights of others. Radical or fundamentalists usually are literalists who feel that their holy books should be followed to the letter. They are more likely to mistreat women, desire to convert others, and push their religious beliefs on governments. Extremists tend to be violent and want to destroy non-believers or convert them through force. All three of these can be found in Islam, Christianity, & Judaism (in Israel)."
],
"score": [
4,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Is there a difference in meaning when people say "Radical Islam" and "Islamic Extremism" and what differentiates them from just standard Islamic beliefs?
There seems to be a lot of use of these terms in YouTube comments fairly interchangeably. I don't really want to interject without knowing much else. The video in question had a statistic saying 15-25% of Muslims were radicals. | [
0.073428213596344,
-0.05724788457155228,
-0.13327324390411377,
0.01341009046882391,
0.04355287551879883,
-0.007697793655097485,
-0.022650018334388733,
0.054504215717315674,
0.09175510704517365,
-0.03868819400668144,
0.09969903528690338,
0.009025451727211475,
0.06440578401088715,
0.05398145... | |
2e74x6 | Why does my voice sound better after drinking black coffee? | My singing voice seems to improve noticeably. My throat feels more open, I can better control vibrato, and my range and pitch control are improved. Any ideas? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cjwofta",
"cjwwxjq"
],
"text": [
"Warms up the old sound box and throat ya little five year old!! Goo goo gaga",
"Generally the warmth lets the voice box expand and become more versatile. For years people thought that caffeine was dehydrating (because it acts as a diuretic) but more recent reports say it's a very nominal effect. Sugar, on the other hand, can really dehydrate and stiffen up your voicebox.\n\nIf anything, warm tea is probably the best thing to drink before a performance."
],
"score": [
8,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why does my voice sound better after drinking black coffee?
My singing voice seems to improve noticeably. My throat feels more open, I can better control vibrato, and my range and pitch control are improved. Any ideas? | [
-0.006433562375605106,
-0.09159451723098755,
-0.043199680745601654,
0.04138043150305748,
-0.03629390895366669,
-0.011924179270863533,
-0.03550450876355171,
0.018159717321395874,
0.031878795474767685,
-0.15224331617355347,
-0.12243057787418365,
-0.0655500590801239,
-0.011571740731596947,
-0... | |
khal7 | How do mood rings work? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"c2k8u8e",
"c2k8nrr"
],
"text": [
"The chemical that makes up a mood ring is a thermotropic liquid crystal, just like in liquid crystal thermometers. The molecules that make up the liquid crystal, when heat or cold is applied to the ring, start to kind of twist, and therefore refract or absorb different wavelengths of light, which is what accounts for the color change.",
"it changes colour based on heat, in theory the more enraged/bothered you are, the warmer you are etc etc"
],
"score": [
9,
8
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How do mood rings work?
| [
-0.014516203664243221,
0.0345650389790535,
-0.07790954411029816,
0.030988527461886406,
-0.07759896665811539,
0.015120967291295528,
0.07105080038309097,
0.02680509351193905,
0.11155629903078079,
-0.08750952780246735,
-0.05214874446392059,
0.051033079624176025,
0.026740385219454765,
-0.09593... | ||
5rvkna | Why do white shirts become transparent when water gets on it? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddafyvz"
],
"text": [
"The opaqueness of white shirts is due to the thin material having a few millimeters of space from the skin and light diffusing in that short distance. When a white shirt is wet it sticks to the skin. Since there is no space to diffuse, you see the skin."
],
"score": [
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do white shirts become transparent when water gets on it?
| [
-0.008229932747781277,
0.03744764253497124,
0.03157362341880798,
0.09234569221735,
0.11753454059362411,
-0.05568651854991913,
0.07377705723047256,
-0.02736722305417061,
0.017846984788775444,
-0.008522514253854752,
0.01279144175350666,
-0.022816013544797897,
0.04667110741138458,
0.063412711... | ||
6761kp | Whys there always a line for women's restroom? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dgnyi42"
],
"text": [
"fewer spots since they dont have urinals and stalls take more space.\n\nand they take longer to go, with the pant dropping, retucking shirts, wiping, ect."
],
"score": [
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Whys there always a line for women's restroom?
[removed] | [
-0.011847898364067078,
0.059721194207668304,
0.023406440392136574,
0.024082094430923462,
-0.03293858841061592,
-0.035866428166627884,
0.05897120386362076,
-0.0803067684173584,
0.07267078757286072,
-0.008628109470009804,
-0.03436649218201637,
0.05785200744867325,
-0.009183024987578392,
-0.0... | |
21npvl | How Does a Camera/Phone make a Panorama image? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cgesx30",
"cgesxh6"
],
"text": [
"The camera takes multiple individual still pictures. The phone analyses these pictures looking for simple things, like the edges of items in the picture, that it can use to tell how much the camera has moved. It also takes measurements from the compass and accelerometer to tell how the camera has been moved. In then *morphs* (twists and distorts) the images so they match up, and blurs the edges between them to produce one continuous image.",
"Through a process called [image stitching](_URL_0_) in which the computer analyzes several images that were taken together, and (figuratively) glues them together along lines and seams that make sense.\n\nPart of the reason your cell phone requires you to follow the line and pan slowly is because it makes the image stitching easier/possible."
],
"score": [
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_stitching"
]
} | train_eli5 | How Does a Camera/Phone make a Panorama image?
| [
-0.05774707719683647,
0.05681730434298515,
0.052446212619543076,
-0.10647034645080566,
0.0009751556208357215,
-0.05238374322652817,
0.002508501522243023,
-0.0027266726829111576,
0.06640193611383438,
0.03525413200259209,
0.013988093473017216,
-0.0028971426654607058,
0.04763312637805939,
0.0... | ||
1gilwm | Difference between GPU and CPU | From my understanding GPUs is the new black.
In research they can process more data than the older days CPUs at a fraction of the cost.
GPUs can have thousands of cores while CPU's are restricted to only a few.
What I dont understand is what the difference between them is and what advantages/disadvantages there are using CPUs vs GPUs for different tasks? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cakjk3a",
"cakusor",
"caklc0m"
],
"text": [
"CPUs (Central Processing Units) are microchips that are designed to be good for general processing tasks. Kind of a \"jack of all trades\" type thing. That makes them ideal as the central core for a computer, since you'll be executing all kinds of different tasks.\n\nGPUs (Graphics Processing Units), on the other hand, are microchips that are designed specifically for graphics processing. They tend to be really good at very specific types of math associated with rendering 3D scenes, and not so good at general computing.\n\nThe thing we've been seeing in recent years is that you can take certain, math-heavy processes and re-write them in a way that they're more easily solvable by the specialized math processing bits in GPUs than they are by the more generalized instruction sets in CPUs.\n\nHere's an analogy. A CPU is a toolbox that contains a hammer, some screwdrivers, a wrench, maybe a ratchet set, etc. A GPU is a power drill. If you're building a deck, you're going to want to use your toolbox to access the various general tools inside. But then maybe someone comes up with a deck design where each piece fits together with [knock-down fasteners](_URL_0_) that can easily be tightened by a power drill with a special attachment. They've re-framed the task such that you can accomplish it more easily, and more quickly, with a single, specialized tool.\n\nNote that there's extra work involved in designing this specialized pre-fab deck, as well as in designing and fabricating the specialized drill attachment. Converting a process to be solvable with a GPU takes some effort, and sometimes that effort isn't worth it (for instance, a piggy-bank-smashing drill attachment isn't worth the added effort when you can just grab your trusty hammer out of your CPU toolbox).",
"The instruction set that a GPU core is smaller and more specialized than that of a CPU, and is not well suited to tasks that a CPU can perform. \n \nImagine the task of finding out how many leaves are under an oak tree: \nI could task an engineer to build a leaf counting machine, like the bill counter they use at the bank, and count them very quickly, but one at a time. \nOR \nI could ask a class of 10yr olds to pick up ten leaves and put them in a box, and mark a chalkboard each time they do, until the ground is clear. \nThe task the children are performing is simple by comparison, but with many hands counting the job is faster, and one child's count is not dependent on anothers so they can \"process\" in parallel. \nThat said I can't ask 10 yr olds do anything as complicated as build a machine.\n\nSO if your computation can be broken into small, simple tasks that can be run side by side, a GPU is ideal. If you need something more complicated or MUST be done step by step a CPU is more ideal.",
"Think of a CPU as a team of very dedicated employees in a factory assembly line which pass information along and each perform a small piece of math on it as it moves along the chain. This is very efficient when you're given one big problem with lots of information, but it becomes very slow when you're given lots of tiny pieces of information in a group. This is why modern CPUs have multi-core processors, they have multiple factory lines to finish work at the same time.\n\nSo the question is, why not have CPUs show graphics, why separate into two pieces of hardware? Well it's because 3D images are hard to generate if you render the whole thing at once. It's a lot easier to draw them on the screen separately and then reassemble them. CPUs are not good for this task though, because they're designed for big blocks of instructions, not millions of very tiny ones. To accomplish this, we use a GPU.\n\nGPUs are like an ant colony, and modern GPUs are broken up into thousands of small components instead of a big one. They can each handle small tasks very well because they have thousands of members all performing a very small, very simple task; but as a whole it accomplishes a big task. GPUs are largely responsible for breaking images into triangles, and each tiny part of the GPU renders a single triangle [like this](_URL_1_).\n\nAfter breaking a large 3D image, say a face or a landscape into pieces, the components are then reassembled into a single large image."
],
"score": [
21,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knock-down_fastener#Knock-down_fasteners",
"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Z-NJb0SI-hY/TqhH6cHYliI/AAAAAAAAAGA/ic5vlmW10kg/s320/pnControlPoints.png"
]
} | train_eli5 | Difference between GPU and CPU
From my understanding GPUs is the new black. In research they can process more data than the older days CPUs at a fraction of the cost. GPUs can have thousands of cores while CPU's are restricted to only a few. What I dont understand is what the difference between them is and what advantages/disadvantages there are using CPUs vs GPUs for different tasks? | [
-0.047706618905067444,
-0.02033809758722782,
-0.08094734698534012,
0.04823620244860649,
0.05210035666823387,
-0.06550853699445724,
-0.050176531076431274,
0.01270001009106636,
0.03754836693406105,
-0.03261836618185043,
-0.06425908207893372,
0.06638751924037933,
0.0011613878887146711,
0.0087... | |
19v2bs | Why is there no motion blur on satellite images? | If its as simple as satellites just take pictures in geosynchronous orbit, then why is there no image blur on SR71 Blackbird [spy photos](_URL_0_) from the cold war? They were moving quite fast. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"c8rk4pi"
],
"text": [
"There is plenty of blur and it is a major concern and has two main components; (1) there is a lack of focus mainly due to the optics but may also include the jitter of the platform (vibration) and then (2) there is smear due sensor motion (slewing) and target motion."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/spiesfly/phot-03.html"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why is there no motion blur on satellite images?
If its as simple as satellites just take pictures in geosynchronous orbit, then why is there no image blur on SR71 Blackbird [spy photos](_URL_0_) from the cold war? They were moving quite fast. | [
-0.04874860867857933,
-0.061752982437610626,
0.026324348524212837,
0.004175581503659487,
-0.006059275008738041,
-0.05546336993575096,
-0.026353532448410988,
-0.025594418868422508,
0.009433720260858536,
0.02727334015071392,
0.015840977430343628,
0.08703814446926117,
0.012831063941121101,
-0... | |
1orhpe | Why has "squirting" had a rise in porn in the last few years, surely girls could always do it, what suddenly made it popular? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ccuvych",
"ccuw1b4",
"ccuujem"
],
"text": [
"I think, and this is of course only what ***I*** think, is that a large part of the phonographic industry is based on the reaffirmation of gender roles in regards to sexuality. There is a fairly common notion that stereotypically-speaking, women are supposed to be sexually desirable and men are supposed to be sexual stallions. The imagery of a man sexually stimulating a woman to the point that she orgasms so hard as to \n\"Squirt\" everywhere is very appealing, both to most peoples preconditioned ideas of sexuality, as well as to the graphic imagery of pornography. \n\nTL;DR: Its kinda what people expect to see, and its pretty hardcore. A dude screwing the hell out of a pretty lady so hard it might as well be an workout routine. How original.",
"When a guy cums, there is a physical reaction that can be seen and noticed with little ambiguity. A guy can't really pretend to cum, because there is semen that needs to come out. When a girl squirts, it has that same physical reaction that can be empirically viewed. It isn't based off of how tightly she holds on or flexes or other reactions she can manipulate in order to fake an orgasm. I know without a doubt, that I got her off.\nBasically, its a huge billboard stating she came and you did a good job, pat yourself on the back.",
"Porn takes something that is rare and cranks it to 11. \n\nThese girls aren't legitimately squirting. It's the WWE of sex."
],
"score": [
4,
3,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why has "squirting" had a rise in porn in the last few years, surely girls could always do it, what suddenly made it popular?
| [
0.018590465188026428,
-0.0907602608203888,
0.05478176474571228,
0.025160137563943863,
-0.057999249547719955,
0.007283336482942104,
-0.011193042621016502,
0.022647781297564507,
0.00531991571187973,
0.021204395219683647,
0.04404515400528908,
0.10084784775972366,
-0.007824321277439594,
0.0895... | ||
668agt | The American tipping culture | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dgggdva",
"dggo16h"
],
"text": [
"I don't know all the details but alot of it involves you working to get a tip based on your service to the customer. If you don't do a good job you'll get a small/no tip, whereas if you go above and beyond to be helpful, fast and friendly, then you get rewarded for it.",
"As an Australian, I find tipping so strange. Why can't the minimum wage be increased by the government like ours has always done? People in hospitality etc can often earn a shit load more than people in office jobs with a bachelor degree. It just depends."
],
"score": [
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | The American tipping culture
[deleted] | [
-0.04152008146047592,
-0.024267952889204025,
-0.03810045123100281,
-0.006027396768331528,
-0.00013275658420752734,
-0.004324977286159992,
0.09245772659778595,
-0.07226406782865524,
0.021922050043940544,
-0.026056157425045967,
0.11752498894929886,
0.04716901853680611,
-0.018809311091899872,
... | |
4irhtf | Why is primer needed for a paint job? Why not just use paint? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d30htkf",
"d30hhgy"
],
"text": [
"1.Better paint adhesion\n2. Protects the painted material \n3. Prolongs life of paint\n4. Hides imperfections or former paint color that can bleed through\n\nIt is a pain in the butt step but if you have ever tried to turn an olive green room to canary yellow you will get it. Also if there are any oily/greasy spots primer can help absorb it so it doesn't affect the final paint color. \n\nI am not a pro but I have painted exterior and interior walls for the last 20yrs. Primer is important especially exterior. It's worth the effort.",
"So the color that was originally under the paint doesn't show through the new color. Also, for latex paint, it lets the paint grip on to the new object so it doesn't chip as easily.\n\nPaint can be used on its own in some cases depending on the paint (oil based).\n\nAlso, I'm not a paint expert, I just spent 20 minutes researching. Sorry if I missed a thing or two!"
],
"score": [
9,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why is primer needed for a paint job? Why not just use paint?
| [
-0.05415129289031029,
0.02965702675282955,
0.04004450514912605,
-0.05251171812415123,
0.11679910868406296,
0.009146803990006447,
0.036325328052043915,
0.08297914266586304,
0.005595153663307428,
-0.03148837387561798,
-0.055517058819532394,
0.0646820068359375,
-0.02310948632657528,
0.0169329... | ||
4upoka | If it takes 8-12 hours to digest food, how do some foods make my stomach upset almost instantly? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d5rp6hu",
"d5rpg7m",
"d5rpcfv",
"d5rp5r7"
],
"text": [
"Because you're not digesting it. Your stomach has sent the \"Purge\" message to your brain. Your brain then sends the message to your digestive tract to open all gates and let the express train through. It will also flush a bunch of fluid into the system to help is pass more quickly.",
"You might have to clarify.\n\nSometimes it's purging of food because your body thinks it has eaten something harmful.\n\nOther times it's simply your first meal of the day, so your GI wakes up and peristalsis happens (moving of food through the intestines) and you just poop.\n\nIf you're clamping your cheeks shut, running down the hallway, and you've become a lava factory, it was the purge message. If you get an urge to go, but everything is fairly solid, it was just peristalsis.",
"Normal process: into your stomach, where acids break it down, then a slow trip through your intestines where the nutrients are absorbed. What's left is urine and poo, which leaves the normal way.\n\nBad food process: it's in your stomach. Brain goes \"holy shit, this is no bueno. Get this out as fast as we can!\" The food no longer takes a low route through your intestines -- everything is rushed through to get out your poop chute as soon as it can.",
"Your stomach has decided it isn't willing to digest this particular piece of food. That instead of digesting it, it needs to get rid of it and as soon as possible, because digesting it will likely cause a myriad of other problems."
],
"score": [
17,
7,
4,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | If it takes 8-12 hours to digest food, how do some foods make my stomach upset almost instantly?
[removed] | [
0.10858374089002609,
-0.0455060675740242,
0.020062953233718872,
0.09788452833890915,
0.025080684572458267,
-0.06504534929990768,
0.0015947450883686543,
-0.025123808532953262,
0.0673188716173172,
-0.08277219533920288,
-0.025096919387578964,
-0.003970695193856955,
-0.023280292749404907,
-0.0... | |
627eke | Why do we laugh? Specifically why do we have a physical reaction, such as chest heaving, when we laugh rather than just "feeling" happy? | Possibly explain what purpose does all the motion serve or why this emotion seems to make us lose some body control? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dfkcqz9"
],
"text": [
"Most humor is the juxtaposition between what we _expect_ to happen and what actually happens. Take the (lame) joke:\n\n > Three men walk into a bar; none of them ducked\n\nThe humor there is that you expect it to be a drinking establishment, not a physical barrier\n\nNow, the idea is that this humor reaction evolved in us to quickly relax ourselves in tense situations. If you are out hunting and you hear a noise in the bush, you need to go into fight/flight mode right away so that you can defend yourself from predators. If you see that the noise was just a tiny rabid, the humor of the situation allows you to go back from \"alert\" to \"calm\" very quickly.\n\nLaughter is the signaling method to others in the group that the tense situation is actually just a \"rabbit\" - it lets everyone around you know that it is safe to go off high alert."
],
"score": [
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do we laugh? Specifically why do we have a physical reaction, such as chest heaving, when we laugh rather than just "feeling" happy?
Possibly explain what purpose does all the motion serve or why this emotion seems to make us lose some body control? | [
0.06853437423706055,
-0.034774865955114365,
0.04707204923033714,
0.06535670906305313,
0.0803452730178833,
0.0022869978565722704,
0.049610454589128494,
0.008862539194524288,
0.05885707587003708,
-0.0900692269206047,
-0.02345845475792885,
-0.07639018446207047,
-0.015141293406486511,
-0.03790... | |
563615 | When Waking up from a vivid dream, why does it seem to disappear from memory a few minutes after waking up. | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d8fx5vu"
],
"text": [
"Dreams don't typically form long-term memories like real experiences can. They are in your short term memory, and unless you make an effort to remember them, you'll forget them very quickly. Some people keep a dream journal near their bed and get in the practice of writing down their dreams as soon as they awake."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | When Waking up from a vivid dream, why does it seem to disappear from memory a few minutes after waking up.
[removed] | [
0.07408171892166138,
0.07546409219503403,
0.010044630616903305,
0.1386367231607437,
0.07111071795225143,
0.03419358283281326,
-0.02181309647858143,
-0.0021584320347756147,
0.14550326764583588,
-0.06357599049806595,
-0.05575637146830559,
0.06890728324651718,
-0.004442855715751648,
-0.009786... | |
7oh2j9 | Does the butterfly has memories of being a caterpillar? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ds9gpts"
],
"text": [
"Yes, some memories can be retained. Caterpillars trained to avoid certain odors retained the aversion to those odors when they metamorphosed into butterflies."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Does the butterfly has memories of being a caterpillar?
[removed] | [
0.032031554728746414,
0.05826004594564438,
-0.003800097620114684,
0.1146998330950737,
-0.05057600513100624,
0.012386667542159557,
0.0694359689950943,
-0.10163167864084244,
-0.03794372081756592,
-0.06386875361204147,
0.03355471044778824,
-0.005216019693762064,
-0.015182769857347012,
-0.0178... | |
4f6hf5 | How do content-creators make money from streaming services such as Netflix or Apple music | Even if you are subscribed for a premium, that surely can't generate as much income as a sale of the song or movie. How do companies make a notable profit from services like these? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d26bwdf"
],
"text": [
"Your 15 dollars a month(or whatever it is) > netflix/apple/spotify etc takes a share > rest goes to the content creator.\nYes you can make a notable profit from these services as many people were illegally downloading their content on a large scale before these services popped up (and still are). Since most people dont want to go through the effort of downloading large files from potentially ''dangerous'' websites, or breaking the law, they just subscribe to an On demand service because its easy and relatively cheap"
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How do content-creators make money from streaming services such as Netflix or Apple music
Even if you are subscribed for a premium, that surely can't generate as much income as a sale of the song or movie. How do companies make a notable profit from services like these? | [
0.0017612980445846915,
-0.1370498090982437,
-0.023364415392279625,
0.0021069683134555817,
0.006735729519277811,
0.08069055527448654,
0.050732072442770004,
-0.004536337219178677,
0.0996975526213646,
0.0010878919856622815,
0.001870079431682825,
0.03680357336997986,
0.04403572529554367,
-0.02... | |
213wgx | How do gigantic heavy ships not sink in the ocean? What exactly keeps them afloat? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cg9cx41",
"cg9cv54"
],
"text": [
"I did an interesting experiment for a science class one day. Take a pan of water, fill it up to the very brim. Put a larger pan under it.\n\nNow, put an object into the top pan which will float. Some water will fall over the edges of the pan into the container below.\n\nYou should find that the amount of water running over the edges weighs the same as the object you floated in the pan.\n\nBonus: If you put in an object which sinks (say, a solid cube of metal), you will find it weighs *more* than the water which it displaced.",
"Buoyancy physics law, pretty much as long as the weight of water displaced is greater than what is displacing it, the thing will float. As boats are pretty hollow, there mass is fairly low compared to over all size. If it was just a solid lump of metal it would sink because metal is denser. But the added air that boats have helps it."
],
"score": [
8,
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How do gigantic heavy ships not sink in the ocean? What exactly keeps them afloat?
| [
0.02755546011030674,
0.07564461976289749,
0.02745756506919861,
0.04749290645122528,
-0.007390601094812155,
-0.07294265180826187,
-0.06417103111743927,
0.037420328706502914,
-0.03189855068922043,
-0.01075065042823553,
-0.08275830745697021,
-0.04137250408530235,
-0.029558248817920685,
-0.026... | ||
o99ud | What is Grooveshark and why is it being sued? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"c3fezt8",
"c3fk2kh",
"c3fh4y8",
"c3fi5iq"
],
"text": [
"It's similar to pandora, though I don't know what kind of arrangements they have in terms of paying licensing fees. They allow for a more specific selection of music, and allow you to create playlists as if their entire library was your own. Think of it as a cloud-based napster. They have a desktop app as well as a web app, so they're really accessible. They're being sued probably for not paying enough/any/the right kinds of licensing fees to the music industry to have the right to distribute content in the way they do.",
"Actually, Grooveshark did not necessarily plan on paying licensing fees. \n\nThey expected to host music that people outside of the company uploaded. Grooveshark was able to maintain legality because they would still be following the rules of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) that allows users to upload music and the hosters would not be in trouble if they removed any music when notified by copyright holders.\n\nAs i'm sure you're aware of from Youtube, you'll often click a video for a song or something, and you'll get a page that says it's unavailable because the copyright owner has made a claim.\n\nMuch like Grooveshark, Youtube has a ton of copyrighted stuff they host. But they maintain legality when they take down videos that have received a copyright claim.\n\nWhere Grooveshark went wrong, however, is that an investigation into the company found out that Groovehshark **employees** had been uploading thousands of songs. That is **not protected** by the DMCA, and thus, the copyright holders have grounds to sue them.",
"Grooveshark is like [Rdio](_URL_0_) - it's a service that allows you to listen to any music in their library.\n\nUnlike Rdio, though, Grooveshark decided that they would make music available *before* having a license agreement with the organizations that hold copyright to that music. They were betting that they'd be able to negotiate something.\n\nThey're being sued because the copyright holders believe that providing that material without having an agreement in place is copyright infringement.",
"Just want to remind all of you guys who thinks the record industry is a bunch of meanies, that it may be true but is no reason to be biased in your ELI5-comments. Hugs and kisses!"
],
"score": [
13,
11,
6,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://rdio.com"
]
} | train_eli5 | What is Grooveshark and why is it being sued?
| [
-0.07787463814020157,
0.06990623474121094,
-0.054762765765190125,
-0.041020993143320084,
0.022624121978878975,
-0.002750643063336611,
0.042955126613378525,
-0.025481946766376495,
0.020633330568671227,
0.01129134465008974,
-0.019483797252178192,
0.06027256324887276,
-0.016939830034971237,
-... | ||
1z8wgs | Why do the subway stations in New York City look much more bare or run-down compared to those in systems of similar age, like London's? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cfrl4w0"
],
"text": [
"The London Underground services ~1.2 billion passengers per year. The New York City Subway services more - 1.65 billion in 2012, and that number's been shooting up steadily over the past 5 or 6 years.\n\nThe New York City subway services 8.2 million people in a relatively small area, with around 450 different stations. The London Underground services the same number of people over a much wider area (the average population density of Greater London is ~13,000 people per square mile, while the average for New York is ~27,000, with Manhattan clocking in at over 70,000), with about 260 stations.\n\nThere are a grant total of 250 miles of track in the London Underground. There are over three times that amount of track in NYC.\n\nThere are 11 different lines in the London Underground. There are 22 different subway lines in New York, and that doesn't include the Staten Island Railroad, the LIRR, or Metro North - all of which are managed by the same organization.\n\nThe London Underground runs roughly 20 hours per day, less on weekends, and shuts down entirely on holidays. Barring *huge* problems with the weather (a la Hurricane Sandy) or serious accidents, the NYC subway system runs 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year (FastTrack maintenance notwithstanding).\n\nMeanwhile, the mean profits between the two systems are relatively comparable - so the MTA has a lot more to do with its income than TFL does.\n\nJust a few points of comparison."
],
"score": [
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do the subway stations in New York City look much more bare or run-down compared to those in systems of similar age, like London's?
| [
0.08905680477619171,
-0.024587437510490417,
0.11409711092710495,
0.07094109058380127,
0.02465592697262764,
0.013071057386696339,
-0.0826164036989212,
0.012135286815464497,
-0.0603765994310379,
-0.025147993117570877,
-0.03867347165942192,
0.032852694392204285,
-0.04322502389550209,
0.001049... | ||
19sip4 | - is there a line between giving advice and victim blaming? If so, where is it? | As a result of a recent argument I had online, I'd be curious to find out if I'm misunderstanding something here. I've googled around and other people seem to have had this problem too.
Is it possible to give advice as to how to minimise a person's likelihood of being raped/robbed/murdered/whatever without implicitly placing some responsibility on them? Is it just about tone/how the advice is phrased?
I saw one guy who claimed he had been accused of victim blaming for something as (seemingly) innocuous as suggesting that people take care of the drinks they accept from strangers. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"c8qwstl",
"c8qx7br",
"c8qz624"
],
"text": [
"I agree, it gets a little out of hand when people see even basic advice as victim blaming. On reddit, this kind of backlash seems most prevalent in areas of violence against women and in childhood bullying.\n\nI think the line is blurry, but the way the sentiment is expressed is important. If there's a thread where people are sympathizing with a victim, coming in and bluntly stating something like \"they should have watched their drink, guess they learned their lesson for next time\" is definitely going to provoke anger. That's because people weren't interested in solving the problem, they were saddened by the story and wanted to sympathize and commiserate.\n\nOn the other hand, if there is a thread that, for example, asks \"what, as a woman, can I do to lessen my chances of being raped?\", then saying \"watch your drink\" is likely to be taken positively.\n\nAlso, advice that's impossible or poses an undue burden on the person is also likely to provoke anger. For example, if someone said \"don't go to clubs, then you don't have to worry about being raped in a club\", I think anger would justifiably follow. Even though the statement is logically accurate, nobody should have to stay away from clubs because of sexual predators. That's placing all the responsibility on the victim. You can't stay shut up in your house all day with a gun pointed at the door.\n\nIn short, it's about *how* you choose to make your comments, *when* you choose to make them, and the *degree of responsibility* you put on the victim.\n\nVictimhood is an emotional issue for a lot of people. I've described how to navigate the language of emotions to get your point across without being seen as the bad guy.",
"The problem is that, when people give advice like that, it's always directed at the victim. This is why things like the [Don't Be That Guy campaign](_URL_0_) sound so weird; everyone's happy to offer advice on how to avoid being a rape victim, but nobody ever offers advice on how to avoid being a rapist.\n\nAs a consequence of this, it can be very hurtful when you give advice on how to avoid being raped. So unless you've been specifically asked to, you probably shouldn't. (This isn't a big deal; it's not like people don't *know* they should be careful of accepting drinks from strangers).",
"* Don't stand too close to the edge - advice\n* Don't cross the streams - advice\n* Don't drive on the railroad tracks - advice\n* Use a condom - advice\n* Don't walk down dark alleys alone at night - advice\n* Rape victims deserve to be raped - victim blaming"
],
"score": [
10,
7,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/12/01/edmonton-sexual-assault-awareness-campaign-dont-be-that-guy_n_2224228.html"
]
} | train_eli5 | - is there a line between giving advice and victim blaming? If so, where is it?
As a result of a recent argument I had online, I'd be curious to find out if I'm misunderstanding something here. I've googled around and other people seem to have had this problem too. Is it possible to give advice as to how to minimise a person's likelihood of being raped/robbed/murdered/whatever without implicitly placing some responsibility on them? Is it just about tone/how the advice is phrased? I saw one guy who claimed he had been accused of victim blaming for something as (seemingly) innocuous as suggesting that people take care of the drinks they accept from strangers. | [
0.00538750272244215,
0.0501415878534317,
-0.017674468457698822,
0.06259599328041077,
0.08278101682662964,
0.053581807762384415,
0.051189523190259933,
0.0584648959338665,
-0.01844208501279354,
-0.043705519288778305,
0.04486880451440811,
-0.003055100329220295,
0.03824552521109581,
-0.0065680... | |
306je4 | Why can't we dispose of solid waste by tectonic subduction zones. | If you don't count the logistics of transporting all of the waste to a subduction zone would it be possible to bury it in the subducting plate and let the Earth do the rest. The trash would be compacted into a super dense brick before burial. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cppkte2",
"cpptp8y"
],
"text": [
"The United States MARPOL act would prevent this. Subduction zones are also constantly moving, meaning trash would spew out and damage the Eco system surrounding it. This might all ready be happening. I saw a redditor say something about the gulf of Mexico being filled with trash which is sad.",
"It's difficult to get the waste totally subducted. If you just drop stuff to the seafloor, it's going to sit there while the containers holding it rust away, causing it to leak out everywhere. To actually subduct it, you need some container that will last a long time, and you'd probably have to bury it in the seafloor a ways so you could be sure it actually gets subducted, instead of scraped along the top of the subducting plate."
],
"score": [
5,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why can't we dispose of solid waste by tectonic subduction zones.
If you don't count the logistics of transporting all of the waste to a subduction zone would it be possible to bury it in the subducting plate and let the Earth do the rest. The trash would be compacted into a super dense brick before burial. | [
-0.021409662440419197,
0.022173048928380013,
0.06648172438144684,
-0.05287909880280495,
0.059504296630620956,
-0.1031152680516243,
-0.023145660758018494,
-0.017877088859677315,
-0.014575832523405552,
0.046534571796655655,
-0.05858735367655754,
-0.05323687195777893,
-0.015480740927159786,
0... | |
1jffz0 | Why does the door close so loud when I have a window open? | I assume something to do with air pressure? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cbe492j"
],
"text": [
"When you close the door, a bunch of air is displaced, and it has to go somewhere. If you don't have a window open, the only place the air can go is to rush out the door gap as you're closing it. This is difficult to do, and so the air forms a higher pressure \"cushion\" which prevents the door from closing as hard. In effect, you are using the door to compress the air in the room.\n\nWhen a window is open, the displaced air can rush right out the window, meaning it does not prevent the door from swinging, meaning the door slams a lot harder."
],
"score": [
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why does the door close so loud when I have a window open?
I assume something to do with air pressure? | [
0.03416653722524643,
-0.013001452200114727,
-0.019762052223086357,
0.06170260161161423,
0.03843601793050766,
-0.08573605120182037,
0.04140324145555496,
-0.05769643932580948,
0.10814288258552551,
-0.010943842120468616,
-0.03912775591015816,
0.013403252698481083,
-0.05330107361078262,
-0.077... | |
34lcgs | How does low sodium salt work? | Isn't its chemical formula NaCl? So... wouldn't less sodium actually make it less... salt-like? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cqvrrmu",
"cqvruvn",
"cqvrroa"
],
"text": [
"Some of the salt is replaced with potassium chloride which has a similar taste and the benefit of potassium which can be difficult to get in your diet. There might be other substitutions that I'm not aware of.",
"\"Salts\" are really just a broad term for any ionic compound. Sodium chloride is more accurately termed \"table salt.\"\n\nIn any case, low-sodium salt is usually just a different salt, typically potassium chloride or potassium lactate. They taste about the same, but have no sodium.",
"There are lots of different salts. For example, KCl (Potassium Chloride) is also a salt and it has no sodium. Low-sodium salts are usually a mixture of sodium chloride and potassium chloride."
],
"score": [
10,
5,
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How does low sodium salt work?
Isn't its chemical formula NaCl? So... wouldn't less sodium actually make it less... salt-like? | [
0.0000061265491240192205,
0.019731732085347176,
0.025086088106036186,
0.011409331113100052,
0.009498171508312225,
-0.009239248931407928,
0.01610042154788971,
0.03834184259176254,
0.04471069946885109,
0.004527924116700888,
0.0031631041783839464,
0.014594016596674919,
0.10271130502223969,
0.... | |
6plfee | Why do some pharmaceuticals cause anorexia/eating disorders/body dysmorphia in those who have never struggled with these issues? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dkqhf7y"
],
"text": [
"Many drugs, especially ones taken for attention problems, cause people to lose their appetite. Many children, especially ones that struggled with self confidence issues due to their weight prior to starting medication, get pulled in by the positive response or attention from sudden weight loss. Although the eating disorder may not have been there prior to starting the medication, the medication sets the wheels in motion. \n\nEdit: I said children because young children are more prone to peer pressure and bullying due to weight, but it can have the same effect on all ages."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do some pharmaceuticals cause anorexia/eating disorders/body dysmorphia in those who have never struggled with these issues?
| [
0.08358191698789597,
-0.05776069685816765,
0.04669772833585739,
0.0566975362598896,
-0.010384207591414452,
-0.05554633587598801,
0.00048038465320132673,
0.13231679797172546,
0.0069068968296051025,
-0.060854874551296234,
-0.03402213007211685,
0.019181562587618828,
-0.017944185063242912,
0.0... | ||
1rjk7d | How does autotune work? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cdnyfnh"
],
"text": [
"Any sound can be thought of as a mix of many different 'pure notes', or what we call 'sine waves'. If you mix enough different sine waves of different strengths together, you can make any sound. There is a mathematical algorithm, a way of calculating something, called a Fourier Transform. It is used to take any sound and tell us what those different sine waves, pure notes, are.\n\nOnce you have them, it is simple to compare them with a standard, such as the in tune scale, and adjust the frequencies to match. Then you mix those adjusted notes back together to make something that sounds like the original audio, except in tune."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How does autotune work?
| [
-0.07335022836923599,
-0.05746407061815262,
-0.06449413299560547,
0.01980217546224594,
-0.006790803279727697,
0.010809037834405899,
0.057076044380664825,
0.1196836605668068,
0.014826024882495403,
-0.013089661486446857,
0.005274356342852116,
0.033114802092313766,
-0.018959561362862587,
0.00... | ||
1vypiy | the difference between an LLC and S Corporation. | I've researched and talked to family/ friends, seeking advice on making my commission portrait business an actual business. I am still left a little blurry on the pros and cons of each.
I will, of course, sit down with a professional and seek legal advice (family full of lawyers) but I thought maybe ELI5 could break down the very basic basics for me. .. like I'm 5!
Thanks in advance
Edit: spelling | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cex1uxy",
"cex1z0u"
],
"text": [
"The short short answer is that an S Corp is more complex and has stricter rules on how it's governed, but gives tax benefits.",
"S-Corp: Ownership divided into shares of stock. Shares of stock have voting rights. Has a board of directors, a President and usually required to have a Treasurer. Liability for the actions of the S-Corp can \"pierce the corporate veil\" and impact the shareholders, especially shareholders with substantial ownership percentages, and **especially** shareholders who own or control 50% or more of the stock. Profits of the S-Corp are distributed to each shareholder pro rata for tax purposes. There are some limits on what kinds of entities can own S-Corp shares and what kinds of equities S-Corps can own.\n\nLLC: Ownership is divided into Membership Interests, which act like stock but are not stock. Control of the operations of the LLC can be (and virtually always is) divided between two groups - Managers and Members. Liability for the operations of the LLC is limited to the Managers except in certain circumstances. Sometimes Managers are not Members. Profits are distributed to the Membership Interests pro rata. Ownership restrictions for LLCs are different in some cases than for S-Corps.\n\nThe whole point: An S-Corp is generally treated just like a C-Corp (a normal no-frills Corporation) except that its profits are taxed pro rata as income by its owners.\n\nAn LLC allows ownership to firewall their liability for the actions of the entity. The Managers typically are held responsible for everything the LLC does. The Members can wash their hands of the Managers, claiming ignorance for their activities. That's the \"Limited Liability\" part of the LLC.\n\nThis is actually a throwback to how the whole idea of corporations arose in the first place. The intent of corporations was to create this separation between ownership and management for liability. But over time the law has steadily eroded the separation and now it is reasonably easy to break the corporation's separation and attack the majority shareholders directly with litigation.\n\nThe LLC is an attempt to restore this firewall."
],
"score": [
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | the difference between an LLC and S Corporation.
I've researched and talked to family/ friends, seeking advice on making my commission portrait business an actual business. I am still left a little blurry on the pros and cons of each. I will, of course, sit down with a professional and seek legal advice (family full of lawyers) but I thought maybe ELI5 could break down the very basic basics for me. .. like I'm 5! Thanks in advance Edit: spelling | [
0.004702157806605101,
-0.004345116671174765,
-0.051094215363264084,
-0.042165257036685944,
0.019124768674373627,
0.07426656037569046,
-0.019921615719795227,
0.019816551357507706,
0.036980267614126205,
-0.02722981385886669,
-0.03284240886569023,
0.03121073544025421,
0.026059523224830627,
-0... | |
7pb37e | Why does fear seem much more intense during sleep paralysis than typical nightmares? | I've experienced sleep paralysis since I was a teenager, and the absolute dread I usually experience when it happens is far worse than any nightmare I've ever had. Why is that? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dsge3cb"
],
"text": [
"Another reason is that you continue breathing as if you're asleep (aka slower and shallower than if you were awake). This causes a perceived lack of oxygen (you're used to breathing more deeply when awake) and is one reason for that \"suffocating\" or \"weight on the chest\" feeling as well as the terror."
],
"score": [
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why does fear seem much more intense during sleep paralysis than typical nightmares?
I've experienced sleep paralysis since I was a teenager, and the absolute dread I usually experience when it happens is far worse than any nightmare I've ever had. Why is that? | [
0.15519267320632935,
-0.026834875345230103,
-0.04464048892259598,
0.10516280680894852,
0.05157361179590225,
0.0019200053066015244,
-0.04155728593468666,
0.03756112605333328,
0.13075047731399536,
-0.08865438401699066,
0.01770465075969696,
0.0258841123431921,
0.14785060286521912,
0.003322798... | |
1kidoz | Soap kills 99.9% of germs, why doesn't it work when ingested to kill the germs inside you? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cbp8ltc",
"cbp8rfd"
],
"text": [
"Soap doesn't kill germs at all. Soap is what's called a *surfactant,* which is a chemical that makes it easier for things to dissolve in water. When you wash your hands with soap, it's actually the action of rubbing your hands together and running water over them that removes stuff, including bacteria and viruses.\n\n*Disinfectants* kill germs. We can broadly divide them into two categories: Ones that would make you sick if you consumed them, and ones that wouldn't. We use disinfectants that *don't* make you sick all over the place, particularly in drinking water.\n\n*Antibiotics,* on the other hand, are chemicals which are specifically used to kill harmful microorganisms in your body. What's the difference between an antibiotic and a disinfectant? An antibiotic can be absorbed by the body and transported into your *lymphatic system.* Your lymphatic system is that part of your body that's responsible for moving infection-fighting agents to areas of infection. In order for an antibiotic to reach the infection that's making you sick, it has to \"hitch a ride\" on your lymphatic system to get there. Antibiotics are chemicals that can do that, while disinfectants aren't.",
"First, soap doesn't kill germs, it just helps wash them away. Secondly, digestive enzymes, stomach acid and other stuff just ruins the ability of soap to be soapy. Third, why would you want to eat soap?"
],
"score": [
53,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Soap kills 99.9% of germs, why doesn't it work when ingested to kill the germs inside you?
| [
0.0841808170080185,
-0.058204349130392075,
0.04452211782336235,
-0.06993113458156586,
0.08993686735630035,
-0.05878274142742157,
0.0572141595184803,
0.06608230620622635,
-0.0016781057929620147,
0.01026150956749916,
0.013744709081947803,
-0.02919073775410652,
0.021994682028889656,
0.1411003... | ||
4zrsjp | Why do some EU countries still have their own currency instead of adopting the Euro? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d6y9fwc"
],
"text": [
"1) They are not a part of the EU. \n\n2) They do not want to give up control of their currency and be at the mercy of other countries. One of the primary ways that a government deals with economic hardships is by shrinking or growing its money supply. They do this by destroying bills and printing new ones as needed. Any country that is on the Euro loses this power. They are only allowed to print as much or destroy as much currency as they are instructed to do so by the EU board governing the Euro. That is part of what has caused so much problems for Greece and Spain, and they in turn have been like mill stones around the necks of the other Euro countries dragging down the value of the currency with their failing economies."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do some EU countries still have their own currency instead of adopting the Euro?
| [
0.03478572890162468,
0.024287255480885506,
-0.0002654338313732296,
-0.018730496987700462,
0.03908248990774155,
-0.08399313688278198,
-0.06269298493862152,
0.03986440971493721,
0.12665250897407532,
-0.08546806126832962,
0.04554780200123787,
-0.054598432034254074,
-0.06898471713066101,
0.031... | ||
3fo84g | If everyone is required to have health insurance (USA), why does anyone need insurance? | I would like to understand the actual, basic logic. Why make it required? Why not eliminate it, and go a different route. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ctqghs8",
"ctqf0rd",
"ctqf14j",
"ctqeup7"
],
"text": [
"We all want to get sick people to get treatment. Let's look at some of the options to fix that:\n\n**1. No insurance** For most people it's impossible to save enough to pay for a serious health issue. This would leave people to die because they're too poor, financially irresponsible, unlucky or because they're too young to have saved up properly when they get a serious illness. It's commonly accepted that this is a bad option.\n\n**2. Optional insurance** The previous US model, you have the opportunity to insure your health at private companies. There are many issues here - the people most vulnerable to financial blows are the least likely to sign up for insurance, they're forced to just hope that they don't get sick, and the for-profit companies have no reason nor requirement to sign up people with existing preconditions. A lot more can be said about this, but these and other factors meant that the US pre-Obamacare was paying the most in health cost in the world while getting mediocre care that bankrupts a lot of people. Suffice to say it didn't work out.\n\n**3. completely socialized medicine**, by which I mean that the healthcare costs for everyone are paid for with taxes. This is a popular system that works well in many countries, I'm most familiar with the UK and Belgium. You're eliminating a lot of the problems by simply nationalizing the entire system. You cut the layer of for-profit insurers and you avoid the problem of people outside the system getting ill because there aren't any. This is possibly the best/fairest solution.\n\nHowever, socialized medicine (I'm using these terms in the American sense) has some disadvantages, too. Let's look at some hypothetical patients:\n\n1. Anna likes an experimental but unproven pain relief treatment. It's not clinically proven to work yet and the government doesn't want to pay for treatments that aren't.\n\n2. Bill is rich. He'd like a private room with a proper TV when he gets ill and is perfectly prepared to pay for that himself.\n\n3. Charlie actively works out, doesn't smoke and lives a generally healthy lifestyle. He resents having to pay the same as his obese neighbor.\n\n4. Donna doesn't trust the surgeon in her nearest hospital. She can't really substantiate it, but she's heard bad stories from a neighbor and would rather have her operation somewhere else.\n\nSituations like these are a real issue if you can't let the market solve them. A number of countries - the Netherlands and now Obamacare, to give some examples - are therefore experimenting with a new hybrid:\n\n4. **The Hybrid system** Everyone must have insurance. The government provides premium subsidies to those that can't afford it themselves, but you must have this. In this system you allow the market to work: you can start your own \"Rich People Insurance, Inc.\", charge extra premiums but guarantee a fancy room if you do get ill. You can pay for extra homeopathy when people want it. You can provide a very bare coverage that only covers very serious illnesses and accidents and allow people with a healthy lifestyle to pay for minor things themselves. The idea is you get the best of both worlds by combining market adaptability and diversity with an all-inclusive system to keep the young, healthy and poor inside. This keeps it affordable but flexible.\n\n(Note: I'm not personally convinced it is the optimal solution. I'm Dutch myself and I'd rather go back to a fully nationalized welfare system. The flexibility provided by the hybrid system just isn't worth the hassle to me, it takes a lot of time to find the ideal insurer every year.)",
"Healthcare is expensive in the United States, but luckily not everyone gets sick. The idea behind insurance is to take large costs and split them among a large body of people. This only works, though, if people who don't get sick pay into the system. Think of it this way. If you have 100 people paying into insurance and only 1 person gets sick, then the money from that 100 people can be used to foot the bill of the 1 person who did get sick. The other 99 people get the added benefit of knowing that when they get sick, someone will take care of them without having to worry about money. Then say 25 of the people who never get sick decide they're tired of paying into this system. They never get sick, so they'd rather save their money. Now all of a sudden there's not enough money to go around because before you had 99 people paying for 1 sick person. Now you only have 74. \n\nThat's what the United States was trying to accomplish with Obamacare. Making everyone pay into the program should in theory lower costs across the board. What is the alternative route that you can suggest?",
"Because, for various reasons, eliminating the health insurance industry and replacing it with something like a single payer system is not politically viable in the USA.\n\nThe ACA (Obamacare), more than anything else, is an attempt to create some new rules for the existing health insurance system, with the aim of providing more consistent coverage for people as well as encouraging more competition between insurers. And that's been a continuous political and legal battle for years. \n\nAny proposal for a system that completely uprooted the existing insurance system would've almost certainly been dead on arrival given the national politics at play.",
"Because more people (or at least more politicians) are against eliminating it than are against making it mandatory.\n\nEliminating health insurance would turn America into a single-payer system, where the government pays doctors directly, the way that insurance companies do now. For various reasons, many people are opposed to that idea. So Obamacare's mandate is sort of a mid-point between the two styles."
],
"score": [
17,
3,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | If everyone is required to have health insurance (USA), why does anyone need insurance?
I would like to understand the actual, basic logic. Why make it required? Why not eliminate it, and go a different route. | [
0.004712346475571394,
0.0669306293129921,
0.01270498801022768,
-0.0062985713593661785,
0.027260133996605873,
0.06916029751300812,
0.04719211533665657,
-0.00425871042534709,
0.06350208073854446,
0.026032084599137306,
0.050359249114990234,
0.016116414219141006,
-0.011883956380188465,
-0.0708... | |
5gy9ce | Does a stronger sound wave eliminate weaker sound waves? | If I'm talking to a person in normal conditions, I'b be able to hear him perfectly, but if someone would turn on a speaker with music at max volume, I would not be able to hear the other person anymore. Does the sound wave of the music eliminate the sound wave of the other persons voice, or would my ears be the ones filtering the sound waves and giving priority to the loudest?
Note: I'm really high and English is not my first lenguage, so this was really hard to do. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"daw386l",
"daw6sbs",
"davztv7"
],
"text": [
"It can't really eliminate sound, but it can drown it. Our hearing has a very high dynamic range, meaning that there is a huge difference between quiet and loud sounds. The speaker in this case could easily have 1000 times as much sound pressure (30 dB more), and your ears would adjust to that. The voice would suddenly appear extremely quiet in comparison.",
"Ok let's get down to the definition of a sound wave. A sound wave is a mechanical wave that propagates through a fluid (air, water, wood). That means sound needs matter to propagate.\n\nNext we need to look at what the wave looks like.There are two types of wave, longitudinal and transversal. Sound waves are longitudinal waves. It's a little bit hard to explain what is the definition but let's just say that transversal waves propagates like a spring and longitudinal ones move like a wave at the surface of water.\n\n\n\n\nLongitudinal : /\\\\/\\\\/\\\\/\\\\/\\\\\n\n\nTransversal : l l l lllll l l l lllll l l l l\n\n\n\nWhen two waves meet each other and they are going opposite directions, two phenomenons can happen. Constructive or destructive interference. It will be really hard to explain without a video showing you what's happening so here you can see what's going on : [here](_URL_0_)\n\nThe black wave is the one resulting of the meeting of the two waves.\nThe green should also be moving but here it is stationary so you can see the two phenomenons\n\nSo yes, two sound waves can completely negates each other but they can also get twice as high. The higher the spike, the louder the sound.\n\nSo it's not only about a question of loudness but also of frequency/wavelength (the two are proportional).\n\n\nThose phenomenon are true for any wave so it means you can also make light from a laser for exemple \"disappear\".",
"This is a rough principle of noise canceling headphones. So yes sound waves can be disrupted by other soundwaves."
],
"score": [
3,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://thescienceclassroom.wikispaces.com/file/view/interference.gif/227715642/342x254/interference.gif"
]
} | train_eli5 | Does a stronger sound wave eliminate weaker sound waves?
If I'm talking to a person in normal conditions, I'b be able to hear him perfectly, but if someone would turn on a speaker with music at max volume, I would not be able to hear the other person anymore. Does the sound wave of the music eliminate the sound wave of the other persons voice, or would my ears be the ones filtering the sound waves and giving priority to the loudest? Note: I'm really high and English is not my first lenguage, so this was really hard to do. | [
0.0553542822599411,
-0.01934713125228882,
0.0005298256874084473,
-0.07533201575279236,
-0.06871736794710159,
-0.08001996576786041,
0.019367028027772903,
-0.030813470482826233,
-0.0332631915807724,
-0.047227539122104645,
-0.0362720713019371,
0.08352787792682648,
-0.03728456795215607,
-0.032... | |
54xowg | How does muscle relaxers not stop muscles needed to live. IE: your heart | Happened a long time ago, but I remember being prescribed some muscle relaxers for a pinched nerve in my back. The things they gave me hit me so hard, I could literally feel my heart slowing down. I thought to myself "Well, this is how I die I guess". I woke up about 18 hours later, still alive but with that drugged feeling. How do muscle relaxers not relax yourself into a slow death? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d8653q5"
],
"text": [
"Imagine any drug you take is like a key and that key can only fit into certain keyholes (receptors) on certain doors (target organ/tissue/nerve etc). There are different types of muscle relaxers (keys) that open certain doors and causes a reaction to occur behind that door (this is the drug action). This is how the drug works. \n\nNow, there are three types of muscles (smooth - ex intestine, cardiac - heart, and skeletal). A muscle relaxer like Zanaflex fits in one type of keyhole on a certain door (brain) and behind that door a reaction occurs to only cause the skeletal muscle to relax. In Anesthesia (my profession) We give a paralytic (key) during surgery that will only fit a certain keyhole on skeletal muscle that the heart and intestines do not have (they have different keyholes). This is how we paralyze the body and not the heart/intestines."
],
"score": [
35
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How does muscle relaxers not stop muscles needed to live. IE: your heart
Happened a long time ago, but I remember being prescribed some muscle relaxers for a pinched nerve in my back. The things they gave me hit me so hard, I could literally feel my heart slowing down. I thought to myself "Well, this is how I die I guess". I woke up about 18 hours later, still alive but with that drugged feeling. How do muscle relaxers not relax yourself into a slow death? | [
-0.015961816534399986,
-0.04796707630157471,
-0.008195397444069386,
0.07079427689313889,
0.014124254696071148,
-0.038918640464544296,
0.011313938535749912,
-0.017541904002428055,
0.05915375053882599,
-0.06212751939892769,
0.01264419499784708,
0.07647547870874405,
0.07425020635128021,
0.007... | |
5iwq92 | Why do we humans have a 'cooldown' after swallowing? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dbbiiro"
],
"text": [
"Because you active a lot of muscles in a specific sequence to swallow. Before you can swallow again all these muscles need to be propely relaxed after the previous swallow. This takes some time. In other words: you can't start on your next swallow before the one you're doing is completely done + a tiny time for rest."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do we humans have a 'cooldown' after swallowing?
[removed] | [
0.0024531292729079723,
-0.04519226774573326,
0.017078934237360954,
0.06012387573719025,
-0.05202367901802063,
-0.03991167992353439,
0.09082061797380447,
0.02876346744596958,
0.07508422434329987,
-0.04198572412133217,
0.0028549476992338896,
-0.014981993474066257,
-0.0040580350905656815,
0.0... | |
692syx | Why electric cars are not regular thing? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dh3aayt",
"dh3e1qk",
"dh39n0i",
"dh39jdh",
"dh39k2h"
],
"text": [
"The biggest reasons are probably that they still cost more than regular cars, they rarely have as much range as a gas or diesel powered car (usually less than half) and it takes a lot longer to recharge a car than it does to fill up your tank, there are also very few good places to do it unless you live in certain metro areas. All of that adds up to extra cost and inconvenience that most people don't want to deal with.\n\nThere are also some people who just don't like electric cars. They enjoy the rumble of an engine or they really relish driving and loving rowing gears in a stick shift. I'm somewhat in that category myself. I recognize all the benefits, but there's something about pistons and gears and shifting a manual transmission that really appeals to me. The nicer electric cars have fantastic performance off the line and great handling, but it's just not quite the same. They don't have that \"machine\" feel to me. \n\nAll that said, they are definitely gaining popularity all the time and they are here to stay I believe. The range issue is getting better (and isn't a problem if you have $90k for a Tesla). \n\nThe recharging is likely to remain an issue for some time to come. If it's a commuter car and you just drive to work each day and plug in at home overnight that's fine. But if you're driving all over the place, there's a scarcity of places to charge, especially with the higher voltages you need to get it done quicker. Even if you do have access to quicker charging, it still takes way longer than filling a gas tank. It's going to be a LONG time before most gas stations have quick charging stations for electric cars. Probably at least a decade or more. \n\nSo it takes a little bit of sacrifice and special enthusiasm for electric vehicles right now. They aren't going to be mainstream like hybrids are until they overcome those issues.",
"Range anxiety.\n\nThe typical gasoline-powered vehicle has a range of about 300 miles, and can be refueled in mere minutes. The typical electric vehicle that is affordable by most consumers (i.e. below $30,000 per car) has a range on the order of 80-100 miles, and takes a long time to recharge, and often needs electrical access that many areas that handle large amounts of cars (i.e. parking lots) just don't have.\n\nThus, if you commute long distances to work (which many Americans do), and EV doesn't really cut it for you, as there's a reasonable liklihood that it isn't going to be able to make the full trip.",
"They *are* a regular thing. The electric car market is real and growing. Living in California, I know several people who now drive electric cars.\n\nThey were not common until recently, because batteries did not store enough power cheaply enough, while storing a lot of power in the form of gasoline requires only a container that holds liquid. But batteries have been improved lately, through the hard work of thousands of engineers and scientists.",
"Depending on who you are, you might believe there is a conspiracy against electric cars, or you might believe they are just too expensive and impractical. \n\nIn my case I take a little from A and a little from B... with subsidies and investment similar to those the Oil industry gets they would quickly become cheaper and more practical.",
"At the moment, the initial purchase cost (which is often subsidized), range, and availability of charging stations do not make electric cars appealing for a large segment of the population."
],
"score": [
19,
3,
3,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why electric cars are not regular thing?
| [
0.022777820006012917,
0.07182234525680542,
0.06377126276493073,
0.03607729449868202,
0.02431032806634903,
-0.00004270917270332575,
-0.006681157276034355,
0.033648353070020676,
0.005551657173782587,
0.0076277288608253,
0.04957590624690056,
0.03638923168182373,
-0.018445156514644623,
-0.0225... | ||
j3e55 | What is the difference between 'affect' and 'effect'? I am 21, but desperately need it explained to me like I'm 5. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"c28sqpb",
"c28spwf",
"c28srfe",
"c28t5gt",
"c28sri7"
],
"text": [
"Effect: the result of an action. NOUN \n\nAffect: to influence something. VERB\n\n\n\"How did it affect you?\" (How did it \"influence\" your response?)\n\n\"What caused that effect?\" (What caused that result or reaction?)",
"Effect is a noun, affect is a verb.\n\nIn even simpler terms, \"effect\" is an event that happens, and \"affect\" is an action that one does.",
"Think **A**ffect and **A**te. Effect is a noun while affect is a verb. If you can replace the word you are unsure of using with \"[ate](_URL_0_)\" then you should use \"affect\".",
"In 99% of cases, remember that \"affect\" is a verb, \"effect\" is a noun. For a five year old, that might be the place to stop.\n\nBut if you're curious, \"affect\" as a noun means a feeling or emotion, \"effect\" as a verb is to make something happen (i.e., create the effect, not just influence it).",
"Effect is a thing, like a special effect or the Coriolos Effect. \n\nAffect is something that happens to you. As in you were affected by hearing some bad news.\n\nEffects are the results of affects. The effect of hearing the bad news is being sad. You were affected by the bad news so you became sad."
],
"score": [
7,
5,
3,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://theoatmeal.com/comics/misspelling"
]
} | train_eli5 | What is the difference between 'affect' and 'effect'? I am 21, but desperately need it explained to me like I'm 5.
| [
0.07377457618713379,
0.04595553129911423,
0.06828188896179199,
0.0857531875371933,
0.06595836579799652,
0.05147135630249977,
-0.007702257018536329,
0.051785264164209366,
0.029411613941192627,
0.04575273022055626,
0.04322415217757225,
0.0061958893202245235,
-0.02076292410492897,
-0.04406748... | ||
27jlpt | What kind of prison would a transsexual go to? | Suppose a transsexual commits a crime worthy of Prison, would they go to a male or a female prison?
Male-to-female, and Female-to-male? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ci1i9dy",
"ci1fi53",
"ci1jx6g",
"ci1fflr",
"ci1g3p3",
"ci1mh61",
"ci1p4vl"
],
"text": [
"In Texas you are sent to the prison of your birth gender and usually put into a special cell block where you don't have a roommate. \n\nI was a guard in the early nineties, and one person came in with male anatomy and breast implants. He identified himself as a woman but still had a penis, so there was no way he was going to a woman's prison. They kept him in the same cell block as the other men who identified themselves as women or just pretended to so as to be safely kept by themselves.\n\nfun fact - kool aid powder was the defacto make-up used for those guys.",
"Whatever you are legally identified as if I'm not mistaken.",
"On a side note go watch orange is the new black",
"The one they currently identify as. For example, that quack doctor who was giving women butt injections and killed a woman in the UK? Male-to-female. So the person was sent to a female prison. I'm pretty sure that Chelsea Manning would be sent to an all female prison if any charges actually stuck. The sex change is incidental, it doesn't have anything to do with the crime committed (at least never in examples I've seen).",
"Depends how transphobic the penal system you're going into is, and how they handle the transphobia of other inmates.\n\n*Ideally*, trans people should go to a prison for people of their correct (current) gender identity, and be as safe there as any other inmate would be. \n\nOften, the state doesn't give a shit about trans rights, misgenders a convict, and puts them in the wrong prison.\n\nIt's possible that the state would recognize, say, a trans man's identity, but fear for his safety in general housing in male prison. The solution is not to send them to the wrong (women's) prison, but also not to throw him to the wolves. So maybe, say, a higher security wing of the male prison.",
"They are typically assigned to a prison for whichever gender appears on their gov-issued ID, whether or not it accurately reflects how a person identifies themselves.",
"In the UK you will go to the prison that your genitals suggest you should. Once there you can then get a sex change op on the NHS and when completed you would be moved to a new prison suitable for your new sex."
],
"score": [
10,
9,
7,
5,
4,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What kind of prison would a transsexual go to?
Suppose a transsexual commits a crime worthy of Prison, would they go to a male or a female prison? Male-to-female, and Female-to-male? | [
0.05532235652208328,
-0.005819458980113268,
-0.09965811669826508,
0.045037202537059784,
-0.08374474197626114,
-0.010128183290362358,
0.04415607824921608,
-0.054917242377996445,
0.04133239760994911,
0.042356230318546295,
0.03321010246872902,
-0.029012490063905716,
-0.030286401510238647,
0.0... | |
2vhid6 | Why does my laptop slow down over the years? what is happening to the processor? | What is happening when overheating is not an issue? When memory isn't bogging down anything? Even when just an internet browser is up and internet speed isn't an issue?
I've heard people say "oh, it's just old" but what is happening when it does? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cohogv3",
"cohoezf",
"cohofu3",
"cohoj9g"
],
"text": [
"It can be a lot of things.\n\nOlder laptops tend to have a lot of junk data installed, lots of background processes users aren't even aware of. Sometimes small errors have snuck in the operating system. All of this can be solved by formatting it and reinstalling your laptop.\n\nAnother thing is that programs and websites nowadays demand a lot more from computer hardware than they used to. Browsers themselves have gotten bigger, there are tons of plug-ins, lots of sites have flash files that auto play. Your laptop's hardware might be approaching the point where it cannot keep up with all these new demands.\n\nAnd finally, there is of course the chance that parts of your hardware are actually starting to break down, leading to a loss in function.",
"It's just that the software and applications you are using require more power than your older computer can supply efficiently. Computers have gotten more powerful over the years, and the software and applications are made to take advantage of that.",
"Software updates, malware, extra programs, etc. They all slowly add up and make more processes for the computer. These all slow down eventually.",
"Have you ever re installed it? When using it over time you usually accumulate crap, programs you don't use running in the background and maybe even some virus. Also if you never have defragged your hard drive, that's gonna slow it down.\n\nI would suggest you install a fresh copy of windows (or your OS of course) on it."
],
"score": [
5,
5,
5,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why does my laptop slow down over the years? what is happening to the processor?
What is happening when overheating is not an issue? When memory isn't bogging down anything? Even when just an internet browser is up and internet speed isn't an issue? I've heard people say "oh, it's just old" but what is happening when it does? | [
0.061900023370981216,
0.021591898053884506,
0.033284105360507965,
0.05982489511370659,
0.045713040977716446,
-0.05759454518556595,
-0.04776429012417793,
-0.0019292348297312856,
0.008421722799539566,
-0.01742982119321823,
0.04164009913802147,
0.06399931758642197,
-0.030534859746694565,
-0.0... | |
5hxqqs | Why are there first and third world countries, but no second world? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"db3qzwp"
],
"text": [
"There used to be. \"Third world\" these days is kind of code for \"poor,\" but that wasn't the case.\n\nFirst world was the US, the UK, most of Europe... the not-communist countries.\n\nSecond world was the USSR and their allies, those evil scary commies.\n\nThen third world was everyone else who didn't have their act together yet."
],
"score": [
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why are there first and third world countries, but no second world?
[removed] | [
0.05288420245051384,
-0.04931333288550377,
-0.016049014404416084,
-0.019915852695703506,
0.0699910968542099,
-0.08232549577951431,
-0.039176128804683685,
-0.04260268434882164,
0.0838281586766243,
0.0029110119212418795,
0.07683665305376053,
-0.049344148486852646,
-0.027207445353269577,
0.06... | |
3tnsoj | What's the difference between LoL and DOTA? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cx7v8mg"
],
"text": [
"TL;DR version: Both games are based on a Warcraft III custom map, but DOTA 2 is a direct port whereas LoL has been heavily modified. Both are free to play but LoL makes you pay/grind for things which affect gameplay while DOTA 2 does not. In terms of gameplay, LoL has been simplified for greater mass appeal, while DOTA 2 is arcane but far more flexible and complex.\n\nA long long time ago in a galaxy far away, there was a game called Warcraft III. This was a fairly popular strategy game by Blizzard, but one of its big features was an editor which players could use to make their own maps, including a really robust scripting engine which allowed you to alter gameplay in big ways. \n\nThe custom map scene for Warcraft III was a pretty big deal...but one map that stood out above the others was Defense of the Ancients - or, DotA, for short. In DotA, instead of controlling an army, players control a single hero. Each hero has unique abilities and statistics, and they get stronger as the game progresses, both by leveling up and by buying items. Five players face off against 5 players, and the goal is to push into the enemy's base and destroy a building called the Ancient - hence the name.\n\nThe Dota map passed through several mapmaker's hands and had several different revisions, each one making it more complex and more balanced than the last. The longest-running and current mapmaker was a mysterious fellow named iceFrog, who's been doing active development on the game for over a decade. It became so popular that if you wanted to play custom games on Warcraft III's online service, and you didn't want to play DotA, you would be sifting through a LOT of DotA games to find the one you wanted. A competitive scene emerged, focused on Europe and China. It was a big deal.\n\nAt some point, Riot Games, a company employing some of the mapmakers who first worked on DotA, created League of Legends. LoL was the same basic gameplay concept as DotA, but with different heroes, some of the wonkier mechanics filed off to better appeal to the casual gamer, and monetized. The game would be free to play, but instead of having access to the entire roster of heroes, you would only have access to a limited roster of free heroes which would change once a week (or so). Other heroes would need to be purchased, either through a slow grind of in-game currency obtained for winning games or through real money. They also sold cosmetic sets which affected how your hero (called champions in LoL) looked, and out-of-game items (runes) which affected your character's in-game statistics. The game was very successful.\n\nThen back in 2009, Valve, the game company who made Half-Life and Portal, and which run Steam, the number one digital games distribution platform, got interested in making a standalone version of DotA. They hired icefrog, and (after settling a legal case with Blizzard over wherher or not DotA belonged to them or not, since it was made with their game) started making DOTA 2, a standalone port of the original DotA. Whereas League of legends sought to modify the game for monetization and mass appeal, DOTA 2's stated mission was to deliver the exact same experience in a standalone format, although with quality of life changes like matchmaking, reasonable hotkeys, voice chat, the ability to reconnect to games, etc. The actual gameplay is untouched, apart from a few edge cases and the fact that two of the original game's heroes have yet to be ported over to the standalone version.\n\nDOTA 2 is also free to play, but unlike League you are able to play all 100+ heroes from day one, no purchase necessary. The in-game shop only sells cosmetic items, nothing which affects gameplay. \n\nIn terms of gameplay between them, LoL is a bit simpler. Some of the less intuitive mechanics from DotA - like killing your own minions to deny the enemy experience, or pulling neutral minions away from their homes so that a second set of them appear - have been removed, and in their place they've added a progression system to the player's accounts which affect how their champions play out. On the other hand, LoL is a lot less flexible than DotA - whereas DotA heroes can be used to fill various different functions, depending on what abilities you level up and which items you buy, LoL heroes are pretty forcibly restricted to one or maybe two roles at the most - and when people start playing them differently, Riot tends to bring the nerf hammer down on it, because each hero having a specific role is a deliberate design choice on their part. DotA also has a lot more active use items, which have a special ability which the player must activate, and they tend to be more impactful than LoL items. And losing all those arcane mechanics does, ultimately, lead to a less complex experience.\n\nAnother example of the difference between them: almost all LoL champions have at least one spell with a fairly low mana cost and cooldown, meaning players can safely spam them, but each cast doesn't tend to have that big of an impact. In DotA, spells tend to be relatively mana-expensive - in many cases, casting someone's spells once will all but drain them of mana - and on longer cooldowns. So, especially in the early stages of the game, these abilities are precious commodities to be clung to until using them is absolutely necessary or will get you a considerable advantage. LoL gives you lots of spells to cast because casting spells is fun, while DotA makes you play the spendthrift with your spells because it's more strategically interesting.\n\nWhich one is better is a matter of opinion, and certainly LoL is more popular worldwide. My personal stance as someone who's played both is that I find DotA a lot more fulfilling than LoL because I revel in the sort of weird complexity it brings, but it's not hard to see how someone less tolerant of arcane mechanics and less interested in strategic complexity might prefer LoL's more straightforward approach.\n\n(Although I do think that DOTA 2 completely blows LoL out of the water as far as visual and sound design goes. Everything feels a lot more clear and impactful both as a player and a viewer)"
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What's the difference between LoL and DOTA?
| [
-0.08597967773675919,
-0.04581770673394203,
-0.002293248660862446,
-0.05132424086332321,
0.0013904807856306434,
-0.05746477097272873,
0.08252910524606705,
0.007299148477613926,
0.11255503445863724,
-0.019730109721422195,
-0.015999827533960342,
-0.014689047820866108,
-0.0033091572113335133,
... | ||
3lk5cn | Why reddit has so many 503 (busy server) errors so often? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cv6x6hq"
],
"text": [
"There are times when we're coming online in droves...6,292 are on (ELI5) now. For me, that says time to go...somebody else needs a turn. I'm not sure of peak use times, but it's Saturday morning here ...we're just getting up and before we go out, gotta check Reddit. Same thing on workdays...early check-ins, checking in from my desk, after school, after work. Checking in before bed. This is a heavy traffic time."
],
"score": [
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why reddit has so many 503 (busy server) errors so often?
| [
-0.02579268254339695,
-0.03782431408762932,
0.05788528546690941,
0.028235992416739464,
0.057713694870471954,
-0.1071934774518013,
0.01685578189790249,
-0.015595081262290478,
0.0667521059513092,
0.05411646142601967,
-0.03246093541383743,
0.03617130219936371,
0.010571453720331192,
0.03506905... | ||
1cz1l8 | What's the difference between firearm calibers ? | How do some handguns have .40 caliber while a 50 caliber sniper has a .50 caliber ? I don't get it. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"c9lda5g",
"c9lbmup",
"c9lbvd7"
],
"text": [
"Caliber just refers to how large the diameter of a round is - it doesn't reflect the length/shape/mass of the bullet or how large the casing is. A [.50 BMG](_URL_2_) sniper round is incredibly long compared to the much smaller [.40 S & W](_URL_0_) handgun round. [Here's an image of them side by side](_URL_1_). \n\nLonger bullets have more mass, longer cartridges hold more powder. Going from the reference tables on Wikipedia, you can expect a .50 BMG to hit with about 18,000J of force compared to the 600J of force from your .40 S & W - even if you don't know how much force a Joule is, you can tell that that's a *major* difference.",
"Caliber is size of bullet. (It may also refer to the size of the barrel firing the bullet, but the principle of bigger calibre = bigger bullets remains)\n\nBigger bullets are harder to shoot as fast, since they need more energy. However, they have more momentum going at same speed, so they do more damage.\n\n\nBigger guns have a bigger oomph so they can shoot bigger bullets, which do bigger damage.",
"Caliber is hundredths of an inch and refers to the diameter of the \"business\" end of the bullet.\n\n\"50 caliber\" (really, .50 caliber) means half an inch in diameter around the case (not the lip at the end, either. \n\n.45 caliber is 9/20ths of an inch... .38 caliber is 17/50ths of an inch... .22 caliber is 11/50ths of an inch... and so on.\n\nIt's one of those rare cases of metric-imperial units. \n\nTo the rest of the world, the same bullets would be measured in millimeters (and hundredths of millimeters). So a .38 cal is also known as a 9mm, a .30 cal is also known as a 7.62mm."
],
"score": [
4,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.40_S%26W",
"http://guns.solin.net/home/index.html",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.50_BMG"
]
} | train_eli5 | What's the difference between firearm calibers ?
How do some handguns have .40 caliber while a 50 caliber sniper has a .50 caliber ? I don't get it. | [
0.04528074339032173,
0.04978436604142189,
0.047208502888679504,
0.024311881512403488,
0.0049384525045752525,
-0.02796103246510029,
0.04114577919244766,
0.05313314497470856,
0.037689048796892166,
0.02824867144227028,
0.03078227862715721,
0.008294856175780296,
0.023584533482789993,
0.0272327... | |
3uei55 | Why do the United States have such a big problem with internet providers ? | I live in Europe, but I keep reading news on Ars and other sites that companies like Comcast are acting like jerks. I just can't understand - are there no other providers out there ?
Where I live even the most remote town has at least two cable internet providers, and in the villages at mountain tops you can get satellite internet from at least three different companies. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cxe6c22",
"cxe652t",
"cxe6jm4"
],
"text": [
"You hit things right on the head in your first paragraph. In many areas there are no options about your provider. This is usually in areas with lower population density where it wouldn't be very profitable for a second company to come in. Satellite internet is always an option but if you want to stream anything or play a multiplayer game you're going to have a bad time.",
"People in the US are just really really fond of complaining about their ISPs. The ISPs in the US are on par with those in western Europe, and options available to Europeans. Having lived in both areas, it's really just a culturally complaint thing, not service or company related.\n\ntl;dr: Americans like bitching.",
"American town and city governments have a tendency to make sweetheart deals with ISPs to protect their local monopolies."
],
"score": [
5,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do the United States have such a big problem with internet providers ?
I live in Europe, but I keep reading news on Ars and other sites that companies like Comcast are acting like jerks. I just can't understand - are there no other providers out there ? Where I live even the most remote town has at least two cable internet providers, and in the villages at mountain tops you can get satellite internet from at least three different companies. | [
0.08015219867229462,
-0.13088852167129517,
0.1016581729054451,
-0.012608523480594158,
-0.028657929971814156,
0.0045201582834124565,
0.001115235616452992,
0.01120481826364994,
0.03695293888449669,
-0.005327045451849699,
-0.03375314176082611,
0.054805029183626175,
0.002805860247462988,
0.002... | |
84192h | Why does spit/saliva get stickier at times? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dvmbq5f"
],
"text": [
"It is mostly to do with hydration, or in this case dehydration. For example when you exercise, the water loss in your body causes less available water for making spit. \n\nSame reason why if you don't hydrate yourself enough during/before sex, your semen is chunky or your vaginal lubrication is less"
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why does spit/saliva get stickier at times?
| [
0.013144026510417461,
-0.15713462233543396,
0.052627671509981155,
0.007274307310581207,
0.0009419089765287936,
0.0024162521585822105,
0.06822198629379272,
0.03325745090842247,
0.060945313423871994,
-0.05590831860899925,
-0.02588299661874771,
-0.049999579787254333,
-0.018165500834584236,
0.... | ||
3r1x9b | Why do we rub our face when we get tired? | I know I'm not the only one who does this, I've just always wondered why we do this. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cwk82a9"
],
"text": [
"Do you mean rubbing your eyes? I haven't heard of people rubbing their faces.\n\nHowever, we rub our eyes when tired because it stimulates the [oculocaridac reflex](_URL_1_) which slows your heartbeat. This is relaxing if you feel very tired, and also \"prepares you for sleep\".\n\nTired eyes also get dry very quickly, rubbing them stimulates the [lacrimal glands](_URL_0_) to secrete more lubricants.\n\nLastly, there are tons of nerve endings around and near the eye so rubbing them stimulates your brain, thus keeping you awake. This is why it feels good."
],
"score": [
15
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19671.jpg",
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculocardiac_reflex"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why do we rub our face when we get tired?
I know I'm not the only one who does this, I've just always wondered why we do this. | [
-0.04562273994088173,
-0.06224032863974571,
0.012883374467492104,
0.1131875216960907,
0.03909802809357643,
0.05739148333668709,
0.09241949766874313,
-0.04620026424527168,
0.04519864171743393,
0.039850395172834396,
-0.06137401610612869,
-0.0659325048327446,
-0.026888597756624222,
0.00831042... | |
4rmi95 | What happens in the US when federal laws clash with state laws? | Apparently there is something called the supremacy clause which says that federal laws triumph over state laws, but then whats the point of having state laws in the first place? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d52e0hf",
"d52e0fj",
"d52e9mh",
"d52eniz"
],
"text": [
"Yes, when they clash federal law wins.\n\nBut the constitution didn't give the federal government the right to make laws about whatever they want. It gave the feds the right to make laws about certain types of things and then the 10th amendment said \"anything we didn't say was the Fed's business the states fet to decide.\n\nHistorically this was because in the beginning the US was more like the EU, a collection of quasi autonomous entities coming together for the common good but wanting to keep their power. So they wanted the Fed's to only handle things that made sense to do with one coice: treaties, defense, things that crossed state borders.\n\nOver time it became more obvious that we were basically 1 country (and the civil war kinda decided the \"this isn't a club you can leave\" question. But a lot of that desire for local control still exists, more or less depemding on the person/party.\n\nOver time also the reach of the federal govt got stronger as arguably almost every thing about daily life impacts more than one state now.\n\nBut on a practical level state laws have a lot of benefits. It recognizes cultural differences between regions, it allows the congress not to have to worry about every little detail in a huge country, and it allows different states to test out different laws... and other states to copy ones that work.\n\nThe one other wrinkle is that sometimes a state law is against a federal law but the feds decide it isn't worth their time to come in and enforce it. This is where pot laws in colorado and Oregon live. Legal locally. But not really because they are illegal nationally. But the local cops aren't going to arrest you and the FBI has better things to do.... so... kiiiinda legal?\n\nAs an analogy, your parents set rules in your house that were too small for states to have rules about (bed time, eating veggies, sharing the bathroom). These laws couldn't go against state laws (in our house cocain is fine!), but also the enforcement of those state laws is dependent on the higher authority's ability and willingness to intercede.",
"The U.S. Constitution does have a \"Supremacy Clause\", which makes federal laws trump state laws. However, it also says that the federal government can only pass laws about certain topics. You might hear someone say the federal government has \"enumerated powers\", and that means it only has power over the listed topics. In contrast, states can pass laws about *any* topic.\n\nThere are some other situations where having state law is relevant:\n\n* The federal government could pass a law, but hasn't done so yet.\n* The federal and state laws are different, but not in conflict (you might have a lawsuit over whether they are in conflict).\n\nEDIT: I feel I should mention that there are a few areas that are completely off-limits to the states, such as waging war, or imposing taxes on things that pass their borders.",
"State laws are supposed to only cover areas of law that are not specifically covered by federal law. \n\nBasically the constitution specifies particular areas of law that are given federal jurisdiction, and anything else that is not mentioned automatically defaults to being under the jurisdiction of the individual states.\n\nIf a local / lower-level (state, country, or municipal) law violates or conflicts with a higher-level (e.g. federal law), then it may be deemed unenforceable and/or unconstitutional. Part of the court system's job is to interpret laws and rule on whether or not those laws are constitutionally lawful and enforceable.\n\nSometimes local (e.g. state laws) can be more specific than federal laws without violating or conflicting with federal laws.\n\nFor example, let's say (hypothetically) there is a federal law that says you cannot own more than 10 cats. There could be a state that makes a local law that says, in that state, you can't own more than 5 cats. Well, this doesn't conflict with the federal law because the federal law never guaranteed your right to own more than 5 cats (or any cats for that matter), it just made it illegal to own more than 10. The state law is simply stricter than the federal law.\n\nHowever, if there was a constitutional law or amendment that did guarantee your right to own up to 10 cats, then individual states would not be able to create legislation that prohibits you doing so.",
"The constitution give federal the right to triumph a state law of it conflicts with another state or federal law. This is a good and bad thing and yet almost powerless... that is states do not have to enforce federal laws. Take marijuana for instance. At first states legalized it. The Fed tried to get the state to make it illegal again and arrest the growers. They chose not to and the FBI had to come in an do it without the state police help. Now more states are legalizing it but it's still illegal on the federal level. The states are just not enforcing the law and there is not enough FBI to do anything so the law is not enforced. This is perfectly legal because they are not trying for nullification (nullify a federal law) or questioning the federal law. So it only holds power if the federal government can enforce it or the states comply."
],
"score": [
8,
3,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What happens in the US when federal laws clash with state laws?
Apparently there is something called the supremacy clause which says that federal laws triumph over state laws, but then whats the point of having state laws in the first place? | [
-0.030899198725819588,
-0.009253030642867088,
0.0454789362847805,
0.007530008442699909,
0.006963211111724377,
0.021724462509155273,
-0.013669478707015514,
-0.0282504390925169,
-0.002680031815543771,
0.007784535642713308,
-0.04322049394249916,
0.07706496119499207,
0.06656526774168015,
0.013... | |
49irwk | Why does water stain silk? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d0s5412",
"d0s7yhv",
"d0sl8ui",
"d0saics",
"d0smbvm"
],
"text": [
"Two reasons:\n\n* Many dyes that are used on silk are water soluble, which means that the dyes can run if you get water on it.\n* Silk fibers become more delicate when wet, and, especially if you're rubbing the fabric, can slightly damage the fibers in a way that causes the fabric to look stained.",
"If you're wearing silk, it will get dirty from being in the air and being in contact with your skin. But it gets dirty more or less evenly. Add a drop of water, and it pushes the dirt around, leaving a ring. \n\nKinda like how a slightly dusty car will look totally filthy after a light rain.",
"Are there any other adults that had no clue about this until just now?",
"part of it is that they are particulates (dust, skin) on the fabric and the water pushes it to the edge of the spill and it leaves a ring stain",
"ELI5: Remember paper chromatography back in middle/high school? You know where you would dip a liquid in a paper material, and over time/distance, the chemicals would separate out into bands of different colors/densities. The same principles apply to fine fabrics like silk just like those paper strips. The chemicals in the water/liquid spill and travel/collect along its surface in patterns and lines/colors and densities.\n\nHope this helps! Peace!"
],
"score": [
46,
15,
11,
5,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why does water stain silk?
| [
-0.057643622159957886,
0.0007903094519861042,
0.07764098048210144,
0.04748429358005524,
0.06598712503910065,
0.04666636511683464,
0.07350801676511765,
-0.03549685701727867,
0.005368460901081562,
0.04181218147277832,
0.011604279279708862,
-0.03363219276070595,
-0.04788294807076454,
0.086993... | ||
60oogn | Why does the skin on male genitals darken? | I was in the shower this weekend with my son (aged 5) after swimming and he awkwardly asked me why mine is darker (than my skin). I had no answer for him. So can anyone answer this for my son who is actually 5. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"df81jv9",
"df8pwa8",
"df98nhy"
],
"text": [
"You might want to hold off on the explanation.\n\nYour nipples and penis get darker when you go through puberty. The sex hormones cause a surge in Melanin (which is the pigmentation in your hair and skin).",
"I remember a guy was trying to sext me and sent me a picture of his member and instead of oohing over it I asked him \"why is part of your penis light skinned and part dark skinned?\". \n\nApparently that stumped him too.",
"Melanin and genetics, thats just naturally the way it is. Happens to women too.\n\nYou should emphasize to your son that people naturally come in different shapes and sizes, and it's all well and good, hardly ever anything that warrants pointing and gawking."
],
"score": [
325,
39,
7
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why does the skin on male genitals darken?
I was in the shower this weekend with my son (aged 5) after swimming and he awkwardly asked me why mine is darker (than my skin). I had no answer for him. So can anyone answer this for my son who is actually 5. | [
0.09163303673267365,
0.05135948210954666,
0.039807289838790894,
0.03494156897068024,
0.0270988792181015,
-0.04387534409761429,
0.0932796522974968,
0.01668034866452217,
-0.051081813871860504,
0.020181234925985336,
0.004458259791135788,
-0.08335664123296738,
-0.04030624032020569,
0.114691004... | |
12vwk8 | What is a coma? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"c6ykuur",
"c6yki61"
],
"text": [
"Medically, a coma is defined as a state of unarousability and unresponsiveness. The person does not respond to pain and there are no sleep-wake cycles as present in a normal brain(viewed by EEG, which measures brain waves). However the neural reflexes are still intact (like hitting a hammer on the knee, or touching a cotton wisp on the eyeball).",
"The tail coming off a comet.\n\nBut if you mean medically, it is a state in which all vital signs of a body are normal, or at least within viable parameters but there is little or no consistent brain function."
],
"score": [
9,
7
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What is a coma?
| [
0.015689514577388763,
0.026907773688435555,
-0.08514618873596191,
0.02388150617480278,
-0.034008730202913284,
0.06669570505619049,
0.09221924096345901,
0.07956050336360931,
0.04639563336968422,
0.01807042583823204,
0.006278925109654665,
-0.028010735288262367,
-0.0020765194203704596,
-0.016... | ||
3874rf | What would happen if the world started spinning in "the other" direction. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"crstorp",
"crsuoy9",
"crsuupq",
"crszbzb",
"crsxo8i"
],
"text": [
"I'll humor you by adding that the earth's water and air components would similarly change, but the moon's spin would not. \n\nYou'd completely screw up a number of fish, birds and mammals who migrate based on steering by the sun and moon. They'd get confused and go in the wrong direction.\n\nDitto those that rely on tides. Now the moon spins WITH the earth's rotation to make an 11 hour cycle. With the moon spinning against it, you're now going to have a shorter tidal cycle, and a lot of marine regions would suffer from the combination of lower and faster tides. \n\nWind patterns would change and cause dust bowls and erosions, and agriculture would have some major adjustment to do. For example, there are \"microclimates\" where regions are protected and offer a bit more warmth because they've a wind-protected exposure. Change the wind and you destroy the microclimate. \n\nAnd you'd similarly effect tidal currents like the Jet Stream for wind, the Gulf Stream for water, and underground magma flows... causing bad things to happen to weather, heat distribution (meaning colder non-tropical winters and hotter tropics), and possibly volcanic or other tectonic activity until the Earth found its new balance.\n\n**TL;DR**: Still pretty bad things",
"Slightly off topic but there's an interesting documentary about [what would happen if the world stopped spinning.](_URL_1_) I think there might be a small segment init about your question. Either way its a good watch.\n\n**Edit:** [Here's a short video on the same subject by VSAUCE!](_URL_0_)",
"The BBC's meteorogist Peter Gibbs has worked through this thought experiment, and his answers, though very back-of-the-envelope, give you an idea of just how much of our climate depends on the planet's current rotational direction -- beyond the obvious shift to a sun rising in the west and setting in the east. \n\nThe more consequential result of a reverse spin, Gibbs explains, would be to upend the pattern of the Coriolis effect, which \"transfers the spin of the earth into the motion of winds around a weather system.\" The Coriolis effect is why northern-hemisphere storms turn counterclockwise and cyclones, in the southern hemisphere, go clockwise. The jet stream too would reverse, and that would dramatically change weather patterns. He explains:\n\nThis river of high altitude, fast-moving air steers the mid-latitude depressions across the planet from west to east. Swirling masses of cloud and rain are pushed from Japan to the Pacific coast of America, and from Newfoundland to Cornwall. Reverse the flow and climate changes dramatically. The British Isles loses the moderating effect of weather from the Atlantic. A harsher continental climate becomes more likely, with a predominantly easterly flow bringing bitter Siberian winds in winter and hot, dry weather in summer. Goodbye green and pleasant land.\nTradewinds too would switch. What once flowed north and east would now flow north and west. \"Patterns of human discovery, subsequent empire-building and the resulting political geography would all be different,\" Gibbs writes. Rains would no longer fall on the planet's lushest environments, and deserts could become jungles or forests. All told, he says, \"It's reasonable to assume that a reversal would alter the pattern of habitable land.\"\n\nYou can read more [here] (_URL_2_)",
"Question: wouldn't the moment of zero spin result in increased gravity due to centripetal forces not trying to push us off the planet? So yes gravity wouldn't increase but the forces pushing against it would cease for a moment and cause a lot of crushing and earthquakes, no?",
"If we could arrange this for right around new year, my flight home would be a lot quicker. Thaaaaanks."
],
"score": [
166,
10,
9,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0-GxoJ_Pcg",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nH3bmG-KjvU",
"http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/23degrees/2011/01/what_would_happen_if_the_earth.html"
]
} | train_eli5 | What would happen if the world started spinning in "the other" direction.
| [
-0.04671230539679527,
-0.02093934826552868,
-0.015698274597525597,
-0.015323412604629993,
0.004386223386973143,
-0.034697890281677246,
-0.1278664767742157,
-0.06363560259342194,
0.05065147578716278,
-0.0231592059135437,
0.09296586364507675,
0.04761555418372154,
0.00009247528942069039,
-0.0... | ||
1nvkkh | How do Dyson Air Multiplier fans work? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ccmg7z2",
"ccmmy0s"
],
"text": [
"Calling the Dyson Air Multiplier a fan with no blades is perhaps a touch misleading. There are blades in the fan -- you just can't see them. The pedestal hides the blades. A motor rotates nine asymmetrically aligned blades to pull air into the device. According to Dyson, these blades can pull in up to 5.28 gallons (about 20 liters) of air per second.\n\nThe air flows through a channel in the pedestal up to the tube, which is hollow. The interior of the tube acts like a ramp. Air flows along the ramp, which curves around and ends in slits in the back of the fan. Then, the air flows along the surface of the inside of the tube and out toward the front of the fan. But how does the fan multiply the amount of air coming into the pedestal of the device?\n\nIt boils down to physics. While it's true that the atmosphere is gaseous, gases obey the physical laws of fluid dynamics. As air flows through the slits in the tube and out through the front of the fan, air behind the fan is drawn through the tube as well. This is called inducement. The flowing air pushed by the motor induces the air behind the fan to follow.\n\nAir surrounding the edges of the fan will also begin to flow in the direction of the breeze. This process is called entrainment. Through inducement and entrainment, Dyson claims the Air Multiplier increases the output of airflow by 15 times the amount it takes in through the pedestal's motor[.](_URL_0_)",
"Some other very intelligent people and I stared at one of these fuckers in Best Buy for a good five minutes before figuring out that it wasn't magic.\n\nThere's a fan in the base. The rest just shapes the airflow. It comes out of this nearly invisible ring-shaped hole that goes all the way around the big round part."
],
"score": [
19,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/home/dyson-bladeless-fan1.htm"
]
} | train_eli5 | How do Dyson Air Multiplier fans work?
| [
0.03576112538576126,
-0.019265346229076385,
0.005900644231587648,
0.00860117468982935,
-0.002748344326391816,
-0.062370456755161285,
-0.055802468210458755,
-0.00852059293538332,
0.05252154916524887,
0.0372418537735939,
0.12115609645843506,
0.05078470706939697,
0.016520194709300995,
-0.0638... | ||
3gjqwk | Why do we dream? | What purpose do dreams serve? Is there some sort of meaning behind them? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ctyt4h2",
"ctytcdt",
"ctyzdej"
],
"text": [
"Nobody knows for sure. There's a theory that it's our brains way of sorting information. Others think it may be our way of sorting problems that we have.",
"I like to think when you go to sleep at night the thinking part of your brain turns off and what's left are random images, feelings, events and other things going around in your sub-conscious creating dreams.",
"It's the brains \"What if\" machine. A way to explore weird and wonderful scenarios and their potential outcomes, possibly to better react to those scenarios if they do indeed happen.\n\nI like to think it's for building instincts. If caveman joe has dreams about being attacked by a lion, he might just have a slight reactionary advantage over caveman bob that didn't have those dreams."
],
"score": [
16,
7,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do we dream?
What purpose do dreams serve? Is there some sort of meaning behind them? | [
0.023945244029164314,
0.02732154354453087,
0.024047357961535454,
0.03747239336371422,
-0.0028932595159858465,
0.05011838674545288,
0.00005105291711515747,
-0.02195126749575138,
0.1752874106168747,
-0.006801213603466749,
-0.05854223296046257,
-0.022688884288072586,
0.010526295751333237,
-0.... | |
4siw6l | How does combustion cause carcinogens to form? | It seems like all smoke and or burning causes carcinogens. Why is this?
Thanks! | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d59mucd",
"d5b68p2",
"d59nzam"
],
"text": [
"So carcinogens aren't a single, defined thing; they're just stuff that causes cancer, and the list of overall carcinogens is *immense*. Combustion only causes *certain* carcinogens to form.\n\nWhen you burn things, you're releasing a relatively large amount of energy, and that energy breaks down whatever molecules are nearby, be it fuels, oxidizers, or innocent bystanders like nitrogen gas.\n\nCombustion, at it's simplest is;\n\nCHON (fuel) + O2 = CO2 + H2O + N2\n\nHowever, this never happens this simply, as you have *hundreds*, if not *thousands* of other species that get formed as intermediaries, based on local concentration, temperature, pressure, etc. You get lots of short-chain molecules and individual atoms jumping between molecules, and so you'll end up getting some odd compounds. Many of these compounds aren't very good for you, and can cause cancer.\n\nHave nitrogen and oxygen together at high temperature? You'll get NO and NO2. Have carbon and hydrogen as well? You get cyanide, benzene (and other aromatics), all sorts of nasty things. Using fuel with sulfur or lead? Sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, lead vapor, more nastiness.",
"The foods we grill, for example, contain a number of organic chemicals. There are proteins, and plenty of other things in meats. \n\nAs we cook meats and whatever else, we can cause a pretty enjoyable reaction to occur: some of the sugar-type-things (carbohydrates) do a little chemistry with the protein-type-things (amino acids), resulting in something much more delicious.\n\nBut sometimes we char meats a little bit too. Different chemistry can happen in that situation, where some of the same nitrogen-containing compounds are altered in their structure and composition. \n\nUltimately, some of these new chemical arrangements can be changed further in the body (by the body); and sometimes that new arrangement is capable of interacting chemically with DNA.\n\nWhen that happens, the effected cells can start doing things incorrectly, including dividing into new cells that are also somehow 'wrong.' That's pretty much what cancer is.\n\nAnd although our body's immune system usually does a great job getting rid of damaged cells on a daily basis... sometimes it might miss something or be unable to deal with it.\n\nThe scary idea is how many cancerous cells it technically takes to *have cancer*: 1\n\nSo \"carcinogens\" are all about contributing to the likelihood of cellular damage by facilitating those types of processes. \n\nUsually our body can just deal with the consequences we create through the choices we make; but it's a gamble.",
"Lots of the byproducts of combustion have phenolic structures which are simply really bad for your genome, they are typically strong bonds which are hard to break down, so only very hot combustion will get rid of most of them. Types of Phenol were used as gas during WWI, and used as lethal injection by the Nazis during WWII as an example of their ability to harm humans, but some types of Phenol have no adverse effects, like those found in Whiskey.\n\nWith the low temp, low oxygen burning you see in cooking meat, you're less likely to break down these dangerous phenolic structures, this is why slow cooked and smoked meat are more dangerous to eat, than say something cooked on a gas, or electric stove."
],
"score": [
3,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How does combustion cause carcinogens to form?
It seems like all smoke and or burning causes carcinogens. Why is this? Thanks! | [
0.04637748375535011,
-0.016094019636511803,
0.06324506551027298,
0.03355635330080986,
0.059182360768318176,
0.047277338802814484,
0.0379546619951725,
0.04897591099143028,
0.060552436858415604,
0.03788271173834801,
-0.01980484090745449,
-0.04269815981388092,
0.003271636553108692,
-0.0318498... | |
18yodd | What does 6.2 Litre V10 engine mean and how does it affect the performance of the car? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"c8j7dzn",
"c8j5r54"
],
"text": [
"I'm probably not going to explain this very well due to lack of energy/caffeine, but here goes!\n\nIn very basic terms, try to think of an engine as an air pump. The engine sucks in air, combines it with gasoline, blows up the mixture, then pumps out the exhaust.\n\nOne of the biggest concepts in performance/engine power is that \"more boom = more power\". Increase the strength of the explosion, increase the power of the engine.\n\nTo increase the strength of the \"boom\", generally we need more air so that we can mix said air with more fuel to create a more powerful explosion. This is accomplished in a variety of ways. You can cool the air, which condenses it and causes more \"boom\". You can pressurize the air via a turbo/supercharger, which forces more air into the space provided, again resulting in more \"boom\".\n\nOr you can increase the size of the engine - by adding *more* cylinders ( = more air = more boom) or by adding *bigger* cylinders to accomplish the same thing (traditionally measured in liters or CC's, which stands for \"cubic centimeters\").\n\nSo basically, V8's / V10's / V12's whathaveyou are traditionally more powerful than smaller engines because they have a lot of volume, and therefore hold/burn more air/fuel mixture, and therefore can produce a more powerful explosion (and more horsepower/torque) than a smaller engine.\n\nThat said you can *definitely* still have a small displacement / low cylinder count engine that produces a lot of power (sometimes a lot more so than a larger/higher cylinder count engine - modern tuning has come a looooong way, and design/efficiency/being well-tuned is everything). And there are a lot of factors that go into the performance of the overall car, it's not just about engine size - these factors include but are not limited to the weight/balance of the car, the power:weight ratio of the car, the ability of the driver, materials used, the design of internal components/parts, the overall efficiency of the engine, and a slew of other things. A giant engine doesn't necessarily mean \"the most power possible\", but a giant engine does usually indicate \"power\" (*but not always*) because it contains a lot of air\n\nHope that makes sense!",
"6.2 litres is the volume of the engine. V-10 means there are 10 cylinders, arranged in a V formation.\n\nGenerally, the bigger the volume of the engine, and the more cylinders, the more powerful the engine is."
],
"score": [
5,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What does 6.2 Litre V10 engine mean and how does it affect the performance of the car?
| [
-0.06758415699005127,
0.03909212350845337,
-0.019284460693597794,
0.027270348742604256,
0.04062693193554878,
0.051223285496234894,
-0.06224396079778671,
0.04910707846283913,
-0.055884163826704025,
-0.1525038778781891,
-0.034107185900211334,
0.07338306307792664,
-0.0648084431886673,
-0.0769... | ||
4kruch | How is the timing of self-dissolving sutures controlled? | I had a surgery done and was told my sutures will dissolve by itself in 6 months. I assume there are other timings like it will self-dissolve in 1 month, 3 months, etc.
How do they control the length of time and how significant do exposures to different environment affect it (eg. hotter temperatures, more showers, etc.)? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d3hr4sj"
],
"text": [
"So when your doctor was considering what kind of sutures to give you she had to keep 3 things in mind: the thickness of the suture, the elasticity required by the suture, and the decomposition rate of the suture.\n\nNaturally dissolving sutures will only be dissolved by enzymes in the body because they are made from, \"natural materials, such as processed collagen (animal intestines), silk and hair, as well as some synthetic materials that the body can break down.\" They can change how quickly this process occurs by the material used and how thick the used material is. \n\nWhile I bet you can do somethings to speed up the decomposition process, I don't think you can speed it up or slow it down a significant amount. However this short paragraph is simply conjecture.\n\n[Source 1](_URL_0_) [Source 2](_URL_1_)"
],
"score": [
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/everyday-innovations/question611.htm",
"http://woundcaresociety.org/how-to-make-dissolvable-stitches-dissolve-quicker"
]
} | train_eli5 | How is the timing of self-dissolving sutures controlled?
I had a surgery done and was told my sutures will dissolve by itself in 6 months. I assume there are other timings like it will self-dissolve in 1 month, 3 months, etc. How do they control the length of time and how significant do exposures to different environment affect it (eg. hotter temperatures, more showers, etc.)? | [
0.014252451248466969,
-0.0682494044303894,
0.079535111784935,
0.0635741725564003,
-0.033405497670173645,
-0.048710644245147705,
-0.06294422596693039,
0.03828098624944687,
0.01694468781352043,
-0.03136248514056206,
0.0312119722366333,
0.10229397565126419,
0.008360880427062511,
0.04751177132... | |
69b0sj | Is regularly "waking up right before the alarm goes off" done by the body's internal clock? If so, how can it be so accurate? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dh56grz",
"dh5bmcd"
],
"text": [
"Iirc most alarms make a quiet click before going off. Your brain registers this as part of the actual alarm sounding, waking you up to deal with it. Cellphone alarms don't make this sound which is why you don't get fully awake just before your alarm goes off. Instead your brain tends to pop you out of deep sleep when it thinks the alarm is about to go off (based largey off of temperature shifts or changes in lighting, but can be anything. My mum would wake up from the sprinklers while she was on the second story because her brain linked the sprinklers going off to her alarm going off) and puts your concious into a kind of idle mode, so you don't remember it but you are still capable of making decisions.",
"One of my close friends never uses alarms, even when he has an early flight to catch. It doesn't matter if he has to wake up at a different time every morning, he'll be able to wake up for it.\n\nI can't comprehend that because I would never even trust myself to wake up without an alarm if there's anything important in the morning."
],
"score": [
7,
7
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Is regularly "waking up right before the alarm goes off" done by the body's internal clock? If so, how can it be so accurate?
| [
0.0424981415271759,
0.06502503901720047,
-0.007447539363056421,
0.059977177530527115,
0.06089848652482033,
0.05760927498340607,
0.023394040763378143,
0.021302474662661552,
0.09374233335256577,
0.0005265152431093156,
-0.07419169694185257,
0.0991181954741478,
-0.027424048632383347,
0.0403628... | ||
3sabcr | Why do we have to put air in tires? Why cant we just have completely rubber tires that do not get flat? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cwvf4bc",
"cwvf4k8",
"cwvfq6a",
"cwvfco5"
],
"text": [
"I'm only 17 and soon hoping to go to university to do Mechanical Engineering, however i'll take a stab at what i guess is along the right lines : My guess is that with air inside the tire, it allows for a greater dispersion of the force from the ground, due to the particles being free to move about. Also, the air pressure inside the tire can greatly change when necessary, without lasting damage on the tire itself. If you were to enact the same force on two tires, one filled with air and the other all rubber, i would assume the air filled tire would be able to withstand higher amounts without deforming, due to this spreading out of the load. Because, as you can imagine, only one point of the tire is in contact and any one time, thus dispersing this force is vital. Furthermore, from a straightforward point of view, filling a tire with air is a lot more cost efficient than having it made entirely of rubber! It also would shed alot of unneccessary weight off the car. Obviously, i may be wrong about all this, im merely a budding engineer who doesn't even drive a car yet. Im sure someone else in this thread can provide a better answer for you.",
"Solid rubber tires are hard, uncomfortable, and don't conform properly to they don't perform aswell.\n\nYou can get some solid rubber tubes for your bike but I hope you keep the receipt.",
"Rigid wheels only work well at low speed or on very smooth surfaces. Fork trucks usually do have solid-rubber tires, but they're slow enough for that to be practical. \n\nIf the surface is too rough, the wheel will tend to bounce off it. This greatly reduces traction, so for any high-speed highway or runway use you need flexible tires.\n\nPneumatic tires work really well. Rubber-honeycomb tires aren't quite up to the challenge yet.",
"Hard tires are uncomfortable, Heavy tires are less fuel efficient. Air filled rubber tires are the best compromise between soft and light. All rubber tires are too heavy and some sort of space age metal tire could be lighter but would be uncomfortable"
],
"score": [
13,
7,
4,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do we have to put air in tires? Why cant we just have completely rubber tires that do not get flat?
| [
-0.04049987345933914,
-0.033557962626218796,
-0.015139811672270298,
0.05256179720163345,
0.010482268407940865,
-0.08893381804227829,
-0.01258043386042118,
0.09378671646118164,
0.0628657341003418,
0.08066631108522415,
-0.02905803732573986,
0.15269705653190613,
0.01462475210428238,
-0.006940... | ||
2mpf4y | Does eye color affect vision? | or is this one of those things that we can't really know because of never really being able to see exactly what other people see? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cm6d2vj",
"cm6cu9k"
],
"text": [
"I have heard that people with blue eyes are more sensitive to sunlight (more likely to squint and/or need sunglasses outdoors). Someone please tell me if I'm wrong.",
"Ordinarily no. The color of your eyes is the color of the iris, which is a muscle that determines the size of your pupil. You only see light that goes into your pupil, so any light that hits and reflects off of or gets absorbed by your iris is light that you don't see anyway. So, the short answer is no."
],
"score": [
4,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Does eye color affect vision?
or is this one of those things that we can't really know because of never really being able to see exactly what other people see? | [
0.07409479469060898,
-0.001949528930708766,
-0.009889334440231323,
-0.014897452667355537,
0.04599910229444504,
0.005282791331410408,
0.10958682745695114,
-0.030534328892827034,
-0.0024644958321005106,
0.024456726387143135,
-0.04395631328225136,
-0.0019574726466089487,
0.0010425723157823086,
... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.