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8ni1dw | How are 3D graphics rendered in order to get a cel-shaded or painted effect such as in Breath of the Wild? | So I know very little about 3D models and rendering, but seeing the actual character models from Breath of the Wild (they look very plastic/rubbery without whatever shading effect the game puts on them) made me wonder how the console actually takes the model and outputs it with the correct shading, and how one programs such an effect.
Bonus question: There are certain scenes where characters are rendered as semi-transparent ghosts, how does the developer make sure that the inside/back of the model isn't visible through the front? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Cel shading is a very simple effect: you just have to compute lighting as usual and then step it (ie: code something like \"if the surface is more than 50% lit it is considered 100% lit otherwise it is considered 25% lit). \n\nIn practice you want more than one step (to keep specular highlights and the like) so you use a look up table, [like one of these](_URL_1_). \n\n\n\n > how does the developer make sure that the inside/back of the model isn't visible through the front?\n\nRendering translucent objects correctly is a nightmare, for this exact reason (and a few others). \n\nOne way to make it work is to render translucent objects into the z-buffer first, then render them on screen normally with translucency enabled.\n(The Z-buffer is a data structure that store the distance of each pixel to the camera. it is used to know if a given pixel of a given object is occluded by something. By rendering the object into the z-buffer before rendering it on screen you ensure that pixels that are behind one of the other object's surface will be occluded correctly)\n\nAnother technique is to render translucent objects normally (as opaque objects) but only every odd pixel. This is very cheap (much cheaper than real transparency) and looks very good on high-dpi devices (but only works if you want exactly 50% transparency). This isn't used in BotW but Mario [does it for silhouettes](_URL_0_).",
"I'm not sure of the full details of the main question so I'll let someone else approach that but I can help with your bonus question. If you imagine a face of any object as having an arrow pointing up at a right angle this is called the normal. [Here is a cube](_URL_2_) with face normals shown. There are 3 others not shown pointing in the opposite directions.\n\nWhen a game is rendering a scene it will check the direction of these normals compared to the direction the camera is facing. If the normal is point away along the same path of the camera then they are not drawn in screen and the ones that point towards the camera are drawn. This is known as back-face culling and will be what lets you have a transparent texture on an object without seeing it's back or inside.",
"Well the effect is exactly that, [cel shading](_URL_4_). Basically you want to create outlines around objects and have flat areas of color instead of color gradients. I'm not sure how much you know or don't know so I'll just throw a mid-level explanation for it. If you need help with some of the terms or don't understand something, I can try to open it up with a bit more comprehensive explanation.\n\nFor creating an outline around game models, you would render a depth map and a normal map. A large difference between two close points in either the depth or the normal map would indicate an edge. Here's a nice picture of the process: _URL_3_\n\nOne very easy way to achieve flat areas of color is to calculate lighting and color per-face rather than per pixel. For this, you'd use a normal for the face rather than for per vertex. Then you run all the lighting calculations in the vertex shader rather than the fragment shader and output a simple non-interpolated color to the fragment shader. This requires that faces have unique vertices rather than that faces share vertices, which is often done for optimization and to limit the chance of precision issues leading to gaps between faces.\n\n > There are certain scenes where characters are rendered as semi-transparent ghosts, how does the developer make sure that the inside/back of the model isn't visible through the front?\n\nThey don't render parts with a normal pointing away from the camera. That is to say; The backside of a polygon is not rendered.",
"It's about lighting. Imagine a smooth gradient from fully lit to total darkness; this is normal lighting. To get the hand-drawn or painted look they make that gradient chunkier, with just two or three shades instead of the whole range; you'll notice most cartoons and anime have one \"lit\" and one \"unlit\" shade for a given color.\n\nAs for how they actually program it, it's something only Nintendo would know. There's tools that make the process very simple and visual, or you can create the effect by writing a series of instructions much like writing a regular program."
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} | train_eli5 | How are 3D graphics rendered in order to get a cel-shaded or painted effect such as in Breath of the Wild?
So I know very little about 3D models and rendering, but seeing the actual character models from Breath of the Wild (they look very plastic/rubbery without whatever shading effect the game puts on them) made me wonder how the console actually takes the model and outputs it with the correct shading, and how one programs such an effect. Bonus question: There are certain scenes where characters are rendered as semi-transparent ghosts, how does the developer make sure that the inside/back of the model isn't visible through the front? | [
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ohs3p | why my laptop battery will take an hour to reach 90% but then take another hour to cap to 100% | I wouldn't say that it takes an hour to get to 90% but I know that the last couple percents always take a long time to charge up | explainlikeimfive | {
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"ELI5 Option (this is off my vague understanding, might be incorrect).\n\nImagine a battery is like a cup, and your charging source is a fat pitcher of water. When you first start pouring the water, the cup is empty so you dump it all in there because well, it's nearly empty and easy to control. As you get near the top though the amount of water could easily cause you to spill. That's bad, so instead towards the end you start to pour it slowly to get it topped off just right. It takes longer but it's safer.\n\nIn other words, overcharging a battery is bad. It can wear out the cell or cause failure. Your charger or battery usually contains circuits that senses near when this is going to happen. So the charge mode switches from a 'dump' charge to a 'trickle' charge. Then once it gets near full it bumps off/on letting the charge sort of hover. So your batteries never 'really' get full, but it's for your own good.\n\nThat's what happens to the best of my knowledge."
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} | train_eli5 | why my laptop battery will take an hour to reach 90% but then take another hour to cap to 100%
I wouldn't say that it takes an hour to get to 90% but I know that the last couple percents always take a long time to charge up | [
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6dw83m | Why does it seem to take humans many more "tries" to get pregnant, while many wild animals seem to mate once and reproduce? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Different reproductive systems.\n\nThe vast majority of animals *only* mate when they are already ovulating. Some are induced ovulaters even. Meaning that the very act of sex makes them ovulate.\n\nIn humans, mating is more of a social / partner bonding thing, so we also mate when we are not ovulating and there is absolutely no chance of pregnancy. \n\nOne other fact is that humans have a very high rate of miscarriages. There is some research that 70% of fertilised eggs never make it to full term pregnancy. Most of these eggs are lost before we even realise we are pregnant. This might be due to the fact that humans invest a lot of resources into very few children / pregnancies. So for us, it is better if 'flawed' conceptions terminate early, before all that effort was put into things.",
"The exact answer would depend greatly on what kind of animal you're talking about. Primates? Mammals? All non-human animals?\n\nBut generally speaking, we don't necessarily have a higher *rate* of pregnancy or ratio of attempts to successes. For every couple that has to try several times or needs to use IVF to get pregnant, there's someone who got pregnant by accident. But we hear about couples who are struggling to conceive more than we hear about accidental pregnancies. Especially so within our communities - a couple who is trying to conceive will be widely celebrated as a couple that is struggling to do something admirable, whereas someone who got pregnant by accident will generally try to hide it. This leads to the perception that humans - as a species - have a greater difficulty in conception than we actually do.\n\nAnd due to the institution of marriage, we're more likely to stay with one partner and keep trying - or needing to try - to procreate with them. Animals in the wild can and will (at least depending on species) abandon an infertile partner and pursue a fertile one. Humans generally don't do that, we'll stick around with an infertile partner and try until the day we die, wheras animals have little issue abandoning their if infertile partners to go find fertile ones, instead.\n\nOn top of that is the age and health factor. Humans live longer (relative to their span of fertility) than animals in the wild, and we as a species live longer with debilitating conditions, many of which can affect your fertility. Wild animals would just die before they could reach mating season, we live long enough to procreate or kill our bank accounts trying.",
"I'm pretty sure animals couple many times during ovulation, not always resulting in pregnancy- google Panda's in captivity, compared to Lions quote \"During a mating bout, a couple may copulate twenty to forty times a day for several days\" from _URL_0_"
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} | train_eli5 | Why does it seem to take humans many more "tries" to get pregnant, while many wild animals seem to mate once and reproduce?
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wi8yw | - Messenger pigeons | How are they trained without just flying away? How do they know where to deliver their message? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They are born and raised in a certain location. When you release them, they fly back to it.",
"They only fly home (which is why they're also called homing pigeons).\n\nWhen you wanted to send a message somewhere you needed a pigeon from that place which was quite a downside. On the upside was that they were relativly fast for their time and that they were hard to intercept."
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} | train_eli5 | - Messenger pigeons
How are they trained without just flying away? How do they know where to deliver their message? | [
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2ssqk7 | Why do people get "stuck in their ways"? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Because it's easier to fool a man than it is to convince him he's being fooled.",
"It's the \"don't fix what isn't broken\" principle. A person follows tradition because it's never led them astray, and even if it does, cognitive dissonance/motivated reasoning will allow them to rationalize their beliefs and actions to themselves. Once they decide that their ways are superior, it becomes part of their identity. If it is threatened or criticized, they will consider it an insult or attack, and move to defend it."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do people get "stuck in their ways"?
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8trw7g | How do drug purity test like mecke, marque and Simon work? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Reagent testing can only tell you whether a certain class of compound is present or not, not how pure it is.\n\nIn order to find out how much of your substance is what you’re interested in you’d want to use titration instead.\n\nThe non-drug portion may be completely inert and not react with a reagent test kit, but if you’re not so concerned with concentration you can at least say that there is *some* or *none* of a drug or type of drug.",
"For the Marquis reagent specifically (and i assume the other color based reaction tests work on a similar principle) the reagent (for Marquis: Sulfuric acid and formaldehyde) breaks apart the drug and reacts with the formaldehyde. This reaction creates a bunch of different chemicals with different colors depending on what the starting chemical was. \n\nThats why for example MDMA and MDA have similar color reactions because the starting materials are structurally similar."
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} | train_eli5 | How do drug purity test like mecke, marque and Simon work?
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752jc3 | What is the link between the neurotransmitter GABA and anxiety disorders? | Just for some background, I have good foundational knowledge on how neurons and neurotransmitters work within the brain. With this, I know that many mental and physical disorders are rooted in the way the brain produces or interacts with these neurotransmitters.
I remember learning that the neurotransmitter GABA is linked to anxiety disorders, but I cannot find a simplified explanation of this link.
How does GABA work and, in the case of anxiety disorders, what is the dysfunctional aspect?
EDIT: Just wanted to add that I understand anxiety is complex and can be caused by many factors (both cognitive and biological). I just wanted to understand the purported link here. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"GABA is an inhibitory NT, meaning that it blocks certain synaptic activity including the same receptors that help anxiety which we use Valium or Librium. They cause chloride ions enter the neuron causing less synaptic activity."
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} | train_eli5 | What is the link between the neurotransmitter GABA and anxiety disorders?
Just for some background, I have good foundational knowledge on how neurons and neurotransmitters work within the brain. With this, I know that many mental and physical disorders are rooted in the way the brain produces or interacts with these neurotransmitters. I remember learning that the neurotransmitter GABA is linked to anxiety disorders, but I cannot find a simplified explanation of this link. How does GABA work and, in the case of anxiety disorders, what is the dysfunctional aspect? EDIT: Just wanted to add that I understand anxiety is complex and can be caused by many factors (both cognitive and biological). I just wanted to understand the purported link here. | [
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5o4ebq | Computer graphics (and C) | I've a little background in electronics and programming, it's not much but it's something, but the problem I always had was to wrap my head around computer graphics. Either from a hardware point of view and from a software point of view.
Hardware:
How is an image displayed? Is just a processor telling which pixel to light up with X color? To be fair I saw a thread about "computer graphics cards" that I'll read right now
Software:
How can you create graphics with a programming language? My problem always was when I see at C for example, I believe it doesn't have built-in support for graphics, and I've never seen a book about C basics covering GUI stuff, BUT, I always see graphics libraries written in C. For example Allegro and SDL. I just don't understand how they use if, for, while, pointers, structures, functions, etc., to create graphics. I always see C like if it was a console programming language, because that's the only way I've worked with it. And I know my view is wrong and even considering it being a console programming language, the text displayed are still "graphics", it's an output on a monitor. For example with Linux, even if I boot up just a CLI of Linux I'm seeing something, something that I assume is graphics writing in C compiled and executed to display the text on the monitor.
My problem is just how can C output graphics, or how can you use C to write a library to output graphics. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Good question actually.\n\nThe pixels you see on the monitor is actually just a computer memory being drawn. Now this memory used to be in RAM or maybe even in the monitor itself or elsewhere in the days of old, but on a normal desktop PC the memory is on graphics card.\n\nSo the graphics card holds the pixels to be drawn on the monitor - now how do you work with those pixels? Again, in old computers you could change them simply by writing to the memory they were stored in. So for example in C, you would make a pointer to a specific address on which you knew was a pixel value stored and you would write a value to that memory and by doing that you would set that pixel on monitor.\n\nNowadays it's not done that way, because your program doesn't have direct access to the memory on graphics card. Instead you have to tell the graphics card to write to that memory for you.\n\nWhy is it so? Because graphics is a huge part of programs and it deserves to have a special hardware (the graphics card) to take care of it, in order to be fast and easy to work with and to handle things like buffering, access of multiple programs to the graphics memory, etc. Also, the graphics card can do much more than just set pixels, it can also compute graphics stuff. For example you can tell it to draw a triangle or a line or a 3D shape and it will compute all the pixels that have to be set and will set them automatically. This is good because your program doesn't have to care so much about the graphics and can leave it to the graphics card.\n\nSo you talk to the graphics card like \"draw me a line from this point to this point with this color\". The way you have to talk to it though isn't that easy because it's just a piece of hardware which understands only some low level signals, and also to talk to hardware you have to ask the operating system to allow you to etc. Basically there is a lot of layers between you and the computer screen.\n\nThat's why C itself doesn't support graphics directly - because it would have to consider all the complicated layers and communications, which may differ on different operating systems and for different graphics cards, which are changing constantly. Instead it focuses to be a good general purpose language and leaves the graphics part for 3rd party libraries, for example Allegro or SDL as you said. Then there are high level libraries, such as Irllicht, which let you draw in 3D with support for physics etc.\n\nThese graphics libraries may be written in C themselves, but they are complicated. A graphics library may for example need to check what operating system you're on, how to create a window to draw to, how to handle events from keyboard and mouse, what graphics interfaces are supported, what capabilities the graphics card supports etc.\n\nSo if you want to make graphics in C, you should definitely use a library. You can use OpenGL, but it's kinda low level and hard to learn. I have worked with the Allegro library and I can recommend that one to you.",
"Generally you're going to use preexisting libraries and APIs for the output. The most common two are DirectX and OpenGL. These handle graphics as well as other forms of multimedia. These include most of the functionality you need."
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} | train_eli5 | Computer graphics (and C)
I've a little background in electronics and programming, it's not much but it's something, but the problem I always had was to wrap my head around computer graphics. Either from a hardware point of view and from a software point of view. Hardware: How is an image displayed? Is just a processor telling which pixel to light up with X color? To be fair I saw a thread about "computer graphics cards" that I'll read right now Software: How can you create graphics with a programming language? My problem always was when I see at C for example, I believe it doesn't have built-in support for graphics, and I've never seen a book about C basics covering GUI stuff, BUT, I always see graphics libraries written in C. For example Allegro and SDL. I just don't understand how they use if, for, while, pointers, structures, functions, etc., to create graphics. I always see C like if it was a console programming language, because that's the only way I've worked with it. And I know my view is wrong and even considering it being a console programming language, the text displayed are still "graphics", it's an output on a monitor. For example with Linux, even if I boot up just a CLI of Linux I'm seeing something, something that I assume is graphics writing in C compiled and executed to display the text on the monitor. My problem is just how can C output graphics, or how can you use C to write a library to output graphics. | [
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7qohx4 | The differences between Suni, Shia, and Kurdish muslims in the Middle East and the conflict(s) surrounding them. | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The Shia and Sunni are the two main branches of Islam, and concern the proper line of descent from Muhammad. The Sunni believe that the rightful heir was Abu Bakr, Muhammad's father-in-law, while the Shia believe it was Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law through his daughter Fatima (hence why the Shia are historically sometimes referred to as the Fatimids, particularly in Egypt prior to the rise of Saladin).\n\nIn addition to the above, there are also ethnic tensions associated with the Shia/Sunni split, as Arabs (and Muslims in general) are overwhelmingly Sunni, while Iranians are Shia. There are ethnic tensions between the Arabs and Persians/Iranians that date back far before Islam was founded, and that continued into the modern variant that's primarily Sunni Saudi Arabia vs. Shia Iran.\n\nThe Kurds are a mix of the two (although they are largely Sunni), in addition to other ethnic groups like the Yazidi that are generally held by the Muslim Kurds to be fellow Kurds, and are an ethnic group sandwiched between Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. Kurds basically want their own ethnic state, and have been oppressed for generations by their neighboring ethnic groups. As a result, Kurds are a bit more nationalistic than religiously-affiliated. The Kurds are also pretty heavily influenced by their diaspora, both in the US and the former USSR, which is part of the reason why they don't generally care as much about religious differences as other Muslim groups in the region. Beyond that, the Kurds are also in a particularly important region of the Middle East that's been influenced by essentially every single Empire in Western and near-Eastern history, including the Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Ottomans, the various Crusader States, and the British, Russian, and French empires prior to WWII."
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} | train_eli5 | The differences between Suni, Shia, and Kurdish muslims in the Middle East and the conflict(s) surrounding them.
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6oi01n | Is there a real difference between deodorant and anti-perspirant or is it just marketing? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's in the name. De-odor-ant is designed to mask or get rid of a smell or odor. Anti-perspir-ant is designed to stop you perspiring by interrupting the sweat gland.\n\nDeodorants are alcohol based and kill the bacteria that grow but also partially stimulates sweating. This isn't a concern though as the bacteria are what produce most of the funky smells. Antiperspirants do the same thing but they also contain additional compounds that interact with the sweat and form a sort of plug on the sweat glands which stops them producing more sweat.",
"Deodorant simply makes your pits smell good (well, not as bad). It \"de-odors\" them.\n\nAnti-antiperspirant actively works to fight your body sweating by covering your sweat glands in a sort of gel.",
"Anti-perspirant has aluminum in it, which blocks your sweat glands from releasing sweat. Some people find the aluminum irritating. \n\nDeodorant just makes your sweat smell better."
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} | train_eli5 | Is there a real difference between deodorant and anti-perspirant or is it just marketing?
| [
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1lt5pf | The difference and classifications between military ships; frigates, destroyers, carriers, etc. | Edit: Thanks for the quick answers guys! | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Corvettes are small attack ships. Frigates are medium-sized attack ships, Destroyers are larger than Frigates. Cruisers are larger than Destroyers. These are called 'surface combatants' and are meant for fighting enemies directly.\n\nCarriers are in a different category since they aren't meant to fight directly but instead are just meant to be a floating airports. Carriers are escorted by the more heavily armed surface combatants listed above.\n\nSubmarines are in a different category since they do not fight on the surface.",
"The ships of today with names like frigate, corvette, etc... that are old names may have a little relation to the originals (mostly in what amount of prestige they carry within the navy) but mostly not. Navies like to re-use names so that they have an air of tradition. A frigate today is meant to be an inexpensive anti-submarine vessel that forms part of a large escort for a carrier or other task force. A destroyer is generally larger and carries a heavier gun or two and more anti-aircrraft weapons but can do the same duty and can also be used for a variety of multi-purpose missions like shore bombardment. The lines can be a bit fuzzy depending on the class of ships and the navy."
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Edit: Thanks for the quick answers guys! | [
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8vhu6b | why do software versions always have decimals? What do the decimals mean? Why not version 3 instead of 2.7.10? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The decimal places often denote major , minor, and patch releases. Major releases usually have lots of features added or significant changes / improvements, minor releases may have a single feature added while patch releases may only have defect corrections for example.",
"The first number is the major version, that only gets increased when something big changes, second number is usually a patch with a feature or maybe a big bugfix, the third is often just a minor patch or bugfix."
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[removed] | [
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29kuj2 | Watching the World Cup, I see many soccer players touching the back of the heads of each other. What does this gesture mean? | Is it a soccer etiquette thing? Is it a European thing? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It expresses a \"no hard feelings\" sentiment. You usually see it after one player gets called for a foul on his opponent. He helps up the fouled player, and apologizes if the tackle hurt him."
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Is it a soccer etiquette thing? Is it a European thing? | [
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6vew06 | What is the difference between a Function Call and a Function Definition? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Function Definition: You define what the function will do when you call it.\n\nFunction Call: You call the function to do what you defined previously.\n\n🙂",
"A function definition is a cake recipe. \n\nA function call is a warm delicious cake\n\n\nOne defines the means, the other executes it.",
"Imagine a function meant to multiply two values.\n\nThe function definition would be something like \n\n function multiply (valueA,valueB){\n function result=valueA*valueB\n }\n\nthe function call is something like this\n\n c=multiply(5,7)\n\nAccording to the definition of the function this call would set c to 35.\nGenerally a function is defined once and can afterwards be used as often as needed."
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} | train_eli5 | What is the difference between a Function Call and a Function Definition?
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171b8g | Why do streetlights in the distance twinkle like stars, when the ones nearby seem to glow consistently? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The air in between you and the street light is a moving mass of uneven temperature. As the light moves through it, it gets bent which causes the twinkling effect. The same thing is going on with stars.\n\nWhen the light is closer there is less air for it to move through and so it gets bent less."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do streetlights in the distance twinkle like stars, when the ones nearby seem to glow consistently?
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3rc3dc | When a movie is censored for broadcast who decides what the dialog will be replaced with? | For instance, Walter's "This is what happens when you find a stranger in the Alps" line in The Big Lebowski. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The goal with censoring lines in a TV broadcast is to make it so that viewers don't realize it's dubbed, which breaks suspension of disbelief, so words will be chosen that lip-read similarly to their profane counterparts. That's why the broadcast version of *Snakes on a Plane* [is so bizarre.](_URL_0_) For posterity, the original line is \"motherfucking snakes on this motherfucking plane!\" The two still lip-read well."
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For instance, Walter's "This is what happens when you find a stranger in the Alps" line in The Big Lebowski. | [
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2cu3zh | Why are September, October, November, and December not the 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th months? | Their names seem to suggest that they should be.
| explainlikeimfive | {
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"They were, in the Old Roman calender. Then they were modified to make a more accurate, Julian Calender. Then that got changed again by the Church to create the Gregorian calender.",
"Originally they were.\n\nJanuary is named for Janus, the roman god of beginning and endings.\n\nFebruary is named after Februus/Februa, a god of celebration and purification, many of which happened as spring came.\n\nMarch is named after Mars, as this was the beginning of the of the Roman year, which lined up with changes in seasons, rather than with our date of January 1.\n\nApril was named after \"aprilis\" meaning \"to open\" presumably because buds begin to open.\n\nMay = Maiesta, the Roman God of honour and reverence.\n\nJune may be for Juno, mother of Gods. Or for iunioures (Juniors) a month dedicated to the young, in contrast to May, which would revere the elderly.\n\nSeptember, October, November, December were the 7th-10th months.\n\nBut then Julias Caesar had a month named after him, and then Sextillus was changed to Augustus in reverence of the first Roman Emperor.",
"I believe they used to be... if I remember correctly, the Roman new year was March 1st, making September the seventh-part, etc."
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Their names seem to suggest that they should be. | [
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1yohyz | Why can't skaters do backflips in the olympics? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"two reasons: because it's dangerous, and when they land, their skates damage the ice more than just a \"normal\" jump would.",
"Simply because the ISU considers the backflip to be too dangerous. There have been other moves that the ISU has banned such as the \"head banger\" death spiral in pairs skating because there is a chance of the woman's head striking the ice.\n\nThere is a mention of the banned back flip in this article: \n_URL_0_",
"If it were legal, so many would attempt it and lots would result in injuries. Not landing a backflip can paralyze you. Your whole neck and spinal cord would just totally screw up. In an effort to make Figure Skating less dangerous, they ban it.\n\nAt least, that's my take on it.",
"are you referring to this post?\n\n_URL_1_\n\nAs far as I can tell, the backflip was originally banned because it was landed on two feet, instead of one. However, even though Surya Bonaly (the lady in the gif) laned it on one foot, it was still considered illegal. The Olympic judges tend to be against change for the most part (see ski jumping in the 80's), so because it was a new move, that might have played in to it."
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} | train_eli5 | Why can't skaters do backflips in the olympics?
| [
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jbt0x | Computers. More specifically, what bridges the gap between the hardware and software? | Just something i've always been curious about. I have a small, basic knowledge of binary and some other things, but i'd like to know more about how this works. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"A computer, at its heart, has a *processor* which runs the show. A processor can do simple mathematical operations and move data from one place to another, thats about all it does. \n\nEverything a processor does is determined by the values contained in its registers.\n\nIn the processor there is a *register* called the program counter which points to an instruction telling the processor what to do next. \n\nEach instruction has a unique code. The processor will take this instruction, do what the instruction says (such as add, move, shift) and then look for the next instruction.\n\nWhen you write software you give the computer a list of instructions to be performed in order and point the program counter at the first of your instructions. \n\nYou can write your software in assembler code which is a set of codes understood by the specific processor you are using. This is time consuming but you control everything. Languages such as C can be translated into assembler through another program called a compiler which allows you to describe more easily what you want the processor to do.",
"**LI5:** Hardware is actual stuff - you can touch it. It's possible to set up that hardware in different ways. A specific way of setting up the hardware is called software.\n\nSo a computer system might be like a row of switches connected to different lights. Different combinations of switches being on make different colors in the lights. The row of switches is hardware, the combination you need to make the color orange (for example) is software.\n\nA hardware is like your brain, a software is like the thoughts inside it.\n\n**LI12:** A hard disk is what stores information on the computer when it's on *and* when it's switched off. The hard disk is a very long sequence of bits. A bit has two possible states, 1 or 0. It's possible to represent different data using different combinations of 1s and 0s. Some data are a picture, perhaps. Others are a lump of text (like what you're reading). Some are instructions that the computer reads for how to do certain things (called a program). Things like fetching a web page and showing it (a web browser), or how to add numbers together (a calculator).\n\nA specific combination of 1s and 0s is called a software, and the combination is remembered by writing it to a hard-drive (in modern personal computer systems). Some people think of software as any combination, others think software is only combinations that are programs."
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Just something i've always been curious about. I have a small, basic knowledge of binary and some other things, but i'd like to know more about how this works. | [
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2bdmcq | What kind of device or technique do Radio stations use to get immediate access to almost every song and/or sound effect? | I'm not a big radio listener, but use services such as Spotify on more of a daily basis. But even on the Spotify library which currently has over 20 million songs (or more) doesn't have every popular song.
It would be interested to get an explanation from someone who works in the radio business or just knows more than I do. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I don't remember the exact numbers, but nearly every radio station in America is owned by a couple companies. It's really, *really* not just a patchwork of independent stations like the old days.\n\nSo they have control over millions of listeners and are able to get direct access to content from the major labels as soon as possible. It's all digital these days, so I imagine they just have private FTP servers or some other way to download the new stuff and get told when new things are available. They definitely don't get sent actual CDs or anything by people signed to major record deals.\n\nSpotify actually has to pay people to get to use their songs and negotiate terms of agreements, whereas radio stations can just get it all for free (besides the ASCAP and BMI licensing fees they pay once a year) and play what the home office has decided is \"hot\" today. It's led to an over-streamlining of popular music, where every top 40 station in every major city in America is on the exact same playlist, that didn't exist when every DJ had the freedom to control their own playlist.\n\nAs far as sound effects, promotional drops \"Hey this is Usher and you're listening to...\" and the like, those are usually paid for in some way by the company that owns the radio station, and there are services that just offer sound effects, news bits, and things like that to radio stations."
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I'm not a big radio listener, but use services such as Spotify on more of a daily basis. But even on the Spotify library which currently has over 20 million songs (or more) doesn't have every popular song. It would be interested to get an explanation from someone who works in the radio business or just knows more than I do. | [
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5orkr4 | How does the monetization of Facebook Likes and Shares work? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"If you're referring to people making profit directly off of facebook pages, without any other product in the mix:\n\n1. someone creates a site/page and tries to make it as appealing as possible.\n2. they post content people would like and/or share, and often explicitly encourage people to interact with the content. A lot of Facebook religious content or sob stories often take this format. For example, Christian posts asking you to type 'amen' or a story showing a person in some sad situation (handicapped, lonely veteran, etc) encouraging the comments to say something to/nice about them. (In reality, the person often has no idea their likeness is being used in a post)\n3. Now, because of the large numbers of likes, comments, and shares, Facebook thinks this is one hot page and makes sure to regularly include it in people's news feeds. This often includes *friends* of people who have interacted with the content, not just subscribers to the page. So a lot of eyeballs see content from this page!\n4. Then, they sell the page to someone. Why would someone buy it? Because any advertising content they post is *guarenteed* to show up on the news feed of a large number of people, and those people *think* it's an add from a facebook group they already know and trust.\n\nIt's an easy scheme to do too, you just need to post a simple image encouraging people to interact with the page a few times a week. Once it gets going your images can circulate for months accuring likes and follows."
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| [
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4423j9 | Why do the words terrific and terrible have different connotations? | And also, what about terrify? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They both came from the same Latin root, as someone already explained.\n\nThe meaning of words and phrases in language changes over time.\n\nAnother interesting development is the relationship between German and English and their tendencies to use \"negative\" words with \"positive\" ones to make something \"extra\" good.\n\nFor example, in English you can say \"I'm terribly glad to see you!\" You understand this as this person saying: \"I'm extra happy/excited to see you!\" You don't think that they and glad to see you in a terrible way.\n\nGerman also does this (you can look up examples), so that's where English probably got it from. It's a weird/cool thing to know the difference between \"This casserole is terribly good.\" vs. \"This casserole is terrible.\"",
"Terrific and terrible come from the same latin root word, *terrere*, which means \"fill with fear\". In 1809, \"terrific\" began to be used to mean \"very great; severe\", as in \"a terrific headache\". In 1888 it began to be used to mean something like \"excellent\". You can figure this out for yourself in the future by googling \" < word > etymology\".",
"back in the day, terrible could be a synonym for 'great' in some contexts. Like how we say 'god-fearing', and dreadlocks are religious because they represent someone's 'dread of god'. as to why one stayed the same and one reversed, not sure."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do the words terrific and terrible have different connotations?
And also, what about terrify? | [
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3ygc8y | What is the difference and punishment between treason and high treason in the U.S.? | Internet searches are not very clear about the answers. I can find a lot of info about the difference in other countries, especially in Commonwealth nations but not really on the United States. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Treason is against the country, and High treason is against the current sitting monarch. The US has no monarch so it has no High Treason.",
"High treason doesn't exist in the United States. There is only treason.\n\nCanada has both, but not the U.S."
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Internet searches are not very clear about the answers. I can find a lot of info about the difference in other countries, especially in Commonwealth nations but not really on the United States. | [
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2sawst | Why are weightlifters generally more into motivational posts online, compared to other athletes? | I'm sorry if my question doesn't make sense but what I mean is that bodybuilders always seem to have more presence online when it comes to motivational posts on facebook/instagram. Stuff like "no pain, no gain" could also be applied to hockey or running or whatever, but you don't see a lot from hockey players or runners. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Because bodybuilding is not a team sport, when you're in the gym 5-6 times a week by yourself you're going to need motivation more than somebody who can look up to their team mates and better players in the same club.",
"because other athletes have competitions. something to look forward to. Weightlifters usually have to just keep lifting. So to stay focused they need the external motivation to keep on grinding when progress is slow"
],
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5,
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why are weightlifters generally more into motivational posts online, compared to other athletes?
I'm sorry if my question doesn't make sense but what I mean is that bodybuilders always seem to have more presence online when it comes to motivational posts on facebook/instagram. Stuff like "no pain, no gain" could also be applied to hockey or running or whatever, but you don't see a lot from hockey players or runners. | [
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2a21dy | If atomic blasts and radiation can change gene expression and cause mutations, can we theoretically use similar methods to our benefit? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ciqpfkn"
],
"text": [
"Chance.\n\nWhen cell division occurs there is a very good chance that the off spring's DNA will be mutated. This happens a lot not > 50% of the time, but fairly often.\n\nNormally 99% of these are useless and will do nothing. .7% are harmful, and will be killed by the immune system, .2999% end up as carcinoma cells (cancer) .00001% are actually adventitious. \n\nThe same goes for Ionizing raditions from atomic blasts, nuclear reactors, radioactive stuff, cosmic rays, etc.\n\nNormally Radiation overwhelms the body's defenses by producing junk cells the body has to cull. This leaves you open to infections, and body systems that fail because their are just to many useless cells, which poison you in strange ways. And cancer from random mutations.\n\nNOTE: Percentages are made up to illustrate a point."
],
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} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | If atomic blasts and radiation can change gene expression and cause mutations, can we theoretically use similar methods to our benefit?
| [
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4n97sh | Why are there only 7 visible cubes in a hypercube. | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d41x3gx"
],
"text": [
"there are 8 visible cubes in the 3d representation of it. One on the inside. 6 for each side of the inner cube. and the one that contains them all.. Take a look at [this](_URL_0_) to see what I mean."
],
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3
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hypercube.svg/943px-Hypercube.svg.png"
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} | train_eli5 | Why are there only 7 visible cubes in a hypercube.
[removed] | [
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26lzh7 | What about smoking cigarettes is calming? | I understand that the nicotine is what gets you addicted, but I always wondered what about putting some weird substance in your mouth and lighting it on fire is calming when it doesn't seem to have any psychoactive compounds in it (aside from the nicotine). I've smoked a few times just to try it and never got how it would ever become something I'd want to do regularly. Insights? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"When the body wants nicotine it will drive you nuts until you get it.\n\nWhen the body gets it fix the cravings go away.\n\nAlso when smoking deep slow breaths are taken which is also calming",
"For the addict, the calming aspect of what is otherwise a stimulant (nicotine) is simply the satisfying of the addiction itself.",
"/u/StickleyMan recommended Allen Carr's book [Easyway To Stop Smoking](_URL_0_), which covers this question. \n\nA stressful situation causes the smoker to feel like a cigarette will ease the stress. In reality, the stress of nicotine withdraw is added on top of the initial stress. Smoking a cigarette eases the stress of nicotine withdraw causing the illusion of easing stress. The initial stress is still there.",
"From a chemical standpoint, a study was done recently that provides a good answer. According to Jean Gehricke, “Participants who showed nicotine-induced changes in anger task performance also showed changes in brain metabolism. Nicotine-induced reductions in length of retaliation were associated with changes in brain metabolism in response to nicotine in brain areas responsible for orienting, planning and processing of emotional stimuli”. So basically nicotine affects aspects of the metabolic state of the brain in areas that are associated with dealing with emotional stress. The alterations in these areas bring the smoker from a more anxious or antagonistic state to a more calm, relaxed state."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.amazon.com/gp/aw/d/0615482155/ref=mp_s_a_1_1?qid=1401207533&sr=8-1"
]
} | train_eli5 | What about smoking cigarettes is calming?
I understand that the nicotine is what gets you addicted, but I always wondered what about putting some weird substance in your mouth and lighting it on fire is calming when it doesn't seem to have any psychoactive compounds in it (aside from the nicotine). I've smoked a few times just to try it and never got how it would ever become something I'd want to do regularly. Insights? | [
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22oo5t | How come we never run out of things to memorize? Is there a limit in our brain that says we can't memorize anymore things? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cgp0tbs"
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"text": [
"Im at work. I'll be home in a while, ill link you some articles then"
],
"score": [
2
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How come we never run out of things to memorize? Is there a limit in our brain that says we can't memorize anymore things?
| [
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1ukfke | Why do they turn of the cabine lights on take-offs and landings on airplanes? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ceiz32f"
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"text": [
"For safety. These are the two most dangerous times in a flight. However unlikely, if an accident were to happen, by having the lights off, your eyes will already be adjusted to the outside levels of light, ready for the evacuation."
],
"score": [
9
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do they turn of the cabine lights on take-offs and landings on airplanes?
| [
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3ql0i6 | If there is a 3D object on a screen, will my eyes view that as added distance to see or will it see it as a 2D representation? Why? | For example; if I am playing CS:GO and my player avatar is staring at a barrel that is twenty metres away in game, would my mind see that as twenty metres? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cwg33mj"
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"When you look at something, each of your eyes individually sees a 2d image. But because your eyes are in slightly different places, each eye sees the object from a slightly different angle. The closer the object is to you, the more offset the angles are, and therefore the more different the images each eye sees are. Your brain then examines the two images and creates the illusion of depth based on how different the images age.\n\nBecause computers have flat screens, each eye will see the image on a screen from the same angle. This means that when your brain reconstructs the image, it will construct a flat image; you won't actually see depth. \n\nBut the brain isn't stupid. It uses other clues to determine distance besides actually 'seeing depth'. Lightning and shadows for example. If you look at a picture of a person's face, for example, if you look at a picture of a face, you can tell how big their nose is. This is because you can see shadow it casts. So even though when you look at a screen (or close on eye) you can't actually see depth, you can still roughly judge it."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | If there is a 3D object on a screen, will my eyes view that as added distance to see or will it see it as a 2D representation? Why?
For example; if I am playing CS:GO and my player avatar is staring at a barrel that is twenty metres away in game, would my mind see that as twenty metres? | [
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4b9lbk | If Somalia was a failed state how did the borders stay intact and not be taken over by neighbouring countries | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Why would they want it? Seriously though, the surrounding countries were probably a bit too busy with their own problems and the international community would have had something to say about it. At a minimum there would have been a very strongly worded letter.",
"Because in the current world there's a general principle that nations should not violate the territorial integrity of others. If they do they may face international sanctions or even military intervention from more powerful nations. \n\nIf a country has a relatively strong economy and military, it may be able to get away with it (like Russia). But Somalia's neighbors aren't the world's most economically or militarily powerful nations. They have no incentive to piss off the world by trying to annex neighbors. Also, occupying and governing Somalia would mean a lot of trouble.",
"If a neighboring country wanted to annex the land they would have to deal with the problems in that land, of which there were plenty. If they have some sort of use for those parts of Somalia they would have to first deal with the local warlords before being able to carry out their goals. If they didn't do this the land would not be of any use and it wouldn't really be an annexation anyway.",
"The modern world community, as exemplified by the UN, frowns on that sort of thing. \n\nSo in addition to trying to pacify the unpacifiable, you also have to deal with Kofi Annan and Ban Ki-Moon subtly bitching in your ear 24/7, without the ability to assassinate them. That is enough to wear down any brave man."
],
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3,
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | If Somalia was a failed state how did the borders stay intact and not be taken over by neighbouring countries
| [
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7milgt | Regarding officials (police, judges, etc) who get caught doing something immoral or illegal, why are they asked to resign instead of getting fired/license/certs revoked? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dru7bld"
],
"text": [
"Police can be fired. In *some* locales, so can judges. But in *many* locales, judges are protected against removal except in extreme cases (like a felony), as are legislators. This is done to prevent abuses, like someone who doesn't like their policies working to get them fired."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Regarding officials (police, judges, etc) who get caught doing something immoral or illegal, why are they asked to resign instead of getting fired/license/certs revoked?
[removed] | [
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37o7d8 | Why the US is allowed to shutdown websites such as Mega-upload? | Why is the US allowed to seize and shutdown websites that they consider illegal?
For example: Why was the US allowed to seize the mega-upload domain in 2012 and shutdown the site, when the internet is a global thing and should not be controlled by one country. I am sure in some small countries the site wasn't breaking in laws, but now the site is closed for them to. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Because the relevant assets were inside the jurisdiction of the governments that did the seizures.\n\nA website hosted inside Germany using the .de ccTLD of Germany is safe from the USA because all of its assets are inside Germany. Germany can take action against them, though."
],
"score": [
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why the US is allowed to shutdown websites such as Mega-upload?
Why is the US allowed to seize and shutdown websites that they consider illegal? For example: Why was the US allowed to seize the mega-upload domain in 2012 and shutdown the site, when the internet is a global thing and should not be controlled by one country. I am sure in some small countries the site wasn't breaking in laws, but now the site is closed for them to. | [
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4058hl | How did reddit manipulate Google image results of Comcast to display a swastika? | What were the exact mechanics behind it? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cyrkuiz"
],
"text": [
"You post the image, with the title including \"Comcast\". The longer it stays and the more popular the image is, the more likely it is the google bot will pick it up, and place it closer to #1"
],
"score": [
25
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} | {
"url": []
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} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How did reddit manipulate Google image results of Comcast to display a swastika?
What were the exact mechanics behind it? | [
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3ne5p0 | What does it mean when someone is always trying to one-up you in a conversation? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"I do this, and I try not to. As I've gotten older I'm much more successful. \n\nTo think of it a targeted thing is more than a little misleading. It's a defect in my communication that has little to do with the person I'm communicating with and way more to do with how I'm communicating.\n\nFor me, it's mostly about being nervous or uncomfortable somehow. I find a \"flowing\" conversation to be something that's very difficult to do. Sometimes I find myself slipping into an introagation mode where all I do is ask questions and never talk about myself.\n\nThen, sometimes, I overcorrect. You say something about your self and it makes me think about something in my own life. I'm excited that I get to participate in the conversation so I frequently interrupt (also a problem) other times I just follow up, and tell my story. \n\nOf course, because I'm insecure and want you to think well of me. I won't tell a story that sounds worse than yours, obviously, so I tell a story that somehow one-ups your story.\n\nI don't mean it in a negative way. I don't think I'm smarter than you, in fact I likely think quite otherwise. I'm not trying to make you look stupid or bad, I'm trying to make myself look good.\n\nIronically, it accomplishes the exact opposite. It's my natural style, and I've learned to not do that. But it took me the better part of a decade to really realize that I was doing something wrong, what that thing was and how I might fix it.",
"I just do this because I like to discuss the topic. It depends on the person and how its said, but it may or may not be aimed at you. (i.e. the person may want to one-up you, or the person may just really want to discuss the topic.)"
],
"score": [
19,
2
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What does it mean when someone is always trying to one-up you in a conversation?
[deleted] | [
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20y79u | I'm afraid to tell my husband I've never seen Star Wars before. Can someone give me a cheat sheet of the main characters and plot? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"If you need to explain to your husband that you've been off sleeping with NBA All Star Team I can help you out, or that you've sold off a kid on the chinese black market...I'm your man. Need to break the news that you've mortgaged the house to support your heroin addiction? I'm there for you. But this? No way. Can't get in the middle of this one. I'm on team husband here.",
"Alright sweetie, let me help you out.\n\nIf you can't tell your husband that you haven't watched a show he (presumably) likes then you have *way* bigger problems than the need for a cheat sheet.\n\nSo here's what you do.\n\nTell him the truth.\n\nWhy?\n\n1) He should understand that not everyone has seen Star Wars. Use this as an opportunity to watch it *with* him. It can become a great bonding experience for the two of you.\n\nIf he doesn't want to watch it with you, find out why, as it means there's a bigger problem at play and you really should figure it out before it explodes on you. If you don't want to watch it with him, you need a darn good reason why that you will *explain to him*. Not wanting to do something that's supposed to be fun with your partner is a sign of significant stress.\n\n2) **Do not lie to him!** If you fake your knowledge and interest he will only be severely hurt when he finds out the truth. This is not a question of if, but when.\n\n3) It's okay to like different things. You are different people. Pursuant to number 2, don't fake being something you aren't. If you're going to spend the rest of your lives together, you need to be able to be yourself. You must both accept that you may have interests that are different from each other. Pretending to be interested can only lead to resentment and bitterness later.\n\nThat being said, definitely try to be interested. Give it a fair shot, and an honest opinion afterward. For example, don't say things like \"this show is dumb,\" because if he cares about it then it will feel to him like you're attacking him personally through his interests. Own your opinion with statements like \"I don't think this show is right for me.\"\n\n4) Be open with each other. Love and good relationships are all about people communicating.",
"This lie must end tonight. Tell your husband the truth and then watch the movie(s) together. It'll be a special treat for your husband to watch it with someone who has never seen it before. I'd watch them in order of release, so that you see 4, 5, and 6 first.",
"It all starts off in a galaxy far far away...\n\nSo there are these iguana looking guys right? With an army of robots (I know! Robots in a scifi movie! Who would've thought!) who are pissed at this resort planet called Naboo, so they blockade the crap out of it Liam Neeson and Ewan Mcgregor go to let them know that this is an absolute dick move, and the iguanas try to kill them. They escape to Naboo and end up meeting a retarded frog named jar jar, shortly before meeting his fat cousins and borrowing a submarine. They go find the queen, and in their escape damage their warp core. They have to stop at this absolute hellhole of a planet named Tatooine, on which they meet Anakin Skywalker (before he got all angsty). Turns out, Qui-gon (Liam Neeson) is broke as crap and they can't fix the space yacht. Qui-gon convinces Anakin to compete in a deadly race, which Anakin agrees to because he has the hots for Padme (She's Natalie Portman, who wouldn't?). He miraculously wins and Qui-gon and Obi-wan (Ewan Mcgregor, pay attention) decide to take him with them so Dumbledore can teach him the ways of the Jedi. But first, the whiny queen makes them go back to Naboo. Cue Badass Fight Scene, in which robots die, a few starfighter pilots die, Anakin blows up everything ever, and Qui-gon gets stabbed by a skinhead with red skin and a two-bladed sword. Everyone's sad about this, but in the end there's a huge celebration and Anakin gets accepted for Jedi Training\n\nCue Second Movie (George Lucas was smart when he split this into six movies. He made absolute bank). Padme is coming to Coruscant, the galactic capital, to be a pacifist and stuff. Somehow, she manages to piss off every bounty hunter ever (actually just two) and so Obi-Wan and Anakin have to protect her. One of the bounty hunter kills the other for dishonoring her family and the ninja code, and so Obi-Wan starts tracking the living one. Padme and Anakin are sent back to Naboo \"for her protection\" (wink wink nudge nudge) and surprise surprise, they end up falling in love. Meanwhile Obi-Wan tracks down the bounty hunter, named Jango Fett, on Kamino, the alien version of Seattle. Seriously. Rain Everywhere. Anyway, Jango and his clone-son Boba escape, leaving Obi-Wan with the bill for a massive clone army. He proceeds to pay for the army by washing dishes all night, and then tracks Jango to the desert world of Geonosis (seriously? ANOTHER desert world?). He runs into a bit of trouble, prompting Anakin and Padme to quit sucking face on Tatooine, where they had gone to watch Anakin's mom die. They come charging in like the heroes they are... only to get captured as well. Every Jedi ever and the aforementioned clone army come to kick ass and take names, and they end up freeing the trio of ill-fated heroes. Anikan and Obi-wan leave for a massive fight against Count Doodoo (sorry, Dooku) and Anakin loses a hand trying to be the hero again. Seriously, take a frickin hint! Movie ends with Padme and Anakin violating their ninja code by having a super secret wedding.\n\nThird movie. Anakin and Obi-Wan are on a daring mission to rescue the Chancellor (president dude). They \"land\" aboard a huge starship, kill a bunch of robots, and end up fighting Count Dooku. This time, Anakin actually wins and cuts Dooku's head off. He and Obi-wan proceed to land this banged up command ship on Coruscant, get a couple of parking tickets, go back to the Senate Building. Later that night, Anakin, who by the way is now angstier than a 15-year-old girl, swears again his undying love for Padme and his willingness to do anything to protect her. Long story short, Obi-Wan kills a giant robot spider named Grievous, and Anakin goes bad because it turns out the Chancellor was the bad guy all along and he promises to help Anakin save Padme from the Matrix or whatever. I kinda slept through that part. Anakin kills all the Jedi, and he and Obi-Wan have a Highlander-style duel on the volcano planet Mustafar. Anakin is horribly burned and dismembered, but revived as Darth Vader and given this robot suit that costs him... an arm and a leg! HAHA get it? Cuz.. the.. dismemberment... and stuff. -ahem- so yeah cut to credits.\n\nHere's where the old movies start. The Rebels decide they don't like the Chancellors new empire and so they steal the plans for his top secret space disco ball. Darth Vader himself tracks down Princess Leia, who's carrying them, but unfortunately for him she already gave them to a trash can and one half of Daft Punk. The two robots land on Tatooine and are captured and sold to Luke Skywalker, who's even whinier than Anakin. Oh, by the way, Anakin knocked up Padme and she had twins. Luke is one of them. Anyway, trash can robot (R2D2) makes a dash for freedom. Luke and Daft Punk robot (C3P0) go after him, and end up finding the hermit Ben \"Obi-Wan\" Kenobi. Luke's aunt and uncle bite the dust, and Ben takes everyone to Alderaan for no particular reason, along with a smuggler named Indiana Jones, I mean, Han Solo. It turns out the disco ball shoots planet-destroying lasers, and so by the time they get there, Alderaan is dust. They sneak on board the Disco Ball of Death and rescue Princess Leia, losing Ben to Vader in the process. They escape, are tracked to the rebel base, and Luke ends up having to single-handedly destroy the Disco Ball. He succeeds of course, being the hero and all, and everyone's happy.\n\nNext Movie, this one actually goes by pretty quick. Giant battle on Space Canada (the planet Hoth). Han Solo is captured. Luke has a training montage in the Louisiana swamps with Kermit the Frog (Yoda), and then goes and fails to rescue Han. Thanks a lot, Luke. He and Vader fight, Vader pulls out the \"I AM YOUR FATHER\" line, dramatic music, Vader cuts off Lukes hand, his buddies rescue him, end of movie.\n\nLast one, I promise. Turns out Vader and Co. are building a new Disco Ball. Luke, however, is back on Tatooine trying to rescue Han Solo from Jabba the Hutt, a huge slug who has Leia tied up in a metal bikini as well. Luke is getting ready to pull out his giant salt shaker, but Jabba captures him too. God, Luke's even worse than his dad. They are taken to be thrown into a giant butthole in the sand, but Luke finally does something right. Managing to break free, he kills everyone while Leia strangles Jabba with her chain collar. That'll teach HIM to objectify women. Anyway, everyone is saved, and Luke goes back to Louisiana for a second training montage, but Yoda the Frog ruins the whole this by dying. Seriously! The nerve of some people. The Ghost of Jedi Past, being old Obi-Wan, shows up and tells Luke that Leia is his sister. Which is kinda gross, considering he kissed her earlier. He leaves, freaked out and sexually confused, and meets up with the Rebels. This time, the Evil Empire put a shield generator on the ground to protect their Disco Ball of Death. Luke, Leia, Solo, and C3P0 go to take it out, but are kidnapped by homicidal teddy bears. They convince the teddy bears to kill the scary Empire guys instead of them, and take out the shield. Meanwhile, Action Jackson (introduced in the 5th movie) flies straight into the middle of the disco ball and blows the whole thing up. Luke has one final fight scene with his dad, with the Chancellor-turned-Emperor watching, and convinces Vader to be good again. Vader proves what an upstanding citizen he is by murdering the Emperor in cold blood, but soon dies from an asthma attack. He takes off his helmet for the first time in years to see Luke one last time, and we find out he has secretly been a paler version of Kojak the whole time. The Rebels win, Disco Ball explodes, and Luke gives his dad a traditional Viking funeral. Roll Credits. Lucas and Spielberg end up rolling in money. Think I covered all the important bits. Hope this helps!",
"Watch the movies just for the enjoyment but you could just misdirect his attention :)\n\nAnd if you want to impress him with stuff he might not know, NEW STUFF!\n_URL_0_",
"I'd imagine the wikipedia plot synopsis would suffice.",
"The galaxy is ruled by the evil **Galactic Empire**. A ragtag bunch of freedom fighters have formed the **Rebel Alliance** to oppose it.\n\nThe Empire has built an enormous space station called the **Death Star**, with the power to destroy entire planets. Imperial senator-turned-Rebel agent **Leia Organa** has stolen the plans to the Death Star, and is trying to get them to the Rebels. However, the Emperor's evil minion **Darth Vader** has captured her ship. During the battle, she gives the plans to two robots, **C-3PO** and **R2-D2**, who escape to the nearby desert planet Tatooine.\n\nThe droids end up captured by locals and sold to the family of **Luke Skywalker**. Luke is a skilled pilot who wants to get out and see the universe, but is tied down to his adoptive aunt and uncle's farm. R2-D2 escapes the farm to go find an old acquaintance of Leia's father, **Obi-Won Kenobi**, who Luke knows as \"uncle\" Ben Kenobi. Luke takes C-3PO and finds Kenobi and the errant robot.\n\nKenobi explains to Luke that Luke's real father was a **Jedi Knight**, a peacekeeping warrior with mystical powers. He gives Luke his father's lightsaber and tells him of the robots' mission to deliver the Death Star plans to Leia's home planet of Alderaan. He also reveals that Darth Vader was once Kenobi's student, before he turned to evil. Kenobi thinks that Luke should come along with them, but Luke demurs, citing his familial obligations. However, the Empire has tracked the robots to Luke's aunt and uncle's farm. Imperial troops kill them and raze the farm. Luke, realizing that there is nothing left for him at home, decides to aid Kenobi.\n\nMeanwhile, Leia is tortured for information while imprisoned on the Death Star. She refuses to divulge the location of the rebels' headquarters. The Imperial commander orders Alderaan destroyed.\n\nThe party travels to a spaceport and hire smugglers **Han Solo** and **Chewbacca** to take them to Alderaan. The Empire catches up with them, and they narrowly escape. Along the way, Kenobi tries to instruct Luke in the very basics of the Jedi's arts.\n\nHowever, when they reach Alderaan, they find only rubble and the Death Star. Their ship is captured, but they elude custody and hide aboard the Death Star. Kenobi goes off to sabotage the station so that their ship can escape. Meanwhile, R2-D2 discovers that Leia is being held about the station, and over Han's objections, Han, Chewbacca, and Luke go to rescue her. They break her out of her cell, but everything goes pear-shaped and they must fight their way out.\n\nKenobi succeeds in sabotaging the station, but Darth Vader senses his old master's presence and finds him. The two duel with lightsabers. Kenobi is killed. The others, including Leia, (again) narrowly escape to deliver the Death Star plans to the rebels. But their escape was a ruse – their ship is being tracked, and the Empire now knows where the rebel base is.\n\nThe rebels find a weakness in the Death Star that may allow a few small ships to destroy it. Luke volunteers to go along with the attack. Han and Chewbacca, having been paid, depart. The attack goes badly, with most of the Rebel ships being destroyed. Darth Vader himself flies against them. He is about to destroy Luke's ship when Han and Chewbacca show up in the nick of time to disable Vader. When targeting his weapons, Luke hears Kenobi's voice, telling him to trust his feelings and perceptions rather than relying on the computer. Luke hits the target and the Death Star is destroyed.\n\nEveryone celebrates and gets medals.",
"Now this a story all about how,\nMy life got flipped turned upside down,\nAnd you should take a minute just listen to this,\nAbout how I became apprentice to the Dark Lord of Sith.\n\nIn West Tatooine I was born and raised,\nOn junkjard is where I spent most of my days,\nSlavin out racin, inventin all cool,\nI was drivin my podracer always after school.\n\nWhen a couple of Jedi who were up some good,\nStarted making trouble in my neighborhood.\nI won one little race and I got flamboyant\nAnd I was movin’ with Obi and Quigon to Corouscant.\n\nI was looking for a Queen and when I to Naboo,\nI fell in love with Padme and her real tight vagoo.\nIf anything I could say that I was afraid,\nBut I thought “Nah forget it, it’s not yet too late.”\n\nI pulled up to the chancellor, telling him of this,\nWhen I realized he was the Lord of the Sith.\nI embraced the Dark Side, I was finally Vader,\nI could sit on my throne and kill Obi Wan later.",
"If you've never seen Star Wars before and try to fake it by reading online, trust me, he'll know. Oh he will know.\n\nSays the wife of a Star Wars fanatic",
"You are a perfect test case to see if the movies are actually good, or way overblown by fans who loved it as a kid.",
"Why would you lie about something like that?"
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"url": [
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} | train_eli5 | I'm afraid to tell my husband I've never seen Star Wars before. Can someone give me a cheat sheet of the main characters and plot?
| [
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34gqx9 | Why the NFL commissioner is boo'd? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Tradition, when it was in NYC Jets fans boo'd everything especially their team's picks.\n\nBut also he is nothing but a corporate shill and spineless mouthpiece for the uncaring owners. Why should he be cheered?"
],
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} | train_eli5 | Why the NFL commissioner is boo'd?
| [
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2yy0ws | Why do apostrophes appear as ' & #39;' on many internet forums after copy/pasting? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's called an \"ASCII Code\", the \" & #__;\", where the blanks are two-three numbers is specifically used for HTML, the programming language used for websites.\n\nASCII stands for \"American Standard Code for Information Exchange\". All letters, numbers, and characters have an ASCII code. \n\nBasically, when it comes to programming, certain characters (like apostrophes, ampersands, asterisks, parenthesis, brackets, carrots) have a programming function. In order to display these characters as text and not as programming, we need to use the ASCII equivalent. The ASCII equivalent has no programming function, but when rendered by your internet browser, becomes the character needed. For characters without a programming function (like letters and numbers) there is no need for this.\n\nSo, TL;DR If an apostrophe (') was used instead of the \" & #39\", it would be treated as an apostrophe in code, not an apostrophe to be displayed, resulting in many possible issues. The ASCII code ensures it cannot be misinterpreted. (For reference, I have to leave the semicolon \";\" out after the ASCII code, or it really just puts an apostrophe in, feel free to try it yourself.)",
"This is URL encoding. According to the standard for how you name web links you can only have \".\" and \":\" and \"/\" and a few other characters in it. So any other special characters that you may want to feed into a URL are encoded like this to keep browsers and servers happy.\n\nIn the same vein, similar tricks are used for special characters when they're inserted into databases; that's to pretect malicious attacks, or just big goof ups.. Some special characters mean certain things to webservers and databases so these are checked for when you send the data to the webserver and if necessary converted.",
"An error somewhere in the code handling posted content.\n\nIn HTML you have 'tags' like < input type=\"text\" / > that defines the page content. This comment box, for example, is a < textarea > tag in the HTML.\n\nSo in HTML you use < tagname > and some other things to specify parts of the page, but what if I actually want to write out < html > tags to demonstrate it to people? \n\nIf the posting mechanism just pasted exactly what I typed in on the page then it'd see me use < html > in my comment and get confused about this HTML tag that showed up out of nowhere.\n\nTo get around this there are the so-called HTML entities that refer to each character but the HTML standard knows should *not* be interpreted as an HTML tag. \n\nThe sequence & followed by gt; for example will draw the > without it being interpreted as an HTML control character. (Reddit will actually replace the & gt; with a greater than symbol it turns out, you can write the HTML entities into the comment box and it'll print out their actual value for at least some of them.)\n\nSo when Reddit takes my text input here and parses it it'll replace all the < and > with & lt; and & gt; so it doesn't get read as HTML by the browser. If Reddit had an error in its code it might encode them incorrectly and do something like make apostrophes be an HTML entity sequence that maps to & followed by #39; (Again, if you just put the actual HTML entity in the comment it'll get rendered as the character it references. Try it out.)"
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} | train_eli5 | Why do apostrophes appear as ' & #39;' on many internet forums after copy/pasting?
| [
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2slhsu | At what point does a fertilized egg or an embryo gain consciousness or awareness that its alive? | I'm just a student but I was always curious when and how does the embryo gain life? And by life I mean a consciousness ( A baby that kicks the womb is conscious before it sees the world but at what point is it like "oh I'm alive")
Let me be more specific. When a baby kicks the womb, I'm not sure but I think we can say that it is alive at that point because its physically kicking, and moving its body. Its no longer an egg or anything non living, it is a living thing. When does the "aliveness" come? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"If you're talking about self-awareness, then around the age of two assuming you follow the mirror test as a valid test of self-awareness. Basically, you show the child a mirror. If they think it's another child, it's not self-aware. If it recognizes the image in the mirror as themself, they are self-aware.",
"We don't know. Sorry, but we're not even completely sure what self-awareness and consciousness actually are, or why we alone seem to have it of all the creatures on earth. So to ask when we first have it, is a question we cannot yet answer.\n\nBut, perhaps someday, we might. Perhaps you might be inspired to try to find out, and maybe you will, or at least what you research and learn might help someone else later on uncover these mysteries.\n\nThat's the awesome thing about science - we don't know everything, but we are always trying to learn more anyway. Keep looking, my friend, and maybe some of these mysteries will be opened up to you someday.",
"It's definitely after birth. Hence why babies are so interested in their own body, they notice their hands are their hands and become aware that they are an entity.",
"We unfortunately don't know when consciousness begins, or even what consciousness actually is. I personally think that when the baby is in the womb it's more like being asleep, and when they're born it's like waking up for the first time. That makes the most sense to me, but there's really not much evidence to support any position on fetus and infant consciousness.",
"> A baby that kicks the womb is conscious\n\nReally? May I see a citation for that, please? I ask only because I don't remember much from before the age of three, so I think other people may have different experiences than I do.",
"Depends on how you denote consciousness, and how you measure it, but certainly not until months after birth, and possibly more than 2 years after birth. [Source](_URL_0_)."
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} | train_eli5 | At what point does a fertilized egg or an embryo gain consciousness or awareness that its alive?
I'm just a student but I was always curious when and how does the embryo gain life? And by life I mean a consciousness ( A baby that kicks the womb is conscious before it sees the world but at what point is it like "oh I'm alive") Let me be more specific. When a baby kicks the womb, I'm not sure but I think we can say that it is alive at that point because its physically kicking, and moving its body. Its no longer an egg or anything non living, it is a living thing. When does the "aliveness" come? | [
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559bw3 | Regarding the different types of non-covalent interactions, why/how does the energy of these different types of interactions depend on the distance between them? | Having trouble with grasping the concept | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Non covalent (Ionic) bonds do not share their electrons like covalent bonds do. It is a metal bonding with a non metal. There has to be a certain degree of electro negativity difference. If you take a gander at the periodic table, there's metals in groups 1, 2, and 3 that lose one electron, two or three (same as the group number) and then become positively charged with a +1 +2 or +3 charge also called a cation. Losing a negatively charged electron leaves more positively charged protons, so that element is then positively charged. Non metals on the far right side can then receive that/those electrons. Their charge is determined by their place in the periodic table also. A non metal in group 6 will receive a charge of -2 and is called an anion. Gaining electrons that are negatively charged gives the element more negative charges than positively charged protons, so it becomes a negative element. This charge is found by subtracting the group number from the number 8 (which is the number of valence electrons needed for a stable atom) the noble gasses in the far right of the table are all stable with 8 valence electrons. Because of their distance apart on the table and their separations in charges, these ionic bonds take much more energy to break apart than covalent bonds. This is why water (hydrogen bond) has such a high heat of vaporization compared to other compounds. An easy example of a far left group metal bonding with a non metal is NaCl -sodium chloride ( table salt ), which has a Na+ Cl- charge and is arranged in a crystal lattice shape, which is very strong compared to a non ionic bond. Metals in the middle of the table like cooper can also bond, but they have variable charges. This is all off the top of my head and chemistry was not my strong suit :)"
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} | train_eli5 | Regarding the different types of non-covalent interactions, why/how does the energy of these different types of interactions depend on the distance between them?
Having trouble with grasping the concept | [
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2558ab | Why does sleeping 6 hours earlier at night make me more tired than sleeping 6 hours late at night? | Sometimes I go to sleep late at night (5am) and wake up around 11am. However, lately I've decided to sleep at 12am and get up at 6am, but I find myself falling asleep during the day, whereas I never had this problem when I sleep at 5am. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It could be as simple as your body taking time to adjust to a new sleeping pattern. How long have you been doing this new sleep schedule?"
],
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} | train_eli5 | Why does sleeping 6 hours earlier at night make me more tired than sleeping 6 hours late at night?
Sometimes I go to sleep late at night (5am) and wake up around 11am. However, lately I've decided to sleep at 12am and get up at 6am, but I find myself falling asleep during the day, whereas I never had this problem when I sleep at 5am. | [
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1wamch | Why in Islam and Judaism its followers can't eat pork? | Don't really feel like reading through the Torah or Quaran. Please explain WHY they can't. Maybe a little story in Layman's Terms. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Pigs and humans are genetically very similar, to the point where you can do organ transplants. Many of the bacteria, parasites, etc will therefore find humans a similar host. \n\nTwo tribes are near each other. One eats pork, the other doesn't. The tribe that doesn't suffers less illnesses and the people are healthier, so the other tribe believes there must be something in their theistic beliefs as they have no scientific explanation available.",
"The religious injunction against pork is because pigs were considered to be \"unclean\" animals (relevant text form the Old Testament at bottom of this post).\n\nAs far as WHY, it is probably because people can get incredibly sick and die from under-cooked pork (see \"trichinosis\" or \"trichinellosis\"). So if lots of people back in the day were getting sick from eating a particular food, they would assume that they were being punished for eating it. \n\nEven now that there is a rational explanation for this illness, it is quite hard to get groups of people to stop doing what they have been doing for thousands of years. Religious identity is as much about shared cultural norms as it is about faith.\n\n\"The pig, because it divides the hoof but does not chew the cud, it is unclean for you. You shall not eat any of their flesh nor touch their carcasses.\" Deuteronomy 14:8\n\nAlso, \"and the pig, for though it divides the hoof, thus making a split hoof, it does not chew cud, it is unclean to you.\" Leviticus 11:7",
"A lot of scholars believe the original Jewish prohibition didn't have any purpose beyond marking that group as distinct from others, which is a common reason for taboos in various cultures. Various reasons have been advanced as to why it makes sense to abstain from pork, but these really amount to [just-so stories](_URL_0_)",
"To my understand these \"rules\" are based on the book of Leviticus of the old testament. This at least helps explain why those of the Jewish faith choose to not eat what is deemed as unclean meat. \nI was raised Seventh-day Adventist and was taught at an early age that digesting food such as pork, shellfish,\n and fish that don't have scales is seen as a sin. This is because your body is considered a temple of God and these foods were viewed as dirty. \n\nI could type more if I wasn't on my phone at work. I no longer follow the beliefs of Seventh-day Adventist...not just because I think bacon is the most delicious food ever...but I hope this helps answer your question a little better",
"parasites. it's just been put in a religious context so that they definitely wouldn't. it stuck."
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} | train_eli5 | Why in Islam and Judaism its followers can't eat pork?
Don't really feel like reading through the Torah or Quaran. Please explain WHY they can't. Maybe a little story in Layman's Terms. | [
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3x1h9m | How do cartoon shows like The Simpsons and Family Guy increase the overall quality of animation over time? What changes? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They got bigger budgets due to popularity. Also, the early seasons used hand-drawn animation made for 480p analog broadcast, while now they are computer animation rendered in 1080p.",
"They get viewers and make more money to put into development.\n\nJust like a (non-animated) series I watch: Supernatural.\nFirst season the devils smoke was terrible. Nowadays it's epic.\n\nJust money :)"
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} | train_eli5 | How do cartoon shows like The Simpsons and Family Guy increase the overall quality of animation over time? What changes?
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3ixiox | Why does a country like china devalue its currency? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Let's pretend the exchange rate is 1:1 for the Yuan to the Dollar.\n\nSomething that costs 100 Yuan would have to sell for at least $100.\n\nLet's say now the exchange rate is 2:1. It costs twice as much in Yuan to buy its equivalence in Dollars.\n\nThat good that costs 100 yuan can now sell for $50."
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} | train_eli5 | Why does a country like china devalue its currency?
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6kphi8 | Why is it whenever I stand up too fast from sitting on the couch, my vision becomes slightly impaired (or I start seeing only black) and I become dizzy? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Interestingly, the Mayo Clinic offers a [description of that dizziness, but no reason for it](_URL_1_)\n\nMy guess would be it's a combination of two things. One is the sudden movement of standing which jostles the fluid inside your inner ear. Your ear uses that fluid to detect movement, orientation, and help with balance. Jostling that fluid by spinning, riding in a car or on a boat or standing up can all cause dizziness.\n\nThe impaired vision is likely blood flow. When you stand up fast, it's likely that blood drains a little bit away from your brain and down toward your legs. This only lasts a moment but it's enough to slightly effect your vision. The same thing happens to fighter pilots during flights, blood pools in their legs and they experience blindness. They actually make [special suits](_URL_0_) to prevent blood pooling for this reason.",
"It might have to do with blood pressure. The actual height of the blood \"flow\" depends on your position. This is what determines the pressure your blood has. When you are laying down, this height is about 20 cm, but standing up it's close to your height. This conversion gets harder with your age, and might cause blood to not be where it should be for a while (certain parts of your brain etc.).\n\nEDIT: please feel free to correct me, this is what I recollect from my high school years"
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} | train_eli5 | Why is it whenever I stand up too fast from sitting on the couch, my vision becomes slightly impaired (or I start seeing only black) and I become dizzy?
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1063oe | Can a person survive walking inside a tornado? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's definitely possible but not probable. I don't think you'd be able to walk either. You'd most likely be picked up by the wind. Occasionally stories pop up about people who get picked up and gently set down a few miles away with minor bruises, but most people die.",
"Unlikely, but possible. All but the weakest tornadoes will have winds strong enough to blow you off your feet. The flying debris poses the most hazard, followed by being thrown around into objects by the high winds."
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35mf81 | Why are there so many Saudi princes? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Because each one takes on multiple wives and has many children... so prince has 20 children, and they each have 20 children you end up with many, many princes in the royal family."
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3ituyh | Now that we know that "spooky action at a distance" is a confirmed phenomena of the quantum world, what does it mean? | I know whatever the average internet surfing Joe would know about Quantum mechanics. Mostly nothing.
What does this mean for general physics? I saw in the comments that this means we are all connected. Does that mean I am somehow connected to my plate of oreos? Or does this 'connection' work only from like to like, humans to humans, oreos to oreos. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Quantum entanglement, or 'spooky action at a distance', is a phenomenon that can occur when two particles are created. I'll use spin as an example of a property that can be entangled. If two particles are created that are entangled, their spins will have opposite values. You can only know the probability that a particle's spin will be in a particular direction. There's no way to be sure ahead of time.\n\nSay you measure the spin of one entangled particle to be clockwise. You now instantly know that the particle it is entangled with has a counterclockwise spin. Even though it's impossible to describe spin as anything other than a probability, the spin of the second particle is determined by the measurement of the first particle. Whatever measurement you get, the other entangled particle will measure the opposite way.\n\nThe second particle 'knowing' which spin to have based on the first particle's measurement happens instantaneously, and this bothered Einstein, the man who first referred to it as \"spooky\". According to relativity, nothing can move faster than the speed of light. Yet, the second particle's spin is determined instantly. Theoretically, the particles could be separated by light years, and measuring clockwise on the first particle's spin would guarantee that the second particle's spin would be counterclockwise.\n\nThis doesn't violate relativity, however, because there is no way to transmit information via entanglement. The second particle's measured quantity will always be determined by the measurement of the first particle, but what that measurement yields is inherently probabilistic. It's random, and the qualities of the second particle will be random too, just in the opposite way. So no physical laws are broken. You can't use quantum entanglement to send a message or intentionally make anything at all happen. And it's something that only really matters on the scale of individual particles. The chances of your left big toe being entangled with your right are about as likely as Jupiter spontaneously appearing in the Andromeda galaxy. It's technically possible, but the odds are so small that they're barely quantifiable.\n\nWhat does this mean for general physics? Nothing, because we've been aware of entanglement for quite some time now. All that has happened is that yet another rigorous experiment has upheld it to be true.\n\nAs an aside, Einstein's resolution to the problem was to say that the two particles contained hidden variables that determined what state they'd be in when measured. He had no evidence, but he imagined that there were some things that we just didn't yet know about the particles that would cause them to measure in opposite ways. The measurement of the first didn't determine the second because, to him, the information about what the measurements would be was contained within the particles all along, unknown to us. Many experiments have shown this to be false; quantum entanglement has withstood all experiments to date. Look up Bell's Inequalities if you want to know how we can prove that there are no hidden variables.",
"By the way, this is the lab who did the research and the experiment. \n\n_URL_0_\n\nI am an engineer in that lab, work never feels like work just one science playground"
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} | train_eli5 | Now that we know that "spooky action at a distance" is a confirmed phenomena of the quantum world, what does it mean?
I know whatever the average internet surfing Joe would know about Quantum mechanics. Mostly nothing. What does this mean for general physics? I saw in the comments that this means we are all connected. Does that mean I am somehow connected to my plate of oreos? Or does this 'connection' work only from like to like, humans to humans, oreos to oreos. | [
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74g7f3 | Why do they make 'normal' cars that go faster than the speed limits? e.g. Hyundai i10 that goes up to 150mph | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There are several things which affect this, some of which have already been mentioned:\n\n* The first is selling point (mentioned by @PM_ME_YOUR_AIRFOIL). Not so much so for your base models but for higher end cars Top Speed and how quickly a car gets there may affect which car someone buys.\n* The second is engine size. the larger an engine in terms of capacity and the number of cylinders makes a car smoother, hence why a Bentley may have a 12 cylinder engine, but may only produce as much power as a 6 cylinder, more sporty car. A by-product of this may be that the top speed is higher, and will certainly be higher than the top speed of any speed limit.\n* A sub point of the one above is engine wear. Larger engines tend to take the stress of mileage a lot better. This would obviously depend who and how they drive it, but an engine working at less stress is generally a less troublesome one. A by product of this is a higher top speed (in some cases)\n* The next is top speeds of roads. In Germany they have speed limitless motorways/freeways called Autobahns. This means in certain markets it is appealing to have a car that can far exceed a speed limit that may appear in another country and it would not be cost-efficient for a manufacturer to tailor a car just for one market (we're talking speed here, not other factors such as which hand drive the car is)\n* If a state/country was to make law that cars had to have a speed limiter, it would only apply to new cars and would cause a gigantic list of issues and cost for very little gain. It would also mean that governments could not earn revenue from fining motorists for breaking the limits (like it or not, it is a fact the government earns money from people using their car above the road limits).\n* The most important thing about the top speed is related to a cars gear ratios and where a car will sit in terms of speed and revolutions (RPM) of the engine. A combustion engine car (a car that takes petrol or diesel) will be most efficient sitting in RPM and speed terms towards the lower to middle end of its RPM scale (if a car red lines at 8,000 rpm, 2,500-4,000 rpm will likely be its most efficient). This satisfies two things, one is fuel consumption, which affects why someone may buy a car, less fuel consumption means less money spent on fuel, and the next is emissions standards, which is particularly important in countries such as Britain, where the amount of tax on a vehicle is based on the amount of emissions the car kicks out. To satisfy this, the very top of the highest most gear would need to be well above the local speed limits in order for that speed limit to achieve good fuel consumption and limit emissions. \n \nThe points above generally fit under a limiter fitted to a car to limit its top speed. It would be far too expensive to carry out an operation like this, and my cynical view is governments would not earn revenue from people breaking the speed limit and instead would have to spend money enforcing limiters. Manufacturers don't limit speeds because they are competing against each other, who in turn are all trying to get the most in every way out of a car.\n \nThe next points relate to having engines small enough so that they can only reach 70. This would be incredibly impractical for everyday use as I will explain: \n* Hills. Going up a hill is harder work for an engine. A small engine would struggle with a hill. \n* People and weight. Cars and vehicles are used to transport things, limiting an engine size limits a cars ability to transport more things. A phenomenon which every young man with a car will experience is their first car. Traditionally a young British male's first car will be a small, cheap and old hatchback with a tiny little engine as this is the only form of motoring he can afford. Carrying on tradition, you will at some point ferry yourself and 4 of your near-adult weight friends around to your destination (a lot of the time there is no destination and you are just simply driving your mates around). These small engines struggle greatly and performance is hindered, and if you add a hill, the problem gets twice as bad.\n\n I will now list these quickly:\n* Acceleration/Performance of a small engine would be terrible, trying to keep up with traffic would be a constant task/worry\n* Fuel consumption would be terrible\n* Engine wear would happen a lot quicker as parts are having to work harder.\n \nThe list is endless, but another side point is, for everyone that enjoys their cars - if someone made you limit your car to a speed, would you enjoy it as much? The answer is probably not, and the economy surrounding cars is too great for one government to lose over another (think of tourism Germany gets for individuals wanting to take their cars to the Nurburgring and on their Autobahns.)\n \nNote - I feel this was very long winded. Feel free to pick at anything. Honestly. \n\nEdit - Thank you for your comments. As Kkrit pointed out - most of Germany's Autobahn's have top speed limits now, but there are still a few without. It is without doubt the most famous and unique example of where speed limits aren't in place.\n \nEdit 2 - I tidied the formatting up!",
"Because otherwise it's not very sympathetic to the car's mechanical parts.\n\nFor instance if you say \"Well my highway has speed limit of 70mph so I'll buy a car that has a top speed of 70mph\". \n\nWell great, but in order to do highway speeds you then have to be absolutely hammering the engine, with your foot plastered to the floor just to keep up with the traffic. \n\nA car that can do 150 will be just cruising nicely at highway speeds, while your 70mph top speed car will be screaming, with the exhaust pipes glowing, smoke pouring out of the bonnet, and everyone in the car being shaken to death. \n\nJust because it can do it, doesn't mean you will, it just means that at the speeds you're *meant* to travel at, it won't be overstressing the engine.",
"Because top speed is still a selling point, mostly. As long as people are willing to pay for a fast car, companies will make them.\n\nAlso, speed limits vary worldwide, and some places such as racetracks or the Autobahn have no limits at all. Finally, a car with a weak engine that can just maintain the speed limit will have dangerously bad acceleration, and will be too slow against a headwind or up hill.",
"There's no compelling reason to artificially limit a car's top speed. If you just made the engine so small that the car couldn't go past, say, 70 mph, it would accelerate extremely slowly, probably to the point of being dangerous.",
"Think about us humans. Our top speed is when sprinting. We get tired very quickly when doing that and it stresses out our bodies. But for our normal every day pace when walking, it's very easy to do that. If our max speed was our walking pace, we would get tired fast, since that would as difficult as sprinting. A higher top speed makes the lower speeds that you experience every day a lot easier to handle, whether for walking or at highway speeds for cars.",
"it's about the horsepower. in order to make a 1000kg car to go with 90km/s on a straight road, you need about ~20hp. but going above 90 is problematic because of the wind resistance(drag) increases way to much(in the formula it has ^3).\n\nimagine using a i10 with 20 hp. it can't really go uphill, you can't really load it and it will have a painful acceleration.\n\nyou can avoid this by making it 90hp, it will give you a comfortable ride under the speed limit, and it can reach around 180km/s as a side effect.",
"Horsepower and torque are also needed for emergency maneuvers and merging. If a car's power is maxed out just cruising at highway speed, it poses a safety issue if said car is incapable of a swift but necessary maneuver. Ever try making a quick move in a shitbox Toyota or Hyundai entry-level rental car? Its lack of ability can be dangerous."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do they make 'normal' cars that go faster than the speed limits? e.g. Hyundai i10 that goes up to 150mph
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m8k9u | Game engines | I'm interested in game engines, how they work and what they do. Specifically the graphics engine, but I assume that they bear some similarity to one another. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"A game engine is nothing more than a bunch of code/software that handles the \"hard\" parts of making a game work so that the developers can focus on creating gameplay and content.\n\nSome things that a game engine may do:\n\n* Read and write graphics files (3D models, textures, sprites, etc.) and display them on the screen\n* Automate graphical special effects (animations, rotations, lens flare, etc.)\n* Track objects in the game world\n* Detect collision between objects\n* Provide information about frame rates, performance, and so on\n* Control maximum and minimum frame rates\n* Scale graphics to different screen sizes\n* Detect, report, and record input from keyboard, mouse, joystick, controller, mic, or other input device\n\nNot all game engines have the same features. However, they all provide ways that a programmer may interact with the features of the game engine, usually through code libraries containing functions, methods, classes, and event handlers.\n\nIs that clear enough or do I need to elaborate or clarify anything?",
"While EdgeOfDreams already made a pretty good post, its pretty techincal so for the real 5 year olds out there, its like choosing whether I want to play with Legos or Lincoln Logs. They don't provide prebuilt models of what you want to make and only provide a basis for you to expand on any idea you have. This way you dont have to make the building blocks and just start building :) Obviously this is pretty simplified but hope this helps less tech savvy people.",
"In trying to keep with ELI5, a game engine is like a completely empty game, no levels, no characters, nothing.\n\nA game developer takes this empty game and adds the maps and characters to it to create a game you can actually play. \n\nSometimes developers create their own engine for just their games and sometimes developers buy someone else's engine to use. This saves a lot of time as you don't have to write everything again every time you create a new game, but does limit what you can do as only features (graphics, physics) that are in the engine from the start can be used (which is why new game engines are written often)",
"Imagine you're playing with dolls / action figures. Every second, you're moving their arms, heads, make sound effects, make them talk, and decide what's going to happen next. When you play, you're the game engine. \n\nThe same thing happens inside a video game -- the game engine knows how a gun sounds, what a car looks like and how it should move. A gazillion times every second, the game engine checks all the things in the game and moves them around, including checking if you pressed a button or opened a door. It does it so quickly that everything looks like it's happening at once, and so the game looks \"real.\"",
"A game engine is to a programmer what prepackaged sauces are to a cook. If I want to make Spaghetti Bolognese I can buy a jar of sauce and some pasta and have a tasty meal in a short time or I can buy a bunch of ingredients and produce the sauce from scratch which takes a lot longer. \n \nIf you are willing and able to make your own sauce it will be tailored to your specific taste and needs, but takes much longer and requires more skill. Buying a jar is quicker and takes less cooking ability but you are limited to the flavour of the particular jar you bought.",
"A game engine in general is much like an automobile engine. Each device has differing parts all working harmoniously together under a specific set of rules, in order to achieve a main objective.\n\nEach part of an engine serves a specific purpose, and without that part the engine will not work properly. In games, there are various parts that are required for the game to work at all.\n\n* A game must be able to interact with a user in a meaningful way, this is the input/output section of the engine. It handles things such as key-presses, mouse clicks, taps on screen, etc. And, it also handles returning meaningful information back to the user about the key-presses, mouse clicks, taps on screen, etc.\n\n* A game must display some meaningful information about its state back to the user. This is normally the graphics portion of the engine. In the old days when things were simple this part of the engine was self contained, but still part of the overall game engine itself. Now this is rarely the case, most games now have a completely separate graphics engine which must be made to work with the main game engine. The graphics engine's whole purpose is to display things, period. Everything you see in a game is because of the graphics engine. It handles throwing up every single little dot on the screen.\n\n* Most people want to hear things, so this means some type of sound part is added to the engine. Very rarely do developers create their own sound code, it's far more normal to license this from another company which only does sound.\n\n* Game itself. This is where the fun parts come in. The game engine is after all, for a game right? This part of the engine does whatever numbers magic is necessary to pull off the actual game play. This means things like movement, collisions, placement and removal of objects, etc. This part is the make or break part. People are willing to forgive a lot, but being stuck within geometry of a game is not one of those things.\n\n* Physics. Most times this whole section is offloaded to another engine that deals specifically with the laws of physics. This portion sits between the output from the game engine and the graphics engine. The game gives the physics engine information about actions. The actions are then calculated by the physics engine, and the output is routed to the graphics engine for display to the user and back to the game engine for any additional processing. For example: if a player flips a coin in a game, the game engine computes what the action will be, heads or tails, determines if there are modifications to the coin flip such as how hard the flick was, and gives that information to the physics engine. The physics engine calculates flight paths, trajectories, momentum, and then hands off the outcome of the calculations to the display engine so it may draw the realistic looking coin toss on the screen.\n\nThere are many more pieces to a game engine. This is just a very simplistic look at how one may view it.",
"Let's look at the word 'engine'. What is the first thing you think about when you read 'engine'? The first thing I think about is a car engine. What is a car engine? What do car engines do? \n\nA car engine is what makes cars go. Some cars have big engines that make the car go really fast. Other cars have smaller engines that use less gasoline. Some engines belong to big, fancy cars and some engines belong to small, cute cars. All cars have an engine, because the car engine is what makes cars move and all cars are built to move!\n\nA game engine is similar to a car engine, because the game engine is what makes games work! Now, let's think about what makes a game work:\n\nWhat kinds of video games do you like to play? When I was a kid, I liked playing a game called Super Mario Brothers. Have you ever played a Super Mario game? I think most people interested in games have!\n\nWhat kinds of things do you see on the screen when you play a Mario game? [Take a look at this picture.](_URL_1_) What do you see? I see Mario, a blue background, some green hills that Mario is standing on, some dinosaur enemies, a giant Bullet Bill, a Yoshi coin, and a bunch of letters and numbers at the top of the screen.\n\nHow does the game know how to draw those things?\n\nWell, before the game was made a bunch of artists got together and drew pictures of Mario, the dinosaurs, the Bullet Bill, the green hills, the blue background, and all the letters and numbers. The artists drew the pictures on a computer and saved the pictures in the game. The game engine knows where those pictures are saved and is able to take the pictures and put them on the screen.\n\nNow, imagine you are playing the Super Mario game in the picture and you want to jump on the dinosaur's head. What buttons would you press? You would probably hold the left button on the D-Pad and then press the A button. What does Mario do when you press those buttons? He runs to the left, jumps in the air, and lands on the dinosaur's head. How did the game know how to move Mario?\n\nThe game engine! The game engine can see what buttons you press on your controller. Based on the buttons you press, the game engine moves the picture of Mario around the screen. When you press left, the game engine makes the picture of Mario move left. When you press A, the game engine makes the picture of Mario jump up in the air.\n\nNow, what happens when Mario lands on the dinosaur's head? Is it different from what happens when Mario runs into the side of the dinosaur? Is that different from what happens when Mario runs into the side of the Yoshi coin?\n\nYes, they are all different! If Mario jumps on the dinosaur's head, the dinosaur is defeated. If Mario runs into the side of the dinosaur, Mario is defeated. If Mario runs into the side of the Yoshi coin, the coin is removed from the screen and the numbers at the top of the screen change. How does the game know what to do in each of these different situations?\n\nThe game engine! When the game was being built, the game makers decided how they wanted the game to act. Then, they gave the game engine a bunch of rules to let it know how to change the game when certain things happen. They also gave the game engine a way to know when pictures on the screen touch, called collision detection. Collision detection will tell the game engine when Mario touches a dinosaur or a Yoshi coin, and where the two pictures touched.\n\nIf collision detection tells the game engine that Mario touched a dinosaur picture on its head, the dinosaur is defeated and the game engine will take the dinosaur picture off the screen. If collision detection tells the game engine that Mario touched a dinosaur picture on its side, Mario is defeated and the game engine will restart the level. If collision detection tells the game engine that Mario touched a Yoshi coin, the game engine will take the coin picture off the screen and add a coin to Mario's collection.\n\nFinally, can you think of any games that are similar to Super Mario? When I was young, I also liked to play a game called Sonic the Hedgehog. Have you ever played a Sonic game? If so, do you think the people who made Sonic could have made the game faster if they had the Mario game engine? I think so!\n\nThe people who make video games realized this too, and started selling their game engines to other video game makers. This way, games can be made more quickly and easily. One popular game engine is the [Unreal Engine](_URL_0_) made by Epic Games. Here is a [list of all the games made on the Unreal Engine](_URL_3_). Most of those games were not made by Epic, but by other video game makers who paid Epic to use their Unreal Engine!\n\nThe idea of a game engine has become so popular that some companies are specializing in game engines without even making video games. One of these companies makes the [Unity game engine](_URL_2_) and is becoming very popular.\n\nThis way, a single company can make an engine and many people can make the games, just like a single company could make a car engine that is used in many different brands of cars!",
"(bit late to the party but I'll try for a good 5-year old explanation)\n\nImagine you're in the world of dragons and knights. You're a powerful dragon on a great white horse with armor on. You see a menacing castle in the distance. While you look there the sky thunders. You ride to the castle.\n\nThis, so far, is what the game engine itself does - keep track what's where, what exists, how it looks and what state it is in.\n\nNow, make a drawing of how you see the castle, yourself, your horse and so on.\n\nThat's what a graphics engine does - just making a drawing of what it knows to exist from your point of view such that you can see what's going on.\n\nThink again of the dream world. Imagine you're riding on to the castle and you're just outside the gate.\n\nWhat you just did was what a physics engine usually does - moving the world forward in time according to the rules that are logical for that world.",
"I think you wanted to ask about \"[search engines](_URL_4_).\""
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
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"http://i.imgur.com/I1t2N.gif",
"http://unity3d.com/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unreal_Engine_games",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/search?q=game+engine&restrict_sr=on"
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} | train_eli5 | Game engines
I'm interested in game engines, how they work and what they do. Specifically the graphics engine, but I assume that they bear some similarity to one another. | [
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1bgmny | Please explain how a one-way mirror works. | So, how does a one-way mirror work? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"a one-way mirror is really just a 1/2 mirror and a 1/2 glass. If it is facing into a bright room (imagine someone in a dark closet spying on the room) then from the bright room, 1/2 of the bright light goes into the closet and 1/2 of the bright light gets reflected back\n\nAdditionally, 1/2 of the dim light from the dark room passes into the bright room... but this dim light is overwhelmed by the bright light and the person in the bright room only sees the reflection. \n\nFrom inside the closet, there is no reflection and 1/2 of the light from the bright room can pass through and spying can ensue.\n\nNow if the light in the closet is turned up enought, the person in the bright room starts to see a ghost like image of someone watching... and if the light in the bright room gets turned down, the light from inside the now bright closet will overwhelm the dim reflection and the scam will be revealed.\n\nSo a one-way mirror is really just a 1/2 mirror and 1/2 glass that works (or doesn't work) when one room is bright and one is",
"Very simple explanation here, with ilustration (its the second topic): _URL_0_"
],
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"url": []
} | {
"url": [
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} | train_eli5 | Please explain how a one-way mirror works.
So, how does a one-way mirror work? | [
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747vpu | Why are there so many more shootings, attacks, and bombings in Europe than the US When the US is more actively involved in destabilized regions than countries, for instance, like France? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"1. There aren't more shootings in Europe than in the USA, but there are more Islamic terrorist attacks, which I presume is your point.\n\n2. Europe is more populous than the USA, the EU alone has over 500m residents. More people = more stuff happening.\n\n3. Europe is closer to areas of unrest and shares land borders leading to the whole of Eurasia. You can walk from Beijing to Lisbon, so it's easier for terrorists to get around.\n\n4. As a collection of countries it is more difficult for Europe to have unified action. Sharing intelligence and coordinating operations is more difficult when dealing with multiple governments and a large number of languages.\n\nOf these I'd suggest that proximity is the biggest factor. Europe is a closer, and therefore, easier target.",
"Because the US has a very handy natural border between their nation and the \"destabilized regions\" you are referring to. Two very large oceans.\n\nIt's extremely difficult for people in those regions to get to the US and when the US does take people, they do extensive checks on those they receive. Essentially cherry picking refugees from European countries to ensure there is the least chance possible that anyone that comes to the US is a disgruntled, displaced person who might attack US citizens because they blame the US or Western countries in general for their situation.",
"Because the terrorists don't just hate the US, they hate any westernized country and its beliefs. Those countries are way easier targets because they don't have to take a plane to the US to get there and it's harder to peg someone as a terrorist in those countries because to my knowledge it's illegal to look at a Muslim man as anything but just a Muslim man. I'm not saying all terrorists are Muslims, but you get my point."
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} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why are there so many more shootings, attacks, and bombings in Europe than the US When the US is more actively involved in destabilized regions than countries, for instance, like France?
[removed] | [
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65t76o | On USA Taxes, how much do you need to donate to charity to receive more than the standard deduction? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The standard deduction for most single people is $6300. In most cases, they should itemize if their itemized deductions are more than that. One way to do that would be to donate more than $6300, of course, but people can also deduct sales taxes or state and local income tax, as well as their mortgage interest, real estate tax, mortgage insurance and part of their employee expenses. (Among other things.) So you often need to donate a lot less, or maybe even nothing, to get above $6300; it all depends on the other itemized expenses.",
"Well, standard deduction for a single person is $6,300... so your itemized deductions would need to be more than that -- those would includes things like mortgage interest deductions, tuition or student loan interest deductions, as well as your charitable donations -- for you to save money by itemizing."
],
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} | train_eli5 | On USA Taxes, how much do you need to donate to charity to receive more than the standard deduction?
[removed] | [
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1zz4h2 | How can a plane 'disappear' without knowing its location, when i can track flights live from my phone? Malaysia Airlines MH370 imparticular | Hi all,
I'm struggling to comprehend the fact that a airline has went missing without a trace of indication to what has happened to it. In the past i have looked at planes overhead, taken out my smartphone and pointed it at the plane. From there it uses the camera and a little *bubble* appears over it explaining where its destination is e.t.c.
There are also many live apps that allow you to view flights in real time. I know that i'm mentioning a rather simplistic means of tracking but that's the point. If i can track flights on my phone. Why cant they find this airlines last location with all of advanced technologies they have available?
Thanks, and i apologize if this is obvious. I appreciate it.
Please note that i have looked here _URL_0_ and it doesnt really explain 'why,' this flight is gone. Its more or less explaining that some airlines have live tracking in Europe. Is this why? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Exactly the point and why this is a serious problem, OP.",
"All those tracking apps rely on position reports broadcast via the airplane itself (via something called the transponder or ADS-B). If the airplane stops transmitting for some reason, the only thing you have is an approximate radar position with very limited altitude and no positive ID of which plane you're looking at. \n\nIf the plane goes to low altitude, you disappear from radar, and radar and satellite can't see underwater.",
"[MH370 Flight log with playback](_URL_0_) show it's last location as [Latitude 6.97 Longitude 103.63](_URL_1_)"
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} | train_eli5 | How can a plane 'disappear' without knowing its location, when i can track flights live from my phone? Malaysia Airlines MH370 imparticular
Hi all, I'm struggling to comprehend the fact that a airline has went missing without a trace of indication to what has happened to it. In the past i have looked at planes overhead, taken out my smartphone and pointed it at the plane. From there it uses the camera and a little *bubble* appears over it explaining where its destination is e.t.c. There are also many live apps that allow you to view flights in real time. I know that i'm mentioning a rather simplistic means of tracking but that's the point. If i can track flights on my phone. Why cant they find this airlines last location with all of advanced technologies they have available? Thanks, and i apologize if this is obvious. I appreciate it. Please note that i have looked here _URL_0_ and it doesnt really explain 'why,' this flight is gone. Its more or less explaining that some airlines have live tracking in Europe. Is this why? | [
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1lh7et | How do TV shows translate word play based jokes for viewing in other languages? | How do certain episodes of TV comedy shows work when translated into a different language? Is there a certain amount of rewriting or are jokes just completely lost? For example, how can the episode of South Park 'Fishsticks' work when it revolves around a play on words in the English language? Thanks! | explainlikeimfive | {
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"depending on the circumstances, it's rewritten slightly. usually there's a surprisingly fitting equivalent you can come up with. the languages more similar to the show's original language, tend to be more likely to have an equivalent word/wording for it. but then sometimes, the joke just doesnt work anymore and they have to deal with it. \n\nfor your example, I looked up the spanish version of fishdicks..and it just goes 'do you like fishsticks?' 'yeah' 'do you like to put them in your mouth?' 'yeah' 'then what are you, a gay fish?'\n\nwell. I guess 'sticks', barritas, is obvious enough that people watching it would get it anyways. but the joke doesnt work quite as well anymore. I had a go at finding it in german and dutch as well but couldnt come up with any working links, so couldnt say about those. but I've watched shows in those languages before, and yeah, generally it works similarly. it still kinda works but not as well as the original.",
"Sometimes the person doing the translation can come up with a joke that is different from the original but can be applied consistently and fits the program in a sense. \n\nI honestly can't think of any examples, but last time I saw this was a portuguese subtitled episode of The Simpsons, one of the earlier seasons.",
"I lived in Korea for a few years and watched American movies with Korean subtitles in theaters. I assume they didn't translate the wordplay at all because I was the only one laughing at it and my Korean friends would ask me what was so funny."
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"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How do TV shows translate word play based jokes for viewing in other languages?
How do certain episodes of TV comedy shows work when translated into a different language? Is there a certain amount of rewriting or are jokes just completely lost? For example, how can the episode of South Park 'Fishsticks' work when it revolves around a play on words in the English language? Thanks! | [
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1w4sov | EL15 Why can I effortlessly touch-type but I am unable to recite the order of keys on my keyboard without looking. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The same way Eric Clapton could play a blistering guitar solo, but be unable to recite all the notes of that solo to you one by one.",
"Touch typing develops muscle memory through an act of repetition. This allows you to subconsciously 'remember' locations of keys and patterns needed to type words.\n\nAs you practise touch typing more, you are essentially making new neural connections in your brain. Once they are established, your brain uses those connections to control the muscles in your body/arms/hands/fingers to type the keys you want. You type each key essentially without 'thinking' about it - of course, you are actually thinking about it, but it just happens as a subconscious level.\n\nReciting the order of keys would require conscious visual memory. You have to consciously search your memory for an 'image' of a keyboard and locate the keys in order. This requires a totally different set of neural connections in your brain - a set that is no where as near developed or complete as your 'muscle memory' connections, simply because recalling the keyboard image is not something you have done as much as typing!"
],
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} | train_eli5 | EL15 Why can I effortlessly touch-type but I am unable to recite the order of keys on my keyboard without looking.
| [
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33xhwp | Why does being tickled give such an intense feeling of almost urinating? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Judging from your post history (sorry) you're an adult woman, so it makes sense that you don't quite understand the sensation. \n\nThat's the start of the ejaculation reflex.\n\nWhat you do with that knowledge is up to you."
],
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} | train_eli5 | Why does being tickled give such an intense feeling of almost urinating?
| [
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3t4so9 | Why is the sun orange? | I ask this as gas burns blue, superheated items burn white, and various metals and gases burn with different colours... | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"First, the sun isn't orange, it's brilliant white with a hint of yellow. It often appears orange in photos because the people that are studying it take pictures and movies of it through special lenses or using cameras that detect light in the parts of the light spectrum that we can't see, such as infrared or ultraviolet. This allows us to look \"through\" the glare and see details like flares and sunspots. It's actually classified as a yellow star though, under the label 'G2V'.\n\nBut the reason it's not blue, pure white or other non white/yellow colours is because the sun isn't burning. The sun is fusing hydrogen into helium, a nuclear process rather than a chemical one like burning is, and it's that process of fusion that leads to the photons we see as visible light.",
"Very hot items don't \"burn\" white, they *glow* white. But in particular, they glow red, then yellow, then white. The Sun's glow is mostly by this mechanism, and from space the Sun is a slightly yellowish white.\n\nFrom the surface of Earth, however, you're not seeing the Sun's true color. The atmosphere scatters blue light more than red, so the blue light from the Sun gets smeared out over the sky. Thus, the sky looks blue and the Sun's color is reddened."
],
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} | {
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} | {
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} | train_eli5 | Why is the sun orange?
I ask this as gas burns blue, superheated items burn white, and various metals and gases burn with different colours... | [
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1xa9b1 | Why is water the thing we look for on other planets to determine if life could have existed there? How do we know water is necessary for other types of life? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"We don't, its just the only type of life we know to look for!"
],
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"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why is water the thing we look for on other planets to determine if life could have existed there? How do we know water is necessary for other types of life?
| [
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65q3ud | How does an autonomous vehicle decide who dies in an unavoidable crash? | Say I'm in an autonomous vehicle and there is a situation where the car has no evasive maneuvers available that won't end up in a death. Say the car is about to hit and kill a pedestrian and the only way to avoid it would mean to drive the car off a cliff and likely kill me. What would an autonomous car choose in this situation? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"They aren't that complex. They just try to stop the vehicle and avoid collision as best they can, they don't make assessments of likelihood of death.\n\nOnce they can it will likely be legislated to judge in a certain manner.",
"The car's programming is very simple.\n\n1. Object in path.\n\n2. Can I stop in time? Yes = stop.\n\n3. If no to 2 = Can i safely swerve to avoid obstacle? Yes = swerve.\n\n4. If no to 3 then attempt to stop and sound horn.\n\n\nOr something like that. Basically the car will never take a positive action that is unsafe. It doesn't know, care, or matter to the car whether the \"obstruction\" that starts this whole thing is a bag of garbage, a just reliest from jail on a technicaliy child rapist, or Jesus Christ returned to earth. If it can stop, it will. If it can swerve safely it will. If no to both, it hits.",
"So, I love your title. however your followup took something away. From what I understand, and I am pretty up to date. If the crash in not avoidable, it will simply attempt to stop. So say 3 people randomly jump to the left, right and center of its path, it wont swerve the middle and hit the left, it will simply conclude no alt path, and break. So, whoever was in the direct path of it would still get hit. Hope that helps. (btw, we are not up to iRobots yet, so these cars predict and calculate travel, not life expectancy in a crash ,not yet anyway"
],
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"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How does an autonomous vehicle decide who dies in an unavoidable crash?
Say I'm in an autonomous vehicle and there is a situation where the car has no evasive maneuvers available that won't end up in a death. Say the car is about to hit and kill a pedestrian and the only way to avoid it would mean to drive the car off a cliff and likely kill me. What would an autonomous car choose in this situation? | [
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j4zqg | Keynesian Economics | Could someone please ELI5 what Keynesian Economics is and which political party typically supports Keynesianism and for what reasons? It seems to be a hot topic now in regards to the legislation in Congress about the Debt Ceiling, and I'd like to know more. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I've tried to make this short and sweet. Keynesian Economics, most simply could be thought of as such:\n\n* \nThere exists a cycle in the economy, in which there are years of success and growth, followed by years of depression or recession, where the economy is not doing well and people are unemployed and business is not good. This is called the *business cycle*.\n\n* The best way to combat this is by doing two things. During the good times (the *boom*) the government should have high taxes and lower spending, because everyone is doing well. During the bad times (the *bust*) the government should lower taxes and increase its spending to make up for the lack of business. This spending is called a *stimulus*, as it is intended to create activity within the economy. \n\nMost economists today are primarily Keynesian-influenced. Keynesian thought has spread so far that there are several different takes on his economic theory (such as Neo-Keynesians, New Keynesians, Post-Keynesians, etc). The Democrats are definitely the Keynesian party, though many Keynesian economists have criticized Obama for not doing enough with his stimulus and now cutting government spending. Republicans, however, have *recently* taken a decidedly anti-Keynesian approach. They now prefer a mix of Austrian, Supply-side, and Monetarist economics, which are schools favouring less government intervention in the marketplace, and lower taxes.",
"Keynesians believe that recessions can be caused by nothing more than a vicious cycle:\n\n* People are getting laid off.\n* Laid off people conserve their savings very carefully.\n* Other people who are worried that they'll get laid off too conserve their money too.\n* People conserving money means that business have fewer customers.\n* Fewer customers causes more people to get laid off.\n* And so on, and so forth.\n\nUsually, something \"real\" (like a banking problem) triggers the vicious cycle, but once's it's going, it's self-perpetuating, even after the underlying problem is fixed.\n\nKeynesians believe that the solution is to interrupt the cycle. One way to do this is for government to go on a short-term buying spree. This is called \"stimulus.\" Basically, the government is just making sure that businesses have at least one customer: the government itself. This prevents further layoffs, which eventually causes people to relax and stop worrying about getting laid off, which causes them to start spending money again. Once regular people are spending money again, the government no longer needs to be the \"customer of last resort,\" so the government can then stop with the short-term buying spree. Thus, the cycle is broken.\n\nIt's important to realize, though, that people, once they become afraid of losing their jobs, they don't get over it instantly. Because of that, these short-term spending spikes need to last more than a few months. If they don't, then the effect is minimal.\n\nSome people think that tax cuts are stimulus. In fact, if people take the tax refunds and save them because they're afraid of losing their jobs, then that's not stimulus at all. It's only if they go out and spend the refund that it becomes stimulus. In general, some percentage of a tax refund will get spent, and some percent will get saved. So a tax cut should be viewed as (say) 50% stimulus, whereas government spending is 100% stimulus.",
"Think of your five-year-old self as the government, and the economy as a minibike. To ride on it you have to do some stuff like keeping the throttle running and the steering steady. But you live on a street that's covered with patches of sand, and every time you hit one it slows the bike way down, veering it off course and occasionally knocking it over. You and your friends have tried ways to sweep away the sand or keep it from piling up, but mysteriously, they never seem to work. The sand keeps coming back.\n\nSo the next best thing is figuring out the best way to ride your minibike on this street, and your bike mechanic buddies disagree on that. The Keynes kid says to goose it harder when you hit a sand patch, to get through it faster and keep from falling over, and make up for it by easing off when you're back on asphalt. Some kids say you should build up lots of speed first, so hitting a sand patch doesn't slow you down as much. Others say you shouldn't do anything special, it won't help and just wastes gasoline. One says the minibike will ride better by itself if you stay home entirely, but most kids think he's been eating glue.\n\nYesterday you hit a really huge sand patch, tried Keynes' advice and goosed it really hard, and got through it - but still almost crashed, and burned through a lot of your gas tank, and came out the other side barely moving forward. Your buddies are so alarmed over this, they're arguing about their different suggestions. Keynes says you should have goosed it harder, the exchange student from Austria says you should have rode it out, the guy from the supply store says you should have worked up more speed before hitting it. An hour ago it sounded like they might agree on a solution to handling sand patches, but now it only sounds like shouting - and the argument has drifted from what to do about sand patches, to each kid telling the others they're lousy riders. You're not sure that's gonna be useful advice the next time you hit sand.",
"I believe all things should be handled in the form of a rap battle - and for that reason i submit to you Keynes vs Hayek in 2 parts.\n\n_URL_1_\n\n\n_URL_0_\n\nTLDW; both parties are Keynesian (with the exception of the conservative Libertarian camp) - who more or less believe that flooding the markets with lots of cash will help to stimulate positive growth when people are fearful to spend cash and take risks (especially during recessions)."
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} | train_eli5 | Keynesian Economics
Could someone please ELI5 what Keynesian Economics is and which political party typically supports Keynesianism and for what reasons? It seems to be a hot topic now in regards to the legislation in Congress about the Debt Ceiling, and I'd like to know more. | [
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1u55zs | If a female is born with a third nipple, will she develop a third breast during puberty? | explainlikeimfive | {
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} | train_eli5 | If a female is born with a third nipple, will she develop a third breast during puberty?
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40kk6b | Why is there so little advertising targeting/encouraging women to buy things for the man in their life? | Women control ~70% of consumer spending, yet spend significantly less than their male counterparts on birthdays, Valentines Day, anniversaries, engagements, etc, etc. It seems like this is a huge potential market for companies to expand their customer base, yet all we ever see are the same commercials (jewelry, new cars at Christmas, Valentines Day) where men alone are encouraged to be gift givers but the not the reversed. Why aren't watch companies, for example, targeting women specifically as gift givers? Seems like a no-brainer. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Simply that men make a larger share of the household income. However in advertisement there is a heavy emphasis on mother's for groceries and household products",
"I suspect some of the advertising you think is targeted at men is about men but targeted at women.",
"In my experience, women don't have to be reminded to buy gifts. Take something like Valentine's Day for example. A few years ago, my mom got my dad tickets for some sport (o feel like it was MlS, but I'm frequently wrong) at least two months in advanced. My father on the other hand, forgot until he was reminded by a commercial. I'm not saying that all men are terrible gift givers or anything like that, but there's a very prevalent stereotype that men are less thoughtful and proactive in their gift giving. Thus, commercials targeting the demographic that is more likely to turn to the commercial (jewelry, gift cards, etc) than the emotional."
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} | train_eli5 | Why is there so little advertising targeting/encouraging women to buy things for the man in their life?
Women control ~70% of consumer spending, yet spend significantly less than their male counterparts on birthdays, Valentines Day, anniversaries, engagements, etc, etc. It seems like this is a huge potential market for companies to expand their customer base, yet all we ever see are the same commercials (jewelry, new cars at Christmas, Valentines Day) where men alone are encouraged to be gift givers but the not the reversed. Why aren't watch companies, for example, targeting women specifically as gift givers? Seems like a no-brainer. | [
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3o8s9h | how did the US become so dependent on China-made goods and what persons made it happen? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"In the 60s and 70s, Regan reduced the taxation of capital gains over 1 mil from 70% to 30%, loosing a good portion of tax revenue, reducing education subsidies and creating a poorly educated and unskilled workforce. Entering the age of globalization and technology starting in the 1980 through the present, a new group appeared. One that could do the same job as an uneducated American but for cheaper. Overseas unskilled chinease workers. So all the labor moved.\n\nHow did other countries deal with globalization? Their skilled laborers where still cheaper to hire than training or hireing people overseas. People with skilled labor jobs survived globalization.",
"Since this ELI5, it has happened over the course of many decades, and it mostly boils down to cheaper labor, fewer regulations, and higher profits. Someone could go into more detail but that is really all there is behind it.",
"The percentage of US consumable goods made in China is actually only around 2.7% (as of 2011). [Source](_URL_0_)\n\nThe percentage varies drastically by type of product- clothing and shoes are about 35%, for example. \n\nHowever, as of 2010, personal-consumption goods made in the US from US-produced parts was 81% of all sold. 6% were made in the US of imported parts, and 0.7% were made in the US of parts imported from China.\n\nThe real picture is much more complicated and nuanced than can be represented on a bumper sticker, but it is important to understand that a good number of products we use are not made in China."
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"url": [
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} | train_eli5 | how did the US become so dependent on China-made goods and what persons made it happen?
[removed] | [
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4vc8gi | UV Index. It's 110 in AZ with a UV index of 1 and 88 in Chicago with a UV index of 5. Will you burn quicker in Chicago?? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Yes you will.\n\nSunburn has little to do with air temperature, it is the amount of UV radiation that reaches your exposed skin. You can get sunburn in the middle of winter, you are just less like to, because spend less time outdoors and have less skin exposed to the sun.",
"Yes. Sunburns have nothing to do with temperature, and everything to do with UV exposure. We just tend to associate sunburns with warm weather because people tend not to go outside wearing very little clothing for long periods of time in the winter.",
"To add to your other two answers, sometimes the UV index is lower during the winter, but the [exposure to UV may still be stronger](_URL_0_) than you expect, as snow reflects most of the sunlight back up at you. So in winter, the UV index by itself may not be the whole story. In your situation, though, it is.",
"That's the thing, you feel the heat of the sun do to the infrared (IR) radiation, on the other hand, the ultraviolet (UV) radiation doesn't feel hot but burns your skin. Therefore it's possible on a windy day to not feel any heat and end up with a bad skin burn.",
"Wow that really pisses me off. If I'm going to be in 110 degree weather I want to at least get a tan easily. Thanks for all the quick replies! I love Reddit"
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} | train_eli5 | UV Index. It's 110 in AZ with a UV index of 1 and 88 in Chicago with a UV index of 5. Will you burn quicker in Chicago??
[removed] | [
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6i9h6v | why do we get a bloody taste in our mouth when we get injured? | explainlikeimfive | {
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} | train_eli5 | why do we get a bloody taste in our mouth when we get injured?
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16gemf | how do oven mits and pot holders work? | How do they protect your hands from upward of 350 degree Fahrenheit temperatures? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They don't transfer heat very well. Metal transfers heat very well because all of the molecules are packed very tightly. When one side of a piece of metal gets hot the fast-moving molecules will bump into other molecules and transfer that heat to the other side very easily.\n\nBut, pot holders are made up of cloth with a lot of air pockets in them. Cloth and air do not have their molecules packed close together. So, they have trouble transferring heat. This is a good things for our hands because one side of the pot holder will be at 350 degrees and the other side will be cool enough to hold."
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} | train_eli5 | how do oven mits and pot holders work?
How do they protect your hands from upward of 350 degree Fahrenheit temperatures? | [
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6z9eb7 | What happens if the member of a jury notices something during a trial that they need to be addressed to make a decision? Can they ask questions or try to get something addressed? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"As noted by another commenter, specifics will vary by jurisdiction; however, juries are usually not allowed to inquire about the facts of the case being presented. The jury's role is basically to decide 1) who is telling the truth if there are conflicting accounts and 2) whether the true story fits into the laws as presented to them. They can also make determinations about amount and allocation of fault in civil trials. \n\nIn my state, for example, our code of procedure permits the judge to instruct the jury about relevant law at any time; and the jury can ask to have testimony read back to them or to have an opportunity to inspect items that were admitted into evidence. La. Code of Civ Proc. arts [1792](_URL_1_) and [1795](_URL_0_). There is no provision for the jury to question witnesses, and judges are expressly forbidden from commenting on the facts to the jury. La. Code of Civ Proc art. [1791](_URL_2_). As a whole: the jury can, therefore, ask to have things repeated and to have instructions on the relevant laws; but they can't ask questions about the facts. \n\nMight juries have an easier time if they could ask questions of witnesses? Yeah, probably. On the other hand, lots of evidence is excluded for a whole lot of policy reasons (hearsay, lack of authentication, illegal acquisition of evidence, etc.); and it is easier to simply not have it presented than to constantly instruct jurors why their questions can't be answered. The hope is that the attorneys will already be doing their best to flesh out their side within the constraints of the evidence rules.",
"The exact details will depend on where you are, but in general a juror can ask the judge a question about a point of law, typically by passing a note rather than just asking in front of the whole court.\n\nThey can't usually ask a witness a question. Their role is to make a decision based on the evidence presented, not to investigate or try to extract additional evidence from witnesses.",
"Depends.\n\nSome jurisdictions permit juries to submit questions to the judge, who will either reject them, or discuss them with counsel for both sides before asking the question. If both sides have done even a halfway-decent job at presenting their respective cases, odds are decent that these questions are either rejected (e.g., they inquire about inadmissible subject matter) or inconsequential (i.e., they wind up being about something that doesn't matter or for which the witness has no answer). \n\nNot all jurisdictions allow that, mind you. In a jurisdiction that doesn't, then if the jury thinks an important question has gone unanswered. . . that's probably just going to go really badly for whichever side would benefit from having the question answered. Most of the time not having an answer won't prevent the jury from reaching a conclusion. It'll just affect the conclusion they reach. \n\nIf it's during deliberations, that's a bit different. Juries can definitely submit questions to the judge during deliberations, but except for clarifications about the law (including earlier rulings by the judge), requests for more evidence will pretty much always be denied.",
"Depends on where you are. My SO was on a death penalty case in the southwest and they WERE allowed to ask questions for clarification. The jury wrote questions, gave them to the judge via the bailiff, the questions were discussed with the attorneys and appropriate questions were answered for the jury. They gained some very valuable clarifications that way."
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} | train_eli5 | What happens if the member of a jury notices something during a trial that they need to be addressed to make a decision? Can they ask questions or try to get something addressed?
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4hw566 | Why do houses get more valuable over time? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's the land, not the house.\n\nthe real estate the houses are build on are what rise in value. it's location relative to local services, schools, businesses, etc.\n\nhouses do generally drop in value, you're right. that's why people remodel rooms or the entire thing.\n\nat least, that's the traditional wisdom. i'm not a real estate agent.",
"> I could understand if houses (or land on which to build them) were in short supply, but at least here in the States, that doesn't seem to be the case. \n\nThere is tons of land in the US. The problem is that there's only a small amount of land where most people actually want to live. You can get a huge 5-bedroom house on a big lot in rural Georgia for $250k, but a similar house and lot would cost you over a million dollars in Atlanta. [Check out the growth of Atlanta's population over time.](_URL_0_) The ever-increasing demand for housing, coupled with the fixed supply of available land, means that home prices are going to rise.\n\nConversely, home prices have fallen over the past 50 years in cities with declining populations, like Detroit."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do houses get more valuable over time?
[removed] | [
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6u4273 | What is the benefit to the CEO's disbanding the White House advisory panel? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Imagine you go to a party with your friend, Donnie. You get to the party, which has a pretty diverse group of partygoers, and Donnie starts spouting off white supremacist nonsense at the party. What are the partygoers going to think of you, since you're buddied up with Donnie?\n\nCEOs are the leaders and, in many cases, the \"face\" of their company. They are accountable to all sorts of people -- their board, their shareholders, their employees, their customers, their business partners, etc. To be associated with someone behaving poorly may reflect poorly on them (the CEOs) and their businesses in the eyes of their board, shareholders, customers, etc. \n\nThe benefit here is solely to the CEOs. They are insulating themselves from Trump's divisive behavior to protect their own and their companies' reputations. \n\nIt's unfortunately *not* beneficial for the administration and for the country, because now Trump has less input from corporate leaders, or, perhaps worse, the Council will be re-formed with only members that will agree with, and not push back on, Trump and his policies.",
"PR mostly. It dose nothing for the president, but they want a way of publicly saying that don't want to work with or be associated with the president."
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} | train_eli5 | What is the benefit to the CEO's disbanding the White House advisory panel?
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93e4vw | How does electricity "know" when to start flowing? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"imagine you have a water pump, connect an empty pipe with a tap on the end and it will fill up the pipe with water. (ignore the air that's in the pipe)\n\nthe same thing happens with a wire. if you connect a wire to the positive of a battery the wire also becomes positive."
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6vl329 | How clothes shrink in the dryer | explainlikeimfive | {
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"As a sheep owner who got tired of answering the question \"Why do sweaters shrink when they get wet, but sheep don't shrink in the rain?\" I wrote [this short response](_URL_0_)\n\nBasically it's the heat from the drying process and how it affects the shape of the fibers."
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} | {
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"url": [
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} | train_eli5 | How clothes shrink in the dryer
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4lby59 | Why does it seem that there are no revolutionary artist in the likes of DaVinci, Picasso, Van Gough, etc. in modern day art? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Picasso and Van Gogh were modern artists.\n\nEven if you mean more recent than them, there are plenty of artists art history might consider \"revolutionary.\" Warhol, Rauschenberg, Pollock, de Kooning, Kahlo, Dali, Duchamp, and Bourgeois are just a few that come to mind.\n\nA lot of art is only recognized as \"revolutionary\" posthumously, so it's difficult to know how significant living artists are in the grand scheme of art history. However, there are still plenty of living artists who are widely considered to have made significant contributions to art. Jeff Koons, Kehinde Wiley, Takashi Murakami, Ai Wei Wei, Kiki Smith, Kara Walker, Yoko Ono, and Yayoi Kusama are a small handful of still living artists who are already important enough to be included in textbooks.",
"You named 3 people spread across the last 700 years, do you expect there to always be someone that big alive at each time when the people you are naming are so rare as that?",
"What about Banksy? Not a fan personally, but he's pretty big, and doing something different. As such it seems like he would fit into the list.",
"What do you mean by revolutionary?\n\nAndy Warhol should be considered revolutionary as any of the other ones.",
"Because you are not going to contemporary art galleries? \n\nThere are plenty of artists doing new things. Including plenty of famous ones, who's works can match the price of a Picasso (although not of his best works). \n\nVan Gough also died broke and unknown and only became famous and appreciated after his death. The greatest artist of our age may be unknown right now.",
"It takes time to appreciate the great artists. For example, van Gogh only sold one painting in his entire life. It wasn't until a while after he died that people realised how incredible he was. It's like this in other areas, too. Many \"classic\" films were box office flops that we took a while to respect. So if there's someone as good as van Gogh today, it might be a while before we've noticed.",
"If you ask Kanye, he will gladly put himself in the same category as all of those visionaries."
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} | train_eli5 | Why does it seem that there are no revolutionary artist in the likes of DaVinci, Picasso, Van Gough, etc. in modern day art?
| [
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1u15ty | How come some drinks taste better out of a bottle than a can? or is it all in my head? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Coke: Can\n\nDr Pepper: Bottle\n\nBarq's (Root Beer): Bottle\n\nMountain Dew: Can\n\nSource- Caffeine Addict",
"Well, first of all is not because of anything being absorbed into the drink (usually). In fact the main thing that causes many drinks (ie beer) to go bad or \"skunk\" is light, so cans are actually better. This is why beer bottles are usually darker colors. \n\nHowever your sense of taste is very much linked to your sense of smell, and you're smelling the can while you drink. Your best bet is to poor it from a can into a glass, your second best is to get beer that is in darker bottles.",
"It's NOT all in your head. The acidity of drinks like coca-cola makes it very easy to compare; get a can of Coke, a plastic bottle of Coke, a glass bottle of Coke and run taste tests. Because it's so acidic, you'll be drinking some of the dissolved container. It's not enough to impact health, just enough to impact flavor.\n\nThen get a glass bottle of Mexican Coke, the stuff made with sugar instead of corn syrup, and ponder what you've done with your life."
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} | train_eli5 | How come some drinks taste better out of a bottle than a can? or is it all in my head?
| [
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3zeo7j | Why do parliament impose sentence ranges for crimes instead of leaving it up to the judge and case law? | Tort law is solely made up of case law developed over the centuries and so far it has worked really well. Most of the decisions seem equitabe, fair and just. This is probably because judges are given near total discretion and are therefore likely to consider total circumstances and mete out equitable justice.
I dont understand why we cant have the same thing in the criminal area. Why do we even have members of parliament decide sentence ranges for crimes?
In my opinion parliament should criminalize acts and then leave it out to the judge to determine sentences for individual cases. Or better it totally leave it to the common law of the judiciary.
Can someone explain why cant we let the judiciary follow the tort model in criminal cases? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's important to have some degree of uniformity in sentencing. Of course every case and every criminal is different, but some guidelines are necessary.\n\nIn County A you get arrested for possessing heroine and the judge happens to think drug laws are a bit silly and gives you 10 days in jail. Get arrested for the same crime in County B and the judge not only really hates drugs, but lost his son to a heroin overdose, and he sentences you to 10 years.\n\nYour punishment should be based on how bad your crime was, not which judge you got. Sentencing guidelines help to bring some uniformity and reduce the role of the judge."
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"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do parliament impose sentence ranges for crimes instead of leaving it up to the judge and case law?
Tort law is solely made up of case law developed over the centuries and so far it has worked really well. Most of the decisions seem equitabe, fair and just. This is probably because judges are given near total discretion and are therefore likely to consider total circumstances and mete out equitable justice. I dont understand why we cant have the same thing in the criminal area. Why do we even have members of parliament decide sentence ranges for crimes? In my opinion parliament should criminalize acts and then leave it out to the judge to determine sentences for individual cases. Or better it totally leave it to the common law of the judiciary. Can someone explain why cant we let the judiciary follow the tort model in criminal cases? | [
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5fqejs | Fake news | I get that the onion is fake news and satirical but I feel like the term "fake news" has been extended past that. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"In US current events, it is being used fairly frequently to describe fictional or misrepresented news stories, where the purpose is not satire but instead to mislead, often to promote or attack a specific agenda, on the assumption that many readers will not take the time to research if the story is in fact false.",
"The Onion is not \"fake news\". It's comedy. It's not news, period. \n\nFake news is sites like Breitbart which straight up make shit up in the hopes you won't actually look into it.",
"Fake news has become a hot button issue due to this past election campaign. The definition of what people are talking about changes from person to person, but it became a larger issue due to social media sites like Twitter/Facebook talking about banning \"fake news\" sites. These sites are known to have pro-liberal biases so some are seeing it as a threat to block conservative opinions on their sites.\n\nThe question of what is \"fake news\" is open to interpretation of the person doing the banning of content. Is it fake news because the site deems a percentage of the information is false or misleading? Is it fake news because the site deems the outlet to be aligned with a particular party/organization and has a bias? Etc, it's something that is nearly impossible to implement in a politically neutral fashion.\n\nSince then many conservatives/Trump supporters have been calling MSNBC, CNN, etc fake news for not covering news stories equally or fairly and they feel the impending content bans will unfairly block conservative viewpoints. There is now evidence that certain big name media outlets were colluding with Hillary Clinton's campaign as well as with the DNC to provide favorable stories and content to support their candidate without disclosing it to their readers... which essentially makes their news stories propaganda rather than actual news.",
"I believe there is a distinction between parody or satire and fake news. The former are always obvious and intended for humor. The latter in many cases is disguised to appear as a legitimate source and news story, and is intended to mislead, or promote a specific agenda (social and/or political). That said, even though it is widely known that *The Onion* is a satirical site, you will still run across instances when presumably intelligent, educated people — even mainstream media — will pick up one of their stories and run with it. We often tend to be a very gullible people.",
"_URL_0_\n\nThis has some good information on fake news. Most of it is political. It paid a debatably huge role in the US presidential election. It flourishes on Facebook.",
"just like real news. fake news attracts attention. it gets clicks, it gets views. clicks+views = advertising = $$$"
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"url": [
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} | train_eli5 | Fake news
I get that the onion is fake news and satirical but I feel like the term "fake news" has been extended past that. | [
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27frzo | where do mosquitoes sleep? | Where are do mosquitoes hangout all day till they come to fuck with me? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Outside, they hangout under leaves on low level vegetation like bushes and weeds, etc. That's why keeping your yard cleaned up will help with mosquitoes because it limits the area for them to hide.",
"I hope someone knows the answer to this. There's been one mosquito in my room for a week now, hiding in the day, fucking with me at night.",
"They never sleep, if they are not fucking with you they are fucking with other people.",
"they were with me. About 20 of them keep visiting me when they're done with you.",
"With your mom. Seriously though, they avoid sunlight and stay on bushes, plants and brush. \n\nIf you hire one of those mosquito spraying companies, they target all those areas and any low hanging tree branches."
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} | train_eli5 | where do mosquitoes sleep?
Where are do mosquitoes hangout all day till they come to fuck with me? | [
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sybce | Heidegger's Being v. being | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The common term \"being\" simply conveys presence. Something \"is\".\n\nHeidegger saw living as a human being as fundamentally not inert, not just sitting there existing, but as something else. To us, life is an immersion of consciousness in a world which presents possibilites of action to us. So being to us is what he would call being-in-the-world. There is no being-there which is not a relation of agenthood to world.\n\nELI5: When we say someone \"is\", we're usually just mean they're physically there. Heidegger's being addresses what they can do in the world they're in.\n\nEdit: I'd like to clarify that I think, as mentioned below, Heidegger wanted to emphasize that a thing's notion of being ought to include the world (the setting) it exists within. I was writing from the perspective of what dasein's being is, which is an agent which, unlike the chair, whose \"chairhood\" is inert, waiting to be acted upon, dasein's being is one which acts in that world. I'd love any further clarifications or corrections that can be made.",
"Check out the /r/askphilosophy subreddit.\n\nThey can explain it better, but perhaps as if you were ten and not five.",
"I'm not sure Heidegger could really fit in this subreddit O.o",
"Being is the ground of existence. That which gives existence, the source of existing.\nbeings are the things. \nFor Heidegger we in the modern world think beings and have forgotten how to think Being, which for him is important, because a being is always a being-in-the-world. That means that a a being has a particular place in history in a particular space, and therefore to say that one has self knowledge when one only knows the being, misses that one is part of a greater much larger fabric called the world. Hence Heidegger wanted us, as a being, to recall how to think Being."
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} | train_eli5 | Heidegger's Being v. being
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3dj0oi | Why is it hottest when the sun begins to set instead of when the sun is at its highest point? | Example: 12pm 86 degrees vs. 4pm 101 | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The atmosphere takes time to heat up and cool down. While the sunlight may be more indirect in the afternoon, the atmosphere overall has been exposed to more sunlight at that point than it has at noon.\n\nRight at Noon, you've got \"most direct light, preceded by almost direct light, preceded by indirect light.\n\nAt 4ish, you've got \"almost direct light, direct light, almost direct light\"",
"Because in the evening there is residual heat that stays trapped, cities are worse for this than deserts because of all the asphalt that retains heat longer than sand, this is why a 105 degree desert turns freezing at night while a 95 degree city doesn't get below 75 all night. The sun is more forceful at its highest point but the surroundings haven't collected all of the heat yet by then.",
"Because by 4pm, the earth, the air, nearby bodies of water, man-made structures, etc. have been baking in the sun all day, so they are releasing more heat than they were at noon. They finish releasing their heat during the night and then take a while to warm up again the next day."
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} | train_eli5 | Why is it hottest when the sun begins to set instead of when the sun is at its highest point?
Example: 12pm 86 degrees vs. 4pm 101 | [
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1wdy50 | Why isn't childhood obesity grounds for abuse like under feeding a child is? | Aren't they just opposite ends of the same realm of abuse? I personally feel that anyone who allows a small child to become morbidly obese should have their kids taken away by child protective services. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There can be a variety of factors that may lead to childhood obesity that aren't linked to overeating. \n\nFor example, hypothyroidism. Medicinal side-effects. Asthma may even doom a kid to inactivity. \n\nLastly, you need to consider *who* gets obese. You're far more likely to get obese if you are poor. This is because unhealthy foods tend to be the cheapest. Should we ban poor people from having kids? That's highly unethical."
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} | train_eli5 | Why isn't childhood obesity grounds for abuse like under feeding a child is?
Aren't they just opposite ends of the same realm of abuse? I personally feel that anyone who allows a small child to become morbidly obese should have their kids taken away by child protective services. | [
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8i2usd | Logic gates in programming | Im taking my ap csp exam this week and i'm confused on how logic gates function | explainlikeimfive | {
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"In general, all logic gates work on values that are either true or false.\n\nAn **AND** gate accepts two or more inputs, and outputs true if *all* of its inputs are true, or false otherwise.\n\nAn **OR** gate accepts two or more inputs, and outputs true if *one or more* of its inputs are true, or false otherwise.\n\nThere is also a **NOT** gate, which accepts one input, and outputs the opposite of its input.\n\nThese gates can be combined to create more complex logical systems, with multiple inputs and/or outputs.\n\nWas there something specific that is giving you a hard time?"
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} | train_eli5 | Logic gates in programming
Im taking my ap csp exam this week and i'm confused on how logic gates function | [
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4f7lkp | Streaming VS Cable Broadcast | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"No, it shouldn't be of the same quality.\n\nWith streaming content that travels over the internet, it shares bandwidth with, well, everything else. That's why sometimes it gets a little faster and sometimes gets a little slower.\n\nBut with the TV transmission from the cable company, the broadcast has its own dedicated bandwidth -- from the network up to the satellite and down, and from the cable company to you. That channel has it's own little slice of television bandwidth. Never more, never less, so it can transmit a consistent picture all the time."
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} | train_eli5 | Streaming VS Cable Broadcast
[removed] | [
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606u6w | How could whatsapp knows that I may have new messages even without internet. | Sometimes when my network data is off and im not connected to a WiFi I get this message and it is always true. However, sometimes my phone connects automatically to a saved WiFi that actually requires signing in which I didn't do. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Simple answer: they don't. They likely just want to entice you to get back on the platform. At most, they run a machine learning algorithm on the frequency at which you receive messages and store this locally in each person's phone, thus over time, predicting with some accuracy if you'll get a message."
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} | train_eli5 | How could whatsapp knows that I may have new messages even without internet.
Sometimes when my network data is off and im not connected to a WiFi I get this message and it is always true. However, sometimes my phone connects automatically to a saved WiFi that actually requires signing in which I didn't do. | [
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28zc45 | What is actually happening to the air when I have one car window down and I get that ear rattling bass? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Imagine the air in the car as being a springy cushion that the air from the outside pushes into. The air enters from the outside, making the air on the inside more dense, then the difference in pressure from the inside and outside pushes the air out and the process repeats. This constant in and out of the air creates the bass because of the air becoming more and less dense. In contrast, air coming in when more than one window is open, has a place to escape without the pressure forcing it out of its origin entrance."
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} | train_eli5 | What is actually happening to the air when I have one car window down and I get that ear rattling bass?
| [
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19l1qu | At its core, how is science not a belief? Essentially, how is it any different than a religion or any other human based concept. | I can't find anyone to explain this to me. I don't think of science as any different than religion and people keep trying to make the case that science is some kind of true reality that will persist without our existence. I understand the modern notion of what it means to be able to prove a certain thing in these times but I feel like I am missing something here. How is science not just human-made like everything else constructed and framed through the perception of our supposed shared reality that is easily related among us? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Sounds like you're interested in the questions covered in the [philosophy of science](_URL_0_).",
"Science is a *method* of using empirical observations to objectively determine which explanations are more accurate, as far as is reasonably possible.\n\nThere are 2 fundamental assumptions made by science:\n\n* There is some objective reality.\n* There is a causal relationship between that objective reality and our experiences of it.\n\nEverything else flows from what we observe. We see objects falling towards the Earth, or the planets orbiting the Sun, and we can see how fast they appear to be moving, and we come up with an explanation that fits the available data. When future explanations turn out to be more accurate, we abandon the old belief and embrace the new.\n\nScience gives us objective, verifiable, repeatable experimental reasons to believe that something is true. This is what differentiates it from religion, which has its conclusions almost entirely set in stone, and simply assumes that they must be true.",
"\"I don't think of science as any different than religion\"\n\nI'm not quite sure how you could think that. Science is the study and collection of knowledge. Religion does not have anything to do with collecting or studying knowledge.",
"[Watch this video it tackles this very subject](_URL_1_)\n\nYou're going to get a MASSIVE anti religion bias on here so keep a bucket of salt handy.",
"Well, when you get down to it you really can't do anything without some level of belief. How can I know that anything my senses tell me is real? How do I know that I'm not the only functioning person and everyone else is a robot? How do I know I'm not a brain in a jar somewhere, or just in a really long, complicated dream? The short answer - I don't. The longer answer - I don't, but there's really not a lot I can do if I refuse to accept anything my senses tell me. Sure, my ears *might* be lying to me when people talk to me - they might actually just be mouthing like goldfish, with my brain inventing the sound - but the evidence suggests that they're not.\n\nScience makes a few assumptions - first, that we can believe *at least some* of the things our senses tell us. Second, that things will, by and large, continue as they always have. The laws of physics will not, for example, one day radically change. As people, we make other assumptions about science - for example, that the scientific community has not lied about every major discovery in the last 400 years. We *could* refuse to believe it and check it ourselves, but I personally have neither the time, patience or money, so I am happy to believe that Einstein, Darwin and all my science teachers were telling the truth and the experiments they claim to have done were carried out and not fabricated, etc etc.\n\nScience makes these assumptions because we have to. If we could not trust any of our senses then knowledge would be impossible. If we could not rely on the laws of the cosmos being the same one day to the next then once again, knowledge would be impossible. What good, for example, would doing science be if you accepted that any second, the universe could transform into a small piece of cheddar? We don't have any evidence that suggests it won't except that it hasn't yet, which is hardly conclusive. As I've just explained, we have to assume that most of the scientific theories created in the last few hundred years that have been experimented on and peer reviewed are not fabrications, because if every scientist insisted on doing all of these experiments themselves then nothing would ever get done.\n\nI think you're conflating two concepts here - *belief* and *faith*. Science does involve belief - belief founded on evidence, with a few basic assumptions (outlined above) that must be taken on faith.\n\nReligion, on the other hand (say Christianity because it's what most people can relate to) requires a whole slew of assumptions - the existence of god, the existence of souls, heaven, hell, the devil, original sin, the Genesis creation story, world floods, miracles - etc etc. Even Buddhism posits reincarnation. Now, a great deal of these cannot be disproved. But I also can't disprove that every time a room is left empty it simply ceases to exist - that doesn't mean I should assume it's true.\n\nWe don't *need* to assume the existence of a God, the existence of immortal souls or reincarnation to explain the world we live in.\n\nScience asks the bare minimum of faith - faith in your own senses and faith in causality. Religion goes to great liberties with what it requires your faith to provide.\n\nTL;DR: Science does require belief, in a number of basic assumptions. The difference is that science seeks to minimise those assumptions, where as religion does not.",
"Let's take an example of a scientific hypothesis. There might be several opinions (hypotheses) about why a thing happens the way it does. Let's say Scientist #1 performs some experiments and publishes the findings in a scientific journal. Scientist #2 is skeptical of those findings and performs his own experiments. Through those experiments, the opinion is either refuted or confirmed. As the number of experiments related to that hypothesis increase, the evidence supporting or refuting the hypothesis leads us closer to the actual truth. Gradually, as the number of opinions is whittled down, through the discovery of new evidence, one \"truth\" or \"reality\" is accepted. \n\nReligion, on the other hand, is as varied as the number of people who actively believe. Take Christianity for example. Within the umbrella of this one religious concept, there are countless churches; Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Lutheran, Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, etc... and within each there are sects that vary even more. There are new religions beginning all the time. As time passes, instead of gradually arriving at one \"truth\", the number of opinions on \"God\" actually *increase*. Why is this? Because there is no objective way to observe or measure \"God\". Each believer has their own perception of the \"truth\" and it's impossible for others to confirm or refute a person's perception.",
"The scientific method is used to arrive at conclusions based on empirical evidence. These conclusions must be tested and verified. When a conclusion has been shown to be reliable to a high degree of certainty, it becomes a theory. \n\nYou could say that someone who uses empirical evidence is relying on faith, but it's argued that humans can only verify things empirically. \n\nReligious faith is a philosophy or theology. The difference here is that the conclusions reached by religious discourse don't necessarily involve empirical data, but rely on thought experiments and extrapolation of anecdotes. Now, it's not necessarily bad or wrong to come to conclusions this way, but it's simply impossible to verify these conclusions empirically; therefore, the beliefs are not scientific. \n\nFor instance, assume that you're discussion the ramifications of the ontological argument for God. Rene Descartes had this to say:\n\n\"*But, if the mere fact that I can produce from my thought the idea of something that entails everything that I clearly and distinctly perceive to belong to that thing really does belong to it, is not this a possible basis for another argument to prove the existence of God? Certainly, the idea of God, or a supremely perfect being, is one that I find within me just as surely as the idea of any shape or number. And my understanding that it belongs to his nature that he always exists is no less clear and distinct than is the case when I prove of any shape or number that some property belongs to its nature.*\"\n\nSome argue that this line of reasoning, while on the surface appears logical, simply cannot be verified. For instance, Godfriend Leibniz argued that this reasoning did not hold water, because Descartes' proposed ideal being could not be proved.",
"This is a good question, and the only way to answer it in ELI5 terms is to put what you're saying in ELI5 terms:\n\nwhat you're saying is that some people believe in religious answers to their questions, and some people believe the scientific ones. \n\nthe difference is that if you were to wipe out the entire population of the planet, and have everything start over again with a different intelligent species, eventually they will learn that the earth is round and that objects fall at the same speeds when air resistance is not a factor...\n\nthey will rediscover what we knew about the universe using scientific methods and progressing technology, and because their knowledge is scientific, it will be verifiable and will have to answer to experiments proving certain details wrong.\n\ntheir religions will try to explain just as much as they do now, with just as little evidence, but no civilization will come up with the religions we have now, or have had in the past. maybe some ideas will be the same, like a supreme being making everything happen, but the names will all be different, and the details will all be different. no post-apocalyptic society will write a holy text resembling the bible, or the torah, or the mahabharata. \n\nafter the complete reset of knowledge, the ideas of jesus or yahweh or allah will be completely lost, never to be rediscovered or reinvented.\n\nbut we will still be made of atoms, and we'll find that out eventually. and we'll be able to prove it.",
"You are right, basically. You can't deny that science is a social activity. The sciences are human activities that have changed and evolved over time just as religion, politics, etc. have. Notice I said \"sciences\" not science. There is no one, universal method that all scientists use ... different scientists use different methods at different times and how those methods change depends quite a bit on the scientists themselves. *They* are the judges for what counts as good science or not. *They* make the rules. It is mostly a collaborative process that has changed over time and will continue to change.\n\nPhilosophers today define belief as just a stance we take when we take something to be true. They'll of course use fancier language like \"propositional attitude\" but one thing they don't do is define belief as anything like \"accepting without evidence.\" They use a other terms for *why* people believe things (justification, warrant, etc.). I believe things fall when they drop them, I believe God exists, I believe this glass of water is on the table, I believe democracy is the best form of government, etc. So don't believe people who tell you differently ... [they are demonstrably wrong](_URL_2_)."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science",
"http://extra-credits.net/episodes/god-does-not-play-dice/",
"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/belief/"
]
} | train_eli5 | At its core, how is science not a belief? Essentially, how is it any different than a religion or any other human based concept.
I can't find anyone to explain this to me. I don't think of science as any different than religion and people keep trying to make the case that science is some kind of true reality that will persist without our existence. I understand the modern notion of what it means to be able to prove a certain thing in these times but I feel like I am missing something here. How is science not just human-made like everything else constructed and framed through the perception of our supposed shared reality that is easily related among us? | [
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216qhy | Why is fertilizer the primary ingredient in many homemade bombs? | How does it work? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cga4uhi"
],
"text": [
"It's the nitrogen//nitrogen-based chemicals in the fertilizer. The nitrogen stuff is great for growing crops... but it's also good for explosives.\n\nYou can search for \"nitrogen explosive compounds\", but read here this one example of why:\n\n_URL_0_"
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://ask.metafilter.com/6301/Why-is-nitrogen-part-of-so-many-explosives"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why is fertilizer the primary ingredient in many homemade bombs?
How does it work? | [
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3lyjij | How do asians differentiate amongst people based on their countries? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"The same way everyone else does. You have difficulty telling Asian nationalities apart because it's not something you do on a regular basis. There are visible ways to tell, and people who are exposed to a wider diversity of Asians know. But then they might have difficulty picking up the differences between say a Englishman and a Frenchman.",
"As someone who grew up in Hawai'i, I can easily tell Asian ethnicity in a majority of cases. The more time you spend with all the ethnicities, the easier it is to tell them apart. \n \nHave you ever known any twins? Well, when you first met them, you probably got them confused for a good while, until you were able to pick out the subtle differences."
],
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"url": []
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"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How do asians differentiate amongst people based on their countries?
| [
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1d7k9y | Why was Alcatraz closed and why don't we reopen it now. | Wh can't we further seperate ourselves from violent criminals by reopening Alcatraz island? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"c9nnxyb",
"c9npx07"
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"text": [
"It was closed because it was super expensive to run.\n\nWhy do you feel the need to be more separated from violent criminals than high security prisons already provide? In reality escapes are super super rare, and they get rarer as prison design improves. There isn't really a benefit to shipping people off to an island that costs a fortune.",
"When was the last time a criminal escaped from a Maximum or Supermax prison in the US?"
],
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} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why was Alcatraz closed and why don't we reopen it now.
Wh can't we further seperate ourselves from violent criminals by reopening Alcatraz island? | [
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7afrtv | How food or sleep can help relieve migraines | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Food or sleep usually wont relieve a migraine - you get hungry during a migraine because your body understands theres a sharp pain around your head(along with your blood vessels getting dialated hugely to start the constriction in the first place), and gets sleepy because all your nerves are getting crunched by your blood vessels (i think sleepiness is a rare thing, more like \"out of it\" for migraines).\n\nThe only way to really relieve a migraine is using vasoconsctricting PNS stimulants like caffiene, or a blood thinner like ibuprofen that also has pain relief properties, along with laying away from all light and sound, and this is if your a lucky person who can even relieve their migraines, sometimes those dont even work. \n\nYou should still shovel your face if you feel one coming on however, as maybe your body wants some kind of nutrient to relieve the vasodiolation. We still dont know scientifically everything about migraines, but if your body tells you something its most of the time honest."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How food or sleep can help relieve migraines
| [
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3jx3lw | How do Football players get more concussions than rugby players when they don't wear helmets? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"because in football more players get hit in the head way more often vs rugby players. \n\nby wearing padded \"armor\" it gives players a false sense of security so they act more reckless.",
"Rugby players know that other rugby players aren't wearing helmets and other extensive amounts of padding, and neither are they. This results in less vicious tackles out of both self-preservation (you aren't protected) and the fact that they don't want to kill the opposing player.\n\nAlso much of football's head injuries come from QB concussions. There isn't the same impetus in rugby to constantly go after and tackle one specific player before he can throw the ball down the field.",
"This may not actually be true. [Rugby](_URL_0_) is coming under more scrutiny lately for just this issue.",
"Football player hit a lot harder because they have pads on. I'm not saying rugby players don't hit hard, because they do, but when you have a helmet on designed to protect you, you hit harder."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-20/rugby-is-having-an-nfl-moment-as-concussions-bring-legal-scrutiny"
]
} | train_eli5 | How do Football players get more concussions than rugby players when they don't wear helmets?
| [
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4d9zmn | What is the difference, chemically, between Isopropyl Alcohol (Rubbing Alcohol) and Ethyl Alcohol (Liquor)? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d1p32in",
"d1p4bku"
],
"text": [
"Rubbing Alcohol gets broken down by your body and turned into poison. Due to having a different chemical structure, Liquor is broken down differently by the body, and is relatively safe to consume in moderate quantities. \n\ntl;dr: They are different substances. Alcohol is a family of similar molecules that have a similar structure.",
"They are different chemicals. Have a look at this structure of [ethyl alcohol](_URL_2_), and this one of [isopropyl alcohol](_URL_1_). Both are toxic to the body, but ethyl alcohol takes a much higher dose to do damage to the body than isopropyl alcohol.\n\nAlso, technically isopropyl alcohol is a denaturant (something added to alcohol to denature it, that is, to make it poisonous), and isopropyl alcohol isn't actually denatured itself (because it doesn't need to be).\n\nBe careful of any vodka that tastes or smells like it may be denatured, because [sometimes people add deadly stuff to cheap alcohol](_URL_0_)."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.rt.com/uk/218447-deadly-fake-vodka-sale/",
"http://www.dbooth.net/mhs/chem/isopropanol.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Ethanol-2D-flat.png"
]
} | train_eli5 | What is the difference, chemically, between Isopropyl Alcohol (Rubbing Alcohol) and Ethyl Alcohol (Liquor)?
[deleted] | [
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5unq5q | Why do smaller computer chips produce less heat? | How is it that creating smaller transistors inside computer chips reduces heat output? How is the opposite not true since larger components are more conductive? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ddvf3s2",
"ddver55"
],
"text": [
"The heat in a circuit is caused by resistance in the conductors inside the circuit. Smaller chips have fewer and shorter conductors, so the electricity meets less resistance as it travels through the paths in the chip. \n\nLarger components have more heat conductive material, but that doesn't really matter, as they also have more electrical paths that cause resistance. The chips heat up almost instantly no matter what size they are, as even the biggest CPUs are pretty small. The heat needs to get out of the chip, not just spread throughout it. \n\nYou need a way to get the heat out of the chip, which is what heatsinks and fans are for. Small chips generate less, so they naturally require smaller heatsinks as well. In the case of a cell phone chip, the heat generated is so little that the metal inside the phone spreads and dissipates the heat quick enough. Cell phone processors are also designed in such a way that even though they're reasonably big in area, they're not using all of it at all times. They're often made with asynchronous cores, and the ability to shut down cores that aren't needed.",
"heat is caused by current flow. current flow is reduced when the transistor gets smaller. so smaller transistors = less heat."
],
"score": [
2,
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do smaller computer chips produce less heat?
How is it that creating smaller transistors inside computer chips reduces heat output? How is the opposite not true since larger components are more conductive? | [
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o7z2g | What exactly is medicine (capsules/pills) made from? | I know they use plants and extracts, but where does the matter come from that forms the bulk of the pill? Capsules feel like plastic! Am I swallowing plastic? :( bummer | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"c3f40ez",
"c3f57ls"
],
"text": [
"That will depend on what you are taking. For example, looking at my bottle of ibuprofen, the active ingredient (the actual drug) is 200 milligrams of ibuprofen. The inactive ingredients that make up most of the pill include such things as anhydrous lactose (dried milk), iron oxide (red dye), cellulose (wood pulp) and other harmless materials that give the pill its bulk.",
"Hardened gelatin for the transparent capsules. Frstspkr explained the rest"
],
"score": [
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What exactly is medicine (capsules/pills) made from?
I know they use plants and extracts, but where does the matter come from that forms the bulk of the pill? Capsules feel like plastic! Am I swallowing plastic? :( bummer | [
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1nibbt | Why do American's feel so strongly about the right to bear arms? As an Aussie, the only people I know with guns own weak shotguns for hunting geese, pigs ect but not for protection at all? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ccitt06",
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],
"text": [
"Its a concept that is hyper ingrained into US culture.\n\nThe idea was that the US founding father got sick of British oppression, picked up their muskets and declared war. Now of course the truth is more complicated and less romantic, but regardless the US was born on the back of the minuteman, the citizen with a gun who was ready to fight for his rights at a moments notice.",
"Setting aside the meaning/purpose of the right to bear arms, just the fact that the right has been around for all this time has a lot of pull. People are going to resent the gov't trying to restrict something that's always been readily available, particularly if the person believes that they're a peaceful, responsible gun owner."
],
"score": [
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do American's feel so strongly about the right to bear arms? As an Aussie, the only people I know with guns own weak shotguns for hunting geese, pigs ect but not for protection at all?
| [
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297sih | Why are companies like Virgin or Straight Talk able to give you "unlimited" data for cheap while larger companies like AT & T and Verizon charging 150+ for a couple of GB? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cii9954",
"ciiah4e"
],
"text": [
"Because Virgin and Straight talk utilize bandwidth throttling and also use unused carrier bands from the major providers. Verizon and other Major carriers provide the hardcore backbone for primary subscribers, and then use the secondary carriers to give a cheaper option, but at reduced functionality. They may not cap the data but after you pass a certain point you are limited to 3G data or throttled down to 3G speeds after a certain point until your ne month.",
"Also, remember that the big companies are contract carriers that subsidize the phones. So they have to build that into the cost a bit, whereas Straight Talk and Virgin etc. are no-contract carriers which require you to buy the phone outright, so they don't have to worry about it."
],
"score": [
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why are companies like Virgin or Straight Talk able to give you "unlimited" data for cheap while larger companies like AT & T and Verizon charging 150+ for a couple of GB?
| [
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1pyk2r | Why chemical weapons considered more indiscriminate than conventional weapons? | This is something very confusing to me. The way I see it, a large bomb deployed by a military or an artillery barrage for the purpose of eliminating hostiles would be pretty indiscriminate too, especially in a city where civilians might be located. Furthermore, if a chemical weapon is deployed in an area where only terrorists are located, wouldn't that be fine as well because the purpose was to kill terrorists solely.
I keep seeing chemical weapons mentioned as indiscriminate and I am really curious as to know how. Thanks. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"While all destruction of human life is essentially 'inhumane', chemical weapons have been proven to be particularly devastating. \n\nI'm not an expert but I will try to give my opinion on the matter.\n\nThe Geneva Protocol, signed in June 1925, prohibited these weapons because of Europe's recent experience with them in the First World War. I believe chemical weapons only accounted for around 1-3% of all the casualties suffered in the war, but the psychological effect was much more severe.\n\nEach side would basically fire off a bunch of gas canisters near the enemy lines, and hope that the gas wouldn't float back towards their own lines. At the time, the deployment of these chemical weapons was not so precise, so I imagine that was another (small) reason they were not so popular.\n\nSoldiers would find themselves being blistered, blinded, and suffocated to death by gas that was nearly impossible to avoid. While many 'conventional' weapons maim soldiers, their effects are limited to physical, penetrating, explosive power. Chemical weapons, I would believe, cause much more pain and suffering to the individual. They can also have severe effects on local flora and fauna (not that conventional weapons don't) but the chemical can remain unseen, destroying future life.\n\nSo that's my two cents. Ultimately, the powers that be decided they were inhumane, and wrote it into international law.",
"Well, any large-scale ordinance is indiscriminate.\n\nThe problem particularly with Chemical weapons is that, especially with those that are gas based, is that the actual range of the weapon is much larger than the blast radius. The Chemical residue can remain in the area for a long period of time, it can taint and damage water and food supplies, it can be carried on clothing, such that you could drop it on a house full of terrorists, but if there is an orphanage upwind, they are going to get some of it as well.\n\nWith conventional ordinance, you can target and turn that building full of terrorists into rubble, and thanks to years of testing, we know more or less a good idea of the collateral damage.\n\nWith a chemical warhead, its not one building - its anything and everything in that area. There is nothing pinpoint about a chemical weapon system - it can and will spread beyond the impact zone\n\nThat is what makes it (imho) more 'indescriminate' than conventional weaponry.",
"A large bomb can be indiscriminate as well but it'd have to be absolutely huge(see nuclear). Carpet bombing is also indiscriminate.\n\nHowever in the world of modern warfare a normal say 1000lb bomb has a target, it had a blast radius, it has a known explosive force you can lay a bomb on a target with a pretty decent idea of what kind of damage that bomb will do. \n\nChemical weapons however are blunt instruments. They do not do their damage in a short controlled blast. They can linger in the air and move around as the wind takes them. The person who controls them cannot predict with any great certainty who will be effected by them. It is not possible to pick a predetermined target and damage that target and only that target with any regularity with chemical weapons.",
"The way that chemical weapons work are different than a bomb.\nYou blow up a building and it falls over, you gas a building and it's untouchable."
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} | train_eli5 | Why chemical weapons considered more indiscriminate than conventional weapons?
This is something very confusing to me. The way I see it, a large bomb deployed by a military or an artillery barrage for the purpose of eliminating hostiles would be pretty indiscriminate too, especially in a city where civilians might be located. Furthermore, if a chemical weapon is deployed in an area where only terrorists are located, wouldn't that be fine as well because the purpose was to kill terrorists solely. I keep seeing chemical weapons mentioned as indiscriminate and I am really curious as to know how. Thanks. | [
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1idatq | What is 'High place Phenomenom'? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The high place phenomenon is a psychological effect that is prevalent when you are in a high place, hence the name. If you've ever been on the top of a cliff or tall building, you've probably felt a small urge to jump off, just because you could. This is part of the high place phenomenon, the other part is if you are on a high place with somebody else, and you feel that you could push them off, if you wanted to and this gives you the slightest urge to do it. Of course, you don't, because your reasoning tells you that it would be a bad idea to do so. The urge to do both is described as the High Place Phenomenon and is an example of Cognitive Dissonance."
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} | train_eli5 | What is 'High place Phenomenom'?
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54paoq | Why do people tend to hate the sound of their own voice in a recording? | Just to clarify, I understand why it sounds different. Anatomy and whatever. But why do we hate it (even though it usually sounds normal to everyone else)? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"You're usually hearing your voice not just with your ears, but transmitted through your jawbone, which changes the sound. When you hear a recording, you just get the sound, which is familiar but *wrong*. Similarly, people tend to think they look bad in photos because people aren't perfectly symmetrical. You're used to looking at yourself in the mirror (reversed), while a photograph is not reversed. So it looks familiar, but wrong.",
"We dislike it because it doesn't sound like us or how we expect it to sound. Imagine preparing to take a bite of chocolate fudge cake. You're anticipating the taste of gooey fudge, but when you take the first bite, the taste of vanilla butterscotch hits your tastebuds. Your first reaction will be negative, since you expected to taste chocolate. Same goes for hearing your own voice. You expect to hear it the way the sound reaches your own ears, so to hear it as it reaches others is jarring, therefore negative."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do people tend to hate the sound of their own voice in a recording?
Just to clarify, I understand why it sounds different. Anatomy and whatever. But why do we hate it (even though it usually sounds normal to everyone else)? | [
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33ghxw | Why did Blu-ray beat HD-DVD? | They went head to head but Blu-Ray won. What give it the edge? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The edge was that Blue Ray managed to get several big companies to use Blue Ray meaning it was less chance that your movie would appear on HD DVD. So if you wanted to watch your favorite morning cartoon, you had to have Blueray if you wanted it in the high definition format. Shortly thereafter, Toshiba conceded defeat and halted production of players and movies in the HD DVD Format. \n\nJust like when Playstation 2 won over the Sega Dreamcast, the decision to include a Blueray Player in the Playstation 3 also helped. This sold 10 million units alone compared to the 1 million sold HD DVDs Players. \n\nWorth mentioning is that ever since Betamax and VHS went to war, there is general consensus that a format war is to be avoided if at all possible.",
"I dont't know how big of a contribution it was when Sony announced Playstaytion 2 would played Blu-ray. For me, that was the reason.\n\nEdit: Sorry. Playstation 3.",
"On a side note, VHS won the tape wars because Sony decided to release blank tapes and take on the legal ramifications which followed. The fact that once a commercial blank tape was released to the public, there were many lawsuits and legal precedents that had to be fought and established. Once blank tapes were available in VHS for people to copy with, it was all but over for Beta"
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} | train_eli5 | Why did Blu-ray beat HD-DVD?
They went head to head but Blu-Ray won. What give it the edge? | [
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2cqzn5 | What's the difference between facewash soaps and regular soap? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Facewash does not contain soap, which is the point. First off, soap has a pH-level way above your skin, which screws up the balance and can make bacterial growth increase and in turn cause acne. It also contains a fair range of thickeners which clog pores, also leading to acne. Lastly soap will get rid of so much of the natural fatty oils in the skin that will dry it out, while a cleanser has more gentle cleaning agents that remove dirt without drying you out. Dry skin makes the glands producing the fatty oils work overtime and again lead to clogged pores and an oily face. \n\nNotable comment to all the \"just more expensive\" comments: good for you that you have perfect skin with no issues.",
"I think the main difference is that dedicated facial soaps are usually non-comedogenic, meaning they won't clog your pores. Some traditional (as in, non facial) soaps can leave an invisible film, resulting in breakouts."
],
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} | train_eli5 | What's the difference between facewash soaps and regular soap?
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