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Funding
This project has been supported by the Research and Technology Deputy of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (Grant Number: 9904242558).
PMC10422136
References
PMC10422136
Methods
Participants were randomly divided into two groups (n = 35), with the experimental group undergoing art therapy involving weekly 60-min group therapy sessions for 10 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using Ranked ANCOVA and Wilcoxon’s signed rank test. Western blotting was performed to analyze serum SAP levels.
PMC10162529
Results
depression, impulsivity, anxiety
We observed an association between psychological mechanisms and stress proteins. There was an increased number of NK cells in the experimental group after the program. Moreover, compared with the control group, the experimental group showed significant changes in SAP expression. Further, the experimental group showed a...
PMC10162529
Conclusions
RECURRENCE
Continuous psychological support could be applied as a stress-control program for preventing stress recurrence and post-discharge relapse. Our findings strengthen the link between biomedical science and mental health in rehabilitation treatment for AUD.
PMC10162529
Data Availability
All relevant data are within the paper and its
PMC10162529
Introduction
deaths, cognitive and behavioral disorders
According to the World Health Organization, alcohol is the most consumed psychoactive substance worldwide, with an estimated 3 million deaths annually worldwide due to harmful alcohol use [Chronic alcohol use causes extensive structural, functional, and neurobiological changes in the nervous system, leading to a variou...
PMC10162529
AUD, stress proteins, immune cells, and electroencephalography (EEG) changes
Brain injury, sleep disorders, anxiety
RECURRENCE, BRAIN
Prolonged alcohol use significantly decreases leukocyte levels and antibody production. In case of long-term alcohol misuse, alcohol directly acts on tissues involved in stress response, which increases the production of stress-related proteins [In addition to biomarkers, changes in EEG are also important for AUD patie...
PMC10162529
AUD and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
personality traits
In the past decades, personality traits have been identified as important predictors of treatment success and relapse in patients with AUD [
PMC10162529
AUD and AT
depression, brain damage, impulsivity, anxiety
According to the American Art Therapy Association, AT facilitated by a professional art therapist can effectively support personal and relational treatment goals as well as community concerns [Since art can only function following the laws of the visual brain, patients with AUD can be trained to regulate the loss of co...
PMC10162529
Materials and methods
PMC10162529
Participants and procedure
RECURRENCE
The study was conducted from March 2017 to March 2018 at KARF St. Mary’s Hospital in Ilsan, Republic of Korea. We recruited 55 patients with AUD; all met the study criteria and provided informed consent. We randomly allocated the 55 participants into the control (n = 27) and experimental (n = 28) groups. However, 20 pa...
PMC10162529
Randomisation method and allocation concealment
anger
RECURRENCE
This study was a single-blind study; the hospital’s clinical pathologists and doctors in contact with the patients were blinded, while the clinical art therapists conducting the study were not blinded. Participants were randomly assigned to groups using a computerized random number table by university volunteers who di...
PMC10162529
Recruitment and randomized allocation group from the CONSORT 2010 flow diagram.
PMC10162529
The overall flow of research.
We observed the changes in NK cell number and SAP expression, emotion, and behavior by applying AT, a complementary alternative medicine (CAM) to the psychological risk factors of AUD. Resulting changes in psychological factors led to positive NK cell growth and changes in SAP expression. It has also been shown that po...
PMC10162529
Participants
The inclusion criteria were as follows:Adult patients diagnosed with AUD by a psychiatrist.Capable to participate in AT according to a psychiatristHospitalized in the research facility with completion of the 2-week detoxCapability to perform minimal motor activities required for AT.Having received consent from their gu...
PMC10162529
Sample size
This study was a pilot study. Per Sheatsley and Sudman, a pilot study was appropriate with a minimum of 12 to 50 participants prior to a full-scale study [
PMC10162529
Ethical approval
DISEASE
This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the CHA University Institutional Review Board in March 2017 (1044308-201612-BR-030-03) (The clinical trial registration number is as follows:Clinical Research Information Service [Internet]; Osong (Chungcheongbuk...
PMC10162529
Informed consent
All the participants provided written informed consent. The consent form outlined the purpose, process, method, duration, side effects or risks, benefits, and disadvantages of the study. Additionally, the confidentiality of the collected personal information was guaranteed.
PMC10162529
Intervention
EVENTS
A clinical art therapist and two assistant therapists conducted the AT program. The main therapist was an AT expert with over 6 years of experience. The assistant therapists were graduate students in their master’s courses in clinical AT. The assistant therapists explained how to use the materials and helped participan...
PMC10162529
AT intervention program.
PMC10162529
Measures
PMC10162529
Detection of changes in the immune cell count and SAP expression levels
Alzheimer’s disease, depression, Down’s syndrome, drug addiction
BREAST CANCER
A blood test for SAPs allows objective assessment of the positive effect of AT on the immune system and stress levels. We tested for cortisol levels, NK cell count, and SAP expression levels (C-Jun N-terminal kinase [JNK], p-JNK, and Elk-1).Elk-1 is a transcription factor that directly regulates the expression of immed...
PMC10162529
Electroencephalography (EEG)
bipolar
EEG was performed using the Neurofeedback System (Panaxtox Corp, Seoul, Korea) developed by the Korea Psychiatry Research Center. This device simultaneously measures the left and right EEG traces in FP1 and FP2 of the prefrontal lobe using two electrodes in a sequential bipolar montage, following the International 10–2...
PMC10162529
The brain function quotient.
PMC10162529
Attention quotient (ATQ)
diseases or stress [
DISEASE
ATQ represents the degree of brain arousal and resistance to disease or stress. It is calculated by dividing theta wave activity by sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) wave activity of approximately 12–15 Hz. Therefore, it is related to immunity against diseases or stress [
PMC10162529
Activity quotient (ACQ)
The ACQ is an index representing the level of alpha and low-beta wave activity as well as the overall activity in the left and right brain. It is used to determine mental activity, thinking, and behavioral tendencies. It can be computed by analyzing alpha and low-beta waves. High and balanced ACQs between the left and ...
PMC10162529
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
psychiatric disorders
The MMPI-2 is a widely used self-reporting test developed by Hathaway and McKinely for accurate clinical diagnosis and evaluation of patients with psychiatric disorders [
PMC10162529
Alcoholism screening test of the National Seoul Mental Hospital (NAST)
The NAST was developed by Kim et al. [
PMC10162529
Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
depressive
The CES-D was developed by the National Institute of Mental Health in 1971 to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. We used the Korean version translated by Cho and Kim [
PMC10162529
Beck anxiety inventory (BAI)
Anxiety, anxiety, psychiatric disorders
Anxiety was measured using the BAI, which is a self-report questionnaire developed by Beck, Emery, & Greenberg. It allows for the assessment of clinical anxiety in patients with psychiatric disorders and comprises 21 items regarding cognitive, emotional, and physical anxiety [
PMC10162529
Barratt impulsiveness scale-II (BIS-II)
We used a modified version of the 11
PMC10162529
Data collection and procedures
Both groups underwent baseline assessment before the first session and post-intervention assessment after the final session. The EEG and questionnaire surveys were conducted in a testing room in the study facility without disturbances. Moreover, laboratory tests for the NK cell count, cortisol levels, and protein level...
PMC10162529
Statistical analysis
depression, impulsivity, anxiety
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics (version 22.0). Specifically, we performed a frequency analysis of the participants’ sociodemographic characteristics. Although normality was assumed through the normality test, a nonparametric test was performed because the number of study participants was smal...
PMC10162529
Western blotting
SAP expression was measured using serum samples obtained from both groups. Bradford assay was performed to measure and quantify protein levels in each sample, followed by protein analysis using Western blotting with anti-JNK (Cat# SC-571 Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), anti-p-JNK (Cat# SC-571 Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, ...
PMC10162529
Results
AUD
RECURRENCE
We randomly allocated the 55 participants into the control (n = 27) and experimental (n = 28) groups. However, 20 participants dropped out due to recurrence of alcohol use. Finally, 15 and 20 participants from the control and experimental groups, respectively, completed the study. With the exception of dropouts, all pa...
PMC10162529
General characteristics of the control and experimental groups.
PMC10162529
Group comparisons
PMC10162529
Changes in the NK cell count, cortisol levels
To determine the effectiveness of AT, Ranked ANCOVA was performed to compare experimental and the control groups in the change scores of NK cell, and Cortisol. The results of Ranked ANCOVA is presented in
PMC10162529
Ranked analysis of covariance for NK cells, and cortisol.
**
PMC10162529
Changes in stress-associated proteins
We analyzed changes in SAP expression in both groups. Repeated western blotting experiments were performed on two randomly selected participants from each group (Figs
PMC10162529
Means and Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test comparisons for study variables.
Depression, anxiety
*** ** * Effect size cut offs: 0.20 small, 0.50 medium, ≥ 0.80 large.ATQ, attention quotient; ACQ, Activity quotient.; Stress proteins (JNK, p-JNK, ELK1); NAST, Alcoholism screening test of the National Seoul Mental Hospital; CED-D, Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; BAI, Beck anxiety inventory; BIS- Ⅱ, ...
PMC10162529
Changes in the EEG, NAST, impulsivity, depression, and anxiety
As shown in In addition, the experimental group decreased alcohol dependence (Z = −3.920,
PMC10162529
Changes in the MMPI-2 profile
The experimental group showed significant changes in the validity scale of the MMPI-2 (F, F (B), L, K, and S) (
PMC10162529
Means and Wilcoxon’s signed-rank comparisons for MMPI-2 (validity scales and clinical scales).
RCd, antisocial tendencies, Hypochondriasis, low impulsive, Psychasthenia, schizophrenia, depression, Depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder
RECURRENCE, PATHOLOGY
** * Effect size cut offs: 0.20 small, 0.50 medium, ≥ 0.80 large.VRIN (Variable Response Inconsistency), TRIN (True Response Inconsistency), F (Infrequency), F(B) (Back Infrequency), F(P) (Infrequency Psychopathology), FBS (Symptom Validity), L (Lie), K (Correction), S (Superlative Self-Presentation), Hs (Hypochondrias...
PMC10162529
Discussion
drug addiction, anxiety, sleep disturbances, antisocial, aggression, impulsivity, psychasthenia, depression, schizophrenia, irritability, alcohol dependence
This study examined the physical, emotional, and behavioral changes experienced by patients with AUD after AT. First, we found that AT was associated with an increased NK cell count. Alcohol use decreases immune function; moreover, an increased NK cell count indicates increased immune function. The mechanisms through w...
PMC10162529
Limitations and suggestions for future research
This study had several limitations. First, we included a relatively small sample size. Given the high dropout rate of participants (due to relapse), there was a between-group difference in the sample size. This could undermine the generalizability of our findings. Second, we did not consider the influence of environmen...
PMC10162529
Conclusions
depression, impulsivity, anxiety
The results of our study show that through AT, alcohol dependence, depression, anxiety, and impulsivity in patients with AUD decreased, and that AT was effective prevention and recovery. The results do not indicate a reduction in the number of patients with AUD but do suggest that AT is indeed beneficial in numerous wa...
PMC10162529
Supporting information
PMC10162529
CONSORT 2010 checklist of information to include when reporting a randomised trial*.
(DOC)Click here for additional data file.
PMC10162529
Original images for blots and gels.
(PDF)Click here for additional data file.
PMC10162529
Restructured clinical scales and Psy-5 scales T-scores were compared by the group.
(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.
PMC10162529
Content scales of T-scores were compared by the group.
(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.
PMC10162529
Supplementary scales of T-scores were compared by the group.
(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.
PMC10162529
CHA University Institutional Review Board Form- English.
(PDF)Click here for additional data file.
PMC10162529
CHA University Institutional Review Board Form- Korean.
(PDF)Click here for additional data file.We would like to thank the clinical art therapists, Hyon-Suh Kim, Ji-Eun Kim; social worker, Kyung-Ho Jang; and the medical laboratory technologist, Hyang-suk Jeong at the KARF St. Mary’s Hospital who helped us with the research.
PMC10162529
References
PMC10162529
Background
metabolic disease, Diabetes mellitus, diabetic, diabetes
METABOLIC DISEASE, DIABETES MELLITUS, COMPLICATIONS, DIABETES
Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic disease in the world. Previous studies have shown that anesthetics can affect perioperative blood glucose levels which related to adverse clinical outcomes. Few studies have explored the choice of general anesthetic protocol on perioperative glucose metabolism in diabetes pati...
PMC10410792
Methods
diabetic
REGRESSION, COMPLICATIONS
In this double-blind controlled trial, 116 type 2 diabetic patients scheduled for general surgery were randomly assigned to either the TIVA group or TIHA group (n = 56 and n = 60, respectively). The blood glucose level at different time points were measured and analyzed by the repeated-measures analysis of variance. Th...
PMC10410792
Results
The blood glucose levels were higher in TIHA group than that in TIVA group at the time points of extubation, 1 and 2 h after the operation, 1 and 2 days after the operation, and were significantly higher at 1 day after the operation (10.4 ± 2.8 vs. 8.1 ± 2.1 mmol/L;
PMC10410792
Conclusions
diabetic
COMPLICATIONS
TIVA has less impact on perioperative blood glucose level and a better inhibition of cortisol release in type 2 diabetic patients compared to TIHA. A future large trial may be conducted to find the difference of complications between the two groups.
PMC10410792
Trial registration
The protocol registered on the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry on 20/01/2020 (ChiCTR2000029247).
PMC10410792
Keywords
PMC10410792
Introduction
hyperglycemia, diabetic, diabetes
HYPERGLYCEMIA, DIABETES
It was reported that 8.3% of the population in the United States is diabetic, while in China, the estimated prevalence of diabetes in adults is 10.9% [The effect of anesthetics on the intraoperative blood glucose level and the degree of the surgical stress caused by anesthetic agents plays a crucial role in the postope...
PMC10410792
Methods
PMC10410792
Trial design
WEST
This randomized controlled single-center, double-blind, parallel trial was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University on 18/12/2019 (2019 − 928), and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects participating in the trial. The trial was registered prior to patien...
PMC10410792
Participants
hepatic and/or renal dysfunction, pancreatic cancer, metabolic disorders
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, SYSTEMIC DISEASE, DIABETIC NEUROPATHY, ISLET CELL TUMOR, NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE, HYPERGLYCEMIA, PANCREATIC CANCER, METABOLIC DISORDERS, TYPE 2 DIABETES
Potentially eligible patients were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All adult type 2 diabetes patients (18–90 year old) with class I, II, or III based on the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status undergoing elective general surgery (≥ 2 h) were screened for inclusion acc...
PMC10410792
Randomisation and blinding
RECRUITMENT, BLIND
The patients were randomized at 1:1 ratio to receive total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA group) or total inhalation anesthesia (TIHA group) by using the SPSS software. The center for Evidence-Based Medicine provided sequentially numbered opaque sealed envelopes to achieve allocation concealment. These sealed envelopes w...
PMC10410792
Intervention and measurement
hypoglycemia, pain, diabetes
HYPOGLYCEMIA, DIABETES
Oral antidiabetic medications were continued in diabetes patients on the day before surgery, and were discontinued on the day of surgery. The doses of long-acting insulin administered should be reduced by 50–75% on the night before surgery to avoid hypoglycemia during a prolonged fast. Half doses of basal insulin were ...
PMC10410792
Outcomes
death, postoperative pulmonary complications, arrhythmia, PPCS, stroke, infection, anastomotic fistula, acute kidney injury
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI), ARRHYTHMIA, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, STROKE, RENAL FAILURE, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION, HYPOGLYCEMIA, STRESS ULCER, INFECTION, HYPERGLYCEMIA, COMPLICATIONS
The primary outcomes are the blood glucose levels at different time points: preoperative(T0), immediate intubation (T1), skin incision (T2), 1, 2 and 3 h after the start of the operation (T3, T4 and T5, respectively), suturing (T6), extubation (T7), 1 h after the operation (T8) ,2 h after the operation (T9), 1 and 2 da...
PMC10410792
Sample size
The sample size was corrected for repeated measures by blood glucose level at 11 different time points based on the results of the pilot trial with SPSS software. According to the pilot trial, the blood glucose level on the postoperative day 1 was largely adequate to prove a difference between the two groups, and the m...
PMC10410792
Statistical analysis
The Statistical analysis of our study was achieved based on a prespecified analysis plan [
PMC10410792
Results
RECRUITMENT
There were164 patients from January 2020 to October 2020 were screened and 134 participants were enrolled in our trial. A Consolidated Standards of Reporting flow diagram of study recruitment was shown in Fig.  Flow CONSORT diagram of study recruitment TIHA: total intravenous anesthesia, TIHA: total inhalation anesthes...
PMC10410792
Patient characteristics
COPD
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, COPD
The baseline characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table  Basic CharacteristicsThe data are expressed as n (%) or median [range]. TIVA, total intravenous anesthesia; TIHA, total inhalation anesthesia; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HBA1c, hemoglobinA...
PMC10410792
Blood glucose level
BLOOD
The results showed no interaction between time point and group allocation ( Blood glucose level at different time point in the two groups TIHA: total intravenous anesthesia, TIHA: total inhalation anesthesia,
PMC10410792
Insulin and cortisol level
Preoperative insulin level in both groups were comparable (11.1 ± 3.9 vs. 11.3 ± 3.4 IU/mL; Insulin and cortisol levels of the patients in the two groups TIHA: total intravenous anesthesia, TIHA: total inhalation anesthesia,
PMC10410792
Complications and risk factors
PPCS, Postoperative pulmonary complications
REGRESSION, COMPLICATIONS, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
With regards to the postoperative complications, no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of incidence number of the postoperative complications (TIVA 16% [9/56] vs. TIHA 28% [17/60]; Table  Incidence of postoperative complications in Patients Who Received Different Types of General Anesthesi...
PMC10410792
Discussion
diabetes mellitus, diabetic, lower blood glucose, type 2 diabetes, trauma
POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, DIABETES MELLITUS, INSULIN RESISTANCE, TYPE 2 DIABETES, PATHOGENESIS, COMPLICATIONS
In our study, patients with type 2 diabetes in propofol group had lower blood glucose level, less-affected insulin resistance, and better inhibition of cortisol release compared to those in desflurane group. However, no significant difference regarding the incidence of complications between the two groups was found bas...
PMC10410792
Conclusions
diabetic
COMPLICATIONS
TIVA has less impact on perioperative blood glucose level and a better inhibition of cortisol release in type 2 diabetic patients undergoing general surgery compared to TIHA. Due to the relative-short term of follow up, it is impossible to compare postoperative survival time in our study. A future large trial may be co...
PMC10410792
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
PMC10410792
Authors’ contributions
PL, CZ and CC contributed to the conception and design of the work; XHX, YH and QZ contributed to statistical analysis; XHX contributed to drafting the manuscript; PL and CC revised it. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
PMC10410792
Funding
This work was supported by the grants No. 81600918 (to P.L.) and No. 81974164 (to C.Z.) from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Beijing, China).
PMC10410792
Data Availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
PMC10410792
Declarations
PMC10410792
Ethics approval and consent to participate
WEST
The protocol for this trial was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University on December 18, 2019 (2019 − 928), and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects participating in the trial. The trial was registered prior to patient enrollment on the Chinese Clinical...
PMC10410792
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
PMC10410792
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
PMC10410792
References
PMC10410792
Objective
thyroid carcinoma
THYROID CARCINOMA, THYROID
Edited by: Kyung Tae, Hanyang University, Republic of KoreaReviewed by: Mehmet Haciyanli, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Türkiye; Jiajie Xu, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, China†These authors have contributed equally to this workThis article was submitted to Thyroid Endocrinology, a section of the journal Front...
PMC10154604
Methods
thyroid cancer
CAVITY, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, SCAR, THYROID CANCER
A total of 104 patients with thyroid cancer who underwent unilateral thyroid lobectomy and central lymph node dissection were randomly assigned into no drainage tube (n=52) and routine drainage tube (n=52) placement groups. General information of each patient was recorded, including the postoperative drainage volume/re...
PMC10154604
Results
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, numbness, pain, infection, effusion
POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, HYPOPARATHYROIDISM, POSTOPERATIVE BLEEDING, INFECTION, EFFUSION, LYMPHATIC LEAKAGE, SCARRING
Significant differences were not observed in the general and pathological information (including sex, age, body weight, body mass index (BMI), incision length, specimen volume, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and number of lymph nodes dissected), operation time, and postoperative complications (postoperative bleeding, incisio...
PMC10154604
Conclusion
Routine drainage tube insertion is not needed in patients with unilateral thyroid lobectomy and central neck dissection.
PMC10154604
Introduction
thyroid carcinoma, infections, necrotic
THYROID CARCINOMA, SCAR, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIONS, NECROTIC
Surgical drainage is a technique used to remove exudate, necrotic tissue, or other abnormally increased fluids from the body through drainage tubes and strips, and it is usually used in the clinical surgical treatment of wounds or after surgery to prevent incision infections and promote wound healing (Therefore, our st...
PMC10154604
Materials and methods
dyspnea, throat, numbness, pain, infection, effusion, hypertension, diabetes
POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, HYPOPARATHYROIDISM, CHRONIC DISEASES, POSTOPERATIVE BLEEDING, HYPERTHYROIDISM, MAY, INFECTION, EFFUSION, LYMPHATIC LEAKAGE, LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS, HYPERTENSION, DIABETES
Patients who underwent unilateral lobectomy and neck lymph node dissection at the First Hospital of Jilin University from November 2021 to May 2022 were selected for this study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups by opaque envelope method: a non-drainage tube after operation group and a routinely placed dra...
PMC10154604
Statistical analysis
SPSS version 23 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all the statistical analyses. The patient counting data were tested by Pearson chi-square test, the metrological data were tested by the normality test, the data that conformed to a normal distribution were tested by the independent sample’s t-test, an...
PMC10154604
Results
throat, foreign-body sensation, Non-drain, effusion, thyroid cancer
SCAR, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION, EFFUSION, THYROID CANCER
The general features and pathological information of patients in the non-drainage and drainage groups were compared (Comparison of general information and pathological information between the non-drainage and drainage groups.The amount of cervical effusion in patients in the non-drainage group was calculated using post...
PMC10154604
Discussion
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, acute postoperative bleeding, postoperative hematoma, numbness, pain, postoperative infection
SCAR, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, BLOOD CLOTS, WOUND INFECTION, RETROSTERNAL GOITER, POSTOPERATIVE BLEEDING, POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION, CAVITY, EFFUSION, SCARRING, LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS, COMPLICATIONS
Drainage is widely used by many surgeons during thyroid surgery. Many surgeons use drainage tube for every patient after thyroid surgery under the belief that the use of drainage devices can help eliminate exudation and dead space and identify earlier the occurrence of acute postoperative bleeding, which would allow fo...
PMC10154604
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
PMC10154604
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Medical Ethics Committee of the First Hospital of Jilin University. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
PMC10154604
Author contributions
Study concept: QZ, ZW. Study design: ZW. Project management: QZ, ZW, PQ. Data collection: ZW, LZ, ZB, XL, QS. Data statistics and analysis: ZW, PQ, LZ. Manuscript preparation: ZW. Manuscript editing: ZW, PQ. Manuscript review: QZ, ZW, PQ. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
PMC10154604