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Funding | This project has been supported by the Research and Technology Deputy of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (Grant Number: 9904242558). | PMC10422136 | ||
References | PMC10422136 | |||
Methods | Participants were randomly divided into two groups (n = 35), with the experimental group undergoing art therapy involving weekly 60-min group therapy sessions for 10 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using Ranked ANCOVA and Wilcoxon’s signed rank test. Western blotting was performed to analyze serum SAP levels. | PMC10162529 | ||
Results | depression, impulsivity, anxiety | We observed an association between psychological mechanisms and stress proteins. There was an increased number of NK cells in the experimental group after the program. Moreover, compared with the control group, the experimental group showed significant changes in SAP expression. Further, the experimental group showed a... | PMC10162529 | |
Conclusions | RECURRENCE | Continuous psychological support could be applied as a stress-control program for preventing stress recurrence and post-discharge relapse. Our findings strengthen the link between biomedical science and mental health in rehabilitation treatment for AUD. | PMC10162529 | |
Data Availability | All relevant data are within the paper and its | PMC10162529 | ||
Introduction | deaths, cognitive and behavioral disorders | According to the World Health Organization, alcohol is the most consumed psychoactive substance worldwide, with an estimated 3 million deaths annually worldwide due to harmful alcohol use [Chronic alcohol use causes extensive structural, functional, and neurobiological changes in the nervous system, leading to a variou... | PMC10162529 | |
AUD, stress proteins, immune cells, and electroencephalography (EEG) changes | Brain injury, sleep disorders, anxiety | RECURRENCE, BRAIN | Prolonged alcohol use significantly decreases leukocyte levels and antibody production. In case of long-term alcohol misuse, alcohol directly acts on tissues involved in stress response, which increases the production of stress-related proteins [In addition to biomarkers, changes in EEG are also important for AUD patie... | PMC10162529 |
AUD and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) | personality traits | In the past decades, personality traits have been identified as important predictors of treatment success and relapse in patients with AUD [ | PMC10162529 | |
AUD and AT | depression, brain damage, impulsivity, anxiety | According to the American Art Therapy Association, AT facilitated by a professional art therapist can effectively support personal and relational treatment goals as well as community concerns [Since art can only function following the laws of the visual brain, patients with AUD can be trained to regulate the loss of co... | PMC10162529 | |
Materials and methods | PMC10162529 | |||
Participants and procedure | RECURRENCE | The study was conducted from March 2017 to March 2018 at KARF St. Mary’s Hospital in Ilsan, Republic of Korea. We recruited 55 patients with AUD; all met the study criteria and provided informed consent. We randomly allocated the 55 participants into the control (n = 27) and experimental (n = 28) groups. However, 20 pa... | PMC10162529 | |
Randomisation method and allocation concealment | anger | RECURRENCE | This study was a single-blind study; the hospital’s clinical pathologists and doctors in contact with the patients were blinded, while the clinical art therapists conducting the study were not blinded. Participants were randomly assigned to groups using a computerized random number table by university volunteers who di... | PMC10162529 |
Recruitment and randomized allocation group from the CONSORT 2010 flow diagram. | PMC10162529 | |||
The overall flow of research. | We observed the changes in NK cell number and SAP expression, emotion, and behavior by applying AT, a complementary alternative medicine (CAM) to the psychological risk factors of AUD. Resulting changes in psychological factors led to positive NK cell growth and changes in SAP expression. It has also been shown that po... | PMC10162529 | ||
Participants | The inclusion criteria were as follows:Adult patients diagnosed with AUD by a psychiatrist.Capable to participate in AT according to a psychiatristHospitalized in the research facility with completion of the 2-week detoxCapability to perform minimal motor activities required for AT.Having received consent from their gu... | PMC10162529 | ||
Sample size | This study was a pilot study. Per Sheatsley and Sudman, a pilot study was appropriate with a minimum of 12 to 50 participants prior to a full-scale study [ | PMC10162529 | ||
Ethical approval | DISEASE | This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the CHA University Institutional Review Board in March 2017 (1044308-201612-BR-030-03) (The clinical trial registration number is as follows:Clinical Research Information Service [Internet]; Osong (Chungcheongbuk... | PMC10162529 | |
Informed consent | All the participants provided written informed consent. The consent form outlined the purpose, process, method, duration, side effects or risks, benefits, and disadvantages of the study. Additionally, the confidentiality of the collected personal information was guaranteed. | PMC10162529 | ||
Intervention | EVENTS | A clinical art therapist and two assistant therapists conducted the AT program. The main therapist was an AT expert with over 6 years of experience. The assistant therapists were graduate students in their master’s courses in clinical AT. The assistant therapists explained how to use the materials and helped participan... | PMC10162529 | |
AT intervention program. | PMC10162529 | |||
Measures | PMC10162529 | |||
Detection of changes in the immune cell count and SAP expression levels | Alzheimer’s disease, depression, Down’s syndrome, drug addiction | BREAST CANCER | A blood test for SAPs allows objective assessment of the positive effect of AT on the immune system and stress levels. We tested for cortisol levels, NK cell count, and SAP expression levels (C-Jun N-terminal kinase [JNK], p-JNK, and Elk-1).Elk-1 is a transcription factor that directly regulates the expression of immed... | PMC10162529 |
Electroencephalography (EEG) | bipolar | EEG was performed using the Neurofeedback System (Panaxtox Corp, Seoul, Korea) developed by the Korea Psychiatry Research Center. This device simultaneously measures the left and right EEG traces in FP1 and FP2 of the prefrontal lobe using two electrodes in a sequential bipolar montage, following the International 10–2... | PMC10162529 | |
The brain function quotient. | PMC10162529 | |||
Attention quotient (ATQ) | diseases or stress [ | DISEASE | ATQ represents the degree of brain arousal and resistance to disease or stress. It is calculated by dividing theta wave activity by sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) wave activity of approximately 12–15 Hz. Therefore, it is related to immunity against diseases or stress [ | PMC10162529 |
Activity quotient (ACQ) | The ACQ is an index representing the level of alpha and low-beta wave activity as well as the overall activity in the left and right brain. It is used to determine mental activity, thinking, and behavioral tendencies. It can be computed by analyzing alpha and low-beta waves. High and balanced ACQs between the left and ... | PMC10162529 | ||
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2 (MMPI-2) | psychiatric disorders | The MMPI-2 is a widely used self-reporting test developed by Hathaway and McKinely for accurate clinical diagnosis and evaluation of patients with psychiatric disorders [ | PMC10162529 | |
Alcoholism screening test of the National Seoul Mental Hospital (NAST) | The NAST was developed by Kim et al. [ | PMC10162529 | ||
Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | depressive | The CES-D was developed by the National Institute of Mental Health in 1971 to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. We used the Korean version translated by Cho and Kim [ | PMC10162529 | |
Beck anxiety inventory (BAI) | Anxiety, anxiety, psychiatric disorders | Anxiety was measured using the BAI, which is a self-report questionnaire developed by Beck, Emery, & Greenberg. It allows for the assessment of clinical anxiety in patients with psychiatric disorders and comprises 21 items regarding cognitive, emotional, and physical anxiety [ | PMC10162529 | |
Barratt impulsiveness scale-II (BIS-II) | We used a modified version of the 11 | PMC10162529 | ||
Data collection and procedures | Both groups underwent baseline assessment before the first session and post-intervention assessment after the final session. The EEG and questionnaire surveys were conducted in a testing room in the study facility without disturbances. Moreover, laboratory tests for the NK cell count, cortisol levels, and protein level... | PMC10162529 | ||
Statistical analysis | depression, impulsivity, anxiety | Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics (version 22.0). Specifically, we performed a frequency analysis of the participants’ sociodemographic characteristics. Although normality was assumed through the normality test, a nonparametric test was performed because the number of study participants was smal... | PMC10162529 | |
Western blotting | SAP expression was measured using serum samples obtained from both groups. Bradford assay was performed to measure and quantify protein levels in each sample, followed by protein analysis using Western blotting with anti-JNK (Cat# SC-571 Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), anti-p-JNK (Cat# SC-571 Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, ... | PMC10162529 | ||
Results | AUD | RECURRENCE | We randomly allocated the 55 participants into the control (n = 27) and experimental (n = 28) groups. However, 20 participants dropped out due to recurrence of alcohol use. Finally, 15 and 20 participants from the control and experimental groups, respectively, completed the study. With the exception of dropouts, all pa... | PMC10162529 |
General characteristics of the control and experimental groups. | PMC10162529 | |||
Group comparisons | PMC10162529 | |||
Changes in the NK cell count, cortisol levels | To determine the effectiveness of AT, Ranked ANCOVA was performed to compare experimental and the control groups in the change scores of NK cell, and Cortisol. The results of Ranked ANCOVA is presented in | PMC10162529 | ||
Ranked analysis of covariance for NK cells, and cortisol. | ** | PMC10162529 | ||
Changes in stress-associated proteins | We analyzed changes in SAP expression in both groups. Repeated western blotting experiments were performed on two randomly selected participants from each group (Figs | PMC10162529 | ||
Means and Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test comparisons for study variables. | Depression, anxiety | *** ** * Effect size cut offs: 0.20 small, 0.50 medium, ≥ 0.80 large.ATQ, attention quotient; ACQ, Activity quotient.; Stress proteins (JNK, p-JNK, ELK1); NAST, Alcoholism screening test of the National Seoul Mental Hospital; CED-D, Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; BAI, Beck anxiety inventory; BIS- Ⅱ, ... | PMC10162529 | |
Changes in the EEG, NAST, impulsivity, depression, and anxiety | As shown in In addition, the experimental group decreased alcohol dependence (Z = −3.920, | PMC10162529 | ||
Changes in the MMPI-2 profile | The experimental group showed significant changes in the validity scale of the MMPI-2 (F, F (B), L, K, and S) ( | PMC10162529 | ||
Means and Wilcoxon’s signed-rank comparisons for MMPI-2 (validity scales and clinical scales). | RCd, antisocial tendencies, Hypochondriasis, low impulsive, Psychasthenia, schizophrenia, depression, Depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder | RECURRENCE, PATHOLOGY | ** * Effect size cut offs: 0.20 small, 0.50 medium, ≥ 0.80 large.VRIN (Variable Response Inconsistency), TRIN (True Response Inconsistency), F (Infrequency), F(B) (Back Infrequency), F(P) (Infrequency Psychopathology), FBS (Symptom Validity), L (Lie), K (Correction), S (Superlative Self-Presentation), Hs (Hypochondrias... | PMC10162529 |
Discussion | drug addiction, anxiety, sleep disturbances, antisocial, aggression, impulsivity, psychasthenia, depression, schizophrenia, irritability, alcohol dependence | This study examined the physical, emotional, and behavioral changes experienced by patients with AUD after AT. First, we found that AT was associated with an increased NK cell count. Alcohol use decreases immune function; moreover, an increased NK cell count indicates increased immune function. The mechanisms through w... | PMC10162529 | |
Limitations and suggestions for future research | This study had several limitations. First, we included a relatively small sample size. Given the high dropout rate of participants (due to relapse), there was a between-group difference in the sample size. This could undermine the generalizability of our findings. Second, we did not consider the influence of environmen... | PMC10162529 | ||
Conclusions | depression, impulsivity, anxiety | The results of our study show that through AT, alcohol dependence, depression, anxiety, and impulsivity in patients with AUD decreased, and that AT was effective prevention and recovery. The results do not indicate a reduction in the number of patients with AUD but do suggest that AT is indeed beneficial in numerous wa... | PMC10162529 | |
Supporting information | PMC10162529 | |||
CONSORT 2010 checklist of information to include when reporting a randomised trial*. | (DOC)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10162529 | ||
Original images for blots and gels. | (PDF)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10162529 | ||
Restructured clinical scales and Psy-5 scales T-scores were compared by the group. | (DOCX)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10162529 | ||
Content scales of T-scores were compared by the group. | (DOCX)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10162529 | ||
Supplementary scales of T-scores were compared by the group. | (DOCX)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10162529 | ||
CHA University Institutional Review Board Form- English. | (PDF)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10162529 | ||
CHA University Institutional Review Board Form- Korean. | (PDF)Click here for additional data file.We would like to thank the clinical art therapists, Hyon-Suh Kim, Ji-Eun Kim; social worker, Kyung-Ho Jang; and the medical laboratory technologist, Hyang-suk Jeong at the KARF St. Mary’s Hospital who helped us with the research. | PMC10162529 | ||
References | PMC10162529 | |||
Background | metabolic disease, Diabetes mellitus, diabetic, diabetes | METABOLIC DISEASE, DIABETES MELLITUS, COMPLICATIONS, DIABETES | Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic disease in the world. Previous studies have shown that anesthetics can affect perioperative blood glucose levels which related to adverse clinical outcomes. Few studies have explored the choice of general anesthetic protocol on perioperative glucose metabolism in diabetes pati... | PMC10410792 |
Methods | diabetic | REGRESSION, COMPLICATIONS | In this double-blind controlled trial, 116 type 2 diabetic patients scheduled for general surgery were randomly assigned to either the TIVA group or TIHA group (n = 56 and n = 60, respectively). The blood glucose level at different time points were measured and analyzed by the repeated-measures analysis of variance. Th... | PMC10410792 |
Results | The blood glucose levels were higher in TIHA group than that in TIVA group at the time points of extubation, 1 and 2 h after the operation, 1 and 2 days after the operation, and were significantly higher at 1 day after the operation (10.4 ± 2.8 vs. 8.1 ± 2.1 mmol/L; | PMC10410792 | ||
Conclusions | diabetic | COMPLICATIONS | TIVA has less impact on perioperative blood glucose level and a better inhibition of cortisol release in type 2 diabetic patients compared to TIHA. A future large trial may be conducted to find the difference of complications between the two groups. | PMC10410792 |
Trial registration | The protocol registered on the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry on 20/01/2020 (ChiCTR2000029247). | PMC10410792 | ||
Keywords | PMC10410792 | |||
Introduction | hyperglycemia, diabetic, diabetes | HYPERGLYCEMIA, DIABETES | It was reported that 8.3% of the population in the United States is diabetic, while in China, the estimated prevalence of diabetes in adults is 10.9% [The effect of anesthetics on the intraoperative blood glucose level and the degree of the surgical stress caused by anesthetic agents plays a crucial role in the postope... | PMC10410792 |
Methods | PMC10410792 | |||
Trial design | WEST | This randomized controlled single-center, double-blind, parallel trial was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University on 18/12/2019 (2019 − 928), and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects participating in the trial. The trial was registered prior to patien... | PMC10410792 | |
Participants | hepatic and/or renal dysfunction, pancreatic cancer, metabolic disorders | DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, SYSTEMIC DISEASE, DIABETIC NEUROPATHY, ISLET CELL TUMOR, NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE, HYPERGLYCEMIA, PANCREATIC CANCER, METABOLIC DISORDERS, TYPE 2 DIABETES | Potentially eligible patients were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All adult type 2 diabetes patients (18–90 year old) with class I, II, or III based on the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status undergoing elective general surgery (≥ 2 h) were screened for inclusion acc... | PMC10410792 |
Randomisation and blinding | RECRUITMENT, BLIND | The patients were randomized at 1:1 ratio to receive total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA group) or total inhalation anesthesia (TIHA group) by using the SPSS software. The center for Evidence-Based Medicine provided sequentially numbered opaque sealed envelopes to achieve allocation concealment. These sealed envelopes w... | PMC10410792 | |
Intervention and measurement | hypoglycemia, pain, diabetes | HYPOGLYCEMIA, DIABETES | Oral antidiabetic medications were continued in diabetes patients on the day before surgery, and were discontinued on the day of surgery. The doses of long-acting insulin administered should be reduced by 50–75% on the night before surgery to avoid hypoglycemia during a prolonged fast. Half doses of basal insulin were ... | PMC10410792 |
Outcomes | death, postoperative pulmonary complications, arrhythmia, PPCS, stroke, infection, anastomotic fistula, acute kidney injury | MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI), ARRHYTHMIA, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, STROKE, RENAL FAILURE, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION, HYPOGLYCEMIA, STRESS ULCER, INFECTION, HYPERGLYCEMIA, COMPLICATIONS | The primary outcomes are the blood glucose levels at different time points: preoperative(T0), immediate intubation (T1), skin incision (T2), 1, 2 and 3 h after the start of the operation (T3, T4 and T5, respectively), suturing (T6), extubation (T7), 1 h after the operation (T8) ,2 h after the operation (T9), 1 and 2 da... | PMC10410792 |
Sample size | The sample size was corrected for repeated measures by blood glucose level at 11 different time points based on the results of the pilot trial with SPSS software. According to the pilot trial, the blood glucose level on the postoperative day 1 was largely adequate to prove a difference between the two groups, and the m... | PMC10410792 | ||
Statistical analysis | The Statistical analysis of our study was achieved based on a prespecified analysis plan [ | PMC10410792 | ||
Results | RECRUITMENT | There were164 patients from January 2020 to October 2020 were screened and 134 participants were enrolled in our trial. A Consolidated Standards of Reporting flow diagram of study recruitment was shown in Fig.
Flow CONSORT diagram of study recruitment TIHA: total intravenous anesthesia, TIHA: total inhalation anesthes... | PMC10410792 | |
Patient characteristics | COPD | CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, COPD | The baseline characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table
Basic CharacteristicsThe data are expressed as n (%) or median [range]. TIVA, total intravenous anesthesia; TIHA, total inhalation anesthesia; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HBA1c, hemoglobinA... | PMC10410792 |
Blood glucose level | BLOOD | The results showed no interaction between time point and group allocation (
Blood glucose level at different time point in the two groups TIHA: total intravenous anesthesia, TIHA: total inhalation anesthesia, | PMC10410792 | |
Insulin and cortisol level | Preoperative insulin level in both groups were comparable (11.1 ± 3.9 vs. 11.3 ± 3.4 IU/mL;
Insulin and cortisol levels of the patients in the two groups TIHA: total intravenous anesthesia, TIHA: total inhalation anesthesia, | PMC10410792 | ||
Complications and risk factors | PPCS, Postoperative pulmonary complications | REGRESSION, COMPLICATIONS, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS | With regards to the postoperative complications, no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of incidence number of the postoperative complications (TIVA 16% [9/56] vs. TIHA 28% [17/60]; Table
Incidence of postoperative complications in Patients Who Received Different Types of General Anesthesi... | PMC10410792 |
Discussion | diabetes mellitus, diabetic, lower blood glucose, type 2 diabetes, trauma | POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, DIABETES MELLITUS, INSULIN RESISTANCE, TYPE 2 DIABETES, PATHOGENESIS, COMPLICATIONS | In our study, patients with type 2 diabetes in propofol group had lower blood glucose level, less-affected insulin resistance, and better inhibition of cortisol release compared to those in desflurane group. However, no significant difference regarding the incidence of complications between the two groups was found bas... | PMC10410792 |
Conclusions | diabetic | COMPLICATIONS | TIVA has less impact on perioperative blood glucose level and a better inhibition of cortisol release in type 2 diabetic patients undergoing general surgery compared to TIHA. Due to the relative-short term of follow up, it is impossible to compare postoperative survival time in our study. A future large trial may be co... | PMC10410792 |
Acknowledgements | Not applicable. | PMC10410792 | ||
Authors’ contributions | PL, CZ and CC contributed to the conception and design of the work; XHX, YH and QZ contributed to statistical analysis; XHX contributed to drafting the manuscript; PL and CC revised it. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. | PMC10410792 | ||
Funding | This work was supported by the grants No. 81600918 (to P.L.) and No. 81974164 (to C.Z.) from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Beijing, China). | PMC10410792 | ||
Data Availability | The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. | PMC10410792 | ||
Declarations | PMC10410792 | |||
Ethics approval and consent to participate | WEST | The protocol for this trial was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University on December 18, 2019 (2019 − 928), and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects participating in the trial. The trial was registered prior to patient enrollment on the Chinese Clinical... | PMC10410792 | |
Consent for publication | Not applicable. | PMC10410792 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare that they have no competing interests. | PMC10410792 | ||
References | PMC10410792 | |||
Objective | thyroid carcinoma | THYROID CARCINOMA, THYROID | Edited by: Kyung Tae, Hanyang University, Republic of KoreaReviewed by: Mehmet Haciyanli, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Türkiye; Jiajie Xu, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, China†These authors have contributed equally to this workThis article was submitted to Thyroid Endocrinology, a section of the journal Front... | PMC10154604 |
Methods | thyroid cancer | CAVITY, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, SCAR, THYROID CANCER | A total of 104 patients with thyroid cancer who underwent unilateral thyroid lobectomy and central lymph node dissection were randomly assigned into no drainage tube (n=52) and routine drainage tube (n=52) placement groups. General information of each patient was recorded, including the postoperative drainage volume/re... | PMC10154604 |
Results | Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, numbness, pain, infection, effusion | POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, HYPOPARATHYROIDISM, POSTOPERATIVE BLEEDING, INFECTION, EFFUSION, LYMPHATIC LEAKAGE, SCARRING | Significant differences were not observed in the general and pathological information (including sex, age, body weight, body mass index (BMI), incision length, specimen volume, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and number of lymph nodes dissected), operation time, and postoperative complications (postoperative bleeding, incisio... | PMC10154604 |
Conclusion | Routine drainage tube insertion is not needed in patients with unilateral thyroid lobectomy and central neck dissection. | PMC10154604 | ||
Introduction | thyroid carcinoma, infections, necrotic | THYROID CARCINOMA, SCAR, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIONS, NECROTIC | Surgical drainage is a technique used to remove exudate, necrotic tissue, or other abnormally increased fluids from the body through drainage tubes and strips, and it is usually used in the clinical surgical treatment of wounds or after surgery to prevent incision infections and promote wound healing (Therefore, our st... | PMC10154604 |
Materials and methods | dyspnea, throat, numbness, pain, infection, effusion, hypertension, diabetes | POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, HYPOPARATHYROIDISM, CHRONIC DISEASES, POSTOPERATIVE BLEEDING, HYPERTHYROIDISM, MAY, INFECTION, EFFUSION, LYMPHATIC LEAKAGE, LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS, HYPERTENSION, DIABETES | Patients who underwent unilateral lobectomy and neck lymph node dissection at the First Hospital of Jilin University from November 2021 to May 2022 were selected for this study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups by opaque envelope method: a non-drainage tube after operation group and a routinely placed dra... | PMC10154604 |
Statistical analysis | SPSS version 23 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all the statistical analyses. The patient counting data were tested by Pearson chi-square test, the metrological data were tested by the normality test, the data that conformed to a normal distribution were tested by the independent sample’s t-test, an... | PMC10154604 | ||
Results | throat, foreign-body sensation, Non-drain, effusion, thyroid cancer | SCAR, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION, EFFUSION, THYROID CANCER | The general features and pathological information of patients in the non-drainage and drainage groups were compared (Comparison of general information and pathological information between the non-drainage and drainage groups.The amount of cervical effusion in patients in the non-drainage group was calculated using post... | PMC10154604 |
Discussion | Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, acute postoperative bleeding, postoperative hematoma, numbness, pain, postoperative infection | SCAR, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, BLOOD CLOTS, WOUND INFECTION, RETROSTERNAL GOITER, POSTOPERATIVE BLEEDING, POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION, CAVITY, EFFUSION, SCARRING, LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS, COMPLICATIONS | Drainage is widely used by many surgeons during thyroid surgery. Many surgeons use drainage tube for every patient after thyroid surgery under the belief that the use of drainage devices can help eliminate exudation and dead space and identify earlier the occurrence of acute postoperative bleeding, which would allow fo... | PMC10154604 |
Data availability statement | The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. | PMC10154604 | ||
Ethics statement | The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Medical Ethics Committee of the First Hospital of Jilin University. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. | PMC10154604 | ||
Author contributions | Study concept: QZ, ZW. Study design: ZW. Project management: QZ, ZW, PQ. Data collection: ZW, LZ, ZB, XL, QS. Data statistics and analysis: ZW, PQ, LZ. Manuscript preparation: ZW. Manuscript editing: ZW, PQ. Manuscript review: QZ, ZW, PQ. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. | PMC10154604 |
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