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Acknowledgements | The authors wish to acknowledge the support and active input from the Scientific Coordinating Committee (SCC) and from the Research Governance and Support Services, MRC Unit The Gambia at LSHTM. We would like to thank the management and staff of the Ministry of Health of The Gambia and of Kanifing General Hospital for ... | PMC10207755 | ||
Authors’ contributions | SKV and FK conceived and designed the study. SKV, OJ, MB, AP, and MJ oversaw and conducted the research in The Gambia. SP oversaw data analysis, while PHJ contributed to the data management and qualitative analysis. SP and SU drafted the first version of the manuscript. All authors critically reviewed and approved the ... | PMC10207755 | ||
Funding | Funding for the PRIMORDIAL study is from Medical Research Council, UK (MR/R020345/1) the Global Challenges Research fund, University of Oxford, UK (0006138), and Newton Fund (BT/IN/DBT-MRC/DIFD/JM/12/2018–19). | PMC10207755 | ||
Availability of data and materials | The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to reasons of sensitivity but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. | PMC10207755 | ||
Declarations | PMC10207755 | |||
Ethics approval and consent to participate | The study was approved by The Gambia Government/MRCG Joint ethics committee (SCC 1620). Written informed consent was obtained by means of participant dated signature and dated signature of the person who administered the ICF. In cases of illiterate participants, her left thumb impression was obtained and this procedure... | PMC10207755 | ||
Consent for publication | Not applicable. | PMC10207755 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare that they have no competing interests. | PMC10207755 | ||
References | PMC10207755 | |||
Background | cubital tunnel syndrome | CUBITAL TUNNEL SYNDROME | This study was designed to investigate whether intraoperative electrical nerve stimulation has effects on the short-term recovery of cubital tunnel syndrome patients after ulnar nerve release. | PMC10069011 |
Methods | cubital tunnel syndrome | CUBITAL TUNNEL SYNDROME | Patients diagnosed as cubital tunnel syndrome were selected. At the same time, they received conventional surgery treatment. The patients were divided by a randomized digits table into two groups. The control group underwent conventional surgery, and the electrical stimulation (ES) group underwent intraoperative electr... | PMC10069011 |
Results | In patients treated with intraoperative ES, the sensory and motor functions and the strength of muscle were significantly improved after 1-month and 6-month follow-up than the control group. After the follow-up, the patients in the ES group had significantly higher grip strength and key pinch strength than the control ... | PMC10069011 | ||
Conclusion | cubital tunnel syndrome | CUBITAL TUNNEL SYNDROME | Intraoperative electrical stimulation of nerve muscle can significantly promote the short-term recovery of nerve and muscle functions after the surgery in cubital tunnel syndrome patients. | PMC10069011 |
Keywords | PMC10069011 | |||
Introduction | Cubital tunnel syndrome, neuropathy | CUBITAL TUNNEL SYNDROME, NEUROPATHY | Cubital tunnel syndrome is a common neuropathy [Electrical stimulation is attracting increasing attention due to its promising role in promoting neuromuscular movement and facilitating peripheral nerve regeneration [ | PMC10069011 |
Methods | PMC10069011 | |||
Participants | Tinel's nerve percussion, paresthesia, numbness, elbow injury, pain, cubital tunnel syndrome, Tinel, clawhand deformity | MUSCLE WEAKNESS, MUSCLE ATROPHY, PARESTHESIA, DIABETES MELLITUS, VASCULAR DISEASE, SECONDARY, CUBITAL TUNNEL SYNDROME, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY | Participants in this randomized clinical trial were cubital tunnel syndrome patients who required surgical treatment after ineffective conservative treatment at our hospital from June 2018 to June 2021. The patients were divided by a randomized digits table into two groups. The control group underwent conventional surg... | PMC10069011 |
Surgical procedures | swelling | All surgeries were performed by the same surgical team and under general anesthesia. The ulnar nerve was released at all common sites of compression around the elbow. An in-situ decompression was performed in the majority of cases. Intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring was performed before and after the decomp... | PMC10069011 | |
Outcome assessment | Fasciculations, pain | CONTRACTION, FLICKER | Motor and sensory functions were evaluated according to the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) scale. Excellent: Complete recovery of muscle strength on the affected side and complete recovery of superficial pain and tactile sensation. Good: Incomplete recovery of muscle strength on the affected side and incomplet... | PMC10069011 |
Electromyography | Electromyography examination was performed by a standard EMG system (Nicolet Synergy, Natus Medical Incorporated, San Carlos, USA) through the most widely used methods with good reliability [ | PMC10069011 | ||
Statistical analysis | SPSS 17.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Values were shown as n (percentage, %) or mean ± SD. The differences between each group were derived from Mann–Whitney test or Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test. Fisher’ s exact test or Chi-square test was used... | PMC10069011 | ||
Results | cubital tunnel syndrome | CUBITAL TUNNEL SYNDROME | Table Baseline characteristics of cubital tunnel syndrome patients treated with intraoperative electrical stimulation (ES) and controlValues were shown as The sensory and motor functions of cubital tunnel syndrome patients after 1-month and 6-month follow-up were evaluated by the BMRC scale. As shown in Table Compariso... | PMC10069011 |
Discussion | trauma, peripheral nerve injuries, nerve injury, cubital tunnel syndrome | CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME, CUBITAL TUNNEL SYNDROME | A large number of researchers have carried out studies related to the repair function of electrical stimulation in nerve injury, proving effectiveness and reliability from a practical point of view [Despite the potential of damaged peripheral nerves to regenerate axons, functional recovery after severe nerve injury in ... | PMC10069011 |
Authors’ contribution | XZ was involved in conceptualization, data curation, methodology, writing—original draft preparation, investigation, methodology, writing—reviewing and editing. XX helped in data curation, validation, writing—original draft preparation. PW contributed to data curation, writing—original draft preparation. WC was involve... | PMC10069011 | ||
Funding | None. | PMC10069011 | ||
Availability of data and materials | The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Lei Chen, upon reasonable request. | PMC10069011 | ||
Declarations | PMC10069011 | |||
Ethical approval and consent to participate | The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Hebei Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, and all the participants signed informed written consent. | PMC10069011 | ||
Consent for publication | Current study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. | PMC10069011 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare no competing interests. | PMC10069011 | ||
References | PMC10069011 | |||
Subject terms | arrhythmia, PV occlusion | RECURRENCE, ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (AF), ARRHYTHMIA | To evaluate the feasibility of cryoballoon (CB) ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) under the guidance of a new three-dimensional (3D) mapping system KODEX-EPD. 40 patients scheduled for CB ablation of AF in the first affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from August 2021 to July 2022 were randomly divide... | PMC10746707 |
Introduction | arrhythmias, death, peripheral vascular embolism, stroke | ARRHYTHMIAS, ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (AF), STROKE | Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common arrhythmias in the clinic, which is related to the increased risk of death, stroke, and peripheral vascular embolism. It is estimated that by 2050, China will have 5.2 million men over 60 years old and 3.1 million women with AF, which is 2.3 times the projected prevale... | PMC10746707 |
Methods | PMC10746707 | |||
Study population | drug-refractory paroxysmal, atrial appendage occlusion, non-cardiac, hemorrhagic stroke, valvular abnormalities, atrial appendage thrombus, intracardiac thrombus, acute coronary syndrome, liver and kidney disease | HEMORRHAGIC STROKE, THYROID DISEASE, SEVERE LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY, HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASES, PERSISTENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, ELECTROLYTE DISORDER, BLEEDING TENDENCY, SECONDARY, INTRACARDIAC THROMBUS, ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME | Patients scheduled for CB ablation of AF in the Department of Cardiac pacing in the first affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from August 2021 to July 2022 were randomly divided into the standard group and the KODEX group. All patients understand the indications and risks of the operation before the oper... | PMC10746707 |
CB ablation procedure | atrial appendage thrombus | All patients received a detailed preoperative evaluation, including medical history, physical examination, necessary laboratory examination, 12-lead ECG, cardiac ultrasound, left atrial and PV 3D reconstruction CT examination to understand the anatomical structure of the left atrium and PV. Left atrial appendage thromb... | PMC10746707 | |
Standard group | PNP | PHRENIC NERVE PARALYSIS, LEAKAGE | The achieve electrode was sent into the target PV for recording the PV potential, the CB was inflated in the left atrium, the filled CB was pushed along the Achieve electrode to the target PV orifice for occlusion, and the contrast medium was injected into the hollow lumen of the CB catheter, and then observed under fl... | PMC10746707 |
KODEX group | proximal occlusion, partial occlusion | Mapping of the LA and PVs was performed with a circular mapping catheter (Achieve; Medtronic Inc.). The LA was reconstructed using the mapping catheter with the guidance of the 3-dimentional navigation system (KODEX-EPD Navigation system, version 1.4.8a). The anatomic sites of LSPV, LIPV, RSPV, RIPV, and superior vena ... | PMC10746707 | |
Data collection | All patients who underwent CB ablation of AF were routinely collected clinical research data, including sex, age, past medical history, electrocardiogram, cardiac ultrasound parameters, total ablation time, total operation time, intraoperative fluoroscopy time, intraoperative fluoroscopy dose, intraoperative contrast a... | PMC10746707 | ||
Statistical method | Continuous variables were described as the as mean ± SD for normally distributed data and median (25–75% quartile) for non-normally distributed data. The comparison between the two groups was performed by two independent samples t-test, and the counting data was analyzed by chi-square test. Using the pulmonary venograp... | PMC10746707 | ||
Ethical approval | All experimental schemes have been approved by Ethics Committee of the first affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University and all the procedures being performed were part of the relevant guidelines and regulations (Ethics approval number: 20180622-06). | PMC10746707 | ||
Informed consent | All patients understand the indications and risks of the operation before the operation, and sign the operation written consent form. And informed written consent has been obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians. Besides, this study is carried out in accordance with the principle of the Declaration ... | PMC10746707 | ||
Result | PMC10746707 | |||
Baseline characteristics | A total of 40 patients (27 males and 13 females) were included in this study, mean age was 67.43 ± 10.69 years. The baseline characteristics of the standard group and the KODEX group were shown in Table Baseline characteristics. | PMC10746707 | ||
Procedure data | 20 cases were treated with the KODEX-EPD system and 20 cases with conventional fluoroscopy. The total ablation time and total operation time in KODEX group were (36.40 ± 6.72 min vs 35.15 ± 6.29 min, P > 0.05) and (64.20 ± 11.82 min vs 66.00 ± 13.18 min, P > 0.05), there was no significant difference between the two gr... | PMC10746707 | ||
Learning curve comparison | In the KODEX group, the first 5 patients were compared with the latter 15 patients in terms of the learning curve (Table Comparison of learning curve.Learning curve of fluoroscopy time.Learning curve of fluoroscopy dose.Learning curve of contrast agent dosage.In the standard group, the first 5 patients were compared wi... | PMC10746707 | ||
Performance of KODEX-EPD injection in evaluating PV occlusion | leaks, postoperative arrhythmia, PV occlusion | RECURRENCE, SENSITIVITY | In this study, 79 PV occlusions in 20 patients with KODEX-EPD were analyzed. All PVs were electrically isolated. Compared to the results of the X-ray evaluation, a total of 78 times (42.8%) were completely occluded, 58 times were small leaks (31.9%), and 46 times were large leaks (25.3%). Overall, when the X-ray result... | PMC10746707 |
Discussion | cataracts, malignancies, musculoskeletal injuries, allergies | RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, ADVERSE EVENTS, SKIN DISEASES, MALIGNANCIES, HEART FAILURE, ALLERGIES, LEAKAGE, CATARACTS, BENDING, COMPLICATIONS | The KODEX-EPD mapping system creates high-resolution cardiac anatomical images by utilizing the unique dielectric properties of biological tissues. When compared to other mapping system, this system has the advantage of non-contact modeling, which can more accurately locate the PV and related accessory structures, incr... | PMC10746707 |
Study limitations | BLIND | First, this study was conducted in a single center and included a small number of patients. This might limit the universality of research results. A larger, prospective, multicenter study could shed more light on the role of KODEX-EPD in improving AF treatment via CB ablation. Second, in this study, operators can maste... | PMC10746707 | |
Author contributions | RECRUITMENT | S.W.: analyzed the data, interpreted the results, and drafted the manuscript. L.W., S.Y.: contribute data acquisition, data analysis and interpretation. W.S., Y.H., L.W., F.W.: responsible for the statistics, data management, drafted tables and figures. J.Z., Q.X., Z.T., J.X., Y.G.: contributed to patient recruitment, ... | PMC10746707 | |
Funding | Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, award number: 2022D01E22. Key R&D Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2022B03023). National Natural Science Foundation of China, award number: 81873487. | PMC10746707 | ||
Data availability | The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available by request. | PMC10746707 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare no competing interests. | PMC10746707 | ||
References | PMC10746707 | |||
Introduction | tumor, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, Biliary tract cancer, aggressive adenocarcinomas, Above phenomenon inspired the current study, extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma | EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA, GALLBLADDER CANCER, TUMOR, MALIGNANCIES, INTRAHEPATIC CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA | Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is a heterogeneous spectrum of high aggressive adenocarcinomas including gallbladder cancer, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC).Since ICC is quite different from other BTC in molecular phenotype, immune microenvironment and prognosis, it is of gre... | PMC10020443 |
Results | PMC10020443 | |||
Expression of PD-L1 and whole-exome sequencing (WES)-based mutation profiling of tissues | tumor, tumors | MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY HIGH, TUMOR, TUMORS | Immunohistochemical (IHC) examination of PD-L1 and PD-1 expression was performed. A total of 46.7% (14/30) of patients had tumors that were PD-L1 positive [tumor area positivity (TAP) ≥ 1% was defined as positive, proportion of tumor and/or immune cells with PD-L1 staining at any intensity].Representative case with dif... | PMC10020443 |
Discussion | DDR, nausea, gallbladder cancer, tumor, neutropenia, fatigue, vomiting,, anemia, heterogeneous disease, abnormal ECG | LEUKOCYTOPENIA, TUMOR, GALLBLADDER CANCER, NEUTROPENIA, THROMBOCYTOPENIA, DISEASE, ANEMIA, METASTASES, ADVANCED BILIARY TRACT CANCER | This study was the first to demonstrate that toripalimab in combination with lenvatinib and GEMOX chemotherapy yielded a high ORR (80%) and a median OS of 22.5 months in 30 subjects with locally advanced and metastatic ICC. Grade 3 or higher AEs were observed in 17 subjects and were easily manageable.Recently, many stu... | PMC10020443 |
Materials and methods | PMC10020443 | |||
Study design and participants | tumor | MAY, TUMOR | A single-center, single-arm, open-label, phase 2 study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of toripalimab in combination with lenvatinib and GEMOX chemotherapy as first-line therapy for unresectable and metastatic ICC in Zhongshan Hospital. Forty-two candidates were screened, and 30 eligible subjects were ... | PMC10020443 |
Procedures | Eligible subjects received intravenous GEMOX chemotherapy (Q3W) including oxaliplatin (85 mg/m | PMC10020443 | ||
Outcomes and assessments | PD, death | TUMOR RECURRENCE | The primary endpoint of this trial was ORR, including complete and partial responses as determined by the investigator and independent post hoc analysis. Secondary endpoints included OS (dated from the first treatment with study medication to the date of death owing to any cause or censored on the date of last follow-u... | PMC10020443 |
IHC analysis and WES analysis | Tumor | SOMATIC MUTATION, TUMOR, MUTATION | Tumor tissues of each patient were obtained by biopsy and embedded by paraffin. The presence of PD-L1 and PD-1 was investigated by IHC staining with corresponding primary antibody as previously.DNA in paraffin-embedded biopsy tissues from each subject was extracted. Sequencing libraries were prepared and whole-exome-se... | PMC10020443 |
Statistical analysis | tumor | TUMOR, DISEASE CHARACTERISTIC | The sample size of this trial was calculated according to an exact single-stage design. A total ORR ≤ 14% (the ORR was 13.5% in our previous observational study on GEMOX for advanced ICC, unpublished data) was considered not clinically meaningful; an overall response ≥40% was considered promising. Thirty patients were ... | PMC10020443 |
Supplementary information |
supplemental tableThese authors contributed equally: Guo-Ming Shi, Xiao-Yong Huang, Dong Wu, Hui-Chuan SunThese authors jointly supervised this work: Guo-Ming Shi, Xiao-Yong Huang, Dong Wu, Hui-Chuan Sun | PMC10020443 | ||
Supplementary information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41392-023-01317-7. | PMC10020443 | ||
Acknowledgements | DISEASE | We appreciate the patients and their families for their support in this study. This trial was partly supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81972232, 81830102, 82150004); Clinical Research Plan of SHDC (SHDC‑2020CR1003A, SHDC-2020CR1022B); National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019... | PMC10020443 | |
Author contributions | J.Z. and J.F. contributed to conceptualization. J.Z., J.F., and G.S. contributed to methodology. G.S., X.H., D.W., G.Y., Y.J., Y.C., N.G., H.S., X.H., X.M., S.Q., X.Y., Q.G., C.L., Y.X., Y.H., Z.R., and J.S. contributed to collection of samples and clinical data. G.S., X.H., and F.L. contributed to formal data analysis... | PMC10020443 | ||
Data availability | The dataset generated during the present study can be obtained from the corresponding author with a reasonable request. | PMC10020443 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare no competing interests. | PMC10020443 | ||
References | PMC10020443 | |||
Introduction | ® | laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation induce catecholaminergic release. Our study aimed to evaluate the hemodynamic impact of orotracheal intubation by McGrath® compared to the Macintosh laryngoscope in the elderly. | PMC10504445 | |
Methods | orotracheal intubation | HEART, COMPLICATIONS | we conducted a prospective randomized clinical trial that included elderly patients proposed for a scheduled surgery under general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation and divided into 2 groups: patients who were intubated using the McGrath® (group V) and patients who were intubated using the Macintosh direct laryngo... | PMC10504445 |
Results | ventricular arrhythmias, postoperative sore throat | VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIA | sixty patients were included and randomized into 2 groups of 30. The average age of our sample was 70±6 years with a sex ratio of 1.22. Most of the patients were operated on for orthopedic, urologic, or abdominal surgery. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of demographic... | PMC10504445 |
Conclusion | the McGrath® videolaryngoscope decreased the hemodynamic fluctuations due to endotracheal intubation in elderly patients. | PMC10504445 | ||
Introduction | hypertension, tachycardia | HYPERTENSION | Direct laryngoscopy with the Macintosh laryngoscope is commonly used in orotracheal intubation. Laryngoscopy and intubation of the trachea could induce hemodynamic variations like hypertension and tachycardia [Alongside direct laryngoscopy, indirect laryngoscopy is booming since the beginning of the 21 | PMC10504445 |
Discussion | arrhythmia, orotracheal intubation, heart complications, ® | ARRHYTHMIA, COMPLICATIONS, VENTRICULAR EXTRASYSTOLES | We conducted a prospective randomized clinical trial to evaluate the hemodynamic impact of orotracheal intubation by McGrath® compared to the Macintosh laryngoscope in the elderly patients proposed for a scheduled surgery under general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation. We included 60 patients and divided them int... | PMC10504445 |
Conclusion | In elderly patients, the McGrath videolaryngoscope, in comparison to the Macintosh direct laryngoscope, was proven to decrease the hemodynamic alterations that are due to tracheal intubation with less postoperative laryngeal morbidity. However, the duration of the intubation is significantly shorter with the Macintosh ... | PMC10504445 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare no competing interests. | PMC10504445 | ||
Authors' contributions | Conception and design: Mahdi Fourati, Salma Ketata. Acquisition of data: Mahdi Fourati, Karim Bouzid. Analysis and interpretation of data: Mahdi Fourati, Salma Ketata, Imen Zouche, Moncef Sallemi. Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content: Mahdi Fourati, Salma Ketata, Rahma Derbe... | PMC10504445 | ||
Background: | E-sports require athletes to have high-speed reflexes and excellent memory skills. Whereas a single session of aerobic exercise has been shown to improve cognitive function, this paper aims is to investigate the effects of acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on the cognitive function of e-sports players and its t... | PMC10553036 | ||
Methods: | Thirty-four E-athletes were divided into 2 groups according to a random number table method, and 2 trials in a quiet physical fitness gym. The duration of each trial was approximately 1 hour. In the first trial: exercise group (64–76% of maximum heart rate for 30 minutes power cycling) and control group, cognitive func... | PMC10553036 | ||
Results: | In both trials, the exercise intervention group showed significant improvements in speed accuracy ( | PMC10553036 | ||
Conclusion: | Acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise significantly enhanced the speed accuracy, visual reaction time, and instantaneous memory of eSports players, and the effect could be extended up to 30 minutes after exercise. | PMC10553036 | ||
1. Introduction | PROLIFERATION | E-sports have been attracting more and more attention, with the number of spectators reaching 495 million and the revenue reaching approximately $1.1 billion in 2020.The link between physical activity and the brain has been of interest for some time, with most studies examining the effects of low to moderate-intensity ... | PMC10553036 | |
2. Participant and methods | PMC10553036 | |||
2.1. Participants | illness | COLOR BLINDNESS | In October 2022, eligible E-athletes were openly recruited for the e-sports major at Shandong Sport University. Shandong Institute of Sports, the first higher education institution in China to offer an eSports undergraduate program, has high-quality E-athletes who are strictly different from ordinary healthy people. Al... | PMC10553036 |
2.2. Cognitive tasks | All cognitive tasks were tested using the Human Benchmark website ( | PMC10553036 | ||
2.2.1. Sequence memory test. | The sequence memory test assesses long-term memory. This study used sequence memory test from the Human Benchmark website ( | PMC10553036 | ||
2.2.2. Chimp test. | The Chimp test evaluates long-term memory. This study used Chimp test from the Human Benchmark website ( | PMC10553036 | ||
2.2.3. Aim trainer test. | The Aim trainer test evaluates speed and accuracy abilities. This study used Aim trainer test from the Human Benchmark website ( | PMC10553036 | ||
2.2.4. Visual memory test. | The Visual memory test evaluates memory ability. This study used Visual memory test from the Human Benchmark website ( | PMC10553036 | ||
2.2.5. Reaction time test. | The Reaction time test evaluates visual reaction time. This study used Reaction time test from the Human Benchmark website ( | PMC10553036 | ||
2.3. Experimental tools | HEART | The main experimental equipment used during the exercise intervention included: Lode Corival Aerobic Power Bike (Lode B.V., Groningen, Netherlands) and Polar RS400 Heart Rate Telemetry (including bracelet and chest strap) (Polar Electro Oy, Oulu, Finland), which monitored in real time the heart rate changes of the subj... | PMC10553036 | |
2.4. Exercise program | HRThe | Participants were randomly assigned to Group 1 and Group 2, and the test was divided into 2 experiments. In the first experiment, Group 1 used the control method (Group C), and Group 2 used the exercise intervention method (Group E). In the second experiment, the 2 groups were crossed over, meaning that Group 1 used th... | PMC10553036 | |
2.5. Experimental procedure | First, inform the subjects of the experimental procedure and obtain their informed consent. To overcome the effects of subject response, inform the subjects before the experiment begins that this experiment is designed to measure the impact of a 1-time exercise on cognitive function. Then, have the exercise group subje... | PMC10553036 | ||
2.6. Statistical analysis | PMC10553036 | |||
2.6.1. Descriptive statistics. | We used descriptive statistics for the baseline characteristics of the subjects, including the mean and standard deviation of age, sex ratio, height, weight, BMI, and age at play. | PMC10553036 | ||
2.6.2. Repeated measures ANOVA. | Statistical analysis was performed using statistical software SPSS 26.0 (IBM, Chicago, IL) and GraphPad Prism 9.0 software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to test the normal distribution of each continuous variable. Descriptive mean and standard deviation statistics were used for vari... | PMC10553036 | ||
2.6.3. Multiple comparison correction. | A Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc analysis was conducted when time-group interaction was detected. The effect size of the main effect and interaction was expressed using partial eta squared (η | PMC10553036 |
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