title stringlengths 1 1.19k | keywords stringlengths 0 668 | concept stringlengths 0 909 | paragraph stringlengths 0 61.8k | PMID stringlengths 10 11 |
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Sample size calculation | Although there is some uncertainty regarding the standard deviations (SD) of the “delta’s” (changes from before to after the intervention) of the parameters that were studied (because these have not been reported in previous studies), these were expected to be smaller than the SD’s at either baseline or after the inter... | PMC10160212 | ||
Transthoracic echocardiography | Interventricular septal thickness, obesity, Diastolic dysfunction | OBESITY, DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION, DECUBITUS | Two-dimensional grayscale harmonic images were obtained in the left lateral decubitus position using a commercially available ultrasound system (EPIQ 7, Philips, the Netherlands), equipped with a broadband (1-5 MHz) X5-1 transducer. Diastolic dysfunction and reduced ejection fraction (≤ 54% in females, and ≤ 52% in mal... | PMC10160212 |
Statistical analysis | SD | The normality of the data was checked by the Shapiro–Wilk test. The unpaired Student’s t-test for continuous variables was used to compare parameters between groups with normal distributions, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test for continuous parameters with skewed distributions, and the χ2 test/Fisher’s exact test ... | PMC10160212 | |
Results | PMC10160212 | |||
One-year follow-up; comparison between groups | Weight loss, left ventricular hypertrophy | DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION, LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY | Weight loss was comparable between groups (Table
Changes pre- and post-cardiac rehabilitation in mean weight (a), heart rate (b), global longitudinal strain (c), and ejection fraction (d). (Error bars represent 95% CI, Significant at p < 0.05, NS = non significant)
Comparison of percentage of diastolic dysfunction, re... | PMC10160212 |
Discussion | obesity, weight loss, LVH | OBESITY, LVH | The main finding of the current study is that cardiac function as measured with echocardiography in patients with obesity did not improve one-year after a novel state of the art CR program (OPTICARE XL CR) as compared to standard CR.Although there was a significant and promising reduction in weight and thereby BMI in b... | PMC10160212 |
Limitations | obesity | OBESITY | Although echocardiographic parameters of cardiac function did not improve in patients undergoing CR in our study, one may hypothesize that such parameters would even have worsened without any CR. However, because a control group of patients with obesity not undergoing any CR is lacking in the current study, this remain... | PMC10160212 |
Author contributions | All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Sanne M Snelder. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Sanne M Snelder and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final man... | PMC10160212 | ||
Funding | This work was supported by the Dutch Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw, Grant number 843001792) and Capri Cardiac Rehabilitation. | PMC10160212 | ||
Declarations | PMC10160212 | |||
Conflict of interest | None declared. | PMC10160212 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare no competing interests. | PMC10160212 | ||
References | PMC10160212 | |||
2. Materials and Methods | PMC10608202 | |||
2.1. Ethical Considerations | Ethical approval was awarded by the institutional ethical review board at the Faculty of Dentistry, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan (Approval no: IIDC/IRC/2020/01/012). The trial protocol was registered with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials ( | PMC10608202 | ||
2.2. Trial Design | The design of the current randomized controlled trial (RCT) was single-centered, prospective, parallel, double-blinded, and phase III. The RCT was conducted in accordance with “The Preferred Reporting Items for Randomized Trials in Endodontics (PRIRATE)” guidelines [ | PMC10608202 | ||
2.3. Sample Size Calculation | A sample size (SS) of 152 participants was determined by utilizing the WHO SS calculator with confidence interval = 95%; significance level ≤ 0.05; study power = 80%, anticipated population proportion 1 (P1) = 0.65; and anticipated population proportion 2 (P2) = 0.45 [ | PMC10608202 | ||
2.4. Eligibility Criteria | The participants for the trial were selected at the screening clinic of the Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan. The participants were recruited from 1 January to 30 June 2021, over a period of six months. The participants were fully informed about the p... | PMC10608202 | ||
2.4.1. Inclusion Criteria | pulpal necrosis | ASYMPTOMATIC IRREVERSIBLE PULPITIS, COLD | The trial included healthy (American Society of Anesthesiologists class I) Pakistani males and females with ages ranging from 25 to 35 years. The patients manifested symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (SIP) in mandibular premolar/molar teeth and depicted normal apical tissue, radiographically. Pulp Sensibility Testing (... | PMC10608202 |
2.4.2. Exclusion Criteria | allergic | SYSTEMIC DISEASE | Patients who were allergic to amides, suffering from systemic diseases, were pregnant, and those who had taken analgesics within the 24 h preceding the commencement of the endodontic procedure were not included in the RCT. | PMC10608202 |
2.5. Randomization and Blinding | PMC10608202 | |||
2.5.1. Random Allocation SEQUENCE Generation | One hundred and fifty-two patients, who satisfied the criteria for inclusion, were randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups in 1:1. Randomization was carried out by a simple randomization technique. Online randomization software OpenEpi, ( | PMC10608202 | ||
2.5.2. Allocation Concealment | The current RCT was a double-blind trial in which both the operator and the patients were blinded to the randomized intervention that was administered. Allocation concealment, intervention preparation, and randomization were performed by an independent individual before the onset of the RCT. The investigators were blin... | PMC10608202 | ||
2.5.3. Implementation | pain | CAVITY | After the confirmation of SIP, the independent individual informed the single operator (SH) of which intervention should be administered. The clinician was informed about the appropriate intervention by utilizing the assigned labels (A, B) to ensure the clinician’s blinding. The researchers utilized online randomizatio... | PMC10608202 |
2.6. Intervention | pulpal bleeding, tooth, pulpal pain, pain | ENDO, COLD | The patients were diagnosed with SIP based on pain history (spontaneous, and lingering pulpal pain), and confirmed by exaggerated response of the offending tooth to cold sensibility testing utilizing Endo-Ice. The offending tooth’s response to cold sensibility testing was compared to a similar unaffected contralateral ... | PMC10608202 |
2.6.1. Control Group | The control group consisted of patients who received 1.7 mL of 2% Lidocaine Hydrochloride with 1:100,000 epinephrine (Septodont—Lignospan standard) and were labeled as A. | PMC10608202 | ||
2.6.2. Experimental Group | The experimental group comprised patients who received 1.7 mL of 4% Articaine Hydrochloride with 1:100,000 epinephrine (Septodont—Septanest SP) and were labeled as B. | PMC10608202 | ||
2.7. Outcome Assessment | pain | The primary outcome assessed was the comparative efficacy of two LAA, Lidocaine and Articaine, during II and ACP. The effectiveness of LA was described as a value of <54 mm on HP-VAS (No pain: 0 mm.Mild pain: between 0 and 54 mm.Moderate pain: between 54 and 114 mm.Severe pain: ≥114 mm.The HP-VAS, through its clear cat... | PMC10608202 | |
2.8. Statistical Analysis | pain | The data analysis was carried out with SPSS version 23.0. Descriptive variables (pain, and gender) were recorded as percentages and frequencies. Numerical variables (e.g., age) were documented as mean + SD. The intention to treat analysis was performed. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data.... | PMC10608202 | |
4. Discussion | pulpitis | PULPITIS | The discovery of LAA led to the advent of pain-free dentistry. These agents have now become an indispensable part of endodontics. Without their use, routine procedures cannot be carried out optimally, primarily because of patient discomfort. The effectiveness of anesthesia, particularly the IANB, is subject to multiple... | PMC10608202 |
4.1. Strengths of the Study | pulpal necrosis | SYMPTOMATIC IRREVERSIBLE PULPITIS | The present research is among the few randomized controlled trials that were conducted to compare the efficacy of Lidocaine, and Articaine during ACP and root canal II, when administered as IANB in a Pakistani sub-population. Another distinctive point is that the current RCT has compared the effectiveness of both types... | PMC10608202 |
4.2. Limitations of the Study | pain | The effectiveness of anesthesia was measured using the VAS, which uses patients’ self-assessment of the extent of the pain they experience [ | PMC10608202 | |
5. Conclusions | SYMPTOMATIC IRREVERSIBLE PULPITIS, COMPLICATIONS | The AE of Articaine is comparable to that of Lidocaine in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Articaine may, therefore, be a suitable alternative to Lidocaine for obtaining pulpal anesthesia during endodontic therapy, via IANB. However, it is prudent to conduct further research to determine the AE of Artic... | PMC10608202 | |
6. Future Recommendations | ADVERSE EFFECTS, COLD | It is recommended to conduct multi-center trials involving a study population that encompasses diverse age groups and to employ methodologies that incorporate patient follow-up. This will lead to an improved comprehension of the efficacy and possible post-injection adverse effects of different anesthetic agents. Moreov... | PMC10608202 | |
Supplementary Materials | The following supporting information can be downloaded at: Click here for additional data file. | PMC10608202 | ||
Author Contributions | S.R.H. | Conceptualization, S.H. and A.A.; methodology, S.H. and M.Q.J.; validation, S.R.H., M.Q.J. and A.M.A.; formal analysis, A.A. and W.S.; investigation, S.H.; resources, S.H. and S.R.H.; data curation, A.A.; writing—original draft preparation, S.H., M.Q.J. and A.A.; writing—review and editing, M.Q.J., W.S., S.R.H. and A.M... | PMC10608202 | |
Institutional Review Board Statement | Ethical approval was awarded by the institutional ethical review board at Faculty of Dentistry, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan. (Approval no: IIDC/IRC/2020/01/012). | PMC10608202 | ||
Informed Consent Statement | Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. | PMC10608202 | ||
Data Availability Statement | The study data is kept in password protected departmental computer as instructed by ethical committee. The data is accessible to principal investigator and statistician, only. Therefore, due to privacy concerns patients’ data can’t be shared. | PMC10608202 | ||
Conflicts of Interest | The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. | PMC10608202 | ||
References | tooth | PRIRATE 2020 flowchart showing the design of the current RCT.Heft–Parker Visual Analogue Scale.Comparison of anesthetic efficacy of Lidocaine vs. Articaine.* Measured using Heft–Parker Visual Analogue Scale—a reading of less than 54 mm denotes effective anesthesia. Comparison of Lidocaine and Articaine efficacy with re... | PMC10608202 | |
Abstract | PMC10620739 | |||
Objectives | urinary tract infections | URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS | To evaluate whether a multimodal intervention in general practice reduces the proportion of second line antibiotic prescriptions and the overall proportion of antibiotic prescriptions for uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women. | PMC10620739 |
Design | Parallel, cluster randomised, controlled trial. | PMC10620739 | ||
Setting | General practices in five regions in Germany. Data were collected between 1 April 2021 and 31 March 2022. | PMC10620739 | ||
Participants | General practitioners from 128 randomly assigned practices. | PMC10620739 | ||
Interventions | Multimodal intervention consisting of guideline recommendations for general practitioners and patients, provision of regional data for antibiotic resistance, and quarterly feedback, which included individual first line and second line proportions of antibiotic prescribing, benchmarking with regional or supra-regional p... | PMC10620739 | ||
Main outcome measures | urinary tract infections | ADVERSE EVENT, SECONDARY, URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS, UTI | Primary outcome was the proportion of second line antibiotics prescribed by general practices, in relation to all antibiotics prescribed, for uncomplicated urinary tract infections after one year between the intervention and control group. General practices were randomly assigned in blocks (1:1), with a block size of f... | PMC10620739 |
Results | urinary tract infections, −0.21, fever | URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS, COMPLICATIONS, PYELONEPHRITIS | 110 practices with full datasets identified 10 323 cases during five quarters (ie, 15 months). The mean proportion of second line antibiotics prescribed was 0.19 (standard deviation 0.20) in the intervention group and 0.35 (0.25) in the control group after 12 months. After adjustment for preintervention proportions, th... | PMC10620739 |
Conclusions | urinary tract infections | URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS | The multimodal intervention in general practice significantly reduced the proportion of second line antibiotics and all antibiotic prescriptions for uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women. | PMC10620739 |
Trial registration | German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS), DRKS00020389 | PMC10620739 | ||
Introduction | UTIs | URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS | Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women lead to frequent consultation in primary care.Various strategies to improve antibiotic prescribing behaviours (ie, to align to recommendations more closely) by healthcare providers in primary care have been explored but none has been identified as the most successful strategy.Th... | PMC10620739 |
Methods | PMC10620739 | |||
Trial design and setting | This cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted between 1 September 2019 and 31 December 2022. Data were collected between 1 April 2021 and 31 March 2022. Details of the study protocol have been published.The primary target population were general practitioners in these regions in the south and east of Germany: ... | PMC10620739 | ||
Randomisation and trial interventions | UTIs, urinary tract infections | URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS, UTI | General practices were randomly assigned in blocks (1:1), with a block size of four, into the intervention or control group using SAS version 9.4; randomisation was stratified by region. Randomisation lists were generated by the Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry (University of Wurzburg).The multimodal int... | PMC10620739 |
Trial procedures | Study procedures were adapted to meet daily practice routine during a six month pilot phase in five non-participating practices in a region not participating in the trial. Additionally, acceptance and feasibility of the interventional procedures were assessed in two qualitative studies. | PMC10620739 | ||
Data collection | UTI | Electronic health record systems in Germany are diverse and not standardised, therefore, an automated extraction of patient files was not feasible. Instead, a medical practice assistant in each practice was trained by the research team to follow a detailed, standardised procedure for data extraction (supplementary mate... | PMC10620739 | |
Outcomes | UTIs, urosepsis | COMPLICATIONS, SECONDARY, UTI, PYELONEPHRITIS, UROSEPSIS | The primary outcome was the proportion of second line antibiotics prescribed in relation to all antibiotics prescribed for uncomplicated UTIs after one year, calculated as the absolute difference in the mean proportion of the prescriptions between the control and intervention group. According to national guidelines, se... | PMC10620739 |
Data analysis | UTIs | SECONDARY, COMPLICATION, COMPLICATIONS | Data analysis followed the intention-to-treat principle on the full analysis set, which is as close as possible to an ideal intention-to-treat population. All randomly assigned practices remained in the allocated arm for analysis. Practices for which prescription data at baseline and from Q4 were available, formed the ... | PMC10620739 |
Sample size calculation | The sample size calculation for this study was based on our primary aim to reduce the proportion of second line antibiotics by 10 percent points per practice. To account for differing baseline prescribing proportions, the primary analysis used ANCOVA, with baseline prescribing proportions as the only covariate. Assumpt... | PMC10620739 | ||
Patient and public involvement | We established a collaboration with a citizens’ forum consisting of 10 participants, established at the Department of General Practice, University of Wurzburg, Germany.An external study advisory board consisting of a GP, a pharmacist, a lay person, and a scientist with experience in this field was also involved to incr... | PMC10620739 | ||
Results | PMC10620739 | |||
Participants | On 1 April 2021, we randomly assigned 128 practices (64 practices to the intervention group and 64 to the control group), representing 203 GPs. Eleven practices in the intervention group did not extract data from Qb or Q4, or both, and seven did not extract data at all (Flow diagram of participating practices throughou... | PMC10620739 | ||
Outcomes | UTIs, urinary tract infection | REGRESSION, SECONDARY, URINARY TRACT INFECTION, UTI | Overall, we identified 10 323 cases of UTIs from five quarters (ie, 15 months) in 110 practices included in the final analyses and to be analysed for the outcomes. The mean preintervention prescription proportions (Qb) for second line antibiotics in relation to all antibiotics for UTIs treatment were 0.27 (standard dev... | PMC10620739 |
Complication rates | urosepsis, fever, pain | URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS, COMPLICATIONS, UTI, PYELONEPHRITIS, COMPLICATIONS, UROSEPSIS | The rate of complications (ie hospital admissions, recurrent UTI, fever, pyelonephritis, flank pain, or urosepsis) in 12 months, documented within 14 days after the initial diagnosis, was very low overall (Complications in all cases of urinary tract infectionsQ=quarter.Fisher's exact test; Pearson's χPearson's χ | PMC10620739 |
High and low prescribing practices | REGRESSION | Comparing high and low prescribing practices of second line antibiotics, we found a marked decrease of practices that were deemed to be prescribing a high amount (90th percentile) in the intervention group without similar changes in the control group (Mean prescription proportions of second line antibiotics by quarterI... | PMC10620739 | |
Discussion | PMC10620739 | |||
Principal findings | cystitis, UTIs | DISEASE, CYSTITIS, COMPLICATIONS, UTI | The multimodal intervention consisting of guideline recommendations for GPs and patients, provision of regional resistance data, and quarterly feedback of individual antibiotic prescribing proportions, benchmarking, and telephone counselling resulted in a decrease in prescription proportions of second line antibiotics ... | PMC10620739 |
Comparison with other studies | respiratory tract infections | SCHWARTZ, RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS | The intervention was found to be sustained over the one year period and was most effective in practices with high proportions of second line prescriptions. The results are in line with Schwartz and colleagues who were able to show a reduction in antibiotic prescription rates for respiratory tract infections in high pre... | PMC10620739 |
Complications | UTIs | COMPLICATION | Despite a lower proportion of antibiotic prescriptions in the intervention group, complication rates within the 12 month period were similar in both groups. The rate of admissions to hospital in our study (0.2%) was identical to the results of a nationwide, register cohort study in Sweden including 752 289 women with a... | PMC10620739 |
Strengths and limitations | UTIs, fever, pain | UTI | The main strength of our study comprises data for regional resistance rates as a component of the multimodal intervention that has not been used in intervention studies to improve prescribing patterns in UTI before.Our rigorous data extraction allowed us to focus on uncomplicated UTIs by using additional information fr... | PMC10620739 |
Implications for practice | UTIs | UTI | The study could show that the multifaceted intervention works and we assume that all components can be easily implemented in countries where the level of digitalisation allows an automated data extraction and feedback is possible. In Germany, implementing of the materials is possible for example within the continuous p... | PMC10620739 |
Conclusions | UTI | The multimodal intervention comprising the provision of guideline recommendations, information about regional resistance data, and individualised feedback on antibiotic prescription proportions, increased GPs’ guideline adherence and reduced antibiotic prescribing in women with uncomplicated UTI in German general pract... | PMC10620739 | |
What is already known on this topic | URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS | In uncomplicated urinary tract infections, symptomatic (non-antibiotic) treatment is an option that is recommended by current guidelinesDespite explicit recommendations, second line antibiotics are still often used in uncomplicated urinary tract infectionsInterventions including educational programmes and prescribing f... | PMC10620739 | |
What this study adds | Competing interests | FRANK, URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS | A multimodal intervention including guideline information, individual prescribing feedback, and provision of regional resistance data might reduce the proportion of second line antibiotics and antibiotic prescriptions in uncomplicated urinary tract infectionsWe thank all participating practice teams, Christiane Wagner,... | PMC10620739 |
Ethics statements | PMC10620739 | |||
Ethical approval | The local institutional review and ethics board (Clinical Ethics Committee of the University Wurzburg) judged that the project does not involve any medical or epidemiological research on humans and, as such, adopted a simplified assessment protocol (proposal number 20191106 01). We attest that we have obtained appropri... | PMC10620739 | ||
Data availability statement | The datasets (anonymised aggregated data at practice level) used and analysed during this study will be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. | PMC10620739 | ||
Background | With the increased availability of access to prenatal ultrasound in low/middle-income countries, there is opportunity to better characterize the association between fetal growth and birth weight across global settings. This is important, as fetal growth curves and birthweight charts are often used as proxy health indic... | PMC9993805 | ||
Methods | This study was conducted in 8 geographical clusters across 3 counties in Western Kenya. Eligible subjects were nulliparous women carrying singleton pregnancies. An early ultrasound was performed between 6 + 0/7 and 13 + 6/7 weeks gestational age. At birth, infants were weighed on platform scales provided either by the ... | PMC9993805 | ||
Results | MISCARRIAGE | A total of 1291 infants (of 1408 pregnant women randomized) were included. Ninety-three infants did not have a measured birth weight. The majority of these were due to miscarriage ( | PMC9993805 | |
Conclusions | A comparison of birthweight percentiles by gestational age estimation, among a sample of infants from rural Kenya, revealed slight differences as compared to those from the global population (INTERGROWTH-21 | PMC9993805 | ||
Trial registration | This is a single site sub-study of data collected in conjunction with the Aspirin Supplementation for Pregnancy Indicated Risk Reduction In Nulliparas (ASPIRIN) Trial, which is listed at | PMC9993805 | ||
Keywords | PMC9993805 | |||
Background | PERINATAL MORBIDITY | Pediatricians, obstetricians, and public health workers have become accustomed to using fetal growth curves to assess risk for perinatal morbidity and mortality. The widespread use of obstetrical ultrasound early in gestation, particularly within high-income settings, has allowed very accurate and precise estimation of... | PMC9993805 | |
Methods | death | The data presented in this paper were acquired at the Kenya site as part of the Global Network for Women’s and Children’s Health Research ASPIRIN trial. Detailed study methods are described in Hoffman et al. [Map of the study region, located in Busia, Bungoma, and Kakamega counties of western Kenya. Study clusters are ... | PMC9993805 | |
Discussion | malaria, deaths, prematurity | MALARIA, MISCARRIAGES, NAIROBI | Our data complements that reported by INTERGROWTH-21st, in that our Kenyan subjects were recruited from a rural agricultural setting with a significant malaria burden, whereas the Kenyan subjects in the INTERGROWTH-21st trial were recruited from the Parklands area of suburban Nairobi. Parklands is considered a middle t... | PMC9993805 |
Conclusions | PREMATURE BIRTH, FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION | Premature birth continues to be a major problem in sub-Saharan Africa, including Kenya. The comparison of our data, with INTERGROWTH-21st results, found preliminary signals that this rural-dwelling population may have birthweight by gestational age percentiles that differ from that currently reported in global data sou... | PMC9993805 | |
Acknowledgements | We are grateful to the women who consented to participate in this study, and to the leaders, communities, and health facilities in Western Kenya with whom we collaborate to improve maternal-newborn-child health. | PMC9993805 | ||
Authors’ contributions | SB and EL served as the US-based co-PIs for the study, and drafted the manuscript, including the narrative sections, tables, and figures. SB was responsible for obtaining human ethics approval from Indiana University. KN performed statistical analysis and helped draft the Methods and Results section, including revision... | PMC9993805 | ||
Funding | Funding was provided by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (grant number 5UG1HD076461-10). | PMC9993805 | ||
Availability of data and materials | The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. | PMC9993805 | ||
Declarations | PMC9993805 | |||
Ethics approval and consent to participate | This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Indiana University Institutional Review Board (#1507246903) and the Moi University Institutional Research Ethics Committee (#0001429). The research study was conducted in accordance with all the relevant guidelines and regulati... | PMC9993805 | ||
Consent for publication | Not applicable. | PMC9993805 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare no competing interests. | PMC9993805 | ||
References | PMC9993805 | |||
Objectives | T2DM, Infection, Cancer | INSULIN RESISTANCE, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, INFECTION, CANCER | Edited by: Qinglong Wu, Baylor College of Medicine, United StatesReviewed by: Bo Zhu, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, United States; Ravi Verma, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, United States†These authors have contributed equally to this work‡ORCID: Yongsong Chen, This... | PMC9872724 |
Methods | T2DM | BLOOD | A total of 31 patients with newly diagnosed T2DM were randomized to intervention by metformin, FMT, or FMT plus metformin in the study. Patients were followed up at baseline and week 4 after treatment. Blood and stool samples were collected and subject to analyze clinical parameters and microbial communities by metagen... | PMC9872724 |
Results | T2DM, fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose | FMT alone and FMT plus metformin significantly improved the clinical indicators HOMA-IR and BMI in T2DM, besides fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, and hemoglobin A1c that were also controlled by metformin. Donor microbiota effectively colonized in T2DM with slightly higher colonization ration in FMT th... | PMC9872724 |
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