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Introduction | anxiety, infections, infectious disease, post-traumatic, infection, depression, post-traumatic stress | INFECTIOUS DISEASE, INFECTIONS, INFECTION | COVID-19 was identified as an infectious disease by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 February 2020.When examining the psychosocial impacts in a pandemic context, researchers experience key challenges not only with the choice of study design and measures but also in providing a multicultural perspective.To date... | PMC10105919 |
Methods and analysis | PMC10105919 | |||
Study design | This is a cross-sectional observational study examining the psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic being conducted in seven LMICs. | PMC10105919 | ||
Measures | The measures have all been translated into the appropriate language for the country in which they will be administered (see
| PMC10105919 | ||
Sociodemographic measures | Sociodemographic measures include age, gender, marital status, religion, ethnicity, self-reported English proficiency, highest level of education, occupation, study or work status and monthly income (in local currency). On the recommendation of the international collaborators, some of the demographic questions may vary... | PMC10105919 | ||
Prior trauma exposure | adversity, trauma | The exposure to previous trauma will also be sought to examine the effect of previous trauma on the psychosocial impacts of COVID-19. Participants will be asked to select as many as appropriate from a list of previous exposure to natural disasters, war or military conflict, childhood adversity, physical or sexual assau... | PMC10105919 | |
COVID Psychosocial Impacts Scale | ’ | This is a novel 32-item measure used to examine the psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The scale asks participants if they have experienced stressors in response to COVID-19 and then to indicate the magnitude of stress on a 6-point scale scored from 0=‘no’, 1=‘yes, no stress at all’ to 5=‘yes, a lot of stre... | PMC10105919 | |
Kessler-10 | This is a 10-item measure assessing symptoms of psychological distress in the previous 30 days. | PMC10105919 | ||
WHO Well-Being Index | This is a short 5-item measure assessing subjective psychological well-being in the previous 2 weeks. | PMC10105919 | ||
PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 | ’, PTSD, traumatic | EVENT | This is a 20-item measure assessing symptoms of PTSD in the past month anchored in response to COVID-19 as a potentially traumatic event. Each item is scored from 0=‘not at all’ to 4=‘extremely’; with a severity score range of 0–80. | PMC10105919 |
Post-traumatic Growth Inventory | trauma | This is a 21-item measure assessing change following exposure to trauma, | PMC10105919 | |
Participants | Adults (aged 18 years and over) who reside in Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Malaysia, Pakistan, Somalia or Turkey will be recruited as participants. Anyone aged below 18 years and those not currently residing in the country of interest will be excluded from the study. | PMC10105919 | ||
Study status | RECRUITMENT | Different sites are at different stages of project implementation including ethical approval pending (Iran); ethical approval obtained and recruiting participants (Somalia) and participant recruitment completed (Indonesia, Iraq, Malaysia, Pakistan and Turkey). | PMC10105919 | |
Recruitment | RECRUITMENT | The mode of recruitment will vary between countries, but will generally involve the distribution of the survey link using a participant mailing list or social media list held by each international collaborator at the host site. The local researchers will be using sampling techniques that are appropriate within their cu... | PMC10105919 | |
Procedure | RECRUITMENT | Participants receive a survey link via the recruitment method above. The online survey comprises a participant information sheet, consent form and questionnaires. If a subject consents, they are asked to complete the online survey (which includes the self-report measures described above) using the Qualtrics XM online s... | PMC10105919 | |
Patient and public involvement | The project has been designed with community and general public involvement. Feedback has also been taken on project design from academics and the general public in the countries of interest. | PMC10105919 | ||
Data management | To ensure the anonymity of the obtained dataset the following standard operating procedures are in place. Where applicable, only the international collaborators hold contact information for their participant pool. Each site has specific guidelines to preserve anonymity specified in their local ethics application. Follo... | PMC10105919 | ||
Data analysis | Incomplete survey responses will be removed from the analyses. Statistical analyses will be carried out to examine the psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in different countries and provide psychometric evidence using SPSS V.28.0 | PMC10105919 | ||
Sample size estimation | As no prevalence of the psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population of the countries of interest exists, no formal sample size calculations were conducted. The final target sample size of n=500 per country was pragmatically selected balancing the competing demands of maximising statistical p... | PMC10105919 | ||
Psychometric analyses | Reliability analyses will be carried out on each measure to determine the suitability of its use, employing item-total correlations and Cronbach’s α as a measure of internal homogeneity and consistency. The construct validity of CPIS with WHO-5 and K10 will be examined using a correlation matrix. | PMC10105919 | ||
Within-subjects analyses | post-traumatic, post-traumatic stress, trauma | Descriptive analysis will be carried out on sociodemographics (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, religion, marital status, the highest level of education, work status, monthly household income, exposure to previous trauma) and study variables (well-being, psychological distress, post-traumatic stress, post-traumatic growth... | PMC10105919 | |
Between-subjects analyses | RESIDUAL | To look at empirical distributions across countries, graphing superimposed Cumulative Distribution Function (cdf) will be used. In addition, to understand the role of demographic and study variables, multi-level modelling will be carried out in which participants will be nested within their countries—which will be trea... | PMC10105919 | |
Discussion | COVID-19-related stigmatisation, post-traumatic, post-traumatic stress | EVENTS, RECRUITMENT, DISORDERS | This is a cross-sectional observational research that examines the psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic across seven LMICs using a novel CPIS and measures of well-being, psychological distress, post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth. Despite LMICs being significantly impacted by COVID-19, few studies ... | PMC10105919 |
Summary | post-traumatic, post-traumatic stress | This cross-sectional observational research examines the psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic across seven LMICs (Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Malaysia, Pakistan, Somalia and Turkey) using a novel 32-item CPIS and standardised measures examining well-being, psychological distress, post-traumatic stress and post-trau... | PMC10105919 | |
Ethics and dissemination | Ethical approval was granted by the Human Ethics Committee, University of Otago, New Zealand (Ref. No. 21/102). In addition, international collaborators obtained local authorisation or ethical approval in their respective host universities (Indonesia (Universitas Gadjah Mada Ethics Committee Ref. No. KE/UGM/008/EC/2021... | PMC10105919 | ||
Supplementary Material | PMC10105919 | |||
Reviewer comments | PMC10105919 | |||
Ethics statements | PMC10105919 | |||
Patient consent for publication | Not applicable. | PMC10105919 | ||
References | PMC10105919 | |||
Key Points | PMC10415963 | |||
Question | AKI, acute kidney injury | Does correcting serum creatinine for fluid balance identify previously missed episodes of acute kidney injury (AKI) in premature neonates? | PMC10415963 | |
Findings | AKI | LUNG DISEASE | In this post hoc cohort analysis of a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of 923 premature neonates, fluid correction increased the number of premature neonates with a diagnosis of AKI. Correction for fluid balance was associated with increased odds of adverse clinical outcomes, including ventilation and seve... | PMC10415963 |
Meaning | AKI | These findings suggest that failing to correct serum creatinine for fluid balance underestimates the prevalence and severity of AKI in premature neonates, and future studies should consider correcting serum creatinine for fluid status to improve identification of AKI in premature neonates. | PMC10415963 | |
Importance | AKI, Acute kidney injury | ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | Acute kidney injury (AKI) and disordered fluid balance are common in premature neonates; a positive fluid balance dilutes serum creatinine, and a negative fluid balance concentrates serum creatinine, both of which complicate AKI diagnosis. Correcting serum creatinine for fluid balance may improve diagnosis and increase... | PMC10415963 |
Objective | AKI | To determine whether correcting serum creatinine for fluid balance would identify additional neonates with AKI and alter the association of AKI with short-term and long-term outcomes. | PMC10415963 | |
Design, Setting, and Participants | This study was a post hoc cohort analysis of the Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection Trial (PENUT), a phase 3, randomized clinical trial of erythropoietin, conducted at 19 academic centers and 30 neonatal intensive care units in the US from December 2013 to September 2016. Participants included extremely premature n... | PMC10415963 | ||
Exposure | AKI | Diagnosis of fluid-corrected AKI during the first 14 postnatal days, calculated using fluid-corrected serum creatinine (defined as serum creatinine multiplied by fluid balance [calculated as percentage change from birth weight] divided by total body water [estimated 80% of birth weight]). | PMC10415963 | |
Main Outcomes and Measures | death | BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA (BPD) | The primary outcome was invasive mechanical ventilation on postnatal day 14. Secondary outcomes included death, hospital length of stay, and severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Categorical variables were analyzed by proportional differences with the χ | PMC10415963 |
Results | AKI, BPD | A total of 923 premature neonates (479 boys [51.9%]; median [IQR] birth weight, 801 [668-940] g) were included, of whom 215 (23.3%) received a diagnosis of AKI using uncorrected serum creatinine. After fluid balance correction, 13 neonates with AKI were reclassified as not having fluid-corrected AKI, and 111 neonates p... | PMC10415963 | |
Conclusions and Relevance | AKI, BPD | In this post hoc cohort study of premature neonates, fluid correction increased the number of premature neonates with a diagnosis of AKI and was associated with increased odds of adverse clinical outcomes, including ventilation and BPD. Failing to correct serum creatinine for fluid balance underestimates the prevalence... | PMC10415963 | |
Trial Registration | ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | PMC10415963 | ||
Introduction | AKI, critically ill, Acute kidney injury | CRITICALLY ILL, ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | Acute kidney injury (AKI) commonly occurs in extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANS)In critically ill children and adults, correcting serum creatinine for fluid balance increases the precision and accuracy of AKI diagnosisThe Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection (PENUT) study captured robust data on kidney fu... | PMC10415963 |
Methods | PMC10415963 | |||
Study Population | Performed in December 2022, this study was a post hoc analysis of the PENUT Trial (NCT01378273), a phase 3, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of erythropoietin in ELGANS in 19 academic centers and 30 NICUs in the US. | PMC10415963 | ||
Fluid Balance and Fluid-Corrected Serum Creatinine Definitions | The PENUT trial included daily weights for the first 14 postnatal days. Fluid balance was based on recent consensus guidelines | PMC10415963 | ||
AKI and Covariate Definition | AKI | KIDNEY DISEASE | AKI was defined using the serum creatinine criteria neonatal modified Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) definition. | PMC10415963 |
AKI Class Switching | AKI | We defined class switching as neonates who moved from 1 stage of AKI to another after correcting for fluid balance. For example, a neonate with a positive fluid balance with no AKI by uncorrected serum creatinine may have had stage 2 AKI after correcting serum creatinine for fluid balance (ie, unveiled AKI). Conversely... | PMC10415963 | |
Outcomes | SECONDARY, JENSEN | The primary outcome was the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (ie, high-frequency or conventional ventilation) on postnatal day 14. Our secondary short-term outcomes included (1) BPD, defined by Neonatal Research Network definitions and Jensen criteria as neonates receiving respiratory support at 28 days of age, | PMC10415963 | |
Statistical Analysis | Categorical variables were analyzed by proportional differences with the χ | PMC10415963 | ||
Results | PMC10415963 | |||
Patient Characteristics | Of the 941 neonates who were enrolled in the PENUT trial, 923 (479 boys [51.9%]; median [IQR] birth weight 801 [668-940] g) were included in this analysis (eFigure in | PMC10415963 | ||
Comparison of Maternal and Neonatal Characteristics by Fluid-Corrected AKI Status | AKI, acute kidney injury | Abbreviation: AKI, acute kidney injury.Based on χOther maternal race category includes American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Other Pacific Islander. | PMC10415963 | |
Serum Creatinine Curves During the First 2 Postnatal Weeks | A total of 8757 serum creatinine values were obtained during the first 2 postnatal weeks with a median (IQR) of 11 (7 to 13) values per patient. The median (IQR) peak negative fluid balance was −10.3% (−14.6% to −5.6%) on median (IQR) postnatal day 3 (2 to 5). Median (IQR) peak positive fluid balance in the first 2 pos... | PMC10415963 | ||
Uncorrected and Fluid-Corrected Serum Creatinine Curves | The figure shows uncorrected serum creatinine and fluid-corrected serum creatinine curves for the entire cohort (A) and by gestational age group (B). | PMC10415963 | ||
AKI Diagnosis and Class Switching | AKI | AKI diagnosis using uncorrected serum creatinine occurred for 215 neonates (23.3%), which included 154 neonates at stage 1, 45 at stage 2, and 16 at stage 3. No neonates in this study were treated with dialysis. Correcting for fluid balance increased the incidence of AKI to 33.9% (313 neonates), of which 101 neonates (... | PMC10415963 | |
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Status and Class Switching After Fluid Correction | AKI | The figure displays a Sankey diagram visualizing the change in AKI status and AKI class switching after correction for fluid status.After correcting serum creatinine for fluid balance, 124 neonates switched AKI classes. A total of 111 neonates were newly classified as having unveiled AKI, including 104 who went from no... | PMC10415963 | |
Short-Term and Long-Term Outcomes | A total of 408 neonates (52.0%) were mechanically ventilated at postnatal day 14 ( | PMC10415963 | ||
Association of Fluid-Corrected AKI With Outcomes | The bivariable associations with our primary outcome of mechanical ventilation on postnatal day 14 is described in eTable 2 in | PMC10415963 | ||
Association of AKI With Short-Term and Long-Term Outcomes | AKI, sepsis, enteritis, acute kidney injury | BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA, INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE, BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA, ENTERITIS, SEPSIS | Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; OR, odds ratio.Adjusted for gestational age, sex, small for gestational age status, 5-minute Apgar score, intubation, epinephrine, chest compressions, necrotizing enteritis, sepsis, and intraventricular hemorrhage.Refers to hospital length of stay longe... | PMC10415963 |
Association of Severe AKI With Short-Term and Long-Term Outcomes in Extremely Low Gestational Age Neonates | enteritis, AKI, BPD, sepsis, acute kidney injury | BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA, INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE, BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA, ENTERITIS, SEPSIS | Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; OR, odds ratio.Adjusted for gestational, sex, small for gestational age status, 5-minute Apgar score, intubation, epinephrine, chest compressions, necrotizing enteritis, sepsis, and intraventricular hemorrhage.Refers to hospital length of stay longer th... | PMC10415963 |
Association of AKI Class Switching With Outcomes | AKI | With regard to most demographic and clinical characteristics, neonates with unveiled AKI were similar to those with AKI diagnosed using uncorrected serum creatinine (Compared with those without AKI, neonates with unveiled AKI were more likely to require invasive mechanical ventilation on postnatal day 14 (81 neonates [... | PMC10415963 | |
Discussion | AKI, BPD, diuretic-induced | SECONDARY, PREMATURE | In this secondary analysis of a large, prospective, multicenter, randomized clinical trial of ELGANS, we evaluated the impact of fluid correction of serum creatinine on AKI diagnosis and its association with short-term and long-term outcomes. We found that fluid correction identified many neonates with previously undia... | PMC10415963 |
Strengths and Limitations | AKI, kidney dysfunction | KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION, SECONDARY | This multicenter prospective study has several strengths, including the robust high-quality data available in a large, prospective, multicenter study allowing for the detailed exploration of the impact of fluid balance on AKI diagnosis. Furthermore, the study has long-term kidney-specific outcomes for the cohort.Despit... | PMC10415963 |
Conclusion | AKI | SECONDARY | In this secondary analysis of the multicenter PENUT trial, we describe fluid-corrected AKI and evaluate associations with short-term and long-term outcomes in premature neonates with fluid-corrected AKI. Taken together, the current study suggests a paradigm shift in how we describe kidney function in premature neonates... | PMC10415963 |
Author summary | We declare that there is no relationship or support which might be perceived as constituting a conflict of interest.Dogs living in areas of Dogs play an important role in the transmission of | PMC9931096 | ||
Data Availability | The data are available from | PMC9931096 | ||
Material and methods | PMC9931096 | |||
Ethics statement | This study followed the recommendation of the Brazilian Federal Law for animal studies. It was approved by the Ethic Committee for Use of Animals in Research (CEUA: 017–2020) of the Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-BA). | PMC9931096 | ||
Case definition and study design | This study is a randomized controlled clinical trial designed to evaluate the efficacy and effectivity of intralesional meglumine antimoniate compared with intralesional sodium chloride solution in dogs with CTL caused by the | PMC9931096 | ||
Soluble | The SLA was obtained from an isolate of | PMC9931096 | ||
Real-time PCR for detection of | In order to detect | PMC9931096 | ||
Statistical analysis | Continuous variables following a normal distribution, as age, are presented as mean and SD and mean differences were analyzed by the Student T test. Continuous variables that did not follow a normal distribution, such as lesion size, are presented as median and interquartile range (IQR). Differences were analyzed by th... | PMC9931096 | ||
Results | The demographic and clinical features of the dogs participating in the study according to the type of therapy received are shown in | PMC9931096 | ||
Pictures of two animals on days zero, 30, 60, and 90; “the first, A,” from a dog scrotal sac ulcer treated with Glucantime and “B” from a dog with a muzzle lesion treated with saline. | cutaneous lesion | While the dog receiving Glucantime was cured on day 30, the cutaneous lesion remained active until day 90 in the animal treated with placebo. | PMC9931096 | |
Kaplan-Meier curve | A Kaplan-Meier curve was performed to compare the proportion of dogs in both groups who achieved cure according to the healing time ( | PMC9931096 | ||
Survival analysis in dogs with CTL. | Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of differences in healing time between dogs treated with Glucantime and placebo revealed shorter healing times in dogs treated with Glucantime (P<0.0001, log-rank test). | PMC9931096 | ||
Discussion | infection | INFECTION, DISEASE, HEAT, INFECTION TOE | CTL is a relevant public health subject; morbidity is high, the disease remains active for up to a long time, which may contribute to the transmission of the infection to humans. There are, however, no policies for the treatment of CTL. Sick dogs die or are sacrificed. While there is no clear evidence about the role of... | PMC9931096 |
References | PMC9931096 | |||
Background | obesity, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, weight loss | OBESITY, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, INFLAMMATION, METABOLIC SYNDROME, TYPE 2 DIABETES | Identifying and reducing cardiometabolic risks driven by obesity remains a healthcare challenge. The metabolic syndrome is associated with abdominal obesity and inflammation and is predictive of long-term risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in otherwise healthy individuals living with obesity.... | PMC9960425 |
Methods | obesity, diabetes | OBESITY, DIABETES | This was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. During an 8-week low-calorie diet (800 kcal/day), 195 adults with obesity and without diabetes lost 12% in body weight. Participants were then evenly randomized to four arms of one-year treatment with: | PMC9960425 |
Results | weight loss | The diet-induced weight loss decreased the severity of MetS-Z from 0.57 to 0.06, which was maintained in the placebo and exercise groups after one year. MetS-Z was further decreased by liraglutide (− 0.37, 95% CI − 0.58 to − 0.16, P < 0.001) and the combination treatment (− 0.48, 95% CI − 0.70 to − 0.25, P < 0.001) com... | PMC9960425 | |
Supplementary Information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12933-023-01765-z. | PMC9960425 | ||
Keywords | PMC9960425 | |||
Background | obesity, inflammation, cardiometabolic disease, MetS, weight loss | OBESITY, INFLAMMATION, SECONDARY | Identifying and reducing cardiometabolic risks driven by obesity remains a major healthcare challenge [MetS denotes a cluster of common risk factors and was intended as an early measure for cardiometabolic disease risk [High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is an established biomarker of inflammation [Exercise an... | PMC9960425 |
Materials and methods | PMC9960425 | |||
Study design | weight loss | SECONDARY | This study is based on a randomized, double-blind (regarding liraglutide treatment), placebo-controlled trial (S-LiTE Randomized trial) conducted at Hvidovre Hospital and the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, from August 2016 to November 2019 (EudraCT number, 2015-005585-32; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04122716) [In... | PMC9960425 |
Participants | obesity | OBESITY | Recruited participants were adults living with obesity (18–65 years of age, BMI 32–43 kg/mThe per-protocol population was defined as participants that met the pre-defined criteria of performing at least 75% of WHO recommendations on physical activity (150 min/week of moderate-intensity, or 75 min/week of vigorous-inten... | PMC9960425 |
Interventions | ADVERSE EVENTS, EVENTS | Participants followed a low-calorie diet of 800 kcal/day (meal replacement products, Cambridge Weight Plan) for eight weeks [The exercise intervention was designed to meet the WHO recommendations on physical activity: a minimum of 150 min/week of moderate-intensity or 75 min/week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical ... | PMC9960425 | |
Outcomes | metabolic syndrome, Vascular Injury Panel 2, inflammation | METABOLIC SYNDROME, SECONDARY, ADVERSE EVENT, INFLAMMATION | MetS-Z (metabolic syndrome severity z-score) was a prespecified secondary endpoint in the trial protocol [The participants were also scored on the traditional MetS factors according to the harmonized metabolic syndrome definition: Waist circumference > 94 cm (in males) and > 80 cm (in females), HDL-c < 1.0 mmol/L in ma... | PMC9960425 |
Statistical analysis | infection | INFECTION, DISEASES | Continuous variables are summarized as means with ± standard deviations (± SD) or medians with interquartile range. Continuous outcomes with repeated measures were analyzed using a mixed linear model in the per-protocol population (i.e., the 130 participants adherent to the prescribed interventions), which might provid... | PMC9960425 |
Results | PMC9960425 | |||
Changes in metabolic syndrome | INSULIN RESISTANCE | The MetS-Z decreased by 0.52 to 0.06, P < 0.001, during the low-calorie diet (Table One year after the low-calorie diet, the MetS-Z was unchanged in the placebo and exercise groups (Table Adjusting for blood pressure or lipid-lowering medication, smoking, and alcohol consumption at inclusion did not affect the analysis... | PMC9960425 | |
Changes in fat distribution | Android fat percentage was 44.3% ± 4.7 before the low-calorie diet and decreased by 2.9%-points, P < 0.001 to 41.4% ± 6.0 after the diet (Table After one year, android and gynoid fat percentages were unchanged in the placebo group; however, android and gynoid fat masses increased (Table | PMC9960425 | ||
Changes in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein | inflammation | INFLAMMATION | The median concentration of the inflammation marker hsCRP was 3.8 mg/L before the low-calorie diet and decreased by 32% to 2.4 mg/L after the diet, P < 0.001, Table After one year, the hsCRP concentrations did not change in the placebo and exercise groups (Table | PMC9960425 |
Adherence to interventions | In the per-protocol population, the exercise group performed 156 ± 54 min/week at an intensity of 78 ± 4% of maximum heart rate, and the combination group performed 144 ± 67 min/week at 78 ± 5% of maximum heart rate. The average dose of study medication was at least 2.6 mg/day in all groups. Details regarding exercise ... | PMC9960425 | ||
Safety | vomiting, Gastrointestinal adverse, diarrhea, nausea, | ADVERSE EVENTS | Gastrointestinal adverse events (e.g., one or more experiences of nausea, diarrhea, or vomiting during one year) were more commonly reported in the groups receiving liraglutide (placebo group: 45%, exercise group: 65%, liraglutide group: 86%, combination group: 71%). The frequency of serious adverse events was 4%, 8%, ... | PMC9960425 |
Discussion | obesity, mass loss, inflammation, cardiometabolic disease, diet-induced reductions, abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, reduced fasting glucose, weight loss | OBESITY, INFLAMMATION, METABOLIC SYNDROME, METABOLIC SYNDROME | Identifying and managing the risk of cardiometabolic disease associated with obesity remains a major healthcare challenge. Metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, and low-grade inflammation constitute risk factors for future cardiometabolic disease. Therefore, we investigated improvements in metabolic syndrome, abdomina... | PMC9960425 |
Conclusion | obesity, inflammation, reduced abdominal obesity, cardiometabolic disease, abdominal obesity | OBESITY, INFLAMMATION | In people with obesity at risk of developing cardiometabolic disease, the low-calorie diet improved MetS-Z, abdominal obesity, and inflammation marker hsCRP. After one year, intervention with exercise further reduced abdominal obesity, liraglutide treatment further reduced MetS-Z and abdominal obesity, and liraglutide ... | PMC9960425 |
Acknowledgements | The authors would like to thank the participants of the trial. We would also like to thank all the pre-graduate students involved in the execution of the trial. | PMC9960425 |
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