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Author contributions
INFLAMMATIONS
Authors SST, BMS, JJH, SM, JRL, and CJ designed the S-LiTE randomized trial. CJ, SBKJ, JRL, CRJ, and RMS contributed to the execution of the trial. RMS performed the statistical analyses. RMS, CRJ, SBKJ, MBB, MR, SST, and CA contributed to the methodology. LG performed sampling, analysis, and interpretation of inflamma...
PMC9960425
Funding
Nordisk
The trial was supported by two Novo Nordisk Foundation grants (NNF15SA0018346 and Excellence Grant NNF16OC0019968) and Helsefonden, all in Denmark. Cambridge Weight Plan supplied diet-replacement products. Novo Nordisk, Denmark, supplied Saxenda and placebo pens. Supporting partners did not influence or participate in ...
PMC9960425
Availability of data and materials
The study protocol and statistical analysis plan have been published [
PMC9960425
Declarations
PMC9960425
Ethics approval and consent to participate
ICH
The trial was approved by the Committee of Health Research Ethics (H-16027082) and the Danish Medicines Agency (EudraCT: 2015-005585-32) and was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and ICH Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Participants provided written informed consent before inclusion.
PMC9960425
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
PMC9960425
Competing interests
RMS: Family member holds Novo Nordisk stocks. MR: Currently employed at Novo Nordisk. JJH: Advisory boards: Novo Nordisk. SM: Advisory boards: AstraZeneca; Boehringer Ingelheim; Eli Lilly; Merck Sharp & Dohme; Novo Nordisk; Sanofi Aventis. Lecture fees: AstraZeneca; Boehringer Ingelheim; Merck Sharp & Dohme; Novo Nordi...
PMC9960425
References
PMC9960425
Subject terms
toxicity, toxicities, germ cell tumors
DISEASE, EVENT, SOLID TUMORS, CYTOKINE RELEASE SYNDROME, GERM CELL TUMORS, IMMUNE EFFECTOR CELL-ASSOCIATED NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROME, SEQUELAE
The oncofetal antigen Claudin 6 (CLDN6) is highly and specifically expressed in many solid tumors, and could be a promising treatment target. We report dose escalation results from the ongoing phase 1/2 BNT211-01 trial evaluating the safety and feasibility of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting the CLDN6 ...
PMC10667102
Main
tumor, toxicity, cancer, contributeWe, tumors
MULTIPLE MYELOMA, TUMOR, B-CELL NEOPLASM, CANCER, SOLID TUMORS, TUMORS
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cell therapies have shown remarkable results in patients with relapsed/refractory (r/r) B-cell neoplasms and multiple myelomaA key obstacle for CAR-T cell approaches in solid tumors is the lack of highly cancer-specific cell-surface targets for efficient tumor eradication wi...
PMC10667102
Results
PMC10667102
Study design and execution, patient selection and treatment
Tumors, tumor
TUMOR, SPINAL METASTASES, DISEASE, SOLID TUMORS, TUMORS, SECONDARY, ONCOLOGY
The study design comprises a dose escalation part and a dose expansion part with indication-specific cohorts including GCT, EOC and other indications to start when the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) obtained with the dedicated phase 2 manufacturing process is defined.The primary endpoints for the dose escalation part ...
PMC10667102
Safety
DLTs, impaired bone marrow function, toxicity, treatment-emergent adverse, toxicities, CRS, RNA-LPX cancer vaccine platformTransient, cytopenia, headache, deaths, pancytopenia, Cancer
ADVERSE EVENT, DISEASE PROGRESSION, ADVERSE EVENT, CYTOPENIA, IMMUNE EFFECTOR CELL-ASSOCIATED NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROME, PANCYTOPENIA, CANCER
All 22 patients treated within the study were included in the safety analysis. The data cutoff date was 6 October 2022, with a median follow-up of five months (range: 29–416 days, Extended Data Table Nineteen of 22 patients had treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) greater than or equal to grade (G) 3 (Extended Dat...
PMC10667102
Efficacy
DISEASE, SECONDARY
Twenty-one of the 22 patients were treated per protocol and qualified for efficacy analysis for the secondary endpoints ORR, disease control rate (DCR) and duration of response (DOR). Partial responses (PRs) in six patients and one complete response (CR) resulted in an unconfirmed ORR of 33% (Fig.
PMC10667102
Pharmacokinetics
Characterization of the pharmacokinetics of CLDN6 CAR-T cells was an exploratory endpoint. For lymphodepleted patients at DL1 and DL2, CAR-T cell peak expansion (CARVac was administered to 11 patients who had received CLDN6 CAR-T cells after LD and two patients who received CAR-T cells without prior LD (Extended Data F...
PMC10667102
Discussion
heterogenous, cancers, tumor, fever, impaired bone marrow function, toxicity, cancer, non-tumor, TEAEs, CRS, cytopenia, HLH, hematotoxicity
CANCERS, TUMOR, CANCER, HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, DISEASE, SOLID TUMORS, RECRUITMENT, CYTOPENIA, BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION, SEQUELAE
Extending the success of CAR-T cells to solid tumors presents significant hurdles, primarily due to the scarcity of distinct, tumor-specific targets, complicating the development of efficacious CAR-T therapies for these cancers. Notwithstanding these obstacles, several early-phase clinical trials are underway targeting...
PMC10667102
Methods
PMC10667102
Trial design, patients and treatment
tumor, prostate cancer, cancer, human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C, non-melanoma skin cancer, non-metastatic carcinoma, primary cancer, autoimmune disease, Cancer
TUMOR, VIRUS, PROSTATE CANCER, SPINAL METASTASES, CANCER, DISEASE, RECRUITMENT, PROSTATE, SOLID TUMOR, REMISSION, CERVICAL CARCINOMA IN SITU, SUPERFICIAL BLADDER CANCER, PRIMARY CANCER, AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE, CANCER
This first-in-human, open label phase 1/2 trial is being conducted at six sites in Germany (University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, University Hospital of Cologne, University Hospital Regensburg, Hannover Medical School, University Hospital Erlangen and the University Medical Center Mainz) and one site in the Neth...
PMC10667102
Study oversight
The study protocol was approved by institutional review boards of the authorities in Germany (Paul-Ehrlich-Institute) and the Netherlands (Central Committee on Research involving Human Subjects). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and International Conference on Harmonization guideli...
PMC10667102
Endpoints and assessments
death, tumor, CRS, encephalopathy, PD
SECONDARY, RECURRENCE, ENCEPHALOPATHY, TUMOR
The primary endpoints of the study were safety and tolerability of CLDN6 CAR-T cells with or without CARVac and identification of the MTD/recommended phase 2 dose. AEs and serious (S)AEs were collected from signing the informed consent form until 90 days after the last administration of the study drug. Key secondary en...
PMC10667102
Statistical analysis
tumor
TUMOR
This interim analysis was conducted with a data cutoff date of 6 October 2022 and followed the statistical analysis plan. The primary efficacy analysis is defined as the ORR, but PFS, overall survival (OS) and DOR were included as secondary/explorative endpoints. The efficacy analyses were conducted with the modified i...
PMC10667102
CAR-T cell manufacturing
The CLDN6-CAR was constructed by linking the signal peptide sequence of an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (GenBank no.
PMC10667102
CAR-T cell immunophenotyping
CD45RA-BV510
Standard staining and flow cytometry techniques were used to perform immunophenotyping of surface markers on BNT211 CAR-T cell products at the manufacturing site. Cells were stained with CD3-FITC, CD4-APC and CD8-PE (BD Multitest catalog no. 342417; 1:11 dilution) in the bulk drug product, and CD3-PerCP, CD4-FITC, CD8-...
PMC10667102
CLDN6 CARVac manufacturing
RNA, liposomes and RNA-LPX were manufactured under good manufacturing practice conditions. The CLDN6 CARVac RNA is a highly purified, non-nucleoside-modified, uridine-containing RNA.The single-stranded, 5′-capped mRNA was produced by in vitro transcription from the corresponding DNA template encoding CLDN6. The general...
PMC10667102
Clinical assessments
tumor, death, toxicities, encephalopathy, PD, Laboratory anomalies
RECURRENCE, DISEASE, TUMOR, ENCEPHALOPATHY
Laboratory anomalies were screened by hematology testing, coagulation assay, serum chemistries, cytokine levels and urinalysis. Physical exams including 12-lead electrocardiograms and vital signs were performed daily during hospitalization periods for assessment of toxicities, including assessment of the immune effecto...
PMC10667102
Histology
SE, tumor, Embryonal rabbit kidney tissue
TUMOR
Histological and immunohistochemical analyses of all cases were performed in the central histology lab at BioNTech SE on representative tissue slides of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded neoplastic tissues. In brief, slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin on a Leica ST5020 multistainer and manually stained usin...
PMC10667102
Spearman rank correlation analysis
tumor
TUMOR
The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was calculated between the age of the archival tumor tissue and the percentage of tumor cells with 2+/3+ positive CLDN6 staining at prescreening for both EOC and GCT samples.The figure was created with the SAS 9.4 Graph Template Language, using the SAS Enterprise Guide v.8. T...
PMC10667102
Monitoring of CAR-T engraftment by PCR
Woodchuck Hepatitis
CAR-T cell engraftment was assessed in peripheral blood by a duplex qPCR amplification assay targeting the Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Posttranscriptional Regulatory Element (WPRE), a sequence part of the vector encoding the CLDN6-CAR and an intronic sequence from FOXP2, which serves as a reference for normalization of c...
PMC10667102
Cytokine multiplex assay
REGRESSION
Quantification of cytokines (for example, IL-6, IFNɣ) in serum was performed using the Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) 10-plex assay using the Proinflammatory Panel 1 Multiplex Test Kit. IFNɣ inducible protein 10 was measured using the Chemokine Panel 1 Kit (MSD). Assays were performed per the manufacturer’s protocol with a...
PMC10667102
AFP quantification
Serum AFP levels were quantified locally using either the Siemens Atellica IM AFP Assay or the Roche Elecsys AFP immunoassay and a Cobas e801 analytical unit. Assays were performed as per the manufacturer’s protocol.
PMC10667102
Reporting summary
Further information on research design is available in the
PMC10667102
Online content
Any methods, additional references, Nature Portfolio reporting summaries, source data, extended data, supplementary information, acknowledgements, peer review information; details of author contributions and competing interests; and statements of data and code availability are available at 10.1038/s41591-023-02612-0.
PMC10667102
Supplementary information
Supplementary Figs. 1–4, clinical trial protocol and statistical analysis plan.Reporting SummaryPrevious lines of treatment for patients in the trial.
PMC10667102
Extended data
PMC10667102
Transient cytokine release upon CARVac administration.
Interferon-gamma and interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 serum levels were measured in a lymphodepleted patient prior to and following ACT of CAR-T cells (DL1, solid green line). CARVac (25 µg) dosing started 4 days post-ACT and was administered on d51, d72, and d93 (50 µg), denoted by green dashed lines. Cytokine me...
PMC10667102
GCT patient with complete response and long-term CAR-T cell persistence after a single CAR-T cell dose.
The patient was initially diagnosed with a mixed GCT, had been heavily pretreated (5 lines of chemotherapy in total) including cisplatinum-based chemotherapy, HDCT/ASCT,gemcitabine/oxaliplatin/paclitaxel, multiple surgeries and radiotherapy. After the 3
PMC10667102
CLDN6 CAR-T cell frequency over time in all treated patients.
DSRCT, cancer of unknown primary, CUP, serous carcinoma, Cancers
DESMOPLASTIC SMALL ROUND CELL TUMOR, FALLOPIAN TUBE, GERM CELL TUMOR, SEROUS CARCINOMA, ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA, EPITHELIAL OVARIAN CANCER, CANCERS, GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA
CAR-T cell engraftment and kinetics was recorded in all treated patients (n = 22) from day of ACT until end of FU or data cut-off. Assessments ongoing at the time of data cut-off are marked by arrowhead. Patients are grouped by cohorts at indicated DL (solid line) including the two patients treated with ‘<DL1’ or with ...
PMC10667102
CAR-T cell peak numbers in patients treated with CLDN6 CAR-T cells +/- CARVac.
Peak numbers were reached on average within 18 days (range 17–24) for patient treated at DL1 (circles) and 15.6 days (range 8–24) for patients treated at DL2 (squares). 3 patients treated at DL1 received CARVac 4 days after ACT, 7 patients treated at DL2 received CARVac on day ≥ 23 post-ACT. Numbers are presented as CA...
PMC10667102
Extended data
is available for this paper at 10.1038/s41591-023-02612-0.
PMC10667102
Supplementary information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41591-023-02612-0.
PMC10667102
Acknowledgements
P.
BNT211-01 was sponsored and funded by BioNTech. We thank the patients and their families for making this trial possible. We thank P. Young, K. Vemuri and J. Hinson for statistical support; P. Oehm for support with pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses; S. Wöll, A. Feldner and S. Brachtendorf for histological analyse...
PMC10667102
Author contributions
U.Ş., Ö.T., A.F. and B.R. conceptualized the project. B.R., L.P., U.Ş., Ö.T., Y.H., T.H., A.M.S. and K.K. were responsible for the methodology. A.M., J.B.H., C.K., W.A., E.W.-D., P.B., D.H., B.F., S.K., C.B., A.D., F.L., N.K., F.M., E.S., P.H. and P.K. carried out the investigation. Visualization was created by B.R., T...
PMC10667102
Peer review
PMC10667102
Data availability
This trial is currently ongoing. Upon completion of this clinical trial, summary-level results will be made public and shared in line with clinical data-sharing guidelines. Requests for access to aggregated data (the tables produced in line with the statistical analysis plan) will be reviewed and approved by the Safety...
PMC10667102
Competing interests
SE
Y.H., T.H., Q.K.-F., A.M.S., C.S.-E., A.F., C.F., K.K., L.P., B.R., Ö.T. and U.Ş. are employees at BioNTech SE. E.W. previously worked as consultants to BioNTech SE. U.Ş. and Ö.T. are management board members of BioNTech SE (Mainz, Germany). U.Ş., Ö.T. and B.R. are inventors on patents and patent applications, which co...
PMC10667102
References
PMC10667102
Introduction
Technology has enabled students and teachers to have interactive and engaging learning experiences, and providing teachers with more advanced teaching strategies boosts the educational environment. Animation is one of the most effective tools for creating engaging learning experiences for students, as it can bring topi...
PMC10204982
Theoretical framework
PMC10204982
The constructivist cognitive development theory
Constructivist cognitive development is the dominant paradigm of educational development, based on Piaget’s cognitive development and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory. This theory emphasizes that students construct their own knowledge, not that teachers transmit it to them. Through constructivism, teachers become guides...
PMC10204982
Sociocultural constructivist theory
Lev Vygotsky developed this theory, which emphasizes that knowledge exists in a social context [According to Vygotsky and Cole [Berk and Winsler [Students’ ZPD is explored through quizzes or discussions to determine what they already know about the learning topic.Various abilities of students are grouped into teams to ...
PMC10204982
Cognitive load theory (CLT)
Working memory ability is a crucial determinant of academic achievement, according to the CLT. As working memory has a finite capacity, it often becomes overwhelmed while processing complicated instructional content. Working memory has to be able to withstand the demands of learning in order to learn well. Therefore, i...
PMC10204982
The spectrum of teaching styles in physical education theory
Muska Mosston developed the teaching styles spectrum in physical education in 1966 to ensure all students understood the fundamental concepts, abilities, and ideas of physical education. Spectrum is based on the premise that teaching behavior can be explained as a chain of decisions. There is always a previous decision...
PMC10204982
Reciprocal style
The reciprocal style is one of the direct styles in spectrum theory. In this style, learners are organized in pairs, each with a specific role to play. As the doer, one learner performs the task. As observer, learner provides constant and immediate feedback to the doer using a criteria sheet designed by the teacher. At...
PMC10204982
Instructional design models
Instructional design (ID) is a framework for integrating technology into education. It focuses on learners rather than teachers, making the program more applicable and meaningful to them. Koper [
PMC10204982
Materials and methods
PMC10204982
Ethics statement
The Scientific Research Committee at the Faculty of Physical Education, Port-Said University (Approval No. 2022-7-1), approved the study. Informed consent was obtained from the participants in writing, including voluntary participation, withdrawal rights, objectives, importance, procedures, and confidentiality. At the ...
PMC10204982
Design
A quasi-experimental design was used by creating two experimental and control groups. For the experimental group, the reciprocal method is combined with 3DHT to teach some basic boxing skills. In contrast, the control group is taught a program based on a teacher command style. Pretest-posttest designs were made for the...
PMC10204982
Study population and sample
The sample consisted of 40 boxing beginners aged 12 to 14 who were enrolled in the 2022/2023 training season at Port Fouad Sports Club in Port Said, Egypt. The participants were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. There were homogenized based on age, height, weight, general intelligence, physical...
PMC10204982
Data collection tools and equipment
PMC10204982
The general IQ test
The study used an IQ test developed by Saleh [
PMC10204982
An educational program combining reciprocal style and 3DHT
A proposed educational program combining reciprocal style with 3DHT was designed using the ADDIE model, in stages as follows:
PMC10204982
The pre-measurements process
At Port Fouad Sports Club, four boxing coaches assisted in taking pre-measurements from the experimental and control groups between 16-17/7/2022, in order to verify the homogeneity and the equivalence of the groups with respect to age, height, weight, IQ, special physical abilities, and the degree of skillful performan...
PMC10204982
Descriptive statistics of the control group and Experimental group (
PMC10204982
The basic experiment process
A boxing coach from the Port-Fouad club delivered three sessions per week to each group starting on 23/07/2022. The teaching period for both groups ended on 24/08/2022. The coach was accredited by the Egyptian Boxing Federation, and has over 10 years’ experience in boxing training. Additionally, he has experience as an...
PMC10204982
The post-measurements process
Post-measurements were applied immediately after the two groups completed the basic experiment on 25/08/2022. Under the same conditions and timing, arbitrators applied the skill performance evaluation checklists [
PMC10204982
Statistical analysis
IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (2017; version 25; IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for the following statistical analysis: Mean (
PMC10204982
Results
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify the normality of the post-measurements for the control and experimental groups as shown in
PMC10204982
A normality test for post-measurements.
PMC10204982
Statistical comparison between pre and posttest for experimental group with paired samples t-test (
*Reject the null hypothesis
PMC10204982
Statistical comparison between control and experimental groups`posttest using independent samples t-test (
*Reject the null hypothesisIn order to investigate the statistical differences between the two groups,
PMC10204982
Statistical comparison between the control and experimental groups’ overall boxing skill degree in the posttest (
*Reject the null hypothesisThe Cohen (d) value was 1.07, which was greater than 0.8. It confirmed the previous finding of With the use of the G*Power 3.1 tool, a Power Post-hoc analysis was conducted by Cohen’s (d) = 1.07 at a significance level of .05 for independent samples t-test (two groups), while sample sizes for...
PMC10204982
Discussion
mistakes
The results of the first question indicated that the experimental group performed fundamental boxing skills better in the post-measurements than in the pre-measurements. Considering that the participants were beginners to boxing, these results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed education program that used t...
PMC10204982
Conclusions
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of 3DHT combined with a reciprocal teaching style for learning some fundamental boxing skills. The experimental group performed fundamental boxing skills better in the post-measurements than in the pre-measurements. The experimental group also achieved high...
PMC10204982
Limitations
A WiFi 3D Holographic Projector Hologram is available at electronic stores and is considered one of most accessible and affordable devices. In order to give the illusion that the 3D virtual objects are actually embedded in real life, it uses specialized software to create 3D movies with black backgrounds. The learner s...
PMC10204982
Implications
Holograms allow students to interact with 3D virtual objects of motor skills, which helps to improve their understanding of how the body moves and how to perform movements correctly. Additionally, holograms can be used to help players visualize how to combine different elements of a skill and how to link those elements...
PMC10204982
Supporting information
PMC10204982
An example of an educational module used by the experimental group.
(PDF)Click here for additional data file.
PMC10204982
The Skill performance evaluation checklists by arbitrators [
(PDF)Click here for additional data file.My sincere thanks go out to the officials of Port Fouad Sports Club in Port Said, the club’s boxing head coach (Captain Nader Al-Sahrawi), and all the players who participated in the study.
PMC10204982
References
PMC10204982
Subject terms
MISFORTUNE
Evidence-based interventions to favor more harmonious interactions in difficult relationships remain scarce. This study examined whether compassion training may have beneficial effects in an ongoing tense relationship with a disliked person, by reducing schadenfreude toward them and increasing felt interpersonal closen...
PMC10603062
Introduction
Social relationships are crucial for humans. So far, studies investigating ways to enhance relationships have mainly focused on romantic couplesTo date, theoretical as well as empirical work increasingly emphasizes that emotions are central to all meaningful interactions as they can influence behaviors and thus social ...
PMC10603062
The present study
groupOur, decrease schadenfreude feelings
Consequently, the purpose of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) study was to test the efficacy of a compassion training (intending to cultivate benevolent wishes toward a benefactor, oneself, and all living beings) in a difficult interpersonal context such as the relationship with a disliked person. To improve the ...
PMC10603062
Method
PMC10603062
Participants
Volunteers were recruited through advertisements in Geneva as well as in surrounding areas. Participants with previous meditation experience, psychology students, and Italian speakers were excluded. A power analysis was conducted with G*Power, based on an effect size (0.76) reported for a comparison between a control g...
PMC10603062
Trainings
The three trainings were delivered by experienced instructors and followed the same structure: they started with an introductory session of 1 h that was followed by two group sessions of 2.5 h of duration each. The three sessions took place over a 5-week period and were complemented with 20 min of guided audio recordin...
PMC10603062
Compassion training
Compassion training consisted of a well-established procedure based on meditation sessions and guided audio instructions led by a compassion-based instructor having over 20 years of experience in teaching meditation
PMC10603062
Reappraisal training
The reappraisal training sessions were led by a psychologist and researcher in affective sciences with 2 years of experience in teaching courses on emotion regulation. The reappraisal training was designed based on previous studies using reappraisal interventions
PMC10603062
Italian training
The content of the control condition was selected based on another study that compared meditation training to foreign language training as an active control group
PMC10603062
Measures
PMC10603062
Schadenfreude feelings
First, participants were asked to identify a familiar disliked person, namely someone with whom they may have experienced a conflict in person and a neutral person, namely someone they barely know (see full description of the instructions in
PMC10603062
Closeness feelings
aggression, prosocial behaviors
The Inclusion of the Other in the Self Scale (IOSS; Aron et al.Other measures were included in the design to either check for potential differences (compassion traits, emotion regulation skills, and prosociality) between conditions after the randomization or were used for exploratory purposes on the effects of the two ...
PMC10603062
Procedure
Individuals interested in the study received a Qualtrics link to an online demographic questionnaire via email. Participants who met inclusion criteria were then asked to identify a disliked person and a neutral person. Then, participants were invited to a first session in the laboratory for pre-training measures one w...
PMC10603062
Statistical analysis
Five one-way ANOVAs were used to examine whether the groups differed in their motivation and interest in the assigned training, in training attendance, formal practice, and informal practice. Differences between groups were then controlled and measures of interest (schadenfreude, and closeness) and the manipulation che...
PMC10603062
Ethics declarations
This research was approved by the ethics committee of Ethic Committee of the University of Geneva in October 2017 (ethical committee approval No. PSE.20170803.40) and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained after the procedures had been fully explained to each par...
PMC10603062
Results
PMC10603062
Training
To test whether groups differed in their training adherence, two one-way ANOVAs with condition (compassion, reappraisal, Italian training) as a between-subjects factor, and motivation and interest ratings (separately), as dependent variables were conducted. These analyses did not reveal any difference in terms of motiv...
PMC10603062
Compassion decreased feelings of schadenfreude toward the disliked person
Two 2*2*3 repeated-measures ANCOVAs and planned contrasts were run to analyze the effects of the trainings on compassion feelings (manipulation check) and schadenfreude feelings in response to the misfortune scenarios. These latter analyses comprised a between-subjects factor condition (compassion, reappraisal, Italian...
PMC10603062
Discussion
decreasing schadenfreude feelings
The aim of this study was to test whether compassion training can change attitudes and feelings toward a disliked person. Furthermore, we tested here if the beneficial effects of compassion training were transfer effects as the training did not target or mention the disliked person. Our manipulation check confirmed tha...
PMC10603062
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-023-45363-1.
PMC10603062
Acknowledgements
BRAIN
We thank Alexandra Zaharia, Mirka Del Prà, and Jean-Philippe Jacques for their contribution as instructors for this study. In addition, we would like to specially thank Floriane Moulin and Vanessa Gottofrey with the data collection. Finally, we thank Ben Meuleman, Simon Schaerlaeken, and the Brain and Behavior Lab tech...
PMC10603062