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Results
Completed FLU-PRO Plus questionnaires were available from 84% of participants in the sotrovimab arm (n = 446) and 83% of participants in the placebo arm (n = 437) on Day 1. By Day 21, completed questionnaires were available for 50% of participants in the sotrovimab arm (n = 262) and 48% of participants in the placebo a...
PMC10499766
FLU-PRO Plus total and domain score subgroup analyses
Results of the FLU-PRO Plus subgroup analyses of mean change from baseline in total score (AUC) were generally consistent with those for the overall population (Table S3 in Additional file
PMC10499766
Other PRO measurements
All domain scores of the WPAI decreased over time in both arms (Fig. S10 in Additional file There was also little difference observed between the treatment arms in any of the eight domains of the SF-12, plus the Physical and Mental Component Summary score (Fig. S11 in Additional file
PMC10499766
Discussion
infection, illness
INFECTION, DISEASE, INFLUENZA
A previous report from the COMET-ICE study has demonstrated the efficacy of sotrovimab for improving rates of hospitalization and survival in high-risk COVID-19 patients [Based on AUC, sotrovimab provides statistically significant improvements through Day 21 in patient-reported symptoms compared with placebo. Based on ...
PMC10499766
Conclusions
death
The COMET-ICE trial was designed to test pandemic-relevant serious clinical outcomes (hospitalization or death) and demonstrated a clinical benefit of sotrovimab treatment. The current study adds to these findings by demonstrating significant and rapid improvements in patient-reported COVID-19 symptoms, as measured by ...
PMC10499766
Acknowledgements
Editorial support (in the form of writing assistance, including preparation of the draft manuscript under the direction and guidance of the authors, collating and incorporating authors’ comments for each draft, assembling tables and figures, grammatical editing, and referencing) was provided by Tony Reardon and Kathryn...
PMC10499766
Author contributions
Concept and design: SS, PG, CMR, TJHK, HJB, DB, MA, EA, EHS, JHP III; Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: SS, PG, CMR, TJHK, HJB, DB, MA, EA, AL; Drafting of the manuscript: SS, PG, CMR, TJHK, HJB, DB, MA, EA, AL, EHS, AG, AES, JHP III; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual conten...
PMC10499766
Funding
This study was sponsored by Vir Biotechnology, Inc. in collaboration with GSK. The study sponsors were involved in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publicat...
PMC10499766
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
PMC10499766
Declarations
PMC10499766
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The COMET-ICE study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences International Ethical Guidelines, applicable International Council for Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice guidelines, and applicable laws and regulations. ...
PMC10499766
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
PMC10499766
Competing interests
PG, TJHK, HJB, DB, and AL are employees of, and/or hold stocks/shares in, GSK. SS, MA, and EA are employees of, and/or hold stocks/shares in, Vir Biotechnology, Inc. CMR was an employee of Vir Biotechnology, Inc. at the time of study. JHP III has consulted for Arrevus, Eicos, Eli Lilly, Evofem, Eyecheck, Fuji, Gilead, ...
PMC10499766
References
PMC10499766
Background
ADVERSE EVENTS, MALARIA
Malaria morbidity and mortality increase in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) may be the consequence of the low utilization rate of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) resulting from poor compliance due to adverse events (AEs). This study aimed at determining the prevalence and predictors of AEs following t...
PMC9893672
Methods
ADVERSE EVENTS, REGRESSION
A community-based cross-sectional study embedded was conducted within a randomized controlled trial (RCT) after the mass distribution of LLINs in 30 villages located in DRC KHZ. A three-stage sampling method was used without replacement to select 1790 children. Data was collected on adverse events (AEs) using a reporti...
PMC9893672
Result
In a total of 1790 children enrolled, 17.8% (95% CI 16.1–19.7) experienced AEs. The most common AEs were respiratory-related (61%). Around 60% of AEs occurred within 24 h of use, and 51% were resolved without treatment. Sleeping under deltamethrin LLINs (Adjusted OR, 95% CI 5.5 [3.8–8.0]) and zinc roofing (Adjusted OR,...
PMC9893672
Conclusion
ADVERSE EVENTS
Approximately 1 out of 5 children had an AE within 24 h following LLIN use. These adverse events were often respiratory-related. LLINs and roofing types were associated with a higher risk of reporting AEs. However, further research using a robust study design is needed to confirm these findings. Future studies should d...
PMC9893672
Background
deaths, Malaria
MALARIA
Malaria is a major public health problem in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported 627,000 malaria-related deaths, mainly in children under 5 years of age [These insecticides can, in some cases, be responsible for some inconvenience both in humans and in the environment [According to ...
PMC9893672
Methods
PMC9893672
Study setting
malaria
MALARIA
This study was conducted in Kisantu Health Zone (KHZ), located in Kongo Central Province, DRC, where malaria is highly endemic and with vector populations resistant to pyrethroids. In 2017, the prevalence of malaria was estimated at 36% [
PMC9893672
Study design
A community based cross-sectional study was conducted to analyse safety data collected in the context of an open randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating the effectiveness of bed nets treated with deltamethrin + PBO LLINs The intervention brand was PermaNet 3.0, which contained two active ingredients with the follo...
PMC9893672
Data collection
wasting, SD
WASTING, ADVERSE EVENTS, MALNOURISHED, ADVERSE REACTION, WASTED
Data on adverse events (AEs) was actively collected using a reporting form that a team member completed during a household visit 60 days after the mass distribution of the LLINs. The reporting form contained information regarding (1) the type and the outcome of AEs (date and place of adverse reaction, circumstances of ...
PMC9893672
Statistical analysis
After the survey, a database was created with Epi-info version 7. The data was previously cleaned to identify outliers, and corrections were made when possible. The analyses was performed using Epi-info7 and STATA 13.0 softwares. Descriptive analyses were performed to compare the proportions using the
PMC9893672
Results
ADVERSE EVENTS
From March 15 to April 15, 2018, among a total of 1790 children residing in 30 villages in KZH, 48.6% (870/1790) were female, 51.4% (920/1790) were less than five years old, and 49.8%(862/1790) were sleeping under deltamethrin + PBO LLINs. Baseline characteristics are presented in Table Socioeconomic characteristic of ...
PMC9893672
Discussion
malaria, adverse drug reactions
ADVERSE EVENTS, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, MALARIA
This study showed that approximately 1 in 5 children had an AE within 24 h following LLINs use. This result was consistent with studies done in Mali demonstrating adverse events after using the LLINs [Sleeping under deltamethrin LLINs was associated with a five-fold higher risk of experiencing AEs after the mass distri...
PMC9893672
Conclusion
ADVERSE EVENTS
Approximately 1 in 5 children had an AE within 24 h following LLIN use. These adverse events are often respiratory-related. AEs were associated with LLINs and roofing types. In view of the results, delthamethrin in combination with PBO would be the best indicated. However, further research using a robust study design i...
PMC9893672
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all responsible of the study participants for their cooperation in providing the necessary information, as well as in providing the blood sample.
PMC9893672
Author contributions
AML
AML
PL, JPV and GI participated in the conception and design of the study. GI, TM, GM and BM performed the fieldwork and wrote the first draft manuscript. AML, VM, JRM, SL participated in the development of the computer software, the analysis, interpretation of data and revision of manuscript. JRM, NMM and AML analysed, in...
PMC9893672
Funding
This study was funded by the RIPSEC Project DR Congo «Institutional Capacity Building in evidence-based research in DRC», financing by Europa.EU. The Outbreak Research Team of the Institute of Tropical Medicine is financially supported by the Department of Economy, Science and Innovation of the Flemish government.
PMC9893672
Availability of data and materials
All relevant data supporting the findings of this study are included within the paper and their additional files.
PMC9893672
Declarations
PMC9893672
Ethics approval and consent to participate
febrile
The study received the approval (ESP/CE/061/2016) from the ethics committee of the School of Public Health of the University of Kinshasa, DRC. After a detailed explanation of the purpose of the study, written informed consent was obtained from parents or guardian and mosquito collectors. All febrile participants receiv...
PMC9893672
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
PMC9893672
Competing interests
All authors declare that they have no competing interests.
PMC9893672
References
PMC9893672
Background
Principal investigatorsAnaesthetic-induced unresponsiveness and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep share common neural pathways and neurophysiological features. We hypothesised that these states bear resemblance also at the experiential level.
PMC10375502
Methods
We compared, in a within-subject design, the prevalence and content of experiences in reports obtained after anaesthetic-induced unresponsiveness and NREM sleep. Healthy males (
PMC10375502
Results
Most subjects were rousable, with no difference between anaesthetic agents (
PMC10375502
Conclusions
Anaesthetic-induced unresponsiveness and NREM sleep are characterised by disconnected conscious experiences with corresponding recall frequencies and content.
PMC10375502
Clinical trial registration
Clinical trial registration. This study was part of a larger study registered at
PMC10375502
Keywords
Handling editor: Hugh C Hemmings Jr
PMC10375502
Editor's key points
Anaesthetic-induced unresponsiveness and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep share common neurophysiological features which might be reflected also at the experiential level.This study compared the prevalence and content of experiences in reports obtained from healthy male volunteers after dexmedetomidine- or propofol...
PMC10375502
Methods
This study was part of a larger research project registered in
PMC10375502
Participants
This open-label parallel-group study consisted of two separate experiments conducted with the same participants. We recruited 40 non-smoking, 20-30-yr-old right-handed healthy males (ASA physical status 1) with normal hearing. The participants were randomised with a permuted block design to receive either dexmedetomidi...
PMC10375502
Experiments
RECRUITMENT
The recruitment, anaesthetic protocol, and experimental details have been published
PMC10375502
Experiment 1: the anaesthesia experiment
Participants were randomised to receive either dexmedetomidine (Design of Experiments 1 and 2. (a) Anaesthesia experiment. R1, first regaining of responsiveness; R2, second regaining of responsiveness; R3, recovery to responsiveness; UR1, first period of unresponsiveness; UR2, second period of unresponsiveness; UR3, th...
PMC10375502
Experiment 2: the sleep experiment
Two additional participants withdrew before Experiment 2 (Sleep stages were identified online by an experienced sleep technician according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine criteria.
PMC10375502
Data analysis
All brief dream questions and full interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed for systematic content analysis conducted by two independent judges. Modified versions of the Subjective Experiences During Anesthesia (SEDA) and Orlinsky scales
PMC10375502
Statistical methods
Statistical analyses were performed using SAS System version 9.4 for Windows (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Inter-rater agreement of vigilance state scoring and content analysis were assessed with per cent agreement and Cohen's kappa (
PMC10375502
Results
PMC10375502
Awakenings and interviews
There were 76 successful awakenings and interviews obtained in Experiment 1 (Experiment 1: awakenings and interviews, and achieved states, with mean measured drug plasma concentrations for those participants who achieved the state. ∗Four dexmedetomidine and four propofol experiments were terminated before UR3. R, respo...
PMC10375502
Experiences during anaesthetic-induced unresponsiveness and NREM sleep stages
In Experiment 1, 80.0% of dexmedetomidine-receiving and 73.7% of propofol-receiving participants recalled experiences (i.e. produced content reports) at least once (difference 6.3%; 95% CI −20.1% – 32.8%). Of the 76 interviews, 69.7% included content from the unresponsive period (for details, see Prevalence of recallin...
PMC10375502
Disconnected and connected experiences during anaesthetic-induced unresponsiveness and NREM sleep stages
Disconnected experiences (i.e. dreaming and memory incorporation of the research setting) were frequently reported, whilst recall of connected experiences (i.e. awareness) was rare (Disconnected and connected experiences during anaesthetic-induced unresponsiveness (Experiment 1) and non-rapid eye movement sleep (Experi...
PMC10375502
Complexity and modality of experiences during anaesthetic-induced unresponsiveness and NREM sleep stages
In Experiment 1, there were no differences between drugs (UR1 FET Complexity and modality of experiences in reports from anaesthetic-induced unresponsiveness (Experiment 1) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (Experiment 2). ∗Negative emotions were more often present during anaesthetic-induced unresponsiveness than...
PMC10375502
Discussion
hallucinatory, amnesic
We compared recall and content of subjective experiences reported after awakenings from anaesthetic-induced unresponsiveness and NREM sleep in the same male participants. As hypothesised, we found no significant differences in the recall rate or main content of experiences between anaesthesia and natural sleep, althoug...
PMC10375502
Conclusions
Our findings support the hypothesis that anaesthetic-induced unresponsiveness and NREM sleep are both characterised by disconnected conscious experiences with highly similar recall frequencies and content. These findings align with the mechanistic and neurophysiological similarities between anaesthetic-induced unrespon...
PMC10375502
Authors’ contributions
Principal investigators: KV, HSStudy conception/design: KV, REK, AS, JL, KK, AR, HSStudy conduct: KV, LR, REK, AS, JL, KK, JKData analysis: KV, LR, REK, JKStatistical analyses: TV, KVWriting of paper: KV, LR, REKRevising of paper: all authors
PMC10375502
Declaration of interest
The authors declare no conflicting interests.
PMC10375502
References
PMC10375502
Acknowledgements
sleep stage
The authors are grateful to Irmeli Dahlblom and Leena Vierikko (Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, and the Hospital District of Southwest Finland) and Milla Karvonen (Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku) for assistance during the experimental sessions. The authors also thank ...
PMC10375502
Summary
Joint first authorsJoint last authors
PMC10126227
Background
tuberculosis
DRUG-SENSITIVE TUBERCULOSIS, TUBERCULOSIS
Drug-sensitive tuberculosis treatment requires 6 months of therapy, so adherence problems are common. Digital adherence technologies might improve tuberculosis treatment outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the effect of a daily reminder medication monitor, monthly review of adherence data by the health-care provider, and di...
PMC10126227
Methods
death, tuberculosis
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS, RECURRENCE, TUBERCULOSIS, MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS
We did a cluster-randomised superiority trial across four prefectures in China. 24 counties or districts (clusters) were randomly assigned (1:1) to intervention or control groups. We enrolled patients aged 18 years or older with GeneXpert-positive, rifampicin-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis, who were receiving daily f...
PMC10126227
Findings
tuberculosis
EVENTS, EVENT, RECURRENCE, TUBERCULOSIS
Between Jan 26, 2017, and April 3, 2019, 15 257 patients were assessed for eligibility and 3074 were enrolled, 2686 (87%) of whom were included in the intention-to-treat population. 1909 (71%) of 2686 patients were male, 777 (29%) were female, and the median age was 44 years (IQR 29–58). By 18 months from treatment sta...
PMC10126227
Interpretation
death, tuberculosis
RECURRENCE, TUBERCULOSIS
Our digital medication monitor intervention had no effect on unfavourable outcomes, which included loss to follow-up during treatment, tuberculosis recurrence, death, and treatment failure. There was a failure to change patient management following identification of treatment non-adherence at monthly reviews. A better ...
PMC10126227
Funding
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
PMC10126227
Introduction
tuberculosis
DRUG-SENSITIVE TUBERCULOSIS, RECURRENCE, TUBERCULOSIS
There were an estimated 10·6 million new cases of tuberculosis globally in 2021.National guidelines recommend daily fixed-dose combination therapy to treat drug-sensitive tuberculosis, consisting of 2 months of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, followed by 4 months of isoniazid and rifampicin. Treatm...
PMC10126227
Research in context
TB, death, tuberculosis
DRUG-SENSITIVE TUBERCULOSIS, EVENT, RECURRENCE, TUBERCULOSIS
We searched Medline and Embase in December, 2015, for papers published from Jan 1, 2000, to Dec 1, 2015, with no language restrictions, using the terms (“digital pill box*” OR “smart pill box*” OR “SMS” OR “text messag*”) AND “TB” OR “tuberculosis”. We found one systematic review assessing the effect of mobile phone t...
PMC10126227
Methods
PMC10126227
Study design
tuberculosis
TUBERCULOSIS
We did a cluster-randomised superiority trial in four prefectures (administrative subdivisions of provinces) in China. Geographical areas served by a tuberculosis dispensary or designated hospital were the unit of randomisation (clusters).
PMC10126227
Participants
pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculosis
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS, TUBERCULOSIS
Prefectures were initially screened to identify at least five counties or districts with more than 300 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in 2014 (to achieve our sample size), access to GeneXpert testing and culture diagnosis, tuberculosis services supplied by a designated hospital or dispensary, and use of a daily t...
PMC10126227
Randomisation and masking
tuberculosis
TUBERCULOSIS
Constrained randomisation was used to randomly assign 24 clusters (1:1) to intervention or control groups, balanced for prefecture (difference by group was at most one prefecture), health setting type (hospital or dispensary; seven hospitals and five dispensaries in each group), area (urban or rural; difference in numb...
PMC10126227
Procedures
tuberculosis
EVENT, TUBERCULOSIS
In all clusters, the tuberculosis doctors and relevant staff from the county-level CDC received a 3-day training on enrolment of patients, data collection, and the medication event reminder monitor. In both groups, patients were given a daily tuberculosis treatment regimen of 2 months of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazina...
PMC10126227
Outcomes
death, tuberculosis
RECURRENCE, MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS, EVENT, TUBERCULOSIS, ADVERSE REACTION
The primary outcome was a composite of death, loss to follow-up (or stopping treatment due to an adverse reaction or refusal of treatment), treatment failure, switch to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, or tuberculosis recurrence by 18 months from treatment start. Treatment outcomes were based on standard nat...
PMC10126227
Statistical analysis
TUBERCULOSIS PLEURISY, EVENT, RECRUITMENT, TUBERCULOSIS, ADVERSE REACTION
In our original sample size calculations, 12 clusters per group and a harmonic mean of 125 patients per cluster gave 85% power to detect a 40% risk reduction in the primary composite outcome at the 5% level, assuming an 18% risk of the primary composite outcome in the control group, 5% loss to follow-up, and a coeffici...
PMC10126227
Role of the funding source
SH is employed by the funder of the study and contributed to the design and conduct of the trial and the writing of this manuscript. The funder of the study had no role in the decision to submit the results for publication.
PMC10126227
Results
tuberculosis, death, silicosis, diabetes
MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS, EVENT, TUBERCULOSIS, SECONDARY, SILICOSIS, EVENTS, EXTRAPULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS, DIABETES
Between Jan 26, 2017, and April 3, 2019, 15 257 patients were assessed for eligibility and 3074 were enrolled (Trial profileParticipants could have met more than one exclusion criterion. *Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, diabetes, or silicosis.Baseline characteristicsData are n, n (%), n/N (%), or median (IQR). Percentages...
PMC10126227
Discussion
death, tuberculosis, Tuberculosis
RECURRENCES, RECURRENCE, DRUG-SENSITIVE TUBERCULOSIS, EVENT, TUBERCULOSIS, TUBERCULOSIS, SECONDARY, EVENTS
In this large, cluster-randomised trial of 2686 patients with drug-sensitive tuberculosis from four prefectures in China, a digital adherence technology intervention had no effect on the risk of the primary composite outcome, and secondary outcomes of death, treatment failure, or loss to follow-up during treatment. Tub...
PMC10126227
Data sharing
The individual deidentified participant data that underlie the results reported in this article, data dictionary, study protocol, statistical analysis plan, and Stata code will be made available on London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Data Compass, without restriction, immediately following publication.
PMC10126227
Declaration of interests
We declare no competing interests.
PMC10126227
References
PMC10126227
Supplementary Material
PMC10126227
Supplementary appendix
PMC10126227
Acknowledgments
TB, Tuberculosis
DISEASE, THORACIC TUMOR, TUBERCULOSIS
This work was supported, in whole, by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-006543). Under the grant conditions of the Foundation, a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Generic License has already been assigned to the Author Accepted Manuscript version that might arise from this submission. We would like to acknowledge...
PMC10126227
Contributors
The study was conceptualised and designed by XiL, BT, SH, SJ, AV, KF, and YZ. XiL, HD, XuL, YY, XW, WH, CX, DH, HZ, SJ, and YZ were responsible for data collection. JT, HD, and KF were responsible for the data analysis. All authors contributed to data interpretation, writing of the manuscript, and have approved the fin...
PMC10126227
Subject terms
hypertrophy
HYPERTROPHY
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of progressive bodyweight training and barbell back squat on muscle strength, muscluar hypertrophy, and body fat percentage in sedentary young women. Thirteen sedentary young women (aged 19.77 ± 0.83 years, height 164.91 ± 6.01) were randomly assigned to either the...
PMC10439966
Introduction
muscle hypertrophy, lower limb muscle hypertrophy, muscular hypertrophy, diabetes
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CHRONIC DISEASES, DIABETES
Sedentary behavior has become increasingly common due to lifestyle changes. Long time of sedentary behavior not only can lead to high risks of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancerThe squat exercise is a kind of multiple-joint exercise mainly to increase the muscle strength and muscular ...
PMC10439966
Method
PMC10439966
Study design
The study utilized a parallel, single-blind, randomized controlled trial design (RCT). To divide the participants into two groups, a simple randomization system was employed, namely the in-college course selection system, which required the participants to choose one of the two groups. The participants were given the o...
PMC10439966
Subjects
motion-limiting osteoarthritis, muscle injuries, depression, patellar injury
FIBROMYALGIA, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Thirteen young women, with an average age of 19.77 ± 0.83 years, were conveniently recruited from Beijing Normal University for this study. The participants were required to meet specific criteria, including being between 18 and 30 years old, weight stable (with a weight change of < 3% of body weight) for at least 6 mo...
PMC10439966
Procedures
Each session lasted 60 min and was separated by at least 48 h. The sessions comprised of a 15-min warm-up consisting of 10 activities, followed by a 30-min activity segment of squat exercises, with each group performing 6 sets of either bodyweight or barbell squats. Finally, there was a 15-min cool-down consisting of 8...
PMC10439966
Familiarization session
During the first 2 weeks (Weeks 1–2), the participants attended four familiarization sessions at the gym to get acquainted with the exercise equipment and protocol in their respective groups, including key points of attention in each activity.In the first week, the participants in the barbell group completed six sets o...
PMC10439966
The progressive bodyweight squat program
The progressive bodyweight squat protocol consisted of 10 levels of squats from A to J, as described in supplementary During the familiarization sessions, all participants began with level C for the first set. If they could correctly complete 10 repetitions for double leg squat on four sets at level C in two consecutiv...
PMC10439966
The progressive barbell-back squat program
During the familiarization session, participants performed exercises under the guidance of two trained instructors. All subjects attended two training sessions in the first week to get familiarized with the equipment and squat techniques, and to ensure they understood the proper form. The instructors used a barbell (20...
PMC10439966
Measurements
The measurements were taken at baseline and 48 h after the final training session of the formal intervention. All individuals responsible for taking the measurements were unaware of the participants’ treatment status.
PMC10439966
Anthropometrics
Body height, weight, and body composition (including body fat percentage, lean body mass, minerals, and body water) were measured using InBody 770 (InBody Co, Ltd, Seoul, Korea) at baseline and 24 h after completing the last exercise session. Participants were instructed to wear light clothing and no shoes. They stood ...
PMC10439966
Strength measurement
Isokinetic knee extensor and flexor muscle peak torque of each leg were assessed using a dynamometer (PHYSIOMED CON-TREX-MJ, Schnaittach, Germany) both concentrically and eccentrically. Before the test, the subjects warmed up by riding a stationary bike (PRO2® SPORT TOTAL BODY, Tulsa, USA) at its easiest setting while ...
PMC10439966
Measurement of muscle thickness
Muscle thickness was assessed using a B-mode ultrasound device (SONIMAGEHS1 musculoskeletal ultrasonic diagnostic system, Tokyo, Japan) at three anatomical sites: (a) gluteus maximus (the first third between the posterior superior iliac spine and the greater trochanter of the femur); (b) rectus femoris (a point two-thi...
PMC10439966
Covariates
To reduce the influence of other factors, we utilized a set of questionnaires to assess daily physical activity
PMC10439966