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Control analyses/manipulation checks
RVT
Analysis of the control variables (respiratory frequency, RVT, and tracking error) is summarized in
PMC10295813
Effects of attention on respiration rate and respiratory volume
RVT
The study-wide average respiration frequency was 0.21 Hz (Estimated marginal means for respiration frequencyData are displayed in Hz, SE = standard error of the estimate, df = degrees of freedom, CI = confidence interval.Tukey-adjusted pairwise comparisons of respiration frequencyActExt = Active Exteroception; ActInt =...
PMC10295813
Interoceptive and exteroceptive tracking accuracy
Participant tracking of the sensory stimuli (respiration and visual circle) was analyzed in terms of error (in milliseconds) between key presses and the peaks and troughs of stimulus waveforms within each of the active task blocks. Stimulus waveforms were first phase-corrected to maximally match peaks and troughs with ...
PMC10295813
Effects of attentional and reporting demand
INTERACTIONS, CORTEX
A whole-brain interaction analysis between Reporting Demand [Active vs Passive] and Attentional Target [Exteroception vs Interoception] implicated the sensorimotor, temporoparietal, striatum, and prefrontal cortex (Task interactions and simple effectsActExt = Active Exteroception; ActInt = Active Interoception; ActMatc...
PMC10295813
Covariates of self-reported interoceptive awareness
SEPARATION, ANTERIOR, POSITIVE
To better understand the nature of the deactivation observed during Active Interoception relative to Active Exteroception, a focal analysis was conducted to investigate the potential moderating role of self-reported interoceptive awareness (MAIA scores). Interoceptive awareness was significantly related to the level of...
PMC10295813
Endogenous versus exogenous sources of interoceptive control
The next planned comparison contrasted Active Matching against Active Interoception to explore endogenous and exogenous sources of respiratory control. To contextualize Active Matching, we first compared it to Active Exteroception. Active Matching showed even more pronounced and widespread patterns of deactivation than...
PMC10295813
Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis
CORTEX
The final contrast examined changes in functional connectivity between Active Exteroception and Active Interoception. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) region of interest (Comparisons between active effects and active matchActExt = Active Exteroception; ActInt = Active Interoception; ActMatch = Active Matching.PPI ef...
PMC10295813
Test-retest reliability
A conjunction analysis of the main H1–H4 contrasts estimated separately at each of the two timepoints successfully reproduced the results described above (
PMC10295813
Discussion
RVT
Relative to visual Exteroception, respiratory Interoception was characterized by pervasive neural deactivation in prefrontal, somatomotor, striatum, and temporoparietal regions. This finding deviates from previous respiratory interoception studies (Alternatively, slower and deeper breathing during the Active Interocept...
PMC10295813
The moderating influence of self-reported interoceptive awareness
A second aim of the study was to explore the potential moderating effects of subjective interoceptive awareness (MAIA scores) on interoceptive network engagement, with the hypothesis that greater subjective interoceptive awareness would be supported by increased SLN activity in the ACC and anterior insula, commensurate...
PMC10295813
Characterizing the network supporting interoceptive awareness
The final aim of the study was to characterize an interoceptive attention network supporting adaptive interoceptive sensibility. The rostral ACC was identified as a seed region for psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis, convolving the activity in the region implicated as a MAIA covariate with the Active Intero...
PMC10295813
Limitations and constraints on generalizability
somatic disorders, anxiety, interoceptive dysfunction, Thomas, RVT
EVENTS, BRAIN, CORTEX
The IEAT should be improved by introducing a circle motion to the Passive Interoception condition, as the stationary target described here led to a motion confound between passive interoception and the other four experimental conditions. In its current form, Passive Interoception showed relative deactivation in the mid...
PMC10295813
References
PMC10295813
Synthesis
respiratory interoceptive attention, interoceptive sensations, ’
MINOR, CORTEX
Reviewing Editor: Erica Glasper, The Ohio State UniversityDecisions are customarily a result of the Reviewing Editor and the peer reviewers coming together and discussing their recommendations until a consensus is reached. When revisions are invited, a fact-based synthesis statement explaining their decision and outlin...
PMC10295813
Author Response
interoceptive sensations, ’
CORTEX
Dear Professor Glasper,Thank you for your efforts in reviewing our manuscript entitled “Interoceptive Awareness of the Breath Preserves Dorsal Attention Network Activity amidst Widespread Cortical Deactivation: A Within-Participant Neuroimaging Study“, submitted for consideration in eNeuro.We appreciate your supportive...
PMC10295813
Introduction
MFDM, diabetes
CROSS, DIABETES
Edited by: John L. Sievenpiper, St. Michael’s Hospital, CanadaReviewed by: Rongshao Tan, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, China; Lalita Tantisira, University of California, San Diego, United States; Evelyn Parr, Australian Catholic University, AustraliaWe developed a novel rice-based medical food for diabetes (MFDM) powde...
PMC10244629
Purpose
gastrointestinal (GI) hormone responses, MFDM, prediabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES, PREDIABETES
The goals of our studies were to 1) measure the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) of the MFDM powder formula in healthy individuals, and 2) assess postprandial glucose, insulin, satiety, hunger, and gastrointestinal (GI) hormone responses in adults with prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes after consuming MFDM...
PMC10244629
Methods
MFDM, prediabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES, PREDIABETES
In Study 1, glycemic responses were assessed using the area under the curve (AUC), which was used to calculate GI and GL. Study 2 was a double-blinded multi-arm randomized crossover trial enrolling participants with either prediabetes or type 2 diabetes of ≤6 years. At each study visit, participants consumed either MFD...
PMC10244629
Results
ADVERSE EVENTS
All participants tolerated the MFDM well with no adverse events. In Study 1, the measured GI was 39 ± 6 (low GI) and GL was 11 ± 2 (medium GL). In Study 2, glucose and insulin responses were significantly lower after MFDM compared with SF (
PMC10244629
Conclusions
prediabetes, MFDM
HYPERGLYCEMIA, TYPE 2 DIABETES, PREDIABETES
MFDM had a low GI and a low-to-medium GL. In people with prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes, MFDM elicited reduced glucose and insulin responses when compared with SF. Rice-based MFDM may be an option for patients who are at risk for postprandial hyperglycemia.
PMC10244629
Clinical Trial Registration
PMC10244629
Introduction
hyperglycemia, satiety, MFDM, diabetes
HYPERGLYCEMIA, DIABETES MELLITUS, DIABETES
Diabetes-specific enteral nutrition formulas (DSFs) are an integral part of the management of patients with diabetes. In inpatient settings, oral and enteral nutrition often result in hyperglycemia which has been associated with adverse outcomes including increased mortality (Meta-analyses have shown that DSFs can redu...
PMC10244629
Materials and methods
PMC10244629
Development of the rice-based diabetes-specific formula (medical food for diabetes mellitus)
MFDM, diabetes
DIABETES MELLITUS, DIABETES
The novel rice-based MFDM was developed by SC and CH from the Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University and manufactured by DOD Biotech Public Company Limited (Samut Sakhon, Thailand). The ingredients of the MFDM are shown in Ingredients of the novel rice-based medical food for diabetes (MFD...
PMC10244629
Study 1: Glycemic index and glycemic load in healthy individuals
PMC10244629
Study design and setting
MFDM
This study was designed in compliance with ISO 26642:2010 (E) (In this study, each participant presented to the study center for 3 study visits which included (in the order of occurrence):Visits 1 and 2: consuming 50 g of glucose dissolved in 300 ml of water which served as the standard foodVisit 3: consuming MFDM whic...
PMC10244629
Participants
Inclusion criteria included age 18-60 years, BMI 18.5-23 kg/m
PMC10244629
Interventions
MFDM
PATHOLOGY
Participants were recruited from online advertisements and billboards. After an initial telephone screening interview, eligible participants presented to the study center for screening blood tests which included fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c. These tests were measured from the venous blood by the clinical pathology ...
PMC10244629
Sample size
At least ten participants were included in the study to comply with the ISO 26642:2010(E) standards. A participant may be considered an outlier if the glycemic index measured from that participant was 2 standard deviations below or above the mean of the group of 10 participants or more. Outliers may be excluded if at l...
PMC10244629
Outcomes and statistical analysis
The area under the curve (AUC) of glucose was calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Only positive areas under the curve were considered. The glycemic index and glycemic load for each participant were calculated as follows: The glycemic index and glycemic load of each test product were reported as the mean ± standard ...
PMC10244629
Study 2: Glycemic, insulin, and gastrointestinal hormone responses in adults with diabetes or at risk for diabetes
PMC10244629
Study design and setting
MFDM, A. Rice-based diabetes-specific formula
The study was designed as a four-arm randomized double-blinded crossover clinical trial. This trial was prospectively registered at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (A. Rice-based diabetes-specific formula, powder (MFDM)B. Rice-based diabetes-specific formula, liquid (MFDM-liquid)C. Commercially available standard non...
PMC10244629
Randomization and blinding
The participants were randomized to receive interventions in one of the following orders 1) ABCD, 2) BCDA, 3) CDAB, and 4) DABC, in a ratio of 1:1:1:1 using randomization with a permuted block of four. Study personnel (pharmacists) who were not involved in subject enrollment or data collection performed randomization a...
PMC10244629
Participants
Inclusion criteria included age 18-60 years, BMI 25-35 kg/m
PMC10244629
Formulas
The comparison of composition between the MFDM, SF, and DSF formulas is shown in Standard non-diabetes formula (SF, commercial formula 1, Fresubin 2 kcal Fibre, Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany): usual serving size = 200 ml, serving size in Study 2 = 114.7 ml diluted to 300 mlDiabetes-specific formula (DSF, commerc...
PMC10244629
Interventions
Satiety
BLOOD
Participants were recruited from posters and online advertisements. After a screening phone interview, eligible participants were selected and asked to visit the study center for screening blood tests (fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c). Those who met all the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. Subjects were ...
PMC10244629
Hunger and satiety
hunger and satiety
A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess hunger and satiety at baseline, and then at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180 mins after consuming study products. The participants self-reported their hunger and satiety using the VAS which comprises ten 1-centimeter segments, representing a score from 0 to 10. All volunte...
PMC10244629
Gastrointestinal hormones
Gastrointestinal hormones, including active ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY) were measured using a bead-based multiplex assay kit (MILLIPLEX
PMC10244629
Sample size
TYPE 2 DIABETES
The sample size was calculated using nQuery Advisor version 6.01 (Statsols (Statistical Solutions Ltd), Cork, Ireland). Previously, Garcia-Rodriguez et al. demonstrated that the mean ± SEM of AUC of glucose in participants with type 2 diabetes after consuming Glucerna SR was 415 ± 71 mmol/l*min (
PMC10244629
Outcomes and statistical analysis
satiety, gastrointestinal hormones
There was no significant change to trial outcomes after trial commencement. Characteristics of participants at baseline were described using standard descriptive statistics. Data were presented as the median and interquartile range (IQR). The area under the curve (AUC) of glucose, insulin, other gastrointestinal hormon...
PMC10244629
Results
PMC10244629
Study 1: Glycemic index and glycemic load in healthy individuals
diabetes mellitus, MFDM
DIABETES MELLITUS
The participant flow is illustrated in Participant flow diagram for Study 1.Baseline characteristics of healthy subjects in Study 1. Data are presented as the median and interquartile range (IQR) unless noted otherwise.Glycemic response in healthy subjects to MFDM powder formula compared with glucose in Study 1. Error ...
PMC10244629
Study 2: Glycemic, insulin, and gastrointestinal hormone responses in adults with diabetes or at risk for diabetes
The participant flow diagram is shown in Participant flow diagram for Study 2.Baseline characteristics of participants in Study 2. Data are shown as the median and interquartile range (IQR) unless noted otherwise.
PMC10244629
Glucose and insulin responses
The MFDM powder formula elicited significantly lower glycemic response compared with SF (Response curves and AUC of glycemic responses
PMC10244629
Hunger
The MFDM formula suppressed hunger over the course of 180 minutes (
PMC10244629
Satiety
The MFDM formula promoted satiety over the course of 180 minutes (
PMC10244629
Gastrointestinal hormone responses
After consumption of the MFDM powder formula, stimulation of active GLP-1, PYY, and GIP and suppression of ghrelin were noted (Response curves and AUC of active GLP-1
PMC10244629
Tolerability and adverse events
ADVERSE EVENTS
There was no adverse events or side effects during the study. All participants tolerated the new MFDM powder formula well without any gastrointestinal side effects.
PMC10244629
Discussion
satiety, postprandial gastrointestinal hormones, MFDM, diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES, DIABETES
In the first study, we demonstrated that the novel rice-based MFDM powder formula had attenuated postprandial glycemic response compared with glucose in a healthy population, resulting in a low GI and a low-to-intermediate GL. In the second study performed in adults with diabetes or at risk for diabetes, when compared ...
PMC10244629
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
PMC10244629
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Human Research Protection Unit, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
PMC10244629
Author contributions
SC and CH developed and oversaw the production of the MFDM powder formula. The study was conceived and designed by PP, SC, and CH. NKe, CC, NKh, WD, PW, TS, and PP enrolled participants and conducted the study visits. NKe and CC performed measurements of the gastrointestinal hormones. NKe, CC, and PP performed the stat...
PMC10244629
Acknowledgments
We want to thank our advisors, including Professor Dr. Prasit Watanapa, Ph.D., Associate Professor Dr. Watana Watanapa, Ph.D., Associate Professor Dr. Suebwong Chuthapisith, Ph.D., and Ms.Songsri Keawtanom for their kind guidance throughout our journey. We also want to thank Ms. Julaporn Pooliam from the Clinical Epide...
PMC10244629
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
PMC10244629
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or ...
PMC10244629
References
PMC10244629
Background
hyperpigmentation
HYPERPIGMENTATION
Physiologic gingival hyperpigmentation is a common esthetic concern that affects individuals of various ethnicities, and can have a significant impact on individual’s self-confidence and overall quality of life. Thus, this study aimed to clinically assess the effectiveness of intra-mucosal injection of vitamin C versus...
PMC10662509
Methods
hyperpigmentation, pain
PIGMENTATION, HYPERPIGMENTATION
Twenty-six healthy non-smoker individuals with physiologic gingival hyperpigmentation were randomly assigned to two groups. Group I received intra-mucosal injection of vitamin C (L-Ascorbic acid 1000 mg/5 ml), and group II was managed using diode laser (980 nm, 1.5 W, continuous wave mode). Clinical evaluation of pigme...
PMC10662509
Results
PIGMENTATION
Pigmentation scores decreased significantly between pre-operative visit and different follow-up visits for both treatment modalities
PMC10662509
Conclusions
HYPERPIGMENTATION
Vitamin C mesotherapy and diode laser are both effective in the management of physiologic gingival hyperpigmentation. While diode laser yields better and earlier results, vitamin C mesotherapy offers a cost-effective, safe and minimally invasive approach that is equally satisfying for the patients seeking esthetic enha...
PMC10662509
Trial registration
The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05608057) on (01/11/2022).
PMC10662509
Keywords
Open access funding provided by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).
PMC10662509
Background
depigmentation, Efficient coagulation, hyperpigmentation, pain
DEPIGMENTATION, HYPERPIGMENTATION, MELANIN HYPERPIGMENTATION
In today’s world, patients’ esthetic demands and expectations have greatly risen, with all current trends focusing on facial esthetics and smile design. A smile plays a vital role in non-verbal communication, and greatly influences an individual’s self-esteem. It holds significant value in social interactions impacting...
PMC10662509
Methods
PMC10662509
Study design
A randomized, parallel double-blinded clinical trial was carried out in accordance with the modified Helsinki’s code for human clinical studies 2013 [This clinical trial received approval from the Research Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University (IRB 00010556)-(IORG 0008839), and was registe...
PMC10662509
Study setting and patient selection
hypersensitivity
PERIODONTAL DISEASE, HYPERSENSITIVITY
Patients were recruited from the outpatient clinic of the Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University. After conducting an initial assessment that included reviewing medical and dental histories and performing clinical examinations to deter...
PMC10662509
Study sample and sample size estimation
PIGMENTATION
Sample size was estimated assuming 5% alpha error and 80% study power. The mean (SD) Pigmentation score after 3 months is assumed to be 0.90 (0.55) for the Vitamin C Mesotherapy [
PMC10662509
Randomization, allocation concealment and blinding
Participants were randomly allocated into two groups using computer generated random list. The lists were placed in opaque, sealed envelopes, and organized in sequential manner by a dental assistant who was not involved in the study. Subsequently, each envelope was opened at the time of intervention [This study was dou...
PMC10662509
Patient preparation
Pre-operative preparation phase was performed which included phase I therapy; this involved professional scaling using ultrasonic scalers and comprehensive oral hygiene instructions for all patients ensuring optimal oral health conditions prior to any procedure.
PMC10662509
Operative procedures
hyperpigmentation, strokes
DEPIGMENTATION, INFILTRATION, HYPERPIGMENTATION, STROKES
Eligible participants were randomly allocated into test group (G1. Mesotherapy) and control group (G2. Diode laser). All interventions were performed by the same operator (S.E.), thereby minimizing any potential variations in operator skills.In both groups, infiltration anesthesia was administered at the target area us...
PMC10662509
Post-operative care
trauma
All patients were given the following postoperative instructions: to refrain from consuming hot, spicy, hard, or rough foods for the first 24-hours, and to avoid any actions that may cause trauma to the treated area during the healing process. No medications were prescribed.
PMC10662509
Assessment
PIGMENTATION
Clinical assessment was conducted at multiple time points, including the baseline examination and follow-up evaluations at 1, 2, & 3 months after completion of the treatment.The following parameters were evaluated:Dummett- Gupta Oral Pigmentation Index (DOPI): [Gingival Pigmentation Index (GPI): [Visual Analogue Scale ...
PMC10662509
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25, Armonk, NY, USA. DOPI, GPI, and VAS were non-normally distributed and presented mainly using median, minimum, and maximum in addition to mean and standard deviation. Comparisons between groups was done using Mann Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction for multiple compar...
PMC10662509
Results
PMC10662509
Demographic data
ADVERSE EFFECTS
A total of 26 participants were enrolled in the study and equally randomized into two groups: Group I, the Mesotherapy Group, and Group II, the Laser Group, with 13 participants in each group. Group I received intra-mucosal injection of vitamin C, while Group II was treated with the 980 nm diode laser. The mean age of ...
PMC10662509
Inter- and intra-examiner reliability
The inter- & intra-examiner reliability for DOPI & GPI scores were assessed using Kappa statistics, and the results ranged from 0.90 to 1.00 indicating an excellent level of agreement between examiners, and for repeated measurements by the same examiner across time.
PMC10662509
Dummett-Gupta Oral pigmentation index (DOPI) (Table
PMC10662509
Comparison within group (intragroup comparison)
In terms of intragroup comparison, the Mesotherapy group showed a significant reduction in DOPI scores across time (Intergroup and intragroup comparison of DOPI scores at different time intervals2 monthsafter completion of Tx3 monthsafter completion of Tx*Statistically significant difference at However, no significant ...
PMC10662509
Comparison between the two groups (intergroup comparison)
At baseline, there was no statistically significant difference in pigmentation intensity between the two groups (
PMC10662509
Gingival Pigmentation Index (GPI) (Table
PMC10662509
Comparison within group (intragroup comparison)
In the Mesotherapy group, there was a statistically significant reduction (Intergroup and intragroup comparison of GPI scores at different time intervals*Statistically significant difference at Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant difference between the follow up visits scores at 1, 2 and 3 months in bo...
PMC10662509
Comparison between the two groups (intergroup comparison)
At Baseline, no significant difference was found in preoperative distribution of pigmentation area between the two groups (However, at 1, 2 & 3 months follow up, there was a statistically significant difference (Intraoral photographs of a patient from Group 1 at baseline (
PMC10662509
Visual analogue scale (VAS): (intergroup comparison)
A statistically significant difference (Comparison of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) between groups immediately postoperative, at 1st and 7th days postoperatively
PMC10662509
Patient satisfaction and acceptability questionnaire
The study’s results revealed no notable difference in patients’ satisfaction and acceptance of the treatment method between the two groups, as demonstrated in (Fig. Satisfaction Questionnaire
PMC10662509
Discussion
depigmentation, inflammation, pain
DEPIGMENTATION, INFLAMMATION, RECURRENCE, HYPERPIGMENTATION
The role of pink (gingival) esthetics in enhancing the overall appearance, self-confidence, and personality of an individual cannot be overstated. Recent advances in esthetic dentistry aim to harmonize the functional and esthetic aspects of a smile, while taking into consideration patients’ unique values and needs. The...
PMC10662509
Conclusion
HYPERPIGMENTATION
Based on the favorable outcomes reported in this study, it could be concluded that vitamin C mesotherapy is an effective and safe approach for managing gingival hyperpigmentation. Although diode laser yields better and earlier results, vitamin C mesotherapy offers a minimally invasive and applicable treatment option th...
PMC10662509
Authors’ contributions
S.E. Conceptualization, Methodology, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Validation, Resources, Visualization, Writing - Original Draft, N.E. Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing, R.F. Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing.
PMC10662509
Funding
Open access funding provided by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB). No funding is subjected to the research reported in this manuscript.
PMC10662509
Availability of data and materials
All data included in this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
PMC10662509
Declarations
PMC10662509
Consent to participate
A written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
PMC10662509
Ethics approval
Ethics approval was granted by the Research Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University (IRB 00010556 - IORG 0008839), and the study was carried out in accordance with the principles of the modified Helsinki code for human clinical studies.
PMC10662509
Consent for publication
A written informed consent for publication was obtained.
PMC10662509
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
PMC10662509
References
PMC10662509
Subject terms
artery atherosclerosis, stroke, acute stroke, disability
STROKE, ACUTE STROKE
We aim to explore the effect of head-down position (HDP), initiated within 24 hours of onset, in moderate anterior circulation stroke patients with probable large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) etiology. This investigator-initiated, multi-center trial prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint, multi-center an...
PMC10163013
Introduction
stroke, acute ischemic stroke, AIS
STROKE
To date, there is a paucity of effective neuroprotective treatments for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), other than reperfusion therapy such as intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy, which is limited by a strict therapeutic time window and requirement for a highly developed stroke system of careIn theory, co...
PMC10163013
Results
PMC10163013
Trial population
Between Nov 16, 2018, and Aug 28, 2021, 113 consecutive patients were screened and 96 eligible patients were randomly assigned to the HDP group (
PMC10163013
Distribution of modified Rankin scale scores at 90 days by treatment groups in the modified intention-to-treat population.
death, disability
SECONDARY
Raw distribution of scores is shown. Scores range from 0 to 6: 0 = no symptoms, 1 = symptoms without clinically significant disability, 2 = slight disability, 3 = moderate disability, 4 = moderately severe disability, 5 = severe disability, and 6 = death. HDP head-down position. Source data are provided as a Source Dat...
PMC10163013