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Background
Most mobile cessation studies have found that such interventions have a higher quitting rate than interventions providing minimal smoking cessation support. However, why such interventions are effective has been almost unstudied by researchers.
PMC10173036
Objective
This paper describes the principles of the personalized mobile cessation intervention-based WeChat app and used generalized estimated equations to assess why a personalized mobile cessation intervention was more likely to promote smokers from the preparation stage to the action stage than a nonpersonalized intervention...
PMC10173036
Methods
This is a 2-arm, double-blind, randomized controlled trial in five cities in China. The intervention group received a personalized mobile cessation intervention. The control group received a nonpersonalized SMS text message smoking cessation intervention. All information was sent by the WeChat app. The outcomes were th...
PMC10173036
Results
A total of 722 participants were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. Compared with those who received the nonpersonalized SMS text message intervention, smokers who received the personalized intervention presented lower intrinsic rewards, extrinsic rewards, and response costs. Intrinsic rewards were...
PMC10173036
Conclusions
This study identified the psychological determinants at different stages to facilitate smokers moving forward to the next stage of quitting behavior and provides a framework to explore why a smoking cessation intervention is effective.
PMC10173036
Trial Registration
Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2100041942; https://tinyurl.com/2hhx4m7f
PMC10173036
Introduction
PMT
Smoking kills more than 1 million people in mainland China every year, and the number is predicted to grow to 2 million by 2030 and 3 million by 2050 [A large number of studies have shown that mobile cessation interventions can improve the smoking cessation rate and have the potential to provide smoking cessation servi...
PMC10173036
Methods
PMC10173036
Design and Inclusion
DISEASE, RECRUITMENT
We conducted a 2-arm, double-blind, RCT in five cities in China (Beijing, Dezhou, Baotou, Yakeshi, and Linzi). Participants were randomized to an intervention group or a control group between April 2021 and July 2021. Daily or weekly smokers 18 years or older who smoked more than 5 cigarettes per week were eligible for...
PMC10173036
Ethics Approval
The trial was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University Health Science Center (IRB00001052-30063). All the participants signed informed consent forms before randomization and knew that they could withdraw from the study at any time. All patients’ information was accessible only to the personnel participatin...
PMC10173036
Development of the Text Bank
PMT
The first stage was to develop the intervention message bank. Messages were developed by Peking University, School of Public Health, with the input of smokers and smoking cessation professionals. The messages had a three-layer framework. The first layer was divided based on time and consisted of the prequit message (1-...
PMC10173036
Study Instruments
All messages were sent through the WeChat app (the most popular Chinese mobile chatting app) [The last stage was to deploy the message library on the WeChat platform by using IT. Our IT team completed the development process with several important considerations. First, the app needed to ensure the confidentiality of t...
PMC10173036
Randomization and Blinding
RECRUITMENT
After recruitment, the participants were required to complete the baseline questionnaire and register through WeChat. A randomized block design was used, and the score of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence was treated as a stratified factor. The WeChat system automatically generated two blocks by the score of ...
PMC10173036
Intervention and Control Group
Cancer
CANCER
All participants were informed that the eighth day after randomization would be their quit day. Participants who were allocated to the intervention group received the program of interventions. As described above, this consisted of 1-2 personalized SMS text messages per day for 3 months.Control group participants receiv...
PMC10173036
Measures
TTM
PMT
All participants in the two groups were instructed to attend face-to-face follow-ups with research staff 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after randomization. The outcomes were the change in PMT construct scores and the change in TTM stages. TTM stages of change were measured by smoking status using the question “Are yo...
PMC10173036
Statistical Analysis
PMC10173036
Sample Size Calculation
The sample size calculation was based on the formula for a 2-arm RCT. Based on earlier research, we estimated that biochemically verified continuous smoking abstinence at 6 months would be approximately 4% in the control group and 10% in the intervention group [
PMC10173036
Data Analysis
PMT
Our data analysis was conducted in three steps. First, we used generalized estimating equations (GEEs) to analyze the changes in TTM stages by group. Second, we analyzed the associations between PMT construct scores and the change in TTM stages. Third, we assessed PMT construct score changes in the two groups to explor...
PMC10173036
Step 1
A GEE was used to address the correlated nature of the repeated measures in the data [
PMC10173036
Step 2
REGRESSION, PMT
To examine the psychological determinants of movement from the precontemplation to the action period, we changed the explanatory variables to PMT construct scores. We used the second GEE to assess which PMT constructs were associated with the TTM stage of change. We chose an exchangeable correlation structure for the m...
PMC10173036
Step 3
REGRESSION, PMT
We estimated the impact of the intervention on PMT construct scores in the last set of models to explore the reasons why the intervention group was more likely to promote smokers from the preparation stage to the action stage. The dependent variables included seven PMT constructs (severity, vulnerability, intrinsic rew...
PMC10173036
Discussion
PMC10173036
Principal Findings
adversity
PMT
This study engages in the debate in recent years over the effects of mobile cessation interventions. It provides a more comprehensive picture of the impact of personalized mobile cessation interventions from psychological change perspectives using Chinese data. It successfully shows that the intervention group had lowe...
PMC10173036
Conclusion
This study reported clearly on the development of a mobile cessation intervention. GEE analysis identified the psychological determinants of forward movement in the stage of change and confirmed that a personalized mobile cessation intervention was more likely to promote smokers from the preparation stage to the action...
PMC10173036
Abbreviations
generalized estimating equationodds ratioprotection motivation theoryrandomized controlled trialtranstheoretical model
PMC10173036
Data Availability
The data of the studies is accessible through the Peking University School of Public Health.
PMC10173036
Background
GDM
GDM, GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
Edited by: Victor Khin Maung Han, Lawson Health Research Institute, CanadaReviewed by: Mengzhi Wang, Yangzhou University, China; Zhonghua Shi, Nanjing Medical University, ChinaThis article was submitted to Developmental Endocrinology, a section of the journal Frontiers in EndocrinologyGut microbiota of pregnant women c...
PMC9911812
Objective
This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of prebiotic intervention in healthy pregnant women during pregnancy, and to explore the possible effects of intervention on pregnant women and the influence on gut microbiota as preliminaries.
PMC9911812
Methods
RECRUITMENT
After recruitment in first trimester, 52 pregnant women were randomly assigned to receive GOS intervention or placebo containing fructooligosaccharides. 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to detect the composition, diversity and differential flora of gut microbiota. Lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism and inflamm...
PMC9911812
Results
weight gain, GDM, TG
GDM
The adverse symptoms of GOS intervention are mild and relatively safe. For pregnant women, there was no significant difference in the GDM incidence rates and gestational weight gain (GWG) in the GOS group compared with placebo (P > 0.05). Compared with the placebo group, the levels of FPG, TG, TC, HDL-C LDL-C, and IL-6...
PMC9911812
Conclusions
GOS prebiotics appear to be safe and acceptable for the enrolled pregnancies. Although GOS intervention did not show the robust benefits on glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the intervention had a certain impact on the compostion of gut microbiota. GOS can be considered as a dietary supplement during pregnancy, an...
PMC9911812
Introduction
PROLIFERATION
With the change of gestational age, gut microbiota is participated in the physiological adaptation of maternal metabolism (Different from probiotics, galactooligosaccharides (GOS) is a kind of prebiotics that aren’t digested and absorbed by the host, but can selectively promote the metabolism and proliferation of benef...
PMC9911812
Materials and methods
PMC9911812
Study population
impaired fasting glucose, hypertension, chronic diseases, diabetes
HYPERTENSION, IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE, CHRONIC DISEASES, DIABETES
We conducted a prospective double-blinded randomized clinical trial involving singleton pregnancy women. Inclusion criteria were: 18-40 years of age; living in Beijing; understanding and willing to sign informed consent; singleton pregnancy; first prenatal care visit between 5-8 weeks of gestation. Exclusion criteria w...
PMC9911812
Study design and intervention
During this double-blinded, parallel-group clinical study, participants were randomly assigned to the control group and the intervention group at a 1:1 ratio. Women participants who meet the eligibility criteria were recruited and stratified according to their body mass index (BMI). All participants were divided into f...
PMC9911812
Data and sample collection
BLOOD, STERILE
Participants were enrolled at 5-8 weeks of gestation. Blood and stool samples were collected and followed up at 11-13 weeks of gestation and 24-28 weeks of gestation. During the follow-up period, filled in the questionnaire during the corresponding pregnancy, and left the participants’ blood samples and stool samples a...
PMC9911812
Study outcomes
weight gain, GDM, TG, diabetes
GDM, SECONDARY, ADVERSE REACTIONS, DIABETES
For the primary study outcomes, the effect of GOS on maternal gut microbiota were reported. At the same time, for those who have been followed up to the second trimester of pregnancy, based on the results of 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24-28 gestational weeks (For pregnant women, baseline data such as age...
PMC9911812
DNA extraction and V3–V4 region of 16SrRNA gene sequencing
A commercial kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) were used to extract faecal DNA. Faecal DNA was amplified by PCR using 16S amplicon PCR forward primer and 16S amplicon PCR reverse primer. After PCR amplification, the amplicons in each library were purified by Qiagen for library preparation. Subsequently, the qualified libra...
PMC9911812
Sample size
RECRUITMENT, EARLY PREGNANCY
The purpose of this pilot study was to eavluate the feasibility and acceptability of prebiotics for pregnant women. A total of 52 pregnant women were considered enough to provide practical recruitment, feedback and compliance information. The findings will provide basis and support for future a large sample trial to ev...
PMC9911812
Statistical analysis
Data were represented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or count (%). All data were input into SPSS (version 25.0) to analyze. GraphPad prism (version 8.0) was used to draw diagrams. χ2 and Fisher’s exact test was used for categorical variables, and t-test or non-parametric Wilcoxon test was used for continuous variabl...
PMC9911812
Results
PMC9911812
Participants enrollment and clinical baseline
GDM
GDM, GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
Flow of participants through the study is shown in Flow chart of participants through the study.Baseline characteristics of study participants.Data presented are mean ± SD or n (%).P-values for comparisons between the 2 groups in t-tests for continuous variables, and χ2 and Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variable...
PMC9911812
Effects of prebiotics on gut microbiota in pregnant women
PMC9911812
Overall microbial structures of gut microbiota
We studied gut microbiota of women in placebo and GOS groups. Relative abundance at the level of bacterial phylum.
PMC9911812
Changes of gut microbiota diversity
To assess the gut microbiota community structure, richness (Chao 1 index) and diversity (Simpson index, Shannon index) were calculated (Alpha and beta diversity of gut microbiota in placebo and GOS groups. To compare overall gut microbiota structure in pregnant women, PCoA according to OTUs of each sample were implemen...
PMC9911812
Changes in specific bacterial taxa
For identify the changes in specific bacterial taxa after prebiotics supplemented intervention. We utilized the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) to compare the gut microbiota composition between placebo and GOS groups. The LDA score was selected to discriminate specific taxa in two groups. Compare...
PMC9911812
Participants clinical outcomes
PMC9911812
GDM diagnosis and OGTT values
GDM
GDM, GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
Serum levels of FBG, 1-hour and, 2-hour OGTT plasma glucose measured at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy in women who received either GOS or placebo are illustrated in GDM diagnosis and OGTT values.GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.
PMC9911812
Changes in weight and BMI during pregnancy
weight gain
With the change of gestational weeks, we collected the weight gain during pregnancy of two groups of pregnant women, and calculated the changes of BMI (Changes in weight and BMI during pregnancy.BW, body weight; BMI, body mass index; BW 1st, body weight at the beginning of 1st trimester; BW 3rd, body weight at the end ...
PMC9911812
Clinical characteristics of neonates
To investigate the impact of the intervention on neonatal outcomes, we measured the following variables including gestational week, birth weight, birth length, head circumference, chest circumference, sex, and delivery mode. No significant difference was found between the GOS and placebo group (all P-values were > 0.05...
PMC9911812
Glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and inflammatory factor levels
In order to further explore the effect of prebiotics intervention on glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and immunity, we analyzed the following indicators (Glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and inflammatory factor levels.FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lip...
PMC9911812
Incidences of maternal and infant complications
COMPLICATIONS
Clinical data on the incidences of maternal and infant complications were also collected (Incidences of maternal and infant complications.
PMC9911812
Safety of intervention
nausea
A questionnaire was used to record the possible severity of adverse symptoms in pregnant women and the relationship between symptoms and the ingestion of preparations. The results showed that one participant in GOS group had abdominal distension and one participant had nausea. These symptoms have little to do with the ...
PMC9911812
Discussion
GDM, disorder of gut microbiota
OF PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, METABOLIC DISEASES, GDM
During pregnancy, the disorder of gut microbiota and abnormal glucose metabolism may be the possible mechanism of pregnancy complications such as GDM (The preliminary conclusion of this study is that GOS intervention has no significant effect on reducing the incidence of GDM and improving glucose and lipid metabolism. ...
PMC9911812
Conclusion
GOS prebiotics appear to be safe and acceptable for the enrolled pregnancies. Although GOS intervention did not show the robust benefits on glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the intervention had a certain impact on the compostion of gut microbiota. GOS can be considered as a dietary supplement during pregnancy, an...
PMC9911812
Data availability statement
The raw sequence data of the 16S rRNA gene supporting the results of this article are available in the NCBI database, SRA data (Accession number: PRJNA925813).
PMC9911812
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Clinical Trial Ethics Committee, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
PMC9911812
Author contributions
HY
JW collected the data, prepared tables and figures, and drafted the paper. LA and ZR analyzed the data and prepared tables. SW, LA, HY, and JM conceived and designed the research. JM revised the manuscript. HY and JM provided clinical supervision. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted versio...
PMC9911812
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all the participants in this study, the Beijing Natural Science Foundation—San Yuan Joint Research Fund for providing technical support and the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences for providing support in sequencing analysis. We thank all the staff at the Department of...
PMC9911812
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
PMC9911812
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or ...
PMC9911812
References
PMC9911812
Key Points
PMC10425831
Question
acute ischemic stroke, AIS
Does ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine (GDLM) improve the functional outcome at 90 days in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS)?
PMC10425831
Findings
3448
ADVERSE EVENTS
This randomized clinical trial included 3448 patients with AIS who received GDLM or placebo injections within 48 hours after symptoms for 14 days; the proportion of patients achieving a favorable outcome, defined as the 90-day modified Rankin Scale score of 1 or 0, was 50.8% in the GDLM group, significantly higher than...
PMC10425831
Meaning
Among patients with AIS, ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine improved the proportion of patients achieving favorable clinical outcomes at 90 days compared with placebo.
PMC10425831
Importance
acute ischemic stroke, AIS
ISCHEMIC STROKE
Ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine (GDLM) has attracted much attention because of its potential neuroprotective properties in ischemic stroke. The efficacy of GDLM in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) needs to be verified by well-designed randomized clinical trials.
PMC10425831
Objective
To assess the efficacy and safety of GDLM in patients with AIS.
PMC10425831
Design, Setting, and Participants
stroke, stroke disability, death, Stroke
STROKE, MAY, STROKE
This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial involved 3448 patients who had AIS, were aged 18 to 80 years, had a clinically diagnosed AIS symptom within 48 hours of onset, had a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0 or 1 prior to onset, and had a National Institutes of Health St...
PMC10425831
Interventions
Patients were randomized to receive GDLM or placebo once daily via intravenous infusion in a 1:1 ratio. The treatment was dispensed within 48 hours after symptoms and continued for 14 days. Interventions of thrombolysis and thrombectomy were not permitted during the treatment.
PMC10425831
Main Outcomes and Measures
ADVERSE EVENTS
The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with an mRS of 0 or 1 on day 90 after randomization. Safety outcomes included adverse events and serious adverse events.
PMC10425831
Results
A total of 3448 patients were randomized, with 1725 patients assigned to the GDLM group and 1723 patients assigned to the placebo group. The median (IQR) age of the patients was 63 (55-71) years, and 1232 (35.7%) were women. The primary outcome on day 90 occurred in 877 patients (50.8%) in the GDLM group, and 759 patie...
PMC10425831
Conclusions and Relevance
Among patients with AIS in this randomized clinical trial, GDLM improved the proportion of patients achieving favorable clinical outcomes at 90 days compared with placebo.
PMC10425831
Trial Registration
acute ischemic stroke
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: This randomized clinical trial assesses the safety and functional outcomes at 90 days of ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine, a neuroprotective agent, in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
PMC10425831
Introduction
excitotoxicity, acute ischemic stroke, AIS
INFLAMMATION
Neuroprotection has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Multiple pathological and physiological processes are involved in the occurrence and progression of AIS, including excitotoxicity, oxidative and nitrosative stress, cell apoptosis, and inflammation.
PMC10425831
Methods
PMC10425831
Trial Design
bleeding
BLEEDING, EVENT, MAY, SECONDARY, EVENTS
This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial conducted at 100 centers in China from February 1, 2016, to May 1, 2018. Details of the trial rationale, design, and methods were provided in the trial protocol (The steering committee was responsible for the design and supervisi...
PMC10425831
Patient Eligibility Criteria
stroke, stroke disability, death, Stroke
STROKE, STROKE
Patients were eligible if they were aged 18 to 80 years, had a clinically diagnosed AIS symptom within 48 hours of onset, had a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0 or 1 prior to onset, had a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score between 4 and 24 after onset (indicating moderate stroke), had an upp...
PMC10425831
Randomization and Blinding
Within 48 hours after symptom onset, eligible patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive GDLM or placebo by a computerized block randomization method with randomly selected block sizes of 4. The randomization number was stimulated centrally by an independent statistician. The 2 forms of drugs were visual...
PMC10425831
Treatment
STERILE
Patients in the GDLM group received a GDLM injection of 5 mL (active ingredient GDLM, 25 mg) once daily via intravenous infusion for 14 consecutive days. Patients in the placebo group received a GDLM mimic injection (physiological saline) of 5 mL once daily via intravenous infusion for 14 consecutive days. Both the GDL...
PMC10425831
Outcomes
ADVERSE EVENTS, SECONDARY
The primary efficacy outcome was the proportion of patients with a mRS score of 0 or 1 on day 90 after randomization. The secondary outcomes included the proportion of patients with an mRS score of 2 or less on day 90 after randomization, the proportion of patients with a decrease in NIHSS score of at least 4 points fr...
PMC10425831
Statistical Analysis
We determined that a total of 3452 patients would provide 80% power to detect a 45% rate of patients with mRS scores of 0 or 1 on day 90 after randomization in the placebo groupAll the analyses were performed in the modified intention-to-treat population, which comprised all the patients who had undergone randomization...
PMC10425831
Results
PMC10425831
Baseline Characteristics
A total of 3452 patients with AIS were enrolled at 100 centers in China. A total of 1726 were assigned to receive GDLM, and 1726 were assigned to receive placebo (
PMC10425831
Flowchart of the Study
stroke, Stroke
STROKE, STROKE
Abbreviations: GDLM, ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. The NIHSS is a tool used by clinicians to quantify impairment caused by stroke (range, 0-42, with higher scores indicating greater severity).The characteristics of the patients at baseline were well balanced betw...
PMC10425831
Baseline Characteristics
stroke, Stroke
STROKE, STROKE
Abbreviations: GDLM, ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.Body mass index is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.The NIHSS is a tool used by clinicians to quantify impairment caused by stroke (range, 0-42, with higher scores indicating g...
PMC10425831
Outcomes
PMC10425831
Primary Outcome
In the modified intention-to-treat analysis, 877 (50.8%) of 1725 patients in the GDLM group and 759 (44.1%) of 1723 patients in the placebo group reached the primary outcome (mRS score of 0 or 1 at 90 days; risk difference, 6.79%; 95% CI, 3.46%-10.10%; OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.15-1.50; RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.08-1.24;
PMC10425831
Efficacy Outcomes
stroke, stroke disability, Stroke
REGRESSION, STROKE, STROKE
Abbreviations: GDLM, ginkgo diterpene lactone meglumine; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.The mRS is a global stroke disability scale with scores ranging from 0 (no symptoms or completely recovered) to 6 (death).The NIHSS is a tool used by clinicians to quantify impairment c...
PMC10425831
Distribution of 90-Day Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) Score
stroke disability, death
The mRS is a global stroke disability scale with scores ranging from 0 (no symptoms or completely recovered) to 6 (death). Each cell corresponds to a score on the mRS; the width of the cell indicates the proportion of patients with equivalent scores. The percentage of patients in each category is shown within the cell....
PMC10425831
Secondary Outcomes
SECONDARY
With respect to secondary outcomes, the proportion of patients with a favorable functional outcome (mRS score of 0-2) in the GDLM group was 83.8% compared with 69.5% in the placebo group (risk difference, 14.35%; 95% CI, 11.56%-17.12%; OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.93-2.68; RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.16-1.25;
PMC10425831
Odds Ratio for the Primary Outcome in Prespecified Subgroups
The
PMC10425831
Safety Outcomes
ADVERSE EVENTS
The GDLM group and the placebo group had a similar incidence of adverse events (303 [17.6%] vs 298 [17.3%]; risk difference, −0.27%; 95% CI, −2.26%-2.80%; OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.85-1.21; RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.88-1.17;
PMC10425831
Discussion
cardiocerebrovascular diseases
ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE
In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial, GDLM dispensed within 48 hours after symptoms for patients with AIS improved the proportion of patients achieving a 90-day favorable functional outcome, which was defined as an mRS score of 0 or 1, compared with placebo.Neuroprotective...
PMC10425831
Limitations
ischemic stroke
ISCHEMIC STROKE
Several limitations in the present study need to be addressed. First, because the current trial was mainly conducted among patients with Han Chinese backgrounds, caution should be taken when generalizing these findings to other ethnic groups. Additionally, patients with ischemic stroke in this trial did not receive int...
PMC10425831
Conclusions
The current randomized clinical trial indicated that among patients with AIS treated within 48 hours after onset, the 14-day treatment of GDLM could improve the proportion of patients achieving good clinical outcomes at 90 days compared with placebo.
PMC10425831
Acknowledgements
Hilary North prepared the manuscript.
PMC10176668
Author contributions
LSS, NJI, ABH
Trial, analysis conceived by SMC, SD, LSS, and MG (YIS assisted). ABH and YIS conducted trial operations. AOC, RM, and MG monitored trial safety. KB and HZ conducted Aβ monomer ELISA in CSF; MEH analyzed data. CMY, HME, WDG, and JRC developed, validated AβO MIE assay and conducted CSF sample measurements and analysis. ...
PMC10176668
Funding
This work was supported by grants from the National Institute on Aging (AG057780 to SMC) and by Cognition Therapeutics, Inc. Content is solely the authors’ and does not represent the National Institutes of Health.
PMC10176668
Availability of data and materials
All data needed to evaluate the conclusions are presented here or available upon request.
PMC10176668