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Peer review | PMC10589235 | |||
Data availability | De-identified and processed participant data will be shared beginning 3 months and ending 5 years following publication by requesting the corresponding author (Hongbo Wei, E-mail: weihb@mail.sysu.edu.cn) for academic purposes. The corresponding author will reply to the request within 2 months, subject to the approval o... | PMC10589235 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare no competing interests. | PMC10589235 | ||
References | PMC10589235 | |||
ABSTRACT. | MAY | Financial support: The primary early childhood development evaluation was funded by the Authors’ addresses: Jeanette L. Kaiser, Allison Juntunen, Jessica Schueler, Peter C. Rockers, and Nancy A. Scott, Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, E-mails: In early 2020, the Zambia... | PMC10323997 | |
INTRODUCTION | CORONAVIRUS, DISEASE | Zambia, a lower-middle income country in sub-Saharan Africa, with a population of approximately 18 million people, has been affected by the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19).It is now known that large crowds, particularly indoors with poor ventilation and without face coverings (masks), drive rapid transmission.In Ma... | PMC10323997 | |
MATERIALS AND METHODS | PMC10323997 | |||
Study setting. | infectious disease, CBVs | INFECTIOUS DISEASE, MINOR | This qualitative study was conducted within a large cluster-randomized controlled trial that aimed to assess the impact of two early childhood development interventions in Choma, Kalomo, and Pemba Districts of Southern Province and Nyimba District of Eastern Province.Rural health centers in Zambia are public facilities... | PMC10323997 |
Theoretical framework. | finally behaviors | We interpret and present our findings using adapted domains of the IMB Model: information, motivators, behavioral skills, and finally behaviors (Information-motivation-behavioral skills model adapted to COVID-19 transmission prevention behaviors.A number of external and moderating factors likely influence information a... | PMC10323997 | |
Study design. | CBVs | We conducted two cross-sectional qualitative rounds of data collection on community perceptions, knowledge, and behaviors around COVID-19 and the associated government guidelines. In the catchment areas of 10 rural health centers, we conducted in-depth interviews (IDIs) with health center staff and CBVs and focus group... | PMC10323997 | |
Sampling. | One health center staff member was purposively sampled from each rural health center based on availability during data collection ( | PMC10323997 | ||
Data collection methods. | DISEASE | The semi-structured IDI and FGD instruments included questions on what the respondents know about COVID-19 in general, its symptoms, spread, and what activities could make the disease more likely to spread, discussed in the results as “high-risk activities.” The instruments included a question on respondents’ sources o... | PMC10323997 | |
Ethics. | CBVs | Ethical approvals for the overarching evaluation and the protocol amendments made to include collection of COVID-19–related perception and behavior data were obtained from the Boston University Medical Campus Institutional Review Board and the University of Zambia Biomedical Research Ethics Committee. The overarching e... | PMC10323997 | |
Data analysis. | The audio recordings were concurrently translated into English and transcribed into Microsoft Word by individuals fluent in English and one or both local languages. A mixed inductive-deductive approach was used for coding. An initial codebook was created a priori based on the questions in the instruments. During the co... | PMC10323997 | ||
RESULTS | PMC10323997 | |||
Demographic characteristics of respondents. | CBVs | A total of 334 individuals participated in this qualitative study; 19 health center staff and 34 CBVs participated in IDIs, and 281 community members participated in FGDs (Demographic characteristics by respondent type ( | PMC10323997 | |
Information: knowledge about COVID-19. | PMC10323997 | |||
Prevention guidelines. | Respondents from all groups widely discussed that MoH prevention guidelines include handwashing or the use of hand sanitizer, the need to sit at least 1 m away from others (social distancing), the wearing of face masks, and limiting gathering sizes. | PMC10323997 | ||
High-risk activities. | DISEASE, WEDDINGS | Discussion of high-risk activities revolved around attending gatherings and being in crowded locations (Knowledge of high-risk activities associated with COVID-19 among remote communities by respondent type, including illustrative quotesGatherings and crowds: examples: funerals, football matches, church, weddings, mark... | PMC10323997 | |
Motivation: motivators and demotivators for performing prevention behaviors. | PMC10323997 | |||
Motivators. | 2“We, death, healthSocialClosed | CORONAVIRUS, EVENTS, DISEASE, SHOP | A number of personal and social factors emerged as motivators for good adherence to prevention methods (Motivators for adherence to COVID-19 prevention behaviors among remote communities by qualitative theme and respondent typePersonalFear deadliness of disease: feel at risk in their area, fear of deathSocialLocal gath... | PMC10323997 |
Demotivators. | CBVs | VIRUS, DISEASE, WEDDINGS, WEDDING | All major demotivators to performing prevention behaviors discussed by respondents were at the personal, rather than the social, level (Demotivators for adherence to COVID-19 prevention behaviors among remote communities by qualitative theme and respondent typeDoubt/fatigue about existence of COVID-19: have not seen a ... | PMC10323997 |
Behavioral skills: skills to perform prevention behaviors correctly and at the right times. | PMC10323997 | |||
Hand hygiene. | Cover mouth, infected droplets | CORONAVIRUS, VIRUS, SHOP, DISEASE | Although nearly all respondents cited hand washing as an important aspect of COVID-19 prevention, few discussed proper handwashing technique (Behavioral skills (technique and timing) related to COVID-19 prevention guidelines among remote communities by qualitative theme and respondent typeTechnique: must use water and ... | PMC10323997 |
Face masks. | respiratory droplets | Some respondents noted the involvement of both the nose and mouth in spreading COVID-19. For example, community members frequently described the risk of an infected person touching their nose and then shaking hands with someone. However, very few respondents discussed the proper technique of wearing a face mask as cove... | PMC10323997 | |
Social distancing. | CBVs | Respondents widely discussed the need to sit at least 1 m away from others (some implying a person outside one’s household) to limit the spread of COVID-19 because the droplets or “saliva cannot travel more than one meter.” The need for social distancing was especially emphasized when in crowded locations. Emphasis was... | PMC10323997 | |
Avoiding gatherings/high-risk settings. | CBVs | EVENTS, DISEASE | Respondents consistently discussed the need to follow all mask wearing, social distancing and hand hygiene guidelines while in high-risk settings, which were universally linked with gatherings and crowded places. However, there was almost no discussion of communities choosing to avoid high-risk settings, such as not go... | PMC10323997 |
Moderator: information, education, and communication dissemination efforts. | deaths, CBVs | DISEASE | Respondents generally attributed strong community understanding about COVID-19 to widespread sensitization efforts that began soon after the pandemic was declared (Methods and content of COVID-19 information, education, and communication dissemination to remote communities by qualitative theme and respondent typeTeach ... | PMC10323997 |
DISCUSSION | A scoping review of knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) studies found that high knowledge of COVID-19 was not always associated with positive attitudes or adherence to prevention behaviors | PMC10323997 | ||
Information and behavioral skills. | Generally, all respondent groups showed good knowledge of COVID-19, consistent with KAP studies in sub-Saharan Africa. | PMC10323997 | ||
Personal experiences and sources of information. | deaths, CBVs | DISEASE | Personal experience with COVID-19 was a particularly important motivator for performing prevention behaviors, with an individuals’ fear versus doubt of the disease raised as a critical deciding factor in adherence. Misinformation spreading doubt about the severity of COVID-19 or need for prevention behavior adherence h... | PMC10323997 |
Resources. | hand hygiene behaviors | ASH | Although knowledge was generally widespread within these rural communities, lack of resources remained a persistent barrier, a common theme in many areas of life particularly in rural areas of LMICs. Although community members knew the importance of hand hygiene, they were not always able to perform the behavior correc... | PMC10323997 |
Institutional versus non-institutional settings. | CBVs | EVENTS, WEDDINGS | Although respondents were largely positive when discussing community-level adherence to COVID-19 prevention methods, they repeatedly described instances of widespread non-adherence within these rural communities. Social motivators appeared to play a major role in general community adherence, particularly in high-risk s... | PMC10323997 |
Strengths and limitations. | Although this was a purely qualitative study, it included a rigorous design with a large sample size of respondents at different levels who confirmed each other’s responses at two different points in time. Furthermore, the qualitative results were interpreted against the IMB model, a well-known socio-behavior model fro... | PMC10323997 | ||
CONCLUSION | WEDDINGS | Assessing the factors associated with COVID-19 prevention behaviors adherence in a rural Zambian population has revealed generally strong understanding of COVID-19 symptoms, spread, and high-risk activities with some knowledge and skills gaps that suggest the need for additional targeted messaging. The findings suggest... | PMC10323997 | |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | We appreciate the efforts of the data collection teams and Dalitso Swazi who oversaw data collection. We acknowledge the Ministry of Health at the national, provincial, and district levels; the National Health Research Authority; and the local chiefs and headmen for providing their approval and support of the overarchi... | PMC10323997 | ||
REFERENCES | PMC10323997 | |||
Subject terms | NSCLC | NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER, NSCLC | EMERGING-CTONG 1103 showed improved progression-free survival (PFS) with neoadjuvant erlotinib vs. chemotherapy for patients harbouring EGFR sensibility mutations and R0 resected stage IIIA-N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (NCT01407822). Herein, we report the final results. Recruited patients were randomly allocat... | PMC9950485 |
Introduction | lung cancer, cancer death, stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC, tumours | LUNG CANCER, STAGE IV NSCLC, TUMOURS, STAGE II NSCLC | Despite therapeutic advances, lung cancer keeps a leading cause of cancer death worldwideSurgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are the primary modalities of stage III NSCLC treatment. However, molecular characterisation of tumours is essential to detect specific mutations, which is even more relevant in advanced lung... | PMC9950485 |
Results | PMC9950485 | |||
Safety | anaemia, diarrhoea, decreased white blood cell count, neutropoenia, nausea, neutropenia, vomiting, rash, cough, dyspnoea, anorexia, shortness of breath | ADVERSE EVENTS, ANOREXIA, NEUTROPENIA, ANAEMIA | The population for safety comprised 37 patients who received erlotinib and 34 who received GC except for one patient who refused to receive chemotherapy after randomisation. The adverse events (AEs) of any grade occurred in 70.3% (26/37) of patients with erlotinib and 58.8% (20/34) with GC during postoperative therapy.... | PMC9950485 |
Discussion | NSCLC, EGFR-mutant, toxicity, heterogeneous disease | DISEASE PROGRESSION, DISEASE, NSCLC | IIIA-N2 NSCLC with potentially resectable disease (IIIA3 with N2 confirmed by EBUS/Mediastinoscopy or PET/CT) represents a highly heterogeneous disease in treatment modalities and prognosis. The EMERGING-CTONG 1103 study is the first randomised phase II trial to evaluate the feasibility and safety of neoadjuvant and ad... | PMC9950485 |
Materials and methods | PMC9950485 | |||
Ethics statements | This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (No. [2011] 28, Full names of the Ethics committees are: Jinrui Ou, Jianxing Cui, Nianqiao Zhang, Jianwei Mo, Deying Qian, Jimei Chen, Feizhou Jiang, Zuoyue Liu, Peihua Zheng, You Huang). All patients provided written informed con... | PMC9950485 | ||
Study design | stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC | The EMERGING-CTONG 1103 study was a multicentre (17 centres in China), national, open-label, phase II, randomised controlled trial for comparing erlotinib with GC as neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapy in patients with stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC and exon 19 or 21 | PMC9950485 | |
Patients | As previously described, | PMC9950485 | ||
Randomisation and masking | adenocarcinoma | ADENOCARCINOMA | All patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either of the two interventions by computer. Treatments were randomly assigned based on single-station N2 or multiple-station N2, adenocarcinoma or non-adenocarcinoma, never smoked or former smoked or currently smoked, male or female. Neither the study inves... | PMC9950485 |
Treatment | One group received neoadjuvant therapy with erlotinib 150 mg/day orally for 42 days and adjuvant therapy with erlotinib 150 mg/day orally for up to 12 months. The Chemo group received neoadjuvant therapy with gemcitabine 1250 mg/m | PMC9950485 | ||
Outcomes | death, tumour, N0, Cancer | DISEASE PROGRESSION, ADVERSE EVENT, TUMOUR, CANCER | Details of dynamic assessment were described previously.Secondary endpoints included: (1) lymph node downgrade rate defined as the proportion of patients with pathological confirmed lymph nodes downstaging from N2 to N1 or N0 in the intention to treat (ITT) population. (2) complete resection rate defined as the proport... | PMC9950485 |
Statistical analysis | tumour | TUMOUR | Details of sample size calculations were described previously.An Independent Review Committee (IRC) provided a review of the patient’s images, including CT, MRI, PET/CT and bone scan. Differences in the OS, PFS and the cumulative proportion of patients surviving at 3 and 5 years were compared using the Kaplan–Meier met... | PMC9950485 |
Supplementary information |
Supplementary materials CleanThese authors contributed equally: Wen-Zhao Zhong, Hong-Hong Yan | PMC9950485 | ||
Supplementary information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41392-022-01286-3. | PMC9950485 | ||
Acknowledgements | The authors thank all patients and their families. The authors would like to acknowledge the editorial support provided by Keyra Martinez Dunn, MD, of Edanz ( | PMC9950485 | ||
Author contributions | Y.-L.W., W.-Z.Z., and H.-H.Y. contributed to trial design and data analysis. Y.-L.W., W.-Z.Z., H.-H.Y., X.-N.Y., R.-Q.L., J.-J.Y., X.-C.Z., S.-Y.L., and Q.Zhou wrote the report. All authors contributed to data collection and reviewed the final report. All authors have read and approved the article. | PMC9950485 | ||
Data availability | Overall clinicopathological data were summarised in corresponding tables. All other relevant individual data are available from the corresponding author of this study (Y.-L.W., syylwu@live.cn) upon reasonable request. | PMC9950485 | ||
Competing interests | Y.-L.W. reports receiving speaker bureau fees from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer Inc., Roche AG, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly & Co., Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Sanofi and research grants from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer Inc., and Roche AG. W.-Z.Z. reports receiving speaker fees from AstraZene... | PMC9950485 | ||
References | PMC9950485 | |||
Background | migraine, headache | MIGRAINE, PATHOGENESIS, PITUITARY | Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), structurally related to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), is one of the important mediators in the pathogenesis of migraine and is known to dilate cranial arteries and induce headache and migraine. Our objective was to determine whether Lu AG09222—an invest... | PMC10210362 |
Methods | HEADACHE DISORDERS | In a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, single-dose, placebo-controlled study of Lu AG09222, healthy volunteers aged 18–45 years without history of headache disorders were randomly allocated to three treatment sequences (1:2:2) on two experimental infusion visits with 9 ± 3 days’ interval: placebo + saline + sal... | PMC10210362 | |
Results | SE | In participants who received Lu AG09222 + PACAP38 infusion, there was a significantly lower STA diameter (mean (SE) [95% CI] AUC ‒35.4 (4.32) [‒44.6, ‒26.3] mm × min; | PMC10210362 | |
Conclusions | migraine, headache | MIGRAINE, VASODILATION, DISEASES | This proof-of-mechanism study demonstrated that Lu AG09222 inhibited PACAP38-induced cephalic vasodilation and increases in heart rate, and reduced concomitant headache. Lu AG09222 may be a potential therapy against migraine and other PACAP-mediated diseases. | PMC10210362 |
Trial registration | ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04976309. Registration date: July 19, 2021. | PMC10210362 | ||
Graphical Abstract | PMC10210362 | |||
Supplementary Information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10194-023-01599-w. | PMC10210362 | ||
Keywords | PMC10210362 | |||
Background | neurological disease, headache, migraine, Migraine, disability | MIGRAINE, MIGRAINE, NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE | Migraine is a common neurological disease affecting 1 billion people worldwide and the leading cause of disability in individuals younger than 50 years of age [Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are part of the same glucagon/secretin superfamily of structu... | PMC10210362 |
Materials and methods | PMC10210362 | |||
Study design and participants | headache | This was a phase 1, interventional, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, single-dose study investigating the effect of Lu AG09222 in a headache model with healthy volunteers. This study was designed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and conducted in compliance with Good Clinical Pr... | PMC10210362 | |
Randomization, masking, and interventions | Potential participants were assessed for eligibility and screened (Additional file Study design. | PMC10210362 | ||
Data collection and outcome measures | headache, flushing | Vascular parameters (superficial temporal artery [STA] diameter and radial artery [RA] diameter measured by high-resolution ultrasonography; facial flushing measured by speckle contrast imager), heart rate and headache were documented before Lu AG09222 or placebo infusion and PACAP38 or saline infusion at visit 1 and b... | PMC10210362 | |
Statistical analysis | A sample size of 10 participants per treatment sequence provided more than 90% power to detect a difference in the AUC of change from the start of infusion of PACAP38 in STA diameter (AUCAll randomized participants who received either placebo or Lu AG09222 were included in the safety analysis; all participants who rece... | PMC10210362 | ||
Data availability | In accordance with EFPIA’s and PhRMA’s ‘Principles for Responsible Clinical Trial Data Sharing’ guidelines, Lundbeck is committed to responsible sharing of clinical trial data in a manner that is consistent with safeguarding the privacy of patients, respecting the integrity of national regulatory systems and protecting... | PMC10210362 | ||
Discussion | migraine, flushing and heart rate increase, migraine-related disability, headache | MIGRAINE, VASODILATION | Mechanism-specific migraine preventive therapy can reduce frequency and severity of migraine attacks and improve migraine-related disability [Endogenous PACAP plays a role in the regulation of cephalic haemodynamics and is present in perivascular parasympathetic and trigeminal afferent fibers [The PAC1 receptor has pre... | PMC10210362 |
Strengths and limitations | DILATION | This study has a relatively small sample size. However, the study was adequately powered based on the study design and considering previous findings of substantial STA dilation in provocation studies with PACAP38 [ | PMC10210362 | |
Conclusion | migraine, headache | MIGRAINE, VASODILATION | Lu AG09222 significantly inhibited PACAP38-induced cephalic vasodilation and reduced concomitant headache in healthy volunteers. These results demonstrate that Lu AG09222 binds to and effectively inhibits PACAP38-mediated physiological responses and indicate Lu AG09222 as a future treatment for migraine and other condi... | PMC10210362 |
Acknowledgements | The authors thank Julia L. Jones, Ph.D., and Nicole Coolbaugh, CMPP, of The Medicine Group, LLC (New Hope, PA, USA) for providing medical writing support, which was funded by H. Lundbeck A/S (Copenhagen, Denmark) and in accordance with Good Publication Practice guidelines. | PMC10210362 | ||
Authors’ contributions | Study concept and design: Messoud Ashina, Nadja Bredo Rasmussen, Charlotte Granhall, Casper Emil Christensen, Faisal Mohammad Amin. Acquisition of data: Messoud Ashina, Nadja Bredo Rasmussen, Charlotte Granhall, Faisal Mohammad Amin, Christina Deligianni, William Kristian Karlsson, Haidar Al-Khazali. Analysis and inter... | PMC10210362 | ||
Funding | This study was sponsored and funded by H. Lundbeck A/S. The publication was supported by H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark. M.A. was supported by the Lundbeck Foundation Professor Grant (R310‑2018–3711). | PMC10210362 | ||
Availability of data and materials | The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is are available to those whose request has been reviewed and approved through an application submitted to | PMC10210362 | ||
Declarations | PMC10210362 | |||
Ethics approval and consent to participate | This study was designed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and conducted in compliance with Good Clinical Practice and applicable regulatory requirements; all participants provided informed consent prior to participation. | PMC10210362 | ||
Consent for publication | Not applicable. | PMC10210362 | ||
Competing interests | Rasmussen, Headache, Nordisk, Pain | BRAIN, NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES | Dr. Karlsson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rasmussen is a member of the editorial group G (neuromuscular diseases) of the neurological National Treatment Guidelines, Danish Neurological Society. Dr. Deligianni was supported by an IHS research fellowship grant and serves as a board member for the European Headache Federa... | PMC10210362 |
References | PMC10210362 | |||
INTRODUCTION | Postoperative shivering, postoperative pain, nausea, shivering, hypoxia, postoperative nausea and vomiting, pain, sleepiness, postoperative shivering, nausea, vomiting | POSTOPERATIVE SHIVERING, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, HYPOXIA, COMPLICATIONS, COMPLICATION, WOUND INFECTIONS, INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE | Postoperative shivering is a common complication that can lead to increased postoperative complications. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of intravenous ibuprofen and meperidine in preventing shivering following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A total of 120 patients, aged 20-70 and classified as ASA I–II, w... | PMC10600668 |
MATERIAL AND METHODS | PMC10600668 | |||
Study design and participants | This triple-blind clinical trial study was registered at the Iranian Clinical Trial Registry (IRCT20171217037921N1) and approved by the Ethics Committee of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (Ethics Code ARUMS. REC. 1396. 164). The study was conducted at Emam Khomeini Hospital in Ardabil, Iran, between 2017-2018, i... | PMC10600668 | ||
Sample size calculation and participant selection | The sample size was estimated based on similar studies [ | PMC10600668 | ||
Interventions and anesthesia protocol | Participants were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: ibuprofen 800mg IV (Ibuprofen800, 800mg/8ml, Caspian, Rasht, Iran), meperidine 30 mg (Pethidine 100, 100mg/2ml, Caspian, Rasht, Iran) or normal saline as a placebo (8 ml). The allocation concealment was ensured using a random number generator, and the assi... | PMC10600668 | ||
Outcome measures and data collection | postoperative shivering | The primary outcome measure was the occurrence and severity of postoperative shivering, assessed using the grading scale developed by Crossley Patients level of shiveringScores of sedation in patients according to the Ramsay Sedation Scale | PMC10600668 | |
Statistical analysis | All data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 20. Descriptive statistics were presented as frequencies, percentages, and mean±standard deviation (SD). Categorical data were analyzed using the Chi-square test or Fisher exact test, while continuous variables were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA),... | PMC10600668 | ||
RESULTS | postoperative pain, nausea, vomiting, pain, shivering | A total of 120 eligible patients were enrolled in the study, and no patients were excluded. All enrolled patients completed the trial and were included in the analysis. The flow of patients throughout the study is presented in a Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) flow diagram (CONSORT flow diagram of ... | PMC10600668 | |
DISCUSSION | nausea, postoperative pain, Postoperative pain, hypoxia, nausea and vomiting, vomiting, respiratory dysfunction, pain, Shivering, lactic acidosis, shivering, nausea, vomiting | HYPOXIA, COMPLICATION, LACTIC ACIDOSIS | Reducing the side effects of opiates, such as respiratory dysfunction, nausea and vomiting, and sedation, is very important in patients after surgery. Shivering, a common and harmful complication of general anesthesia, can lead to hypoxia, pain, and lactic acidosis and interfere with monitoring ECG, blood pressure, and... | PMC10600668 |
CONCLUSION | nausea, vomiting | In conclusion, according to the results of the present study, 800 mg intravenous ibuprofen appears to be an effective and low-risk intervention for the prevention of postoperative shivering after general anesthesia of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (by reducing the side effects associated with opioids such as sedation, n... | PMC10600668 | |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | PMC10600668 | |||
Conflict of interest | The authors declare no conflict of interest. | PMC10600668 | ||
Ethical approval | This study was approved by the ethics committee of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (Ethics Code ARUMS.REC.1396.164). | PMC10600668 | ||
Consent to participate | Informed consent was obtained from all study participants. | PMC10600668 | ||
Personal thanks | The authors are very thankful to the Research Deputy of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences due to their financial support regarding this study | PMC10600668 | ||
Authorship | KhI, ME, and GA contributed to the study concept and design. ME, GA, and SR were involved in the acquisition of data. AK, KhI, and SR performed the analysis and interpretation of data. KhI, GA, and AK participated in the drafting of the manuscript. KhI, ME, AK, and GA critically revised the manuscript for important int... | PMC10600668 |
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