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Background
Frailty
Psychometric properties of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) have shown low internal consistency for psychological and social domains, and evidence for its structure validity is controversial. Moreover, research on TFI is frequently limited to community dwellings.
PMC10200782
Aims
Frailty
To evaluate structural validity, reliability, and convergent and divergent validity of the Spanish version of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) in both community-dwelling and institutionalized older people.
PMC10200782
Materials and methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted on Spanish older adults (
PMC10200782
Results and discussion
KCL-depressive mood
Some items from physical and social domains showed low factor loadings (< 0.40). The three-factor CFA model showed better fit indices after depurating these items. Reliability estimates were good (CRI ≥ 0.70) for physical and psychological domains in the institutionalized sample, while in the community dwellings, only ...
PMC10200782
Conclusion
The findings of this study clarify some of the controversial validation results of the TFI structure and provide evidence to improve its use in psychometric terms.
PMC10200782
Clinical trial registration number
NCT03832608
NCT03832608.
PMC10200782
Keywords
Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature.
PMC10200782
Introduction
Frailty
Studies on frailty are increasing in literature on aging. There is no consensus on its definition, but it is generally recognized as a state of increased vulnerability that is associated with high risk of adverse outcomes, such as falls, disability, and even mortality [Within this construct, the Tilburg Frailty Indicat...
PMC10200782
Materials and methods
PMC10200782
Population and study design
This cross-sectional study was carried out between 2018 and 2021. A convenience sample of 457 older adults aged ≥ 65 years was included. Community-dwelling older adults were recruited from several community settings (
PMC10200782
Measurements
Frailty
Tilburg Frailty Indicator was measured with a 15-item questionnaire, addressing physical (8 questions), psychological (4 questions), and social domains (3 questions). All items were dichotomized and scored with 0 points (absence) or 1 point (presence), and summed to obtain the total score ranging from 0 to 15 [Alternat...
PMC10200782
Statistical analysis
SPSS 26 was used to calculate descriptive statistics for the variables under study, and to obtain Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, corrected item-total correlations, and correlations among the dimensions in the TFI and external criteria. Additionally, an R function was used for alpha coefficients confidence intervals. Gi...
PMC10200782
Results
Descriptive statistics are presented as means and standard deviations or percentages for the variables in Table Main descriptive characteristics of the sample (Descriptive data for the TFI items
PMC10200782
Structural validity
Frailty
Two CFA models were estimated in both community-dwelling and institutionalized older adults. These models were: a one-factor solution (frailty); and a three-factor solution with the three frailty domains: physical (items 1–8), psychological (items 9–12), and social (items 13–15).The one-factor solution had a poor fit: ...
PMC10200782
Reliability estimates
Internal consistencies for the community-dwelling older adults were: alpha for the physical domain = 0.629, 95% CI [0.560, 0.689] with CRI = 0.803; alpha for the psychological domain = 0.410, 95% CI [0.297, 0.508] and CRI = 0.662; and for the social domain, alpha = 0.315, 95% CI [0.174, 0.435] and CRI = 0.518. The esti...
PMC10200782
Discussion
weight loss, KCL-depressive mood
Our findings aim to offer further insights on the TFI structure and provide evidence to improve its use in psychometric terms.The need to confirm the structure of the scale is clear, given the available evidence gaps in some relevant measurement properties [Similarly, in the institutionalized sample, the three-factor s...
PMC10200782
Author contributions
Conceptualization: MB-B, TS-M, JMT, and NC-S. Methodology: MB-B, TS-M, MAC I, MAT-C, AA-G, and NC-S. Formal analysis and investigation: JMT, MB-B, and NC-S. Writing—original draft preparation: MB-B, TS-M, JMT, and NC-S. Writing—review and editing: MB-B, TS-M, JMT, MACI, MAT-C, AA-G, and NC-S. Funding acquisition: MACI ...
PMC10200782
Funding
Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work was supported by the Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain [GV/2019/131, 2019] and by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “ERDF A way of making Europe” [project PID2021-124418OB-I00].
PMC10200782
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
PMC10200782
Declarations
PMC10200782
Conflict of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
PMC10200782
Statement of human and animal rights
Approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee for Human Research of the University of Valencia (No. H1542733812827). The procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research ethics committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or co...
PMC10200782
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
PMC10200782
References
PMC10200782
1. Introduction
’ explosive strength and jump/leap, ’ explosive
CONTRACTION
Background: Explosive strength is essential for rhythmic gymnasts’ performance. It has been suggested that core stability (CS) and plyometric training can enhance athletes’ explosive strength. Nevertheless, there is some uncertainty about the effects of integrated core and plyometric training (CPT) programs on rhythmic...
PMC9859241
2. Materials and Methods
PMC9859241
2.1. Design
We carried out a randomized parallel clinical trial. The study was conducted according to the CONSORT standards [
PMC9859241
2.2. Participants
We used GPOWER v3.1 software (Bonn FRG, University of Bonn, Department of Psychology) to make an a priori calculation of the sample size needed to obtain a Power (1 − ß) > 0.9, effect size = 0.4, and α = 0.05. The total required sample was 36 participants. In the end, we screened 59 participants for eligibility. Howeve...
PMC9859241
2.3. Procedures
MAY
The EG underwent the 8 week combined functional CPT program, featuring three 30 min sessions a week (a total of 24 sessions), from 19 March 2020 until 15 May 2020. The CG followed their regular training regimen over the same number of sessions.All participants were tested 2 weeks before and2 weeks after the 8 week inte...
PMC9859241
2.4. Training Protocol
The present study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov with the ID number NCT04663633. The program involved exercises challenging the gymnasts’ core stability and postural control, and it included SSC explosive strength exercises executed with specific RG elements and postures (Participants in the EG were encouraged to...
PMC9859241
2.5. Measurements
CMJ and single-leg CMJ (SLCMJ) tests were used to assess the explosive strength of rhythmic gymnasts. RG jumps use either one-leg or two-leg push-off techniques, which justifies the selection of bilateral (CMJ) and unilateral (SLCMJ) jump tests. The two tests were administered in a random order to each of the gymnasts.
PMC9859241
2.6. Testing Procedures and Instrumentation
PMC9859241
2.6.1. Counter-Movement Jump (CMJ) Test
The participants performed the CMJ from a standing position in accordance with Bosco’s [
PMC9859241
2.6.2. Single Leg Countermovement Jump (SLCMJ) Test
The participants performed SLCMJ from a standing position with one bare foot on the board and the free lower limb bent and not touching the force plate. The gymnasts were instructed to place their hands on their hips and jump as fast and high as possible. The first movement consisted of a single-leg half squat, i.e., k...
PMC9859241
2.6.3. Rhythmic-Gymnastics-Specific Jump Tests
The participants performed three RG jumps—the stag leap, the scissors leap, and the split leap (
PMC9859241
2.6.4. PHV Age
Strength is affected by age [
PMC9859241
2.7. Statistical Analyses
The descriptive data on the variables were presented as mean ± SD. The dependent variables included Height, Take-off, Average Power, and RFD, as measured in the CMJ and the SLCMJ with right and left leg tests. The other dependent variables were the scores awarded by the expert judges for the performance of scissors, st...
PMC9859241
4. Discussion
’ explosive strength, ankle joints, ’ explosive
This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of an 8 week RG-based CPT program on the explosive strength of young rhythmic gymnasts. As far as we know, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of a CPT program on the explosive strength of young rhythmic gymnasts. The main findings comprise significant improveme...
PMC9859241
5. Conclusions
An 8 week RG-based CPT program enhanced explosive strength in young rhythmic gymnasts, specifically in terms of the variables of jump height, vertical take-off velocity, average power, and RFD measured during a CMJ, a right SLCMJ, and left SLCMJ tests using a force plate. The judges’ scores for RG leaps improved in bot...
PMC9859241
Supplementary Materials
Table S1: Training protocol exercises; all exercises were performed with right and left sides. * Mixed CS and plyometric exercises. (a) All planks and lateral hip bridges were executed with passe, side leg, and arabesque positions and were maintained for 2” in each position. (b) All drop jumps and jump-drop jumps were ...
PMC9859241
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, M.S.-T. and C.C.; methodology, J.M., M.S.-T. and C.C.; software, J.M. and E.C.; validation, E.C., A.N., E.P. and A.B.; formal analysis, J.M. and E.C.; investigation, C.C.; data curation, C.C., J.M. and E.C.; writing—original draft preparation, C.C.; writing—review and editing, M.S.-T., J.M. and E.C.;...
PMC9859241
Institutional Review Board Statement
MAY
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of CER- FPCEE Blanquerna (protocol code 1819007D, date 20 May 2019).
PMC9859241
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
PMC9859241
Data Availability Statement
All data files are available from the figshare database:
PMC9859241
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
PMC9859241
References
Sample flowchart.(RG-specific jump tests performed [Judges’ technical score results. * Significant differences pre–post (Standardized effect size of differences between pre and post-test RG leap scores.Participants’ Characteristics.No significant differences between groups.Overview of the 8 week integrated functional C...
PMC9859241
Introduction
GAD, anxiety disorder, Anxiety, anxiety, worry
According to World Health Organization [Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a subtype of anxiety disorder. People with GAD tend to have chronic uncontrollable worry and excessive anxiety for no specific reason that occurs constantly for at least 6 months. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) was initially devel...
PMC10174505
Overview of the present study
anxiety disorder
It is noteworthy that past studies have found different factorial structures of the GAD-7 in different cultural contexts. The inconsistency suggests that there could be cultural differences in the concept of generalized anxiety disorder. In other words, there is a possibility that GAD-7 may not capture the idea of gene...
PMC10174505
Methods
PMC10174505
Participants
University students who were above 18 years old and studying at the randomly selected tertiary education centers in Klang Valley were recruited using convenience sampling. A total of 1272 university students (MAn online questionnaire was created using Google Forms and then distributed via Facebook, Instagram and WhatsA...
PMC10174505
Measurements
anxiety disorder, anxiety
The GAD-7 is a self-report of the severity of generalized anxiety disorder and its symptoms with 7 items. Participants rated each item on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (Not at all) to 3 (Nearly every day). A total score was calculated by summing up the item scores. The score ranges from 0 to 21 and can be categ...
PMC10174505
Analytical approach
The data were randomly and equally divided into exploratory and confirmatory samples. The exploratory sample (
PMC10174505
Results
PMC10174505
Exploratory factor analysis
Parallel analysis with Promax rotation on the exploratory sample suggested a 3-factor solution. Supporting the factorability of the seven items, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test value was .911 and the Bartlett’s test was statistically significant, χ
PMC10174505
Second-order model of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 6-item (GAD-6).
Anxious distress, Anxiety
DISORDER
Values shown are standardized parameter estimates. The item numbers shown here are the item numbers from the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item. GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder; Expectation = Apprehensive expectation dimension; Excitation = Autonomic excitation dimension; Distress = Anxious distress dimension.
PMC10174505
Discussion
Anxiety
DISORDER
This is the first study that reveals a 6-item second-order model with three specific factors of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-6). The new model is superior to the original and other competing models in a sample of Malaysian university students.Our findings (of the second-order model) are consistent with Doi and...
PMC10174505
Conclusion
anxiety disorder, Anxiety
DISORDER
The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 6-item (GAD-6) with a second-order structure is a psychometrically sound tool for researchers and clinicians to assess the overall severity level of anxiety disorder, as well as symptomatic dimensions in the Malaysian context.
PMC10174505
Supporting information
PMC10174505
Summary the factor structure of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item.
(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.The authors are grateful to the participants who took part in the study. We would also like to express our sincere gratitude to Kah-Yue Low, who played a crucial role in formatting this manuscript. Her tireless effort and dedication to ensuring the accuracy and consistency of t...
PMC10174505
Background
Fracture, fracture
ENDODONTICALLY TREATED TEETH
Fracture resistance of post-core restoration depends on the design of the post, post diameter, post length, the type of adhesive cement used along with material of the core. Despite the different studies concerning the effect of post space diameter on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth, more inform...
PMC10714464
Aim of the study
fracture
ENDODONTICALLY TREATED TEETH
This study aimed to evaluate fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth, restored with two post-core systems in different post space diameters.
PMC10714464
Materials and methods
incisors
Twenty freshly extracted maxillary central incisors were collected for this study. They were randomly divided into four groups according to intracanal post and its diameter. Group GN (glass-fiber post of 10-mm length and 1.3-mm diameter with composite core), group GW (glass-fiber post of 10-mm length and 1.75-mm diamet...
PMC10714464
Results
fracture
The highest mean fracture resistance was recorded in group GW (638.7 ± 285.1 N), followed by group ZW (598.5 ± 127.6 N), then GN group (442.8 ± 65.38 N). The lowest mean fracture resistance was recorded in group ZN (435.3 ± 117.3 N). One-Way ANOVA test revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in ...
PMC10714464
Conclusion
fracture, tooth
ENDODONTICALLY TREATED TEETH
Post space diameter had an impact over the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. Modulus of elasticity of post material had a major effect on the fracture resistance and mode of failure along with the restorability of the restored tooth. However, there was no statistically significant difference among th...
PMC10714464
Keywords
Open access funding provided by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).
PMC10714464
Background
major loss of natural tooth, fracture, incisors, tooth, trauma
FRAGILITY, DENTAL CARIES, AIDS, ENDODONTICALLY TREATED TEETH
The restoration of endodontically treated teeth is controversial and remains a challenge to the dental clinicians, as a result of major loss of natural tooth structure due to dental caries or trauma; which is mandatory for the retention of the coronal restoration. The remaining tooth structure is the most crucial facto...
PMC10714464
Materials and methods
fracture, incisors, orthodontic
STERILE, ROOT CARIES
This study was in-vitro, parallel controlled in which fracture resistance and failure mode of four parallel groups were examined. It was held at the Conservative Dentistry Department laboratory at the Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Egypt. A sample size was calculated using a sample size calculation progra...
PMC10714464
Teeth preparation
calculus
DENTAL PLAQUE
The selected teeth root lengths were measured from the cervical line of teeth to the apex using Digital caliper (Sedradent, TDV Co. Pomerode, Santa Catarina, Brazil); they were more or less 13 mm long (± 0.5 mm). Teeth were then mechanically cleaned with aid of hand scaler (Nordent Manufacturing Inc., 610 Bonnie Lane, ...
PMC10714464
Access opening and root canal preparation of specimens
JapanWaveOne reciprocating
COLD, CAVITY, PULP STONES
Preoperative periapical radiograph was taken for each specimen to ensure absence of any kind of root canal calcifications, internal resorption or presence of pulp stones or accessory canals. Rose-head bur and Endo-Z(Komet Dental. Gebr. Brasseler GmbH & Co. KG Trophagener Weg 25.32657 Lemgo. Germany) were mounted on hig...
PMC10714464
Grouping of specimens
The total number of specimens was randomly divided into two main groups (
PMC10714464
Post space preparation
After the random division of specimens, the access cavities were reopened again with round bur mounted on a high-speed handpiece until completely removed. Post space preparation protocol was followed including removal of gutta percha from the two coronal thirds of the roots; which was approximately 10 mm long, leaving ...
PMC10714464
For the narrow glass-fiber post space preparation (subgroup GN)
Using no. 1 shaping drill of HAHNENKRATT-Contec glass-fiber post kit(E.HAHNENKRATT GMBH | Benzstr. 19 | DE-75203 Königsbach-Stein, Germany), the white calibration drill of 1.3 mm diameter was used to prepare a narrow post space, in respect of adjusting the drill’s length to 10 mm [
PMC10714464
For the wide glass-fiber post space preparation (subgroup GW)
Using no. 3 shaping drill of HAHNENKRATT-Contec glass-fiber post kit, the blue calibration drill of 1.75 mm diameter was used to prepare a wide post space, in respect of adjusting the drill’s length to 10 mm [Regarding the composite resin core that was built in both subgroups GN and GW, it had dimensions of 4-mm labio-...
PMC10714464
For the narrow zirconia post space preparation (subgroup ZN)
For a standardized post space preparation and to ensure the similar and precise dimensions of both glass-fiber post and custom-made zirconia post, the same calibration drill of group GN was also used in ZN subgroup.No. 1 white calibration drill of 1.3 mm diameter was used to prepare a narrow post space, in respect of a...
PMC10714464
For the wide zirconia post space preparation (subgroup ZW)
Using the shaping drills of Contec-HAHNENKRATT glass-fiber post kit, no. 3 blue calibration drill of 1.75 mm diameter was used to prepare a wide post space for the ZW subgroup, in respect of adjusting the drill’s length to 10 mm [Periapical radiograph was taken for each specimen to insure complete removal of root canal...
PMC10714464
Direct post-core pattern fabrication (subgroups ZN and ZW)
Post spaces were irrigated with 2.5% NaoCl, normal saline and 70% alcohol then partially dried with air/water syringe then completely dried using endodontic paper points. Plastic posts were firstly inserted into specimens’ canals to check its fitting passively, each plastic post was marked to the predetermined length; ...
PMC10714464
Scanning of resin pattern
The fabricated direct resin patterns were held upside down, the highest point of the core curvature was placed over the stiff clay that was supported in metallic circular molds to ease the scanning procedures without deformation of the pattern and gaining the correct dimensions throughout the scanning process.
PMC10714464
Designing and milling of zirconia one-piece post-core restoration
ZirkonZahn blank(Prettau 2 Dispersive, Zirkonzahn Srl, Via An Der Ahr 7–39,030 Gais(Bz),Val Pusteria-South Tyrol–Italy)was used for the milling process to fabricate the zirconia post-core samples into the required dimensions, leaving 2-mm ferrule all around which permitted zirconia core to mimic same dimensions of comp...
PMC10714464
Sintering of the zirconia post-core restorations
furnace
MV-R (MIHM-VOGT GmbH & Co.; Friedrich-List-Str. 876,297 Stutensee-Blankenloch) sintering furnace was used to sinter zirconia samples that took about 8 hours, as it required 4 hours to raise from room temperature up to 1550
PMC10714464
Cementation of glass-fiber posts in subgroups GN and GW
Post spaces were irrigated with 2.5% NaoCl, normal saline and 70% alcohol, dried and etched with 37% phosphoric acid(Metabiomed Co. LTD, South Korea) then rinsed with water then completely dried by endodontic absorbing paper points(Metabiomed Co. LTD, South Korea) [Calibra Universal Self-Adhesive resin cement (Maillefe...
PMC10714464
Composite resin core for subgroups GN and GW
After cementation of the glass-fiber posts, Tetric N-ceram nano-hybrid composite (Ivoclar Vivadent Dental Products, Liechtenstein, Germany) was used to build the core for both subgroups GW and GN. It was dome-shaped with dimension of 4-mm circumferentially [
PMC10714464
Luting the fabricated zirconia post-core for subgroups ZN and ZW
Calibra Universal Self-Adhesive resin cement was also used to cement the zirconia post-core restorations into their corresponding post spaces in each group, in respect to different diameters for each subgroup.
PMC10714464
Tests
PMC10714464
Fracture resistance test
Samples with the acrylic resin blocks were held in metallic molds for testing. Specimens were loaded at 3 mm below the incisal part of the core palatally at an angle of 45Specimens with acrylic resin blocks held in metallic molds to be tested by universal testing machine
PMC10714464
Assessment of mode of failure
fracture
To determine the type of failure, the failed teeth were examined under a stereomicroscope (SZ1145TR Olympus; Japan 1990) by using software (Toup view, version 3.7). It was classified as follows [ Favorable or restorable failure: When the failure or fractured line or area was found to be above the cervical line of resto...
PMC10714464
Statistical analysis
Comparison between the four study groups was done using One-Way ANOVA test. Data were fed to the computer and analyzed using IBM SPSS software package version 20.0
PMC10714464
Discussion
tooth dentin, failure of teeth, Fracture, fracture, incisors, rigidity, fractures, tooth, lower mean fracture
AIDS, ENDODONTICALLY TREATED TEETH, CAVITY
When the remaining tooth structure of endodontically treated teeth cannot provide sufficient support and retention for restoration; remaining less than 50% of tooth structure, post and core is beneficial. So the rehabilitation of pulpless teeth is crucial in order to restore them esthetically, functionally and structur...
PMC10714464
Conclusion
fracture
ENDODONTICALLY TREATED TEETH
Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that: There is no statistically significant difference between fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with either zirconia post-core or glass fiber post and composite resin core in different post space diameters. Highest was presented in group GW an...
PMC10714464
Authors’ contributions
K.B. contributed to the study design, the data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation, and wrote the manuscript draft. R.G. contributed to the study design, and the interpretation of the results, and revised the manuscript. S.I. contributed to the study design, revised the manuscript, and supervised the work.All aut...
PMC10714464
Funding
Open access funding provided by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB). This study was not funded by any agency in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors. Open access funding provided by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Auth...
PMC10714464
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
PMC10714464
Declarations
PMC10714464
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Scientific Research Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University (International No.: IORG0008839, Ethics Committee No.: 0436–05/2022). All methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the ethical guidelines adopted by the Research Ethics...
PMC10714464
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
PMC10714464
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
PMC10714464
References
PMC10714464
Methods
™ Q SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19 INFECTION
Adults and children with symptoms consistent with suspected current COVID-19 infection were prospectively recruited from 19 UK general practices and two COVID-19 testing centres between October 2020 and October 2021. Participants were tested by trained healthcare workers using at least one of two index POCTs (Roche-bra...
PMC10361479
Results
SENSITIVITY
Of 663 participants included in the primary analysis, 39.2% (260/663, 95% CI 35.5% to 43.0%) had a positive RT-PCR result. The SD Biosensor POCT had sensitivity 84.0% (178/212, 78.3% to 88.6%) and specificity 98.5% (328/333, 96.5% to 99.5%), and the BD Veritor POCT had sensitivity 76.5% (127/166, 69.3% to 82.7%) and sp...
PMC10361479
Conclusions
infection
INFECTION, DISEASE
Both POCTs assessed exceed the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency target product profile’s minimum acceptable specificity of 95%. Confidence intervals for both tests include the minimum acceptable sensitivity of 80%. In symptomatic patients, negative results on these two POCTs do not preclude the possi...
PMC10361479
Data Availability
Data cannot be shared publicly because of participant confidentiality considerations. Research data access requests should be submitted to the Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences Information Guardian for consideration (contact via
PMC10361479