title stringlengths 1 1.19k | keywords stringlengths 0 668 | concept stringlengths 0 909 | paragraph stringlengths 0 61.8k | PMID stringlengths 10 11 |
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Discussion | fibrin-rich thrombus, platelet thrombus, platelet aggregation | VASODILATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, VASODILATATION | We investigated the effects of brief EC inhalation with and without nicotine on platelet function and coagulation and microvascular function in healthy individuals. We demonstrate that exposure to EC aerosol containing nicotine was associated with increased thrombogenicity in terms of increased platelet thrombus format... | PMC10435650 |
Limitations and Strengths | VASCULAR DISEASE | The main strength of this study was the randomised double-blind crossover design that reduced bias and number of participants needed. The study included a disproportional number of females compared with males and participants were healthy and relatively young individuals, which makes it hard to extrapolate results to o... | PMC10435650 | |
Conclusion | thrombus | THROMBUS | This study shows that a brief exposure to EC aerosol containing nicotine acutely increased thrombus formation and possibly reduced endothelium-independent microvascular reactivity. These changes were not seen after EC vaping without nicotine, which implies that the potential harmful effects of EC seen in the present st... | PMC10435650 |
Acknowledgements | The authors would like to thank biomedical scientist Katherina Aguilera Gatica, research nurses Maja Månsson, Lena Gabrielsson and Ann-Christin Salomonsson at Clinical research centre Karolinska Institutet at Danderyd Hospital for technical assistance. Further, the authors want to thank Fujimori Kogyo Co., LTD for tech... | PMC10435650 | ||
Author contributions | M.L: Conceptualisation, validation, analysis, investigation, writing review and editing, supervision and project administration. H.W, S.T, A.B, J.B, L.H and F.M: Conceptualisation, supervision, writing review and editing. G.L.: Investigation, analysis, visualisation and writing original draft. L.A: Conceptualisation, a... | PMC10435650 | ||
Funding | ALF | HEART, LUNG | Open access funding provided by Karolinska Institute. This work was supported by the Swedish Heart and Lung foundation, the Swedish Heart and Lung Association, the Swedish Society of Medicine and Stockholm County Council (ALF project) and the County Council of Västerbotten (Spjutspetsmedel). Magnus Lundbäck is supporte... | PMC10435650 |
Data availability | The data collected for the study can be made available to others upon request and after a confidentiality evaluation. | PMC10435650 | ||
Declarations | PMC10435650 | |||
Conflict of interest | No authors in this study declare any conflicting interests. | PMC10435650 | ||
References | PMC10435650 | |||
Key Points | PMC10245195 | |||
Question | Does | PMC10245195 | ||
Findings | stroke | STROKE | In this prespecified subgroup analysis of the CHANCE-2 trial, new stroke occurred less often with ticagrelor-aspirin vs clopidogrel-aspirin, irrespective of metabolizer status: 6.0% vs 7.6%, respectively, among patients with intermediate metabolizer status and 5.7% vs 7.5%, respectively, among poor metabolizers. No dif... | PMC10245195 |
Meaning | stroke, bleeding | STROKE, MINOR, BLEEDING, TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK | These findings suggest that it may be advisable to consider using ticagrelor-aspirin not only for poor metabolizers but also intermediate metabolizers for patients with transient ischemic attack or minor stroke, although caution should be taken when using ticagrelor added to aspirin due to the risk of any bleeding, par... | PMC10245195 |
Importance | stroke | STROKE, EVENTS | The Clopidogrel With Aspirin in High-Risk Patients With Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events II (CHANCE-2) trial showed that ticagrelor-aspirin combination therapy reduced the risk of stroke compared with a clopidogrel-aspirin combination among carriers of | PMC10245195 |
Objective | To investigate whether the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor-aspirin vs clopidogrel-aspirin are consistent with the expected degree of | PMC10245195 | ||
Design, Setting, and Participants | CHANCE-2 was a multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Patients were enrolled at 202 centers in China from September 23, 2019, through March 22, 2021. Patients with at least two | PMC10245195 | ||
Interventions | Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive ticagrelor (180-mg loading dose on day 1 followed by 90 mg twice daily for days 2-90) or clopidogrel (300-mg loading dose on day 1 followed by 75 mg/d for days 2-90). All patients received aspirin (75- to 300-mg loading dose followed by 75 mg/d for 21 days). | PMC10245195 | ||
Main Outcomes and Measures | bleeding, ischemic stroke | BLEEDING, HEMORRHAGIC STROKE, ISCHEMIC STROKE, SECONDARY, EVENTS | The primary efficacy outcome was a new ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. The secondary efficacy outcome was a composite of new clinical vascular events and individual ischemic stroke events within 3 months. The primary safety outcome was severe or moderate bleeding. Analyses were performed according to the intention-to-t... | PMC10245195 |
Results | Of the 6412 patients enrolled, the median age was 64.8 years (IQR, 57.0-71.4 years), and 4242 patients (66.2%) were men. Of the 6412 patients, 5001 (78.0%) were intermediate metabolizers, and 1411 (22.0%) were poor metabolizers. The primary outcome occurred less often with ticagrelor-aspirin vs clopidogrel-aspirin, irr... | PMC10245195 | ||
Conclusions and Relevance | This prespecified analysis of a randomized clinical trial found no difference in treatment effect between poor and intermediate | PMC10245195 | ||
Trial Registration | ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: This prespecified subgroup analysis of the randomized clinical CHANCE-2 trial investigates whether the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor-aspirin vs clopidogrel-aspirin are consistent with the expected degree of | PMC10245195 | ||
Introduction | TIA, stroke, ischemic stroke | STROKE, MINOR, ISCHEMIC STROKE, TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACKS, EVENTS, EVENTS, TIA | Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel is the cornerstone therapy for the prevention of recurrent stroke events among patients with acute minor stroke and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).The subsequent Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients With Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events II (CHANCE-2) trial... | PMC10245195 |
Methods | PMC10245195 | |||
Trial Design and Oversight | The trial was approved by the ethics committee at Beijing Tiantan Hospital and each participating site (trial protocol and statistical analysis plan in | PMC10245195 | ||
Efficacy and Safety Outcomes | GUSTO, bleeding | EVENTS, BLEEDING | The primary efficacy and safety outcomes in this analysis were identical to those of the CHANCE-2 trial.The primary safety outcome was severe or moderate bleeding events within 3 months, defined by the criteria from the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries ... | PMC10245195 |
Genotyping | The GMEX point-of-care genotyping system (Chongqing Jingyin Bioscience Co Ltd) was used to define | PMC10245195 | ||
Statistical Analysis | hemorrhagic, bleeding | REGRESSION, EVENTS, EVENT, BLEEDING | Baseline characteristics are presented by antiplatelet treatment groups (ticagrelor-aspirin or clopidogrel-aspirin) and Participants were censored at their last follow-up assessment when experiencing a clinical event, at the end of the study, or at the time of withdrawal from the study. When there were multiple events ... | PMC10245195 |
Results | PMC10245195 | |||
Patient Demographic and Baseline Characteristics | TIA, ischemic stroke | TIA, ISCHEMIC STROKE | A total of 6412 patients (median age, 64.8 years [IQR, 57.0-71.4 years]; 4242 men [66.2%]) with ischemic stroke or TIA were enrolled from 202 clinical sites in the CHANCE-2 trials, with 3205 randomly assigned to the ticagrelor-aspirin group and 3207 to the clopidogrel-aspirin group. | PMC10245195 |
Baseline Characteristics of the Patients with Different | TIA, Stroke | TIA, STROKE, TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK | Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; TIA, transient ischemic attack.SI conversion factor: To convert low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259.For comparisons ... | PMC10245195 |
Allele, Genotype, and Phenotype Frequencies for | Frequency distributions for each allele, genotype, and phenotype for | PMC10245195 | ||
Distribution and Event Rates of New Stroke by Genotypes or Metabolizer Phenotype | Patients with at least two | PMC10245195 | ||
Association of Ticagrelor-Aspirin vs Clopidogrel-Aspirin With Clinical Outcomes Stratified by | vascular death, death, hemorrhagic stroke, bleeding, stroke | BLEEDING, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, HEMORRHAGIC STROKE, TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK, STROKE, ISCHEMIC STROKE, EVENTS | Abbreviations: C+A, clopidogrel-aspirin; HR, hazard ratio; NA, not applicable; T+A, ticagrelor-aspirin.Composite vascular events comprise ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, transient ischemic attack, myocardial infarction, and vascular death.A stroke was defined as disabling if the patient had a subsequent modified R... | PMC10245195 |
Cumulative Probability of Stroke Recurrence According to Treatment and | PMC10245195 | |||
Safety Outcomes | bleeding | BLEEDING | Treatment assignment was not associated with severe or moderate bleeding for either intermediate metabolizers (HR, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.27-1.85]) or poor metabolizers (HR, 1.58 [95% CI, 0.14-18.29]) and did not differ between the 2 groups ( | PMC10245195 |
Discussion | TIA, bleeding, ischemic stroke | MINOR, BLEEDING, TIA, ISCHEMIC STROKE | In this prespecified subgroup analysis of the CHANCE-2 trial, we investigated outcomes among patients with TIA or minor ischemic stroke with ticagrelor-aspirin or clopidogrel-aspirin based on background Various studies have reported that It is well established that patients carrying LOF The absolute risk of severe or m... | PMC10245195 |
Limitations | Our study has several limitations. First, noncarriers of | PMC10245195 | ||
Conclusions | SECONDARY | In this prespecified secondary analysis of the CHANCE-2 randomized clinical trial, we found no treatment-by-metabolizer status interaction. The relative clinical efficacy and safety of ticagrelor-aspirin vs clopidogrel-aspirin were similar across | PMC10245195 | |
Aim | To assess the effectiveness of fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO | PMC10797238 | ||
Methods | Patients aged 18 years and older who were admitted to a tertiary ICU and required mechanical ventilator support were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (n = 30) and the oxygen saturation (SpO | PMC10797238 | ||
Results | A very strong positive linear correlation was found between PaO | PMC10797238 | ||
Conclusion | ventilator-induced lung injury, hypoxia, critically ill, hyperoxia | HYPOXIA, CRITICALLY ILL | FiOClinicaltrials.gov registration number: NCT05807815.Oxygen therapy plays a vital role in the treatment of critically ill patients. Mechanical ventilation (MV) support and therapy are routine practices in intensive care units (ICUs). In critically ill patients treated in ICUs, the focus is on the prevention of hypoxi... | PMC10797238 |
METHODS | PMC10797238 | |||
Study design | RECRUITMENT | This randomized controlled study was conducted in the tertiary ICU of the Health Sciences University, Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital. The tertiary ICU has a capacity of 41 beds and is staffed by physicians with at least four years of experience in full-time intensive care. All clinicians participating in ... | PMC10797238 | |
Patient selection | peripheral hypoperfusion | HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES | The inclusion criteria were 1) being 18 years or older, 2) receiving mechanical ventilator support, and 3) undergoing invasive arterial monitoring. The exclusion criteria were 1) requiring high doses of vasopressors (≥1 µg/kg/min norepinephrine or all vasopressors calculated equivalent to this dose); 2) having peripher... | PMC10797238 |
Setting | Patients were randomly assigned to the control group or the SpOFlowchart of the study.In the control group, only observation was performed, and ORi data were recorded without informing the intensive care physician. Oxygen therapy and FiOIn the SpOIf ORi was ≥0.01 and SpOIf ORi was ≥0.01 and SpOIf ORi was 0.00 and SpOIf... | PMC10797238 | ||
Data collection | In addition to routine monitoring methods, ORi and blood gas analysis were used to monitor PaO | PMC10797238 | ||
Sample size | The sample size was calculated to be a minimum of 60 patients, with 30 patients in each group, in order to achieve a test power of 80% at a confidence level of 95% and an effect size of f = 0.20 for repeated measures analysis. | PMC10797238 | ||
Statistical analysis | Data are presented as mean and standard deviation or median, minimum, and maximum values. The normality of data was tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test. An independent-samples | PMC10797238 | ||
RESULTS | The study included 60 patients (n = 28 [46.7%] female). The mean age was 65.23 ± 9.438 years. There was no significant difference in age between the sexes (65.46 ± 10.549 years for women and 66.53 ± 12.267 years for men; Demographic characteristics of the patients | PMC10797238 | ||
Correlation between ORi and PaO | ORI | Across all time points and in all groups, there was a highly positive linear correlation between PaOCorrelation between oxygen reserve index (ORI) and partial pressure of oxygen (PaOAcross all time points, there was a highly positive linear correlation between ORi and PaO | PMC10797238 | |
The ability of ORi to predict hyperoxia (ROC curve) | The use of ORi showed high diagnostic performance for PaO | PMC10797238 | ||
Group comparison by PaO | ORI | Across all time points, PaOIntergroup and intragroup comparison of partial pressure of oxygen (PaO*Abbreviations: ORi - oxygen reserve index; SpO†Independent samples ‡Repeated measures ANOVA.An intragroup evaluation showed a significant difference between time points in the ORi+SpOCorrelation between partial pressure o... | PMC10797238 | |
FiO | There was a significant difference in FiOFraction of inspired oxygen (FiO*Pearson χ†The total number of patients is the number of patients with PaO | PMC10797238 | ||
Hemodynamic and other parameters | There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of MAP, HR, and Pa | PMC10797238 | ||
DISCUSSION | hypoxemia, Competing interests, myocardial infarction | MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | This randomized controlled study involving patients who received MV support in the ICU showed that: (I) there was a very strong positive linear relationship between ORi and PaOOxygen is considered a drug and should be used judiciously in patients who require it, as it has no beneficial effect on mortality. For instance... | PMC10797238 |
References | PMC10797238 | |||
Background | AKI, acute kidney injury | SEPTIC SHOCK | This substudy of the randomized IDEAL-ICU trial assessed whether the timing of renal replacement therapy (RRT) initiation has a differential effect on 90-day mortality, according to the criteria used to diagnose acute kidney injury (AKI), in patients with early-stage septic shock. | PMC10436583 |
Methods | AKI, reduced urinary output only (group 2), death, reduced urinary output | REGRESSION | Three groups were considered according to the criterion defining AKI: creatinine elevation only (group 1), reduced urinary output only (group 2), creatinine elevation plus reduced urinary output (group 3). Primary outcome was 90-day all-cause death. Secondary endpoints were RRT-free days, RRT dependence and renal funct... | PMC10436583 |
Results | Of 488 patients enrolled, 205 (42%) patients were in group 1, 174 (35%) in group 2, and 100 (20%) in group 3. The effect of RRT initiation strategy on 90-day mortality across groups showed significant heterogeneity (adjusted interaction | PMC10436583 | ||
Conclusion | AKI | The timing of RRT initiation has a differential impact on outcome according to AKI diagnostic criteria. In patients with elevated creatinine only, early RRT initiation was associated with significantly increased mortality. In patients with reduced urine output only, late RRT initiation was associated with a nonsignific... | PMC10436583 | |
Supplementary Information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13054-023-04602-7. | PMC10436583 | ||
Supplementary Information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13054-023-04602-7. | PMC10436583 | ||
Keywords | PMC10436583 | |||
Introduction | critically ill, acute lung edema, renal failure, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, AKI, Kidney Injury, acute kidney injury | CRITICALLY ILL, RENAL FAILURE, KIDNEY, SEPTIC SHOCK, METABOLIC ACIDOSIS, COMPLICATIONS | Despite the frequent use of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the intensive care units (ICUs) for critically ill patients with severe acute kidney injury (AKI), precise criteria for initiation of RRT are still not available. In the absence of life-threatening complications, clinicians have long been uncertain about wh... | PMC10436583 |
Methods | PMC10436583 | |||
Study design and patients | RIFLE, AKI, anuria, reduced urinary output, oliguria | ANURIA, OLIGURIA | This The failure (F) stage of the RIFLE classification, which was used in the IDEAL-ICU study, corresponds to stage 3 of the KDIGO classification, and is the preferred term used hereafter [For the present analysis, we defined three groups, according to the criteria that had been used to define AKI and qualify patients ... | PMC10436583 |
Study interventions | AKI, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis | METABOLIC ACIDOSIS, FLUID OVERLOAD, PULMONARY EDEMA | In the early-strategy group, RRT was started within 12 h after the diagnosis of AKI. In the delayed strategy group, RRT was started 48 h after the diagnosis of AKI, or as soon as possible if at least one of the following pre-specified emergency criteria occurred before 48 h: hyperkalemia (serum potassium level > 6.5 mm... | PMC10436583 |
Endpoints | metabolic acidosis, death, hyperkalemia | METABOLIC ACIDOSIS, FLUID OVERLOAD, PULMONARY EDEMA | The primary outcome was death from any cause at 90 days after randomization.Secondary endpoints included ICU and hospital mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay, RRT-free days, RRT dependence at hospital discharge, and renal function in surviving patients who were not RRT dependent at hospital discharge (creatinine... | PMC10436583 |
Statistical analysis | death, cirrhosis, pulmonary edema, infection, metabolic disorders, kidney injury | REGRESSION, INFECTION, CIRRHOSIS, METABOLIC DISORDERS | Analysis comparing the early vs delayed RRT randomized arms (RRT timing) was performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Giving the negligible number of patients lost of follow-up (11/488 = 2%) [A logistic regression model, with the 90-day mortality as an independent variable, was used to evaluate the inte... | PMC10436583 |
Results | PMC10436583 | |||
Patient characteristics | AKI, reduced urinary output | Of the 488 patients enrolled in the trial, data were missing for 9 patients, and thus, 479 were included in the final analysis: 205 (42%) patients were included in group 1 (creatinine elevation only), 174 (35.5%) in group 2 (reduced urinary output only) and 100 (20.5%) in group 3 (creatinine elevation plus reduced urin... | PMC10436583 | |
Secondary endpoints | hyperkalemia | METABOLIC ACIDOSIS, SECONDARY, FLUID OVERLOAD | The results of the secondary endpoints across the three groups are given in Table Secondary endpoints (IDEAL-ICU trial)There was no difference in any of the three groups between early and delayed strategies in terms of ICU length of stay or RRT-free days. The criteria for emergency renal replacement therapy in the 7 da... | PMC10436583 |
Discussion | critically ill, failure of three organs in most patients., RIFLE, septic shock, AKI | CRITICALLY ILL, ACUTE RENAL FAILURE, SEPTIC SHOCK | To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study based on a randomized clinical trial to find a differential impact on outcome of the timing of RRT initiation, according to the diagnostic criteria used to define AKI. Our results indicate that patients in the failure category of the RIFLE classification (correspond... | PMC10436583 |
Conclusions | AKI, critically ill | CRITICALLY ILL, SEPTIC SHOCK | In conclusion, the ideal timing for RRT initiation in the setting of severe AKI, despite the publication of high quality randomized controlled trials on this topic, remains a complex and partially unanswered question. Early initiation of RRT is associated with higher mortality in patients whose AKI was diagnosed solely... | PMC10436583 |
Acknowledgements | The authors thank Fiona Ecarnot, PhD (EA3920, University Hospital Besancon, France) for translation and critical revision. | PMC10436583 | ||
Author contributions | SDB | SDB and JPQ had full access to all study data and take responsibility for the integrity of the data analysis. SDB, JPQ, conceptualized and designed the study. All authors contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of the data. SDB, AB curated the data. AB, CB performed the statistical analysis. SDB, JPQ drafted ... | PMC10436583 | |
Funding | The original IDEAL-ICU study was funded by a grant from the French Ministry of Health (Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique National, 2011, A00519-34). | PMC10436583 | ||
Availability of data and materials | All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files]. | PMC10436583 | ||
Declarations | PMC10436583 | |||
Ethics approval and consent to participate | The original trial was approved by the competent French legal authorities and the ethics committee | PMC10436583 | ||
Consent for publication | Not applicable. | PMC10436583 | ||
Competing interests | No author has any conflict of interest to declare. | PMC10436583 | ||
References | PMC10436583 | |||
Background | The social restrictions occurring during the pandemic contributed to loss of many sources of reward, which contributes to poor mental health. | PMC10577780 | ||
Objective | suicidality, depression, anxiety | This trial evaluated a brief positive affect training programme to reduce anxiety, depression and suicidality during the pandemic. | PMC10577780 | |
Methods | COVID-19-related psychological distress, anxiety disorder, Anxiety, sleep impairment, anxiety, depression, Depression | SECONDARY | In this single-blind, parallel, randomised controlled trial, adults who screened positive for COVID-19-related psychological distress across Australia were randomly allocated to either a 6-session group-based programme based on positive affect training (n=87) or enhanced usual care (EUC, n=87). Primary outcome was tota... | PMC10577780 |
Findings | depression, sleep impairment, anhedonia, anxiety | Between 20 September 2020 and 16 September 2021, 174 participants were enrolled into the trial. Relative to EUC, at 3-month follow-up the intervention led to greater reduction on depression (mean difference 1.2 (95% CI 0.4 to 1.9)), p=0.003), with a moderate effect size (0.5 (95% CI 0.2 to 0.9)). There were also greate... | PMC10577780 | |
Conclusions | suicidality, depression | EVENTS | This intervention was able to reduce depression and suicidality during adverse experiences when rewarding events were diminished, such as pandemics. | PMC10577780 |
Clinical implications | Strategies to improve positive affect may be useful to reduce mental health issues. | PMC10577780 | ||
Trial registration number | ACTRN12620000811909. | PMC10577780 | ||
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC | depression, anhedonia, anxiety | POSITIVE | Positive affect training aims to reduce anhedonia by promoting awareness of positive affect.Positive affect training delivered over 16 sessions has been shown to reduce anxiety and depression in randomised controlled trials. | PMC10577780 |
WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS | suicidality, pandemic reduced depression, depression, anxiety | DISORDER, POSITIVE | This trial demonstrated that a group-based 6-session positive affect training programme delivered via videoconferencing and targeted towards people distressed by the COVID-19 pandemic reduced depression, suicidality and improved quality of life relative to self-help.Positive affect training also resulted in less depres... | PMC10577780 |
HOW THIS STUDY MIGHT AFFECT RESEARCH, PRACTICE OR POLICY | This programme offers the potential for health services during pandemics to alleviate increased mental health problems in a framework that is scalable to large numbers of people, even when there is social distancing. | PMC10577780 | ||
Introduction | suicidality, depression, anxiety | EVENT | The COVID-19 pandemic has caused marked increases in anxiety and depression around the world.The rise in mental health needs globally has led to the need for psychological interventions that can be delivered during the pandemic. In many countries affected by the pandemic, there is a shortage of mental health services, ... | PMC10577780 |
Methods | PMC10577780 | |||
Trial design | This randomised, parallel, controlled trial randomly assigned distressed people during the COVID-19 pandemic to either the intervention or EUC on a 1:1 basis. The trial is reported in terms of the CONSORT guidelines. | PMC10577780 | ||
Participants, recruitment and inclusion/exclusion criteria | We recruited participants through online advertising across Australia that informed potential participants of a trial to evaluate a programme to manage distress during the pandemic. Participants access a trial website, complete informed consent and then completed the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). | PMC10577780 | ||
Interventions | depression, anxiety | SESSION, EVENTS, ADVERSE REACTIONS, SLOW BREATHING | The basic structure and content of the intervention was developed following focus groups with people affected by the pandemic. Before the group programme commenced, participants took part in an individual 15 min online session to explain the programme and ensure they understood the rules for the group participation. Br... | PMC10577780 |
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