title stringlengths 1 1.19k | keywords stringlengths 0 668 | concept stringlengths 0 909 | paragraph stringlengths 0 61.8k | PMID stringlengths 10 11 |
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Key Points | PMC9947730 | |||
Question | What role could bayesian statistics play in data analysis for trauma-related clinical trials? | PMC9947730 | ||
Findings | In this quality improvement study with a post hoc bayesian analysis of the Pragmatic Randomized Optimal Platelet and Plasma Ratios Trial, there was a 93% and 87% probability that balanced transfusion strategies were superior to red blood cell–heavy approaches with regards to 24-hour and 30-day mortality, respectively. | PMC9947730 | ||
Meaning | The findings of this study suggest that bayesian approaches provide a probability-based alternative to frequentist statistics that may offer a more optimal framework for trauma-related studies.This quality improvement study describes the outcomes of bayesian statistical approaches using data from the Pragmatic Randomiz... | PMC9947730 | ||
Importance | Frequentist statistical approaches are the most common strategies for clinical trial design; however, bayesian trial design may provide a more optimal study technique for trauma-related studies. | PMC9947730 | ||
Objective | To describe the outcomes of bayesian statistical approaches using data from the Pragmatic Randomized Optimal Platelet and Plasma Ratios (PROPPR) Trial. | PMC9947730 | ||
Design, Setting, and Participants | PROPPR, trauma | This quality improvement study performed a post hoc bayesian analysis of the PROPPR Trial using multiple hierarchical models to assess the association of resuscitation strategy with mortality. The PROPPR Trial took place at 12 US level I trauma centers from August 2012 to December 2013. A total of 680 severely injured ... | PMC9947730 | |
Interventions | In the PROPPR Trial, patients were randomized to receive a balanced transfusion (equal portions of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells [1:1:1]) vs a red blood cell–heavy strategy (1:1:2) during their initial resuscitation. | PMC9947730 | ||
Main Outcomes and Measures | Primary outcomes from the PROPPR trial included 24-hour and 30-day all-cause mortality using frequentist statistical methods. Bayesian methods were used to define the posterior probabilities associated with the resuscitation strategies at each of the original primary end points. | PMC9947730 | ||
Results | hemorrhage | HEMORRHAGE | Overall, 680 patients (546 [80.3%] male; median [IQR] age, 34 [24-51] years, 330 [48.5%] with penetrating injury; median [IQR] Injury Severity Score, 26 [17-41]; 591 [87.0%] with severe hemorrhage) were included in the original PROPPR Trial. Between the groups, no significant differences in mortality were originally de... | PMC9947730 |
Conclusions and Relevance | PROPPR | HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK | In this quality improvement study, a post hoc bayesian analysis of the PROPPR Trial found evidence in support of mortality reduction with a balanced resuscitation strategy for patients in hemorrhagic shock. Bayesian statistical methods offer probability-based results capable of direct comparison between various interve... | PMC9947730 |
Introduction | hemorrhagic shock, PROPPR, trauma | HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK | Evidence-based medical practices remain the goal for clinical decision-making purposes in health care.Limitations in study design and methods pose further restrictions on a study’s quality and outcomes. Most medical studies are currently structured on frequentist statistics. Frequentist approaches often focus on the co... | PMC9947730 |
Methods | PROPPR, trauma | A post hoc side-by-side analysis of the PROPPR Trial was performed between December 2021 and June 2022 to compare frequentist vs bayesian statistical techniques. Per institutional policy, this study was exempt from institutional review board approval and the requirement for informed consent due to its retrospective nat... | PMC9947730 | |
Statistical Analysis | PROPPR, trauma | REGRESSION | Bayesian logistic regression hierarchical models were created to compare the mortality rates between resuscitation cohorts for each of the original study’s primary end points. Hierarchical models offer the ability to account for site-specific variations in practice patterns. Noninformative priors were incorporated into... | PMC9947730 |
Results | hemorrhage, PROPPR | HEMORRHAGE | The PROPPR Trial randomized 680 patients (338 in the 1:1:1 cohort vs 342 in the 1:1:2 cohort) with 546 (80.3%) male patients, a median (IQR) age of 34 (24-51) years, a median (IQR) Injury Severity Score of 26 (17-41), a total of 330 (48.5%) with penetrating injury, and a total of 591 (87.0%) with severe hemorrhage. Bas... | PMC9947730 |
Posterior Distribution for Mortality Difference at 24 Hours | PMC9947730 | |||
Posterior Distribution for Mortality Difference at 30 Days | PMC9947730 | |||
Comparison of Study Methods Between Frequentist and Bayesian Approaches Using the Pragmatic Randomized Optimal Platelet and Plasma Ratios Trial | Does a 1:1:1 resuscitation strategy statistically differ from a 1:1:2 strategy with regards to mortality?What is the probability that a 1:1:1 is superior or inferior to a 1:1:2 resuscitation strategy with regards to mortality?Null hypothesis is true.There are no mortality differences between the 1:1:1 and 1:1:2 strateg... | PMC9947730 | ||
RR Thresholds for Each Time Period Assessed | Abbreviations: LOE, Level of evidence; RR, risk ratio.RR values in favor of 1:1:1 resuscitation strategy compared with 1:1:2 resuscitation strategy, with lower RR thresholds representing a stronger benefit seen within a balanced approach.LOE based on Jeffery Scale of Evidence. | PMC9947730 | ||
Discussion | traumatic injuries, death, PROPPR | EXSANGUINATION | Through failing to reject the null hypothesis, the PROPPR Trial was unable to demonstrate a significant difference in overall mortality rates between a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 resuscitation strategy in patients with traumatic injuries at 24 hours and 30 days, the study’s original primary end points. Secondary outcomes suggest... | PMC9947730 |
Limitations | PROPPR, trauma | While we believe that bayesian methods offer a more intuitive and informative analysis compared with frequentist statistical methods, we recognize that this current study is not without its limitations. This analysis was intended to provide a simple framework and example of bayesian statistics for the trauma community ... | PMC9947730 | |
Conclusions | SAID | While both frequentist and bayesian approaches have their respective places, the benefits offered by bayesian approaches are becoming more mainstream with the widespread incorporation of advanced statistical software and improved computing power. Adoption of these techniques should be sought within future surgical tria... | PMC9947730 | |
References |
Data Sharing Statement
Click here for additional data file. | PMC9947730 | ||
Subject terms | neutropenia, fatigue, LBCL, transplant-ineligible, B cell lymphoma | ADVERSE EVENTS, CYTOKINE RELEASE SYNDROME, B CELL LYMPHOMA, NEUTROPENIA | Relapsed/refractory aggressive large B cell lymphoma (LBCL) remains an area of unmet need. Here we report the primary analysis of a phase 1b/2 trial of outpatient mosunetuzumab (a CD20xCD3 T-cell-engaging bispecific antibody) plus polatuzumab vedotin (an anti-CD79B antibody–drug conjugate) in relapsed/refractory LBCL. ... | PMC10803244 |
Main | LBCL, toxicity, aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma | PEARLY DISEASE, B CELL LYMPHOMA | Large B cell lymphoma (LBCL), the most common aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)Standard of care is evolving in the second-line treatment of LBCL and includes traditional salvage chemotherapy followed by consolidation with autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy in pa... | PMC10803244 |
Results | PMC10803244 | |||
Study design | LBCL, NHL | NHL | This is an ongoing phase 1b/2 multi-arm clinical trial of mosun-pola in R/R NHL. Here we present the phase 1b dose-escalation cohort in R/R NHL and the single-arm, phase 2 dose-expansion cohort in patients with second-line and later R/R LBCL (Extended Data Fig. | PMC10803244 |
Patients | Between 25 September 2018 and 14 February 2022, 120 patients were enrolled from 15 sites across two countries (the USA and Canada), with 22 patients treated in the phase 1b dose-escalation cohort ( | PMC10803244 | ||
Phase 1b dose escalation to determine the RP2D | DISEASE, INV | Mosunetuzumab was administered intravenously in 21-day cycles with cycle 1 step-up dosing: 1 mg on cycle 1, day 1 (C1D1); 2 mg on C1D8; escalated to a loading dose (9 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg or 60 mg) on C1D15 and C2D1; and then continued at the target dose (9 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg or 30 mg) from C3 onwards. Patients with a comple... | PMC10803244 | |
Efficacy in high-risk subgroups | Prespecified subgroup analyses of IRC-assessed best ORR and complete response rates using PET-CT in the phase 2 dose-expansion cohort are shown in Fig. | PMC10803244 | ||
Prespecified subgroup analysis of complete response and ORR in the dose-expansion cohort. | DISEASE | a,b, Complete response (CR) rates (Median PFS was 16.5 months (95% CI: 5.6–23.4) in patients who had received one prior line of therapy and 11.4 months (95% CI: 5.7–18.7) in those who had received two or more lines. In patients with DH/THL, median DoR and PFS were 20.5 months (95% CI: 3.0–NE) and 6.2 months (95% CI: 2.... | PMC10803244 | |
Treatments after progression or completion of mosun-pola | Overall, 52 patients received subsequent anti-lymphoma treatment after mosun-pola. Four patients received ASCT as consolidative therapy, including two patients who achieved a complete response and received consolidative ASCT at the end of mosun-pola treatment. Seven patients received allogeneic SCT, including two patie... | PMC10803244 | ||
Pharmacokinetics | The pharmacokinetics of mosunetuzumab administered in combination with polatuzumab vedotin in the phase 2 dose-expansion cohort were comparable to those previously reported with single-agent mosunetuzumab (Extended Data Fig. | PMC10803244 | ||
Pharmacodynamics | tumor | DISEASE, TUMOR | T cell activation, using the early activation marker CD69, was not observed after polatuzumab vedotin administration alone. However, percentages of both CD69B cell recovery was assessed given that the mosun-pola regimen targets two distinct B cell lineage markers. B cell counts were evaluated in patients who achieved a... | PMC10803244 |
Discussion | LBCL, toxicities, aggressive R/R LBCL | DISEASE, REMISSIONS | Primary analysis results from this phase 1b/2 dose-escalation and dose-expansion study demonstrated that mosun-pola is an effective therapy with durable responses and a manageable safety profile in patients with R/R LBCL. The MTD was not reached, and the RP2D of mosunetuzumab was established as 1/2/60/30 mg in combinat... | PMC10803244 |
Methods | PMC10803244 | |||
Recruitment and blinding | RECRUITMENT | This trial was open label with no blinding. Patients were recruited in 15 sites across two countries (the USA and Canada) among patients of the site or among patients referred from other hospitals from September 2018 to February 2022. Sites were at either academic or community hospitals. The phase 1 portion of the clin... | PMC10803244 | |
Biomarker assays | LYSED, LYSIS, EVENT | Peripheral blood samples were collected for central flow cytometry analysis of selected B cell and T cell markers. Whole blood samples were collected in Becton Dickinson (BD) Vacutainer tubes containing sodium heparin. For cell labeling, samples were labeled with antibodies for 30 min in the dark at ambient temperature... | PMC10803244 | |
Assessments | toxicity, tumor | DISEASE, TUMOR | Interim response assessments were obtained between C4D15 and C4D21 and at primary response assessment (PRA) at the end of C8. Patients with a complete response at PRA completed treatment at C8, whereas those with a partial response or stable disease at PRA continued mosunetuzumab monotherapy for a total of 17 cycles, u... | PMC10803244 |
Study endpoints during the phase 1b dose escalation | death | DISEASE, SECONDARY, INV | The primary objectives in the dose-escalation cohort were to evaluate safety and tolerability and to determine any DLTs, the MTD and the RP2D of mosunetuzumab in combination with polatuzumab vedotin 1.8 mg/kg. The secondary objectives were anti-tumor activity, determined by measuring the complete response rate at the t... | PMC10803244 |
Study endpoints during the phase 2 dose expansion | The primary efficacy endpoint in the dose-expansion cohort was best ORR based on PET-CT and/or CT scan by independent review committee (IRC) using Lugano 2014 criteria | PMC10803244 | ||
Statistical analysis | DLTs | The sample size of the dose-escalation cohort was based on dose-escalation rules, which was a modified 3 + 3 design. A minimum of three patients were initially enrolled in each cohort to evaluate DLTs. If none of the first three DLT-evaluable patients experienced a DLT, then enrollment of the next cohort could proceed.... | PMC10803244 | |
Reporting summary | Further information on research design is available in the | PMC10803244 | ||
Online content | Any methods, additional references, Nature Portfolio reporting summaries, source data, extended data, supplementary information, acknowledgements, peer review information; details of author contributions and competing interests; and statements of data and code availability are available at 10.1038/s41591-023-02726-5. | PMC10803244 | ||
Supplementary information |
Supplementary redacted protocolReporting Summary | PMC10803244 | ||
Extended data | PMC10803244 | |||
Kaplan–Meier plots by investigator of: A, duration of response in responders (n = 61), B, duration of complete response in complete responders (n = 50), and C, duration of complete and partial responses among responders (n = 61), and D, progression-free survival in the dose-expansion cohort (n = 98; efficacy-evaluable ... | PD | DISEASE | Note: in Panel A and C, one patient had PR and PD at the same assessment and was therefore excluded from the duration of response among responders curves. CR, complete response; NE, not estimable; No., number; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response.
| PMC10803244 |
Patients (%) with CRS events by cycle and grade in the overall R/R LBCL population (safety evaluable population). | CRS | B-CELL LYMPHOMA, CYTOKINE RELEASE SYNDROME | CRS was graded using American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy criteria. C, cycle; CRS, cytokine release syndrome; D, day; LBCL, large B-cell lymphoma; NA, not applicable; R/R, relapsed/refractory.
| PMC10803244 |
Mosunetuzumab serum concentration over time in the dose-expansion cohort (n = 98). | LLOQ, lower limit of quantification; mosun, mosunetuzumab; SD, standard deviation.
| PMC10803244 | ||
Impact of polatuzumab vedotin on the pharmacodynamics of mosunetuzumab by assessing the CD4+ and CD8+ change from baseline for A, CD69, B, HLA-DR and C, margination. | BLOOD | Note: T-cell markers (percentages of CD69+ and PD1+ in CD4 and CD8 T cells) and cell counts of CD4 and CD8, in peripheral blood, were measured at baseline, 30 minutes after polatuzumab vedotin dosing and 2 hours after mosunetuzumab at multiple time points. Blood samples from patients treated with 1/2/60/30 mg of mosun-... | PMC10803244 | |
CD19 B-cell recovery over time in patients who achieved a complete response (n = 27) in the dose-escalation and dose-expansion cohorts. | Note: The proportion of patients with low (<70 cells/µL) or normal (≥70 cells/µL) CD19+ B cell counts at specified timepoints during treatment and follow-up visits are indicated. C1D1-PRE, C2D1, C3D1 and C5D1 represent timepoints before treatment dosing. C1D1 after polatuzumab vedotin represents the timepoint 30 minute... | PMC10803244 | ||
Extended data | is available for this paper at 10.1038/s41591-023-02726-5. | PMC10803244 | ||
Supplementary information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41591-023-02726-5. | PMC10803244 | ||
Author contributions | Conception and design: C.D., C.L.B., I.T., J.J., M.C.W., S.P., T.J. and W.S.E. Provision of study materials or patients: I.T., M.C.W., C.L.B., S.P., C.D., D.M., M.K., S.S., A.M., S.N., S.K.N., I.L., W.S.E., K.D., A.J.O., S.A., J.C.C. and L.E.B. Collection and assembly of data: I.T., J.J., M.C.W., C.L.B., T.J., S.P., C.... | PMC10803244 | ||
Peer review | PMC10803244 | |||
Data availability | The sponsor was involved in the design and conduct of the study and in the collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data. All authors had full access to the data in the study.Qualified researchers may request access to individual patient-level data through the clinical study data request platform ( | PMC10803244 | ||
Competing interests | Cancer, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Chase Cancer, TG, NHL | LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOMA, FOX, CROSS, NHL, ONCOLOGY, CANCER | L.E.B. reports research funding from Amgen, Merck and AstraZeneca and consulting fees from Genentech, Inc., AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Kite Pharma and Nurix. A.J.O. reports being a Clinical Research Scholar of the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society; research funding from Genentech, Inc., Precision Biosciences,... | PMC10803244 |
References | PMC10803244 | |||
1. Introduction | neurodegeneration, UL tremor, tremor, tremors, neurodegenerative movement disorder, Parkinson’s disease, orthosis, PD, rigidity, dysregulation syndrome, bradykinesia, cerebral palsy, deterioration of manual dexterity, dyskinesias | DISEASES, DISEASE PROGRESSION, NEURODEGENERATION, DISEASE, AIDS, CEREBRAL PALSY | Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, neurodegenerative movement disorder, whose symptoms have a negative impact on quality of life and functionality. Although its main treatment is pharmacological, non-pharmacological aids such as the dynamic elastomeric fabric orthosis (DEFO) merit an evaluation. Our objective is to... | PMC10049252 |
2. Materials and Methods | PMC10049252 | |||
2.1. Participants | tremor, rigidity, PD, bradykinesia, Parkinson, dyskinesias | MOVEMENT DISORDER, DISEASE, ASSOCIATED DISEASE, RECRUITMENT | A longitudinal crossover study, with a control group and an experimental group, was carried out. Participants with PD were recruited by consecutive non-probability sampling from September to October 2021. The inclusion criteria were: male and female patients diagnosed with PD, who, during the recruitment period, were a... | PMC10049252 |
2.2. Procedures | tremor, rigidity, Parkinson’s disease, orthosis, UL dexterity | The calculation of the sample size was based on the tremor and rigidity improvement as the main variables of the study. Given alpha risk of 0.05 and a beta risk of 0.20, in bilateral contrast, it is estimated that 40 participants (20 for each group) were required to detect a minimum difference of 0.50 in the rigidity a... | PMC10049252 | |
3. Results | PMC10049252 | |||
4. Discussion | loss of functional mobility, tremor, PD, orthosis, hand movements, disability | DISEASE PROGRESSION, DISEASE, DISORDERS, PATHOLOGY, DISEASES | The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of the use of a DEFO for the UL on the functionality and quality of life of people with PD. The main findings of the present study are an immediate improvement after the implementation of the orthosis in the OFF and ON states of motor variables in the postural tremor ta... | PMC10049252 |
Author Contributions | Conceptualization, J.G.-S., E.C. and J.M.G.-G.; methodology, J.G.-B.; software, J.G.-B.; validation, E.C. and J.M.G.-G.; formal analysis, M.J.-B., M.S.-P. and J.G.-B.; investigation, B.G.-L., A.B., M.T., M.S.-P. and G.G.; resources, B.G.-L., A.B., M.J.A.M., M.T. and G.G.; data curation, J.G.-B.; writing—original draft ... | PMC10049252 | ||
Institutional Review Board Statement | The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Health Area of Burgos and Soria (Spain), with reference number CEIM-2119/2019 before participating in the present study on 25 March 2021 (ClinicalTrials.gov test number: NCT04815382). | PMC10049252 | ||
Informed Consent Statement | Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. | PMC10049252 | ||
Data Availability Statement | Not applicable. | PMC10049252 | ||
Conflicts of Interest | The authors declare no conflict of interest. | PMC10049252 | ||
References | tremor | DEFO implemented in a patient with PD.Study flow chart. DEFO: dynamic elastomeric fabric orthoses.Evaluation kit (Purdue pegboard, Minnesota and Kinesia ONE).Baseline characteristics of participants.Abbreviations: CG: control group; EG: experimental group; UL: upper limb.Baseline UPDRS scores—resting and action tremor ... | PMC10049252 | |
INTRODUCTION | Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O
Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇OGiven the great importance for long‐distance endurance performance, a critical question is which training modality may yield the most potent V̇OSupramaximal sprint interval training (SIT) is another intermittent format that is advocated for effective improvements in ... | PMC10099854 | ||
METHODS | PMC10099854 | |||
Subjects | Forty‐eight healthy non‐smoking males volunteered to participate in the present study. Females were not invited to participate to ensure homogeneity of physiological factors and baseline training status. The subjects were aerobically well‐trained and relatively accustomed to treadmill running, but not specialized runne... | PMC10099854 | ||
Study timeline | After randomization, and within 2 weeks before the intervention period, the subjects met three times in the laboratory where two of them were for metabolic testing and the last one for a blood draw. Additionally, the participants met once at an indoor track and field arena. All subjects had at least 1 day of rest prece... | PMC10099854 | ||
Testing procedures | PMC10099854 | |||
Test day 1 (V̇O | The motorized treadmill (Woodway PPS 55 Sport, Germany) was set at 3° inclination throughout test day 1 and 2. Hence, all measurements of the relationship between velocity and pulmonary oxygen uptake (V̇OEmpirically, V̇O | PMC10099854 | ||
Test day 2 (maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and V̇O | REGRESSION | A linear regression was established between V̇OTest day 2 started with a 15‐min warm‐up at ~70% of HRTotal accumulated oxygen cost (in VOHowever, since the relationship between V̇OStored oxygen bound to myoglobin and hemoglobin constitutes about 9% of the MAOD and was not corrected for in the calculation. | PMC10099854 | |
Test day 3 (long‐distance and sprint running performance) | Performance tests were conducted on a banked 200‐m indoor track and field. 10 min of individual warm‐up, including 2–4 short sprints, preceded a sprint running test of 300 m. After the sprint test, subjects rested for 30 min before the long‐distance running test of 3000 m, of which the last 10 min were dedicated to ano... | PMC10099854 | ||
Test day 4 (hematological parameters) | Fasting venous blood | Fasting venous blood samples were drawn from the antecubital area. Bicarbonate were analyzed using a Siemens Advia Chemistry XPT (Siemens Healthliners, Germany). Erythrocytes, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and hematocrit were analyzed using a Sysmex XN (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japa... | PMC10099854 | |
Training interventions | Gymleco | Subjects were instructed to refrain from other high‐intensity endurance training during the study. However, subjects were encouraged to continue as usual with other physical activities (e.g., soccer, handball, hiking). For all interventions, treadmills (Gymleco LTX200, Sweden) were set at ~3° inclination and the warm‐u... | PMC10099854 | |
HIIT 4 × 4 min | The HIIT group performed 4 intervals of 4 min duration at ~95% of MAS, aiming to elicit 90–95% of HR | PMC10099854 | ||
SIT 8 × 20 s | Consisted of ~8 × 20‐s intervals at ~150% of MAS separated by 10 s of passive rest, aiming to exhaust the subject during the eighth or ninth interval. If a ninth interval was completed, the velocity was increased in the following training session. Every subject had one‐to‐one follow‐up and received verbal encouragement... | PMC10099854 | ||
SIT 10 × 30 s | The protocol was carried out in accordance with Skovgaard et al., | PMC10099854 | ||
Statistical analysis | All statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 27 software (IBM Corp., USA). Figures were created using GraphPad Prism 9.0 (GraphPad Software, USA). In all cases, | PMC10099854 | ||
RESULTS | PMC10099854 | |||
Withdrawal and compliance to training | Of the 48 subjects randomized to the three training groups, nine withdrew before the interventions started (Figure Representative examples of the three exercise interventions. Dotted line (‐ ‐ ‐) represents heart rate whereas solid line (–) represents oxygen uptake. Notice how the heart rate typically relates to oxygen... | PMC10099854 | ||
Maximal oxygen uptake and oxygen pulse | HIIT 4 × 4 min and SIT 8 × 20 s exhibited within‐group increases (Percentage change in V̇OData from pre‐ and posttests of V̇O
| PMC10099854 | ||
Maximal accumulated oxygen deficit | The calculation of MAOD is illustrated in Figure Illustration of the calculation of maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) for a subject, with a V̇OData from pre‐ and posttests of maximal accumulated oxygen deficit.
| PMC10099854 | ||
Long‐distance and sprint running performance | HIIT 4 × 4 min, SIT 8 × 20 s, and SIT 10 × 30 s improved 3000‐m time trial by 5.9 ± 3.2%, 4.1 ± 3.7% and 2.2 ± 2.2%, respectively ( | PMC10099854 | ||
Hematological variables | HIIT 4 × 4 min increased (Hematological variables
| PMC10099854 | ||
Noteworthy correlations | Post training, V̇O | PMC10099854 | ||
DISCUSSION | V̇O | PMC10099854 | ||
fatigue | The present study shows that HIIT 4 × 4 min is more effective than SIT with short (8 × 20 s) and long (10 × 30 s) recovery periods for improving V̇OIn accordance with our hypothesis, It is also noteworthy that during SIT with longer recovery periods, such as 10 × 30 s, the decrease in V̇OExercise at ~95% of MAS can be ... | PMC10099854 | ||
Running economy and lactate threshold | Aside V̇OLT as a percentage of V̇O | PMC10099854 | ||
In the current study, anaerobic capacity, measured as MAOD, increased more after SIT 8 × 20 s compared with HIIT 4 × 4 min, and no changes were observed following HIIT 4 × 4 min or SIT 10 × 30 s. As HIIT 4 × 4 min is designed to enable a high aerobic intensity with minimal anaerobic contribution, it is unsurprising tha... | PMC10099854 | |||
EVENT | All three training groups in the current study improved long‐distance endurance performance. Recognizing the greater aerobic energy contribution (90–95%) to an event lasting 11–12 min,Although a smaller improvement than HIIT 4 × 4 min and SIT 8 × 20 s, the contributing factors to improved long‐distance endurance perfor... | PMC10099854 | ||
SIT‐groups | No differences between groups were observed for sprint endurance performance. Albeit, both SIT‐groups exhibited within‐group improvements. The improved 300‐m running performance following SIT 10 × 30 s is in close agreement to previous research demonstrating anaerobic performance improvements in the range of 5–7% follo... | PMC10099854 | ||
Bicarbonate concentration, an indicator of buffer capacity, increased following HIIT 4 × 4 min compared with both SIT protocols, suggesting a superior buffer capacity following HIIT. However, this finding contrasts with previous work, | PMC10099854 | |||
Perspective | dizziness, nausea, vomiting | ADVERSE EFFECTS | The present study may guide the public, coaches, and athletes towards selecting the most suitable interval format for aerobically well‐trained men, depending on the purpose of prescribing exercise. If the objective is to improve V̇OA noteworthy difference between HIIT 4 × 4 min and the SIT formats is that the former is... | PMC10099854 |
CONCLUSION | In conclusion, HIIT 4 × 4 min is superior for increasing V̇O | PMC10099854 |
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