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Results
Seven subjects dropped out during the study, resulting in a total of 21 subjects (FOS group, n = 10 [M: 5, F: 5); PL group, n = 11 [M: 5, F: 6]). Reasons for dropouts are noted in the participant flow diagram (Baseline participant characteristics.Data are mean (SD). Omega-3 Index = %EPA + %DHA in red blood cells
PMC9970203
Dietary intake
All dietary data, normalized by body mass (kg) for the macronutrients, are reported in Nutritional analysis.Amount of EPA and DHA does not include supplementationAbbreviations: FO, fish oil; PL, placebo; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid
PMC9970203
Volume load
±
Total volume load over the 10 weeks was similar between conditions (FOS: 42,670 ± 18,925 kg, PL: 43,879 ± 22,765 kg, Weekly Volume Load for the a) Back Squat and b) Bench Press. Data are mean ± SD.*significantly different than week 1 for PL (Back Squat:
PMC9970203
Strength testing
The 1RM strength data are shown in Individual Data Points of the Change in Relative a) 1RM Bench Press (1RM
PMC9970203
Discussion
muscle mass, RET, skeletal muscle adaptations
To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effects of FOS compared to PL on skeletal muscle adaptations following a 10-week RET program in young adults, while using a membrane-centric hypothesis. We demonstrated that 3.85 g combined EPA and DHA daily for 10-weeks resulted in significantly greater RET-...
PMC9970203
Conclusion
RET, skeletal muscle adaptations
In summary, our data confirms, once again, that RET is key for beneficial skeletal muscle adaptations and body recomposition in young healthy men and women. The addition of fish oil supplementation (4 g∙d
PMC9970203
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the participants and training staff for their hard work and dedication to this study. The results of the present study do not constitute product endorsement by the authors or the ISSN. The views and information presented are those of the authors and do not represent the official position...
PMC9970203
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
PMC9970203
Author contributions
Study Design: JLH, LKF, JSF, NDB, AJK, ST; Funding Acquisition: JLH, LKF, AG; Data Collection: JLH, LKF, SBM, DRH, and LCS; Data Analysis: JLH and ST; Manuscript Writing: JLH, SBM, LKF, DRH, NDB, AJK, JSF; Final Manuscript Review and Approval: JLH, SBM, DRH, LKF, JSF, NDB, AJK, ST, LCS, and AG.
PMC9970203
References
PMC9970203
Background
SECONDARY CANCER, BREAST CANCER
Contributed equally.Contributed equallyTamoxifen is an established treatment for breast cancer, but its long-term effects on survival and on secondary cancers are not fully evaluated.
PMC10400913
Material and methods
We studied 30 years outcome of 4124 postmenopausal patients who were randomized to receive (totally) two or five years of adjuvant tamoxifen.
PMC10400913
Results
lung cancer, endometrial cancer, breast cancer
ENDOMETRIAL CANCER, BREAST CANCER, CONTRALATERAL BREAST CANCER, DISEASE, LUNG CANCER
After 5 years of follow-up, when tamoxifen treatment was finished in both groups, until 15 years of follow-up, overall mortality (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.72–0.90, p < 0.001), breast cancer mortality for all patients (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68–0.94, p = 0.006) and breast cancer mortality for patients with estrogen receptor positiv...
PMC10400913
Conclusion
lung cancer, endometrial cancer, breast cancer
LUNG CANCER, CONTRALATERAL BREAST CANCER, ENDOMETRIAL CANCER, BREAST CANCER
Three more years of tamoxifen therapy reduced the risk of breast cancer mortality. The difference was established during the first 15 years after randomization. Moreover, the incidence of contralateral breast cancer gradually decreased for 30 years. The incidence of lung cancer was reduced in the five-year group. In co...
PMC10400913
Introduction
lung cancer, endometrial cancer, breast cancer
RECURRENCES, ENDOMETRIAL CANCER, RECURRENCE, ESTROGEN RECEPTOR POSITIVE BREAST CANCER, BREAST CANCER, CONTRALATERAL BREAST CANCER, LUNG CANCER
Tamoxifen is an effective adjuvant treatment for early breast cancer reducing recurrence and mortality rates [As first demonstrated by Fornander and coworkers, tamoxifen increased the risk of endometrial cancer [Estrogen receptor positive breast cancer is associated with late recurrences and prolonged follow-up from br...
PMC10400913
Materials and methods
Breast Cancer, tumors, breast cancer
BREAST CANCER, TUMORS, INVASIVE BREAST CANCER, BREAST CANCER
The trial was planned and organized by the Swedish Breast Cancer Group and involved five regional breast cancer centers and was approved by their Ethics Committees. Study characteristics by trial center are shown in Study characteristics by trial center.During the period 1983–1992 a total of 4610 postmenopausal women y...
PMC10400913
Statistical analyses
death
REGRESSION, EVENTS, EVENT
Time for follow-up was defined as the time from randomization until the first event, death, or last observation (December 31, 2019). Median time for follow up was 30.2 years for living patients and 17.4 years for all patients. We examined crude cumulative incidence rates which is failure probabilities for a particular ...
PMC10400913
Results
PMC10400913
Contralateral breast cancer
tamoxifen.13
CONTRALATERAL BREAST CANCER, EVENTS
The incidence of contralateral breast cancer was reduced in the five-year group, HR 0.75 (95% CI 0.59–0.95, p = 0.029) as illustrated in Incidence of contralateral breast cancer. Events after 2 versus 5 years of tamoxifen treatment.CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio; SHR = subhazard ratio; TAM = tamoxifen.13 p...
PMC10400913
Endometrial cancer
endometrial cancer
CONTRALATERAL BREAST CANCER, ENDOMETRIAL CANCER, EVENTS
In the five-year group, the incidence of endometrial cancer was increased compared with the two-year group, HR 1.65 (95% CI 1.12–2.42, p = 0.010), Incidence of endometrial cancer. Events after 2 versus 5 years of tamoxifen treatment.CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio; SHR = subhazard ratio; TAM = tamoxifen.22 ...
PMC10400913
Lung cancer
lung cancer, primary lung cancer
LUNG CANCER, CONTRALATERAL BREAST CANCER, EVENTS
In agreement with our previous report from this trialIncidence of primary lung cancer for patients randomized to two versus five years of tamoxifen.Incidence of lung cancer. Events after 2 versus 5 years of tamoxifen treatment. CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio; SHR = subhazard ratio; TAM = tamoxifen.Before t...
PMC10400913
Discussion
endometrial cancer, breast cancer death, breast cancer, reduction of breast cancer, endometrial cancers, lung cancer, lung cancers, tumors
ENDOMETRIAL CANCER, RECURRENCE, BREAST CANCER, CONTRALATERAL BREAST CANCER, DISEASE, LUNG CANCER, LUNG CANCERS, EVENTS, TUMORS, METASTASES
In the present study with extended follow-up data, overall mortality, cumulative breast cancer mortality, incidence of contralateral breast cancer and incidence of lung cancer were delayed in the five year-group as compared to the two year-group. It is well known that the effect of tamoxifen remains beyond the duration...
PMC10400913
Funding
ALF, Cancer
CANCER
The study was supported by grants without numbers from the King Gustaf the Vth Jubilee Clinic Cancer Foundations in Gothenburg and from the Swedish governmental grants to scientists working in health care (ALF), the
PMC10400913
Declaration of interest statement
The authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
PMC10400913
Ethical approval
The present study of long-term effects of tamoxifen treatment has been carried out with the approval of the Regional Ethical Review Board in Linköping Sweden (Dnr 2011/317-31).
PMC10400913
Authors’ contributions
RECRUITMENT
A.N. wrote most of the manuscript, H.F. performed statistical analyses and prepared figures and tables in close collaboration with O.S., B.N. and A.W. planned the clinical trial with B.N. serving as PI. J.R. kept the database, T.F., T.H., H.L., NO.B. and P.M. were responsible for patient recruitment at their trial cent...
PMC10400913
References
PMC10400913
Abbreviations
confidence intervalestrogen receptorestrogen receptor positivehazard ratiosubhazard ratiotamoxifen
PMC10400913
Purpose:
HIV (PWH
To test the efficacy of two interventions to reduce alcohol use and increase viral suppression compared to a control in persons with HIV (PWH).
PMC10437504
Methods:
NDD
DISORDERS
In a three-arm (1:1:1) randomized controlled trial (N = 269), we compared in-person counselling (45–70 minutes, two sessions over three months) with interim monthly booster phone calls (live call arm) or twice-weekly automated booster sessions (technology arm) to a brief advice control arm. We enrolled PWH self-reporti...
PMC10437504
Results:
reductions in mean NDDs, NDDs, viral suppression
At baseline, mean 21-day NDDs were 9.4 (95 % CI: 9.1–9.8), mean PEth was 407.8 ng/mL (95 % CI: 340.7–474.8), and 89.2 % were virally suppressed. At follow-up, there were significant reductions in mean NDDs for the live call versus control arm (3.5, 95 % CI:2.1–4.9, p < 0.001) and for the technology versus control arm (...
PMC10437504
Conclusion:
NDD
Intervention effects were found on self-reported NDD but not PEth or viral suppression, suggesting no treatment effect.(
PMC10437504
Introduction
PWH, HIV viral suppression
Alcohol consumption is a critical driver of poor HIV outcomes,especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where both are extremely common (The vast majority of PWH live in low-income settings, thus low-cost alcohol interventions, such as brief counselling-based interventions, are needed. A meta-analysis of alcohol counsell...
PMC10437504
Methods
PMC10437504
Design
This was a 3-arm parallel design RCT with a 1:1:1 allocation ratio.
PMC10437504
Setting
ISS
SYNDROME, IMMUNE SUPPRESSION
The study took place in the semi-urban setting of Mbarara, Uganda. Participants were recruited from the Immune Suppression Syndrome (ISS) Clinic of the Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH), an HIV clinic with over 11,000 active patients.
PMC10437504
Ethical approval
All study procedures were approved by the institutional review boards of the University of California, San Francisco, the Mbarara University of Science and Technology, and the Uganda National Council on Science and Technology. The study was registered at
PMC10437504
Inclusion criteria
DISORDERS
Inclusion criteria were being infected with HIV, 18 years and older, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – Consumption (AUDIT-C, modified to cover the prior 3 months) positive (≥3 for women, ≥4 for men); having daily access to a working cell phone (confirmed by study staff); being prescribed antiretroviral therap...
PMC10437504
Recruitment
We screened clinic patients who had reported any alcohol use via the AUDIT in their intake clinic visits or by clinic staff knowledge. All participants gave written informed consent to participate in the study in either English or Runyankole.
PMC10437504
Randomization and masking
Following baseline questionnaires and blood draw, we randomized participants to: (1) in-person brief workbook-based alcohol counseling at two regularly-scheduled quarterly clinic visits plus interim boosters delivered every 3 weeks by phone (live call arm); (2) in-person brief workbook-based alcohol counseling at two r...
PMC10437504
Interventions
The in-person one-on-one counseling sessions, administered by a lay health-counselor in both intervention arms, were conducted in a private room at the clinic using an illustrated workbook. Before the trial, we adapted the workbook from a prior study (Booster sessions, tailored to participants’ drinking agreements and ...
PMC10437504
Fidelity
We audio-recorded the in-person counseling sessions and the Ugandan study coordinator reviewed 15 % of them for fidelity (n = 37), using a 17-item check-list of intervention components adapted to the current trial (
PMC10437504
Adaptations for COVID-19
MAY
On March 30, 2020, the Ugandan government issued restrictions on movement that lasted until May 22, 2020. During that time, we ceased in-person study visits. At the start of the restrictions, 31 persons were enrolled and had completed session one only. To avoid in-person contact, we extended delivery of booster session...
PMC10437504
Assessments
We conducted a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire at baseline, six, and nine months. The baseline questionnaire included demographics and literacy (
PMC10437504
Laboratory testing
We conducted venous blood draws at each study visit. We prepared dried blood spots (DBS) by pipetting 5 μL spots onto Whatman 903 cards. DBS cards were stored at −80 C and shipped in batches to a commercial laboratory for PEth quantification (16:0/18:1 analog), with limit of quantification (LOQ) of 8 ng/mL (
PMC10437504
Primary outcomes
NDD, viral suppression
The primary outcomes were number of days drinking (NDD) alcohol in the prior 21 (calculated from the 30-day TLFB) and PEth at the six- and nine-month study visits, together, and viral suppression (<40 copies/mL) at nine months. We chose NDD to be consistent with a similar intervention (
PMC10437504
Secondary outcomes
Additional outcomes were the number of heavy drinking days (>3 drinks per day for women and >4 drinks per day for men) in the prior 21 days, the AUDIT-C score (0–12), unhealthy alcohol consumption (AUDIT-C positive), PEth ≥ 50 ng/mL (consistent with unhealthy drinking) (
PMC10437504
Statistical methods
PMC10437504
Primary outcomes
NDD
We calculated summary statistics (proportions, means, and 95 % confidence intervals [CIs]) at baseline and follow up, overall and by randomization arm. For the primary analyses, we used mixed effects modeling of the follow up time points, using Intention to Treat. The models included random effects for participants, an...
PMC10437504
Secondary outcomes and post-hoc analyses
NDD, anemia
REGRESSION, SECONDARY, ANEMIA, SEVERE ANEMIA
We constructed additional models for the secondary outcomes, using the logit link for binary outcomes, negative binomial distribution for count outcomes, and linear models for continuous outcomes, controlling for sex and the baseline level of the outcome variable. Our mixed model for the composite AUDIT-C/PEth variable...
PMC10437504
Sample size
The a priori sample size calculation assumed 90 % follow-up retention and used a simplifying t-test for power calculations. We found that a sample size of 90 per study arm, chosen for logistical feasibility, would yield 80 % power to detect a difference in the number of drinking days in the prior 21 between two study a...
PMC10437504
Results
PMC10437504
Enrollment and retention
From September 19, 2019 through December 20, 2020, 994 persons were approached, 321 were eligible, and 270 were randomized (Two-thirds (65.4 %) of the participants were male and the mean age was 40.2 (95 % CI: 39.1–41.3)(
PMC10437504
Intervention adherence and satisfaction
All participants in the intervention arms completed the first in-person session, and 97.8 % of persons in the live counselling arm and 94.4 % of participants in the technology arm completed session 2 (
PMC10437504
Primary outcomes
NDD, NDDs, anemia
ANEMIA
The unadjusted means for NDDs and PEth by study month are presented (We found no evidence of effect modification by sex, baseline alcohol use (above or below the median NDD, PEth, and AUDIT-C≥8), baseline social desirability score (above or below the median), and whether the study visit occurred before or after the COV...
PMC10437504
Secondary outcomes and exploratory analyses
SDS
SECONDARY
The results for secondary alcohol outcome measures were consistent with the main findings. We observed statistically significant decreases in both intervention arms compared to the control at follow up when measured by self-reported number of heavy drinking days, AUDIT-C score, and unhealthy alcohol use by AUDIT-C (SDS...
PMC10437504
Discussion
PWH, multiple co-morbidities
We compared two versions of a brief multi-session alcohol intervention targeted to PWH with unhealthy alcohol use adapted for the Ugandan context (We suspect that the self-reported decreases in alcohol use were at least in part due to social desirability, as SDS scores increased over the study period. In qualitative in...
PMC10437504
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the hard work of the Extend Team study staff, especially the counsellors and research assistants. We also thank the study participants for their time and participation. We dedicate this manuscript to the fond memory of Dr. Richard Saitz.
PMC10437504
Role of funding source
This work is funded by National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Grant #R01 AA024990 and #K24 AA022586.Conflict of interestDr. Hahn received consulting fees from Pear Therapeutics in 2022.
PMC10437504
Abbreviations:
PhosphatidylethanolPersons with HIV
PMC10437504
References
NDD
REGRESSION, SECONDARY
Consort diagram for randomized controlled trial of two brief alcohol interventions versus a control. Primary outcomes by study arm over study months. A) Mean self-reported number of drinking days (NDD), prior 21, with 95 % confidence intervals. B) Mean phosphatidylethanol (PEth) ng/mL with 95 % confidence intervals.Bas...
PMC10437504
Background
heart failure
HEART FAILURE
It is an important strategy for healthcare providers to support heart failure patients with comprehensive aspects of self-management. A practical alternative to a comprehensive and user-friendly self-management program for heart failure patients is needed. This study aimed to develop a mobile self-management app progra...
PMC9827017
Methods
heart failure
HEART FAILURE, HEART
We developed a mobile app, called Heart Failure-Smart Life. The app was to provide educational materials using a daily health check-up diary, Q & A, and 1:1 chat, considering individual users’ convenience. An experimental study was employed using a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of the program in p...
PMC9827017
Results
HEART
After 3 months of intervention, significant differences between experimental and control groups were shown in the New York Heart Association functional class (
PMC9827017
Conclusions
heart failure
HEART FAILURE
This study provides evidence that the mobile app program may provide benefits to its users, specifically improvements of symptom and cardiac diastolic function in patients with heart failure. Healthcare providers can effectively and practically guide and support patients with heart failure using comprehensive and conve...
PMC9827017
Keywords
PMC9827017
Background
fatigue, dizziness, depression, heart failure, shortness of breath
HEART FAILURE, CHRONIC DISEASE
Along with the increase in the global aging population, the prevalence of heart failure has rapidly increased. A recent survey by the National Health and Nutrition Examination in the United States estimated the prevalence of heart failure to be 6.2 million, approximately 2.2% of the adult population, between 2013 and 2...
PMC9827017
Methods
PMC9827017
Study design
This study was a non-blinded, randomized controlled trial (RCT). Data were collected from July 2018 to June 2019. In both the experimental and control groups, data were collected at baseline and 3-month follow-up.
PMC9827017
Participants and recruitment
heart failure, cognitive disorders
HEART FAILURE
Participants were recruited from cardiovascular outpatient clinics at two large tertiary medical centers in Korea. One hundred patients were screened for eligibility with the following criteria. Patients were eligible to participate if they were: (1) diagnosed with heart failure by a cardiologist and regularly visiting...
PMC9827017
Intervention
heart failure, illness
HEART FAILURE, HEART
Based on the international guidelines for the management of heart failure [The content of the final draft was developed as a mobile app program, named “Heart Failure-Smart Life”, with the cooperation of app development specialists. For comprehensive self-management and efficient communication between heart failure pati...
PMC9827017
Study variables
depression, Depression
HEART FAILURE, HEART
We collected baseline demographic and clinical information, including age, gender, the existence of a partner, education level, economic status, duration of heart failure, number of hospital admissions, and comorbidities.Physiological factors were measured on a three-part form, which included: (1) anthropometric measur...
PMC9827017
Statistical analyses
depression
Data collected in this study were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). It was analyzed by a two-sided test at a significance level of 0.05. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants were represented by frequency, mean, and standard deviation. The differences in gen...
PMC9827017
Results
PMC9827017
Effects of Heart Failure-Smart Life mobile app program
depression
HEART
Of the 36 participants in the experimental group, 24 (66.7%) reported that they had participated in the mobile app program regularly (more than 5 days per week), including the participation in recording health check-up diary, 1:1 chat with the cardiac nurse, physical activity and exercise, dietary change, medication in...
PMC9827017
Discussion
depression, heart failure, chronic disease
HEART FAILURE, HEART, SECONDARY, CHRONIC DISEASE
This study developed a mobile app of the Heart Failure-Smart Life that is a comprehensive self-management program for patients with heart failure and evaluated the effects of the program through a RCT design. It demonstrated no changes in the primary outcomes of psychosocial (depression and QoL) and behavioral factors ...
PMC9827017
Conclusions
heart failure
HEART FAILURE, HEART
A mobile-based self-management app, the Heart Failure-Smart Life, implied improvements in the experimental group’s functional class and cardiac diastolic function. Mobile apps appear to benefit patients’ continuous self-management and health outcomes, healthcare providers’ consecutive monitoring, effective communicatio...
PMC9827017
Acknowledgements
None.
PMC9827017
Author contributions
JSP
Study conceptualization was performed by JAA. Data curation was performed by EYC, JSP and JAA. Formal analysis was performed by JAA and SA. Funding acquisition was performed by JAA. Supervision was performed by EYC, JSP and JAA. Writing was performed by JAA and DM. All authors reviewed the manuscript. All authors read ...
PMC9827017
Funding
This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2017R1C1B1007090 & NRF-2022R1F1A1075049). This funding source had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of t...
PMC9827017
Availability of data and materials
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and with permission of the medical centers where the authors collected the data retrospectively.
PMC9827017
Declarations
PMC9827017
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was conducted with the approval of the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of Ajou University Hospital and Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University (IRB No. AJIRB-MED-SUR-18–053 & 3–2018-0281). All participants completed written informed consent forms and were assured that their information would remain c...
PMC9827017
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
PMC9827017
Competing interests
All authors declare that they have no competing interests.
PMC9827017
References
PMC9827017
Background
sarcopenia, ICU-AW
SARCOPENIA
Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) is a prevalent and severe issue among ICU patients. Resistance training and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) intervention have demonstrated the potential to enhance muscle function in patients with sarcopenia and in older adults. The purpose of this study was to dete...
PMC10724983
Methods
muscle mass
In this multicentre, four-arm, single-blind randomised control trial, a total of 112 adult patients with internal medical diagnoses admitted to the ICU were enrolled. These participants were then randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: the resistance training group received protocol-based multilevel resistan...
PMC10724983
Results
Resistance training and combination treatment groups exhibited significant increases in SPPB scores (3.848 and 2.832 points, respectively) compared to the control group and substantial improvements in 6WMD (99.768 and 88.577 m, respectively) (all with
PMC10724983
Conclusions
muscle mass
Resistance training with or without beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate during the entire hospitalisation intervention improves physical function and muscle strength in medical ICU patients, but muscle mass, quality of life, and 60-day mortality were unaffected.
PMC10724983
Trial registration
ChiCTR2200057685 was registered on March 15th, 2022.
PMC10724983
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13054-023-04698-x.
PMC10724983
Keywords
PMC10724983
Background
skeletal muscle mass, critically ill, sarcopenia, ICU-AW, skeletal muscle wasting, cancer cachexia
CRITICALLY ILL, CRITICAL ILLNESS, SARCOPENIA, MUSCLE WASTING
Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) is a frequent problem that induces skeletal muscle wasting while patients are suffering from a life-threatening condition [Emerging research indicates the significant influence of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on skeletal muscle mass and physical function in a cli...
PMC10724983
Methods
PMC10724983
Study design
This four-arm, multicentre RCT was registered in the Clinical Trials Registry (ChiCTR2200057685) and approved by the Fujian Provincial Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee (K2021-04-004). All procedures were carried out in compliance with ethical norms for human experimentation as well as the Helsinki Declaration o...
PMC10724983
Participants and settings
This trial was conducted in 10 ICUs at five academic and tertiary comprehensive hospitals in Fujian province, China. Medical centre enrolment criteria are more than 15 beds in each ICU, and more than 500 ICU patients admitted to each ICU per year. We included adult patients who were admitted to the ICU with medical cri...
PMC10724983
Inclusion criteria for patients were as follows
(1) aged 18 to 80 years, (2) expected to stay in the ICU for more than 48 h, (3) could walk independently two weeks before transfer to ICU, (4) APACHE-II ≥ 8 points, (5) patients were awake and able to cooperate with five standardised questions ≥ 3 points [
PMC10724983
Patients were excluded from the study if they met any of the following criteria
impaired consciousness, bleeding, arrhythmia, Guillain, Barré syndrome, long-term physical dysfunction, brain injury, cognitive dysfunction, VTE, venous thromboembolism
PULMONARY EMBOLISM, BLEEDING, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, ARRHYTHMIA, DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT), RUPTURED THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSM, OBSTRUCTIVE HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, MYASTHENIA GRAVIS, ASTHMA, SEVERE PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
(1) incapable of doing the early activity or rehabilitation exercises, such as being in the acute phase of myocardial infarction, having a ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm, or obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, uncontrolled lethal arrhythmia, pulmonary embolism, acute phase of asthma, severe pulmonary hypertensi...
PMC10724983
Patients were withdrawn if they met any of the following criteria
death
COMPLICATIONS
(1) voluntary withdrawal from the study during the intervention; (2) acute complications, making the continuation of the intervention impossible, or necessitating termination of the intervention due to changes in condition, death, etc.
PMC10724983