title stringlengths 1 1.19k | keywords stringlengths 0 668 | concept stringlengths 0 909 | paragraph stringlengths 0 61.8k | PMID stringlengths 10 11 |
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Author contributions | C.O., T.L., E.L., M.B., A.S., A.Z., G.C. and T.O. designed the study. C.O., T.L., E.L., M.B., A.S., A.Z., G.C., T.O. and F.N. helped with implementation. T.L. is the funding holder. B.A., C.O. and M.G. provided statistical expertise. E.G. and F.N. conducted the statistical analysis. E.G. wrote the first draft. All co-a... | PMC10114123 | ||
Funding | This study was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1187628). | PMC10114123 | ||
Conflict of interest | None declared. | PMC10114123 | ||
References | PMC10114123 | |||
Subject terms | Mineral deficiencies | REGRESSION, ZINC DEFICIENCY, ZINC DEFICIENCY | Mineral deficiencies are common in children living in low-resource areas. Eggs are a rich source of essential nutrients and have been shown to improve growth in young children, although little is known about their impact on mineral status. Children aged 6–9 months (n = 660) were randomized to receive either one egg/day... | PMC10125967 |
Introduction | Multiple deficiencies, stunting, malnutrition | MALNUTRITION | Adequate mineral status is necessary for normal cellular function, and deficiencies directly affect childhood growth and developmentChildren with malnutrition rarely have deficiencies in only one of these minerals. Multiple deficiencies are prevalent, and have a compounding detrimental effect on children’s healthThe Ma... | PMC10125967 |
Methods | PMC10125967 | |||
Study design | The Mazira Project was a randomized controlled trial (clinicaltrials.gov registry NCT03385252; 12/28/2017), conducted in the Lungwena and Malindi areas of Mangochi District in rural Malawi from February 2018 to January 2019. Full details of the study protocol have been previously published | PMC10125967 | ||
Randomization, masking, and intervention | Randomization occurred at the end of a baseline study visit, using a 1:1 allocation ratio in blocks of 10. A member of the study team invited each household caregiver to select and open a sealed, opaque envelope from a basket containing the child’s group, under the supervision of a study-independent community member wh... | PMC10125967 | ||
Participants | acute illness or injury, allergic reactions, oedema, ill | SEVERE ANEMIA, FOOD ALLERGY, ALLERGIC REACTION, OEDEMA | Infants born out of a singleton pregnancy, aged 6–9 months, residing within the catchment areas of St. Martins Rural Hospital in Malindi and the Lungwena Health Center were eligible to participate in the study. Children with conditions that might affect growth and development, such as, severe anemia (hemoglobin < 5 g/d... | PMC10125967 |
Data collection | Assessments for growth, development, and dietary intake were obtained from all participating children at baseline and at the six-month follow-up. Anthropometric measures were converted to z-scores per the World Health Organization (WHO) Growth StandardsBlood was then placed into a trace metal certified, S-Monovette® 5.... | PMC10125967 | ||
Plasma analysis | mineral deficiency, ® | MINERAL DEFICIENCY | Analysis to quantify mineral abundances in plasma samples drawn at baseline and 6-months was conducted by the Jay Turner Group in the McKelvey School of Engineering at Washington University. Samples were digested with microwave assistance based on a protocol adapted from Harrington et al., to optimize recovery of iron,... | PMC10125967 |
Statistical analysis | A detailed Statistical Analysis Plan was developed for this analysis and is publicly available at Effect modification analysis with the primary outcome of mineral status was used to examine the interaction of maternal education and child sex on the intervention. Significant interactions were considered for | PMC10125967 | ||
Results | PMC10125967 | |||
Plasma mineral distributions and prevalence of deficiency | The distributions of plasma copper, magnesium, selenium, zinc, and iron concentrations were similar from baseline to follow-up (Fig. Distribution of plasma mineral concentrations of participants in the Mazira Project, 2018–2019 | PMC10125967 | ||
Effect modification of mineral status | Effect modification analyses did not identify any significant modifiers in the relationship between the intervention and plasma mineral levels. | PMC10125967 | ||
Discussion | mineral deficiency | ZINC DEFICIENCY, MINERAL DEFICIENCY | Minerals are necessary for proper cellular function in infants and children, especially during critical periods of growth and development. In this study of young Malawians, the egg intervention did not change plasma magnesium, copper, selenium, or zinc concentrations compared to the control group. At the 6-months, plas... | PMC10125967 |
Conclusions | mineral deficiencies | MALNUTRITION | Young children living in LMICs are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition, multiple mineral deficiencies, and their compounding detrimental effects. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine multiple plasma mineral concentrations in infants and young children following the provision of one egg per day. Our ... | PMC10125967 |
Supplementary Information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-023-33114-1. | PMC10125967 | ||
Acknowledgements | The authors wish to acknowledge and thank the study staff involved with collection, processing, and storage of biological samples: John Kamwenda, Feston Sikina, Atupele Chaponda, Anthony Mchizi, and Austin Nkhoma. | PMC10125967 | ||
Author contributions | Designed research: C.S., B.C., L.I., C.L., K.M. Conducted research: C.S., K.M., B.C. Analyzed data or performed statistical analysis: C.D.A., J.D., J.T., X.L., P.P. Wrote paper: M.P., J.D., E.G. Prepared figures: M.P., J.D., X.L. Prepared tables: M.P., J.D., P.P., J.T. Had primary responsibility for final content: M.P.... | PMC10125967 | ||
Funding | Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Grant/Award Number: OPP1169033. | PMC10125967 | ||
Data availability | Data described in this manuscript will be made publicly and freely available, along with the code book without restriction at | PMC10125967 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare no competing interests. | PMC10125967 | ||
References | PMC10125967 | |||
Introduction | StatesPeriodontitis | DISEASE | Edited by: Vânia Pobre, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, PortugalReviewed by: Thuy Do, University of Leeds, United KingdomCamille Zenobia, AbbVie, United StatesPeriodontitis is a biofilm-mediated disease that is usually treated by non-surgical biofilm elimination with or without antibiotics. Antibiotic treatment in periodo... | PMC10765594 |
Methods | In the current manuscript, we have developed a method to culture subgingival samples | PMC10765594 | ||
Results | bleeding | BLEEDING, DENTAL PLAQUE | Antibiotic selection was different in over 80% of the cases. Clinical parameters such as periodontal pocket depth, attachment level, and bleeding upon probing improved in both groups. However, dental plaque was significantly reduced only in the group where antibiotics were selected according to the | PMC10765594 |
Discussion | The results of clinical and microbiological parameters, together with the reduced cost and low analysis time, support the use of the impedance system for improved individualized antibiotic selection. | PMC10765594 | ||
Introduction | EPS | DISEASE, PERIODONTAL DISEASES, PATHOLOGY | Biofilms are defined as bacterial communities composed of single or various bacterial species attached to each other on biotic/abiotic surfaces and encased in a self-secreted extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) (Despite the significant advances in the treatment of periodontal diseases, this pathology continues to i... | PMC10765594 |
Materials and methods | PMC10765594 | |||
Sample collection, transportation, and storage | STERILE, PLAQUE | To select the most suitable transport media and optimal storage time for periodontal biofilm samples, subgingival plaque from 5 individuals was collected by introducing 10 sterile paper-points (size 20) into the deepest subgingival pockets (≥ 6 mm) for 30-60 seconds and placed into 2 mL of three different transport med... | PMC10765594 | |
Study design and patients’ selection | PD, allergic, bleeding, diabetes | BLEEDING, PERIODONTITIS, STERILE, SEVERE PERIODONTAL DISEASE, PERIODONTAL DISEASE, PLAQUE, DIABETES | To evaluate the use of the RTCA system in antibiotic selection for the individualized treatment of patients with periodontal disease, and to compare the Required sample size was calculated by a power estimation based on the differences in clinical attachment level (CAL) of 1 mm between the groups with variation in the ... | PMC10765594 |
Randomization and blinding | A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was carried out where patients and dentists were unaware of which methodology was used to select the antibiotic as part of the periodontal therapy. In detail, after consent form approval, dental clinic staff responsible for the prescription of the periodontal antibiotic treatme... | PMC10765594 | ||
Real-time biofilm growth monitoring | PLAQUE | To select the most suitable transport media for periodontal biofilm samples, the subgingival plaque samples were collected in 2 mL of three different transport media, as indicated above, and homogenized by vortexing for 60 sec. Paper points were discarded, samples were vortexed again for 30 sec and split into three equ... | PMC10765594 | |
Evaluation of periodontal biofilm susceptibility to antibiotics by real-time monitoring of biofilm growth | SEVERE PERIODONTAL DISEASE, PLAQUE | To identify the best individual treatment for each patient with severe periodontal disease, three systemic antibiotics commonly used in dental practice, namely amoxicillin, metronidazole and azithromycin (SIGMA), and the combination of amoxicillin and metronidazole, were tested, by evaluating their effect on biofilm fo... | PMC10765594 | |
DNA extraction, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatic analyses | DENTAL PLAQUE | Genomic DNA from samples of the subgingival dental plaque collected before (initial inocula, t0) and 1 and 2 months after antibiotic treatment (t1 and t2, respectively), and the corresponding biofilms grown in xCELLigence impedance system for eight hours (alone and in combination with antibiotics) was isolated using Ma... | PMC10765594 | |
Data availability | Reads have been publicly deposited at the SRA database (accession number: PRJNA892459). All other datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding authors. | PMC10765594 | ||
Results | PMC10765594 | |||
Evaluation of different transport media and growth conditions for periodontal biofilm cultivation | In order to select the most suitable transport media for biofilm samples from deep periodontal pockets, subgingival biofilms from five volunteers were collected in three different transport media (RTF, VMGIII and VMGIII Agar) and stored at room temperature for 0h, 24h and 48h (We also performed principal component anal... | PMC10765594 | ||
The effect of conventional antibiotics on periodontal biofilm formation in real-time | periodontal disease, biofilm mass | PERIODONTAL DISEASE, PLAQUE | Once the most suitable conditions for periodontal biofilm transportation and growth were established, we grew subgingival biofilms of 64 patients with periodontal disease Biofilm growth derived from subgingival plaque samples grown in real time in an impedance-based monitoring system in the presence/absence of amoxicil... | PMC10765594 |
Antibiotic selection | After determining the most effective antibiotic treatment | PMC10765594 | ||
Changes in microbial composition depending on antibiotic selection methodology and antibiotic treatment | On average, 112,000 16S rRNA reads/sample were sequenced, from which 47,600 reads/sample were annotated at the species level. Using the minimum number of reads annotated to the species level in a sample (22,900 reads), rarefaction analyses were performed, and the curves flattened after 20,000 sequences, showing that ba... | PMC10765594 | ||
Clinical and microbiological outcomes one and two months after antibiotic treatment | PLAQUE | Clinical evaluation showed that all clinical parameters significantly improved after one month of treatment (BT vs AT1M) in both methodologies (Microbial composition of subgingival plaque samples before and one (AT1) or two months (AT2) after antibiotic treatment. | PMC10765594 | |
Discussion | inflammation, periodontitis, PD, Periodontitis | INFLAMMATION, PERIODONTITIS, DENTAL PLAQUE, PERIODONTAL DISEASE, PERIODONTITIS, INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that occurs due to prolonged inflammation of the gingiva, accumulation of opportunistic pathogens within subgingival dental plaque, their interaction with the host and the dysbiosis of microbiota embedded in dental biofilms (In the current manuscript, we have developed a fast me... | PMC10765594 |
Data availability statement | The data presented in the study are deposited in the SRA repository, accession number PRJNA892459. | PMC10765594 | ||
Ethics statement | The studies involving humans were approved by Ethics Committee of the University of Valencia (Spain) (H1547805836517). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. | PMC10765594 | ||
Author contributions | MŽ: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft. AL-R: Methodology, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft. MC-D: Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft. MR-S: Methodology, Writing – original draft. AR: Methodology, Writing – original... | PMC10765594 | ||
Conflict of interest | The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. | PMC10765594 | ||
Publisher’s note | All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or ... | PMC10765594 | ||
References | PMC10765594 | |||
Background | Niger has the highest rate of adolescent fertility in the world, with early marriage, early childbearing and high gender inequity. This study assesses the impact of Reaching Married Adolescents (RMA), a gender-synchronized social behavioral intervention designed to improve modern contraceptive use and reduce intimate p... | PMC10243049 | ||
Methods | REGRESSION, SECONDARY | We conducted a four-armed cluster-randomized trial in 48 villages across three districts in Dosso region, Niger. Married adolescent girls (ages 13–19) and their husbands were recruited within selected villages. Intervention arms included home visits by gender-matched community health workers (CHWs) (Arm 1), gender-segr... | PMC10243049 | |
Results | Baseline and 24-month follow-up data were collected April–June 2016 and April–June 2018. At baseline, 1072 adolescent wives were interviewed (88% participation), with 90% retention at follow-up; 1080 husbands were interviewed (88% participation), with 72% retention at follow-up. Adolescent wives had higher likelihood o... | PMC10243049 | ||
Supplementary Information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12978-023-01609-9. | PMC10243049 | ||
Plain language summary | Although Niger has both the highest levels of fertility and of child marriage in the world, as well as substantial gender inequity, there have been no high-quality evaluations of public health programs aiming to increase contraceptive use or decrease intimate partner violence. In this study, we conducted a high quality... | PMC10243049 | ||
Supplementary Information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12978-023-01609-9. | PMC10243049 | ||
Keywords | PMC10243049 | |||
Background | WEST, SECONDARY | The West African Francophone country of Niger has the highest prevalence of girl child marriage (marriage < 18 years) in the world [Across sub-Saharan Africa, adolescent girls face myriad structural, community, and interpersonal barriers to contraceptive use [At the interpersonal level, power dynamics favor husbands’ c... | PMC10243049 | |
Methods | PMC10243049 | |||
Study design and participants | We evaluated the effects of the RMA intervention using a factorial, 4-arm cRCT, including a control arm and three intervention arms: household visits only (Arm 1), small group sessions only (Arm 2), and both household visits and small group sessions (Arm 3); all intervention arms included community dialogues. Full stud... | PMC10243049 | ||
Randomisation | The three eligible districts in the Dosso region were randomly assigned to an intervention condition using a computer-generated random number list. Within each district, we used a different computer-generated random number list to select 16 villages among those meeting inclusion criteria; four of those 16 villages in e... | PMC10243049 | ||
Procedures | RMA is a community-based, gender-synchronized program implemented by Pathfinder International and designed to increase use of modern spacing contraception among married adolescent girls and their husbands. Based on the Theory of Reasoned Action [Gender-matched, trained community health workers (CHWs) conducted househol... | PMC10243049 | ||
Outcomes | SECONDARY, CHOKED, LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA | The primary outcome of this study was current use of modern contraceptives among female study participants. To assess this use, women were first asked whether they had ever done anything to delay or limit their number of pregnancies. Those answering in the affirmative were then asked about whether they had ever used ea... | PMC10243049 | |
Statistical analysis | REGRESSION | Power calculations were conducted a priori based on the primary study outcome, modern contraceptive use. We assumed an intra-cluster correlation coefficient of kappa = 0.05. To provide 80% power at capturing an effect size of 2.0 greater odds of modern contraceptive use across four arms with 12 clusters of equal size n... | PMC10243049 | |
Role of the funding source | The funder of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. | PMC10243049 | ||
Discussion | WEST, EVENTS, SECONDARY | RMA, a community-based and gender-synchronized program to promote modern contraceptive use and gender equity, resulted in increased current modern contraceptive use and reduced IPV among married adolescent girls and their husbands in the Dosso region of Niger in this first randomized experimental evaluation of a progra... | PMC10243049 | |
Conclusions | In sum, the RMA social behavioral intervention, inclusive of household visits from health workers and gender synchronized small groups for husbands and wives, demonstrated effectiveness in improving modern contraceptive use and reducing victimization from IPV among married adolescent girls in the Dosso region of Niger.... | PMC10243049 | ||
Acknowledgements | Not applicable. | PMC10243049 | ||
Author contributions | All authors had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. JGS: led conceptualization and writing; MIB, SA, AR: co-conceptualized and provided critical review of the manuscript; NEJ, SC: co-led design and conduct of analyses, participated in writing... | PMC10243049 | ||
Funding | This work was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1195210). The funding source had no role in the study design, analysis, interpretation of data, or decision to publish results. | PMC10243049 | ||
Availability of data and materials | De-identified data and analysis code are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. | PMC10243049 | ||
Declarations | PMC10243049 | |||
Ethics approval and consent to participate | Ethics review boards of the University of California San Diego (protocol number 160407S) and the Niger Ministry of Health approved all study procedures. | PMC10243049 | ||
Consent for publication | Not applicable. | PMC10243049 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare that they have no competing interests. | PMC10243049 | ||
References | PMC10243049 | |||
Abstract | tumor, tumors, pancreatic cancer, HER2‐positive urothelial bladder cancer | TUMOR, TUMORS, RECRUITMENT, PANCREATIC CANCER | The antibody‐drug conjugate trastuzumab emtansine (T‐DM1) is approved for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/The phase II KAMELEON study investigated the efficacy of T‐DM1 in selected HER2‐positive non‐breast tumors. Although KAMELEON was terminated prematurely due to recruitment difficulty, the study demon... | PMC10278525 |
INTRODUCTION | tumor, breast cancer, breast and gastric cancers),In, breast tumor, colorectal, and bladder cancers | TUMOR, BREAST CANCER, DISEASE, SOLID TUMORS, BREAST TUMOR, METASTATIC BREAST CANCER | Gene amplification or overexpression of the protein encoded by the erb‐B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (By IHC, a breast tumor is considered HER2‐positive if scored as IHC 3+ based on circumferential membrane staining that is complete, intense, and in >10% of tumor cells. By ISH, a breast tumor is considered HER2‐positiv... | PMC10278525 |
MATERIALS AND METHODS | PMC10278525 | |||
Determination of | breast and gastric cancers, tumor | TUMOR | Although the cutoffs for HER2‐positivity in breast and gastric cancers may be useful in defining similar values in other tumor types, the thresholds for treatment benefit may differ across indications. Thus, in preparation for KAMELEON ( | PMC10278525 |
Study design and patients | Tumors, tumor, tumors, cholangiocarcinoma | TUMOR, SOLID TUMORS, TUMORS, PANCREATIC CANCER, TUMORS, CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA | KAMELEON was a multicenter, exploratory, non‐randomized, single‐arm, phase II study (NCT02999672). It was investigator‐initiated, but eventually received corporate sponsorship (Roche). KAMELEON, which was conducted at 10 sites across Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands, sought to determine the best tumor response followi... | PMC10278525 |
Outcomes | tumor, death, cancers, congenital anomaly/birth defect, BOR, disability/incapacity, Cancer | DISEASE PROGRESSION, TUMOR, ADVERSE EVENT, CANCERS, ADVERSE EVENT, EVENT, CANCER | The primary efficacy objective was to evaluate the best overall response (BOR), with tumor responders defined as individuals with confirmed complete response (CR) or partial response (PR), as determined by the study investigator using RECIST 1.1. Secondary efficacy endpoints included PFS (time from the first day of stu... | PMC10278525 |
Statistics | pre‐dose, BOR, BOR ≤ | EVENTS | The sample size calculation was based on Simon's two‐stage design with early futility analysis to test the null hypothesis (BOR ≤ 5%) against the alternative hypothesis (BOR ≥ 20%). With a one‐sided alpha of 5%, 27 patients were required to reject the null hypothesis with 80% power. To allow for a dropout rate of 10%–1... | PMC10278525 |
RESULTS | PMC10278525 | |||
Patients | PD, UBC, urothelial bladder cancer | RECRUITMENT, DISEASE, METASTATIC DISEASE, ADVERSE EVENT, PANCREATIC CANCER, ONCOLOGY, PRIMARY TUMOR, METASTASES, DISEASE CHARACTERISTIC, CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA | KAMELEON was conducted between October 25, 2016, and April 10, 2018. Recruitment was halted on September 22, 2017, due to the difficulty in recruiting enough patients for the primary efficacy analysis within a reasonable timeframe. In the UBC cohort, screening was performed on the primary tumor in ~80% of patients and ... | PMC10278525 |
Efficacy and safety | pulmonary sepsis, craniocerebral injury, urothelial bladder cancer | ADVERSE EVENT, URINARY TRACT INFECTION | Five patients in the UBC cohort and one in the pancreatic cancer/cholangiocarcinoma cohort exhibited a PR, corresponding to an overall response rate (ORR; 90% CI) of 38.5% (16.57–64.52%) and 14.3% (0.73–52.07%), respectively. No patient in either cohort had a CR (Table In total, 84.6% (11/13) of patients in the UBC coh... | PMC10278525 |
Pharmacokinetics | T‐DM1 exposures at cycle 1, as measured by maximum concentration (C | PMC10278525 | ||
Gene‐protein assay | tumor, tumors, UBC, pancreatic cancer, cholangiocarcinoma | TUMOR, TUMORS, CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA | Of the 284 patients successfully screened for HER2 overexpression via IHC, 207 consented to the biomarker analyses. However, biomarker data were not available for 55 patients, owing to insufficient or poor‐quality tumor tissue or to assay‐related issues. Thus, the biomarker‐evaluable population was comprised of 152 pat... | PMC10278525 |
DISCUSSION | urothelial cancer, tumor, cancers, pembrolizumab, UBC, breast and gastric cancers, tumors, PD‐L1 | TUMOR, CANCERS, BREAST CANCER, RECRUITMENT, SECONDARY, PANCREATIC CANCER, TUMORS, CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA | In this phase II study of non‐breast tumor types, HER2‐positivity was detected via gene‐protein assay in 24.3% of patients with UBC, 1.5% with pancreatic cancer, and 8.2% with cholangiocarcinoma. The relatively low prevalence of HER2‐positivity resulted in poor accrual and premature termination of the study. Although c... | PMC10278525 |
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS | PMC10278525 | |||
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT | JN, Cancer | ONCOLOGY, BREAST, CANCER | EGEdV reports institutional financial support for serving as an advisor to Daiichi Sankyo, Merck, National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Synthon, as well as institutional financial support for participating in clinical trials or undertaking contracted research for Amgen, AstraZeneca, B... | PMC10278525 |
Supporting information |
Data S1.
Click here for additional data file. | PMC10278525 | ||
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | Medical writing support for the development of this manuscript, under the direction of the authors, was provided by Tiffany DeSimone, PhD, and Sachi Yim, PhD of Ashfield MedComms (US), an Inizio company, and was funded by Roche. | PMC10278525 | ||
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT | Qualified researchers may request access to de‐identified patient‐level data through the Clinical Study Data Request platform ( | PMC10278525 | ||
REFERENCES | PMC10278525 | |||
1. Introduction | virologic failure, VF, HIV drug resistance | REGRESSION | Increasing HIV drug resistance (DR) among children with HIV (CHIV) on antiretroviral treatment (ART) is concerning. CHIV ages 1–14 years enrolled from March 2019 to December 2020 from five facilities in Kisumu County, Kenya, were included. Children were randomized 1:1 to control (standard-of-care) or intervention (poin... | PMC10612029 |
2. Materials and Methods | SUPPRESSION | The Optimizing Viral Suppression in Children on ART in Kenya (Opt4Kids) study protocol and primary findings have been described previously [ | PMC10612029 | |
2.1. Study Procedures | VF, provider-determined | NAIROBI | Whole blood was collected from study participants for POC VL testing and separated into plasma for testing using a GeneXpert system (Cepheid, Nairobi, Kenya) on site at study facilities or via daily transport to a facility less than 2 km away [Children in the intervention group underwent DRT at episodes of VF detection... | PMC10612029 |
2.2. Study Setting | First-line ART regimens in Kenya during the study period for children included lamivudine with either abacavir (preferred) or zidovudine (alternative) and lopinavir/ritonavir for those less than three years of age and lamivudine with either abacavir (preferred) or zidovudine (alternative) and efavirenz for those three ... | PMC10612029 |
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