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Primary outcome | ulcer | EVENTS, EVENT, ULCER | The primary outcome of this study was the feasibility and safety of undertaking exercise in the study population (Table
Feasibility and safety outcome measurement and acceptability levelsAdverse events in this study were defined as BGL < 5.0mmol/L during exercise, any event related to the exercise session which requir... | PMC10043540 |
Secondary outcomes | PMC10043540 | |||
Current levels of physical activity | Current participation in physical activity and exercise was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) - short. This is a seven-item questionnaire which can be self-administered, or telephone administered. It is a validated tool to obtain data on health-related physical activity [ | PMC10043540 | ||
Benefits and barriers to physical activity | Perceived benefits of and barriers to physical activity and exercise was assessed using the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) [ | PMC10043540 | ||
Muscle strength | muscle mass | Grip strength was assessed in kilograms using a Jamar handheld dynamometer (Surgical Synergies, SI Instruments, SA, Australia). Grip strength has been demonstrated to be useful as a predictor for muscle mass and physical functioning [ | PMC10043540 | |
Exercise Intensity and load | The intensity of exercise was rated using the CR-10 scale. This is a 0–10 scale used to grade exercise intensity [ | PMC10043540 | ||
Satisfaction | An exit survey was given to participants at the end of enrolment in this study asking about the participant’s satisfaction with the intervention. It was based on previous research and investigated participant’s perceptions of benefit and safety [
I found the exercise sessions in hospital usefulI felt safe completing ex... | PMC10043540 | ||
Sample size | The enrolment target was 30 participants. | PMC10043540 | ||
Statistical methods | SECONDARY | Descriptive statistics were used to describe the demographic data, primary and secondary outcomes. Primary outcomes were compared to pre-determined criteria displayed in Table | PMC10043540 | |
Results | FOOT ULCER | Forty-two patients were identified as suitable candidates and 20 patients provided consent and were enrolled into the study. Fifteen participants continued through the study and provided end-study data. The flow of participants through this study is presented (Fig. Flow of participants through the studyReasons for decl... | PMC10043540 | |
Primary outcomes | Feasibility and safety data is presented in Table
Primary outcome feasibility and safety outcome data | PMC10043540 | ||
Secondary outcomes | SECONDARY |
The secondary outcomes for the initial and final assessment time points are presented in Table Post treatment acceptability of participating in an exercise intervention (Secondary outcomesLeft: 28.3 (11.0)Right: 31.8 (13.6)Key:
| PMC10043540 | |
Discussion | diabetes | ADVERSE EVENTS, BEST, OVER-EXERTION, COMPLICATIONS, DIABETES | The undertaking of an exercise intervention in a patient group hospitalised with a DFU was a novel feature of this pilot study. We chose to include patients during their acute hospital admission for a DFU as an opportunity to provide enhanced multidisciplinary care during the early, active phase of treatment. The resul... | PMC10043540 |
Limitations | RECRUITMENT | The availability of funding and personnel limited the undertaking of recruitment and intervention to one day per week for the duration of this study. This limited our ability to recruit participants who were unwell or fasting for surgical intervention on that scheduled day of recruitment. Therefore, if a patient was un... | PMC10043540 | |
Future research | This pilot study for feasibility and safety of exercise will be used to inform future research design. Future randomised trials in this population should have larger sample size with longer duration intervention and include outcomes of both the foot and musculoskeletal system.Telehealth models of care should be conside... | PMC10043540 | ||
Conclusion | diabetes | FOOT ULCERS, RECRUITMENT, DIABETES | Exercise appears safe to be undertaken by patients with diabetes related foot ulcers during a hospital admission. Recruitment in this acute setting proved a challenge in this study due to clinical demands in the acute setting, but adherence, retention and satisfaction with participation in exercise met our pre-determin... | PMC10043540 |
Acknowledgements | Acknowledgement is made to the Western Australian Health Translation Network and the Chief Allied Health Office of the Western Australian Department of Health. | PMC10043540 | ||
Authors’ contributions | RECRUITMENT | The study was originally conceived by PG with major contribution from all authors. Patient recruitment and data collection was completed by EA. Analysis of the data undertaken by PG and EA. All authors contributed to evaluation of the data and writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. | PMC10043540 | |
Funding | Funding was generously provided by the Western Australian Health Translation Network Enabling Allied Health Research Capacity 2020 grant provided by the Chief Allied Health Office through the Allied Health Enabling Platform. In kind funding was generously provided by the Physiotherapy Department of Fiona Stanley Hospit... | PMC10043540 | ||
Availability of data and materials | The deidentified datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. | PMC10043540 | ||
Declarations | PMC10043540 | |||
Ethics approval and consent to participate | South Metropolitan Health Service Human Research Ethics Committee (RGS 4173) provided ethical approval for this study. | PMC10043540 | ||
Consent for publication | Not applicable. | PMC10043540 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare that they have no competing interests. | PMC10043540 | ||
References | PMC10043540 | |||
Introduction | sore throat, pneumonia, fever, cough, infection, bronchitis, ARTIs | SORE THROAT, INFLUENZA A, PNEUMONIA, RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS, COMPLICATIONS, INFECTION, BRONCHITIS, FLU, INFLUENZA | Influenza A and B are the two major types that cause seasonal flu epidemics, in particular, Acute Respiratory Tract Infections (ARTIs) in young children and infants. Although influenza infection initially causes uncomplicated symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, ect, it has also been associated with ... | PMC10491672 |
Results | PMC10491672 | |||
Trial design and participants’ baseline characteristics | NCT05378022 | The trial was conducted from December 2020 to April 2022, starting with a cohort of 100 patients equally assigned into two groups: the control group who received standard care, and the Navax group who received LiveSpo Navax in addition to standard care. Each group received 3 sprays of either control 0.9% NaCl or LiveSp... | PMC10491672 | |
Safety and symptomatic-reducing effects of nasal-spraying | infection | INFECTION, INFLUENZA | During 5-day treatment, no abnormal changes in breathing, pulse, body temperature, and pulse oxymetry were observed upon spraying Clinical assessment of breath (We next assessed typical clinical signs of influenza infection in patients at days 2 and 5 to evaluate efficacy of Days of treatment and percentage (%) of asym... | PMC10491672 |
Reduction in influenza viral load and concentration of co-infecting bacteria by nasal-spraying | VIRUS, INFLUENZA | To determine how Real-time PCR amplification curves specifically for influenza virus ( | PMC10491672 | |
Immune-modulatory properties of nasal-spraying | TNF-α | Next, we examined how levels of common pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, as well as levels of mucosal Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in nasopharyngeal samples were altered over the course of treatment. We anticipated that sprayed Pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (pg/mL) (Furthermore, we evaluated how... | PMC10491672 | |
Discussion | respiratory viral infections, respiratory infectionsSchematic presentation | PROLIFERATION, RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS, RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTION, INFLUENZA | The significant prevalence of respiratory viral infections emphasizes the importance of a safe, effective, and inexpensive antiviral treatment for vulnerable patients like young children. Probiotic therapy has recently emerged as an exciting avenue supported by encouraging results from clinical trials during which the ... | PMC10491672 |
Conclusion | This is the first clinical-trial to demonstrate the safety and effects of nasal-spraying | PMC10491672 | ||
Materials and methods | PMC10491672 | |||
Materials | Nasal-spraying probiotics LiveSpo Navax (LiveSpo Pharma, Hanoi, Vietnam) was formulated as a 0.9% NaCl physiological saline suspension containing | PMC10491672 | ||
Ethical issues, study design, and patient collection | upper respiratory infections, anxiety, ICH, psychiatric, NCT05378022, depression | DISORDERS, FLU, UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS, DRUG ALLERGIES | This study received ethics approval by the Ethics Committee in Medical Research of the Vietnam National Children’s Hospital under Decision No. 441/BVNTW-VNCSKTE, and was conducted with the ethical principles in accordance with the Helsinki statement and the ICH GCP guidelines, the Health Department's current ethical re... | PMC10491672 |
Questionnaires, treatment procedures, and clinical observation | BLIND | The patient's parents were required to provide information of their children. Nurses were given coded sprayers in the form of blind samples and were educated to use the sprayers with dosages of about 50 µl 0.9% NaCl physiological saline (with/without 2.5 × 10 | PMC10491672 | |
Routine diagnostics at hospital | infection, atelectasis | CARDIOPULMONARY, INFECTION, LUNG HYPERINFLATION, ATELECTASIS | Screening of influenza-infected cases from nasopharyngeal samples at day 0 was firstly conducted by using “BD Veritor System for Detection of Flu A + B” kit (Bection Dickison, NJ, US). Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and white blood cell counts were measured to access the level of infection. Cardiopulmona... | PMC10491672 |
Real-time PCR for detection of microorganism in nasopharyngeal samples | bacterial co-infection | VIRUS, SECONDARY, INFLUENZA | DNA/RNA from 200 µl nasopharyngeal specimens (repeated twice) was extracted by MagNA Pure LC Total Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit (Roche Diagnostics, IA, US), and 100 µl of the purified DNA/RNA was aliquoted into three PCR tubes (approximately 30 µl/tube) for storage at – 80 °C.As secondary outcomes, semi-quantitative assa... | PMC10491672 |
ELISA assays for cytokine and IgA levels | TNF-α | SECONDARY | Other secondary outcomes including (i) pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (pg/mL) of interleukin (IL-6, IL-8) and TNF-α, and (ii) IgA levels (mg/mL) in nasopharyngeal samples at days 0 and 2 were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (ELISA). IL-6 and TNF-α were quantified from 100 µL samples by the H... | PMC10491672 |
Data collection and statistical analysis | Individual medical records were collected, and the patient's information was then gathered in a data set. The reduction levels (2 | PMC10491672 | ||
Supplementary Information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-023-41763-5. | PMC10491672 | ||
Acknowledgements | The authors would like to thank Do Thi Hau, Ngo Hong Thuy, Pham Thi Thu Trang, and Do Thu Huong at National Children’s hospital for patient care, samples collection, and technical assistance; Bui Thi Phuong Anh at ANABIO R&D for assistance in study protocol preparation; Nguyen Tue Nam at LiveSmile Foundation for assist... | PMC10491672 | ||
Author contributions | RECRUITMENT | T.T.T. contributed Patient Recruitment, Patient’s Random Assignment to Interventions, Clinical Assessments, and Project Administration. T.T.B.P. contributed Investigation, Writing—Review & Editing. D.M.T. contributed Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, and Writing—Original Draft. H.T.B. contributed Investigatio... | PMC10491672 | |
Funding | This study was supported to T.T.T by a fund for Research & Development (ANABIO/RG-2021-01) from ANABIO R&D Ltd. | PMC10491672 | ||
Data availability | The datasets generated during this current study is available at following URLs: 1. | PMC10491672 | ||
Competing interests | FOUNDER | LiveSpo Navax is produced by LiveSpo Pharma Ltd., of which A.H.N. is the founder and scientific director. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, the decision to publish, or the preparation of the manuscript. | PMC10491672 | |
References | PMC10491672 | |||
Background | MR, JF, BvO, and GF contributed equally to this work.The capacity of an individual to respond to changes in food intake so that postprandial metabolic perturbations are resolved, and metabolism returns to its pre-prandial state, is called phenotypic flexibility. This ability may be a more important indicator of current... | PMC10517213 | ||
Aim | weight loss | In this parallel randomized controlled trial study, an energy-restricted healthy diet and 2 dietary challenges were used to assess the effect of weight loss on phenotypic flexibility. | PMC10517213 | |
Methods | weight loss | INSULIN SENSITIVITY | Seventy-two volunteers with overweight and obesity underwent a 12-wk dietary intervention. The participants were randomized to a weight loss group (WLG) with 20% less energy intake or a weight-maintenance group (WMG). At weeks 1 and 12, participants were assessed for body composition by MRI. Concurrently, markers of me... | PMC10517213 |
Results | weight loss | Intended weight loss was achieved in the WLG (−5.6 kg, | PMC10517213 | |
Conclusion | weight loss | Application of dietary challenges increased sensitivity to detect metabolic response to weight loss intervention. Large interindividual variation was observed across a wide range of measurements allowing the identification of distinct responses to the weight loss intervention and mechanistic insight into the metabolic ... | PMC10517213 | |
Keywords | PMC10517213 | |||
Abbreviations | cholesterolweight loss groupweight-maintenance | ADHESION | glycodeoxycholic acidintercellular adhesion molecule-1IL 1betainterleukin-1 receptor antagonistintramuscular cellular lipidLC with tandem MSMatsuda indexmixed-meal tolerance testpeptide YYtotal cholesterolweight loss groupweight-maintenance group | PMC10517213 |
Introduction | weight loss | INSULIN SENSITIVITY | The maintenance of energy homeostasis in postprandial and postabsorptive periods requires different metabolic processes to be activated either to store excess energy from food intake or to mobilize stored substrates. This dynamic shift between negative and positive energy balance with a transfer of molecules between ti... | PMC10517213 |
Subjects and Methods | PMC10517213 | |||
Recruitment and study population | WEST | Research ethics was granted by the West London Ethic Committee (12/LO/0139) and the study is registered at | PMC10517213 | |
Dietary intervention study | Weight loss, overweight, weight loss | OBESE, INSULIN SENSITIVITY | A randomized comparison of a 20% energy-restricted diet for 12 wk compared with a 12-wk weight-maintenance diet (based on average energy intake in the EU), was conducted in a cohort of adults classified as overweight and obese (average BMI: 29.2; range: 24.7–35.6). Inclusion and exclusion criteria are listed in Changes... | PMC10517213 |
Randomization | Randomization was carried out using an online system for clinical trials called Sealed Envelope ( | PMC10517213 | ||
Dietary compliance | Dietary compliance was monitored by estimating the change in fat-free and fat mass over time [ | PMC10517213 | ||
Challenge tests | A major aspect of phenotypic flexibility is the ability to recover from transient metabolic perturbations reflected in changes in plasma levels of metabolites and signaling molecules when challenged with food intake. Two dietary challenges were carried out after overnight fasting at baseline and after 12 wk of the inte... | PMC10517213 | ||
Measurement of biomarkers | TG | ADHESION | To assess changes in metabolism, multiple biomarkers including glucose, insulin, HbA1c, TG, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol (tChol), GGT, creatinine, uric acid, nonesterified fatty acids, glucagon, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), vascular cell adhesion protein (VCAM), s-E-selectin, GLP-1, peptide YY (PYY)... | PMC10517213 |
Targeted and untargeted metabolomics platforms | weight loss | Acylcarnitines (24) amino acids (22), biogenic amines (12), glycerophospholipids (90), and sphingolipids (15) were quantified using the LC with tandem MS (LC-MS/MS)-based AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit (Biocrates Life Sciences AG), following the manufacturer’s protocol. Additional acylcarnitines (26) were quantified after extrac... | PMC10517213 | |
Magnetic resonance imaging for determination of body composition | Detailed methodology of MRI measurements has been reported elsewhere [ | PMC10517213 | ||
Sample size estimation | INSULIN SENSITIVITY | Our primary outcome was insulin sensitivity. Data for the power analysis were taken from Blumenthal et al. [ | PMC10517213 | |
Data integration and statistical analyses | All NutriTech data were collected in a distributed database specifically designed to handle multi-omics human nutritional intervention studies performed at multiple sites, the “nutritional phenotype database” (dbNP | PMC10517213 | ||
Results | PMC10517213 | |||
Response to intervention | PMC10517213 | |||
Weight loss. | The 12 wk energy restriction promoted a significant reduction in body weight (BW) in the WLG displaying a mean reduction of 5.6 kg ( | PMC10517213 | ||
Impact of the intervention of dietary intake. | We observed a significant reduction in self-reported energy intake in the WLG group (average energy intake reduction 503.9±85.3 kcal/d, | PMC10517213 | ||
Dietary compliance. | weight loss | CROSS | There was a strong relationship between percentage weight loss and estimated daily dietary energy reduction based on actual weight loss (Dietary predictions using urinary metabolomics in the repeated measures design. (A, B) weight-maintaining group (WMG) diet week 1 is green; week 12 is purple. (C, D) weight-lowering g... | PMC10517213 |
Markers of insulin sensitivity and phenotypic flexibility during dietary challenges | intra-abdominal adipose, weight loss | INSULIN SENSITIVITY | There was no significant difference in fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA IR, or HOMA %β during the 12 wk intervention between the WLG and the WMG in the OGTT (Fasting and mean postprandial values for glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, Β-cell function, and the Matsuda Index fasting and postprandial parameters from OGTT and MMTT te... | PMC10517213 |
Dietary challenges as a tool to assess weight loss–induced metabolic improvements | Weight loss | INSULIN SENSITIVITY | Weight loss failed to induce changes in fasting plasma concentrations of insulin, valine, and leucine, as well as other amino acid-based markers of insulin sensitivity (Weight loss–induced changes in plasma concentration of markers of insulin sensitivity during an OGTT. Data are presented as means ± SEM. The adjusted | PMC10517213 |
Weight loss intervention improves body composition and alters metabolic biomarkers | intra-abdominal adipose, weight loss, TG | Following the weight loss intervention there were significant reductions in total and regional AT depots in the WLG, without effects in the WMG (interaction between group and time, Associations between weight loss–induced changes in adipose tissues, ectopic fat, and markers of glucose metabolism. Two-tailed Pearson cor... | PMC10517213 | |
Metabolic effects of weight loss related to insulin sensitivity and dietary quality | Weight loss, weight loss | INSULIN SENSITIVITY | The effect of energy restriction on metabolic parameters and phenotypic flexibility was surprisingly small, despite the homogeneous study population and the successful weight loss. This may be due to the large difference in responses to weight loss among subjects in WLG, with weight loss ranging from 1.1% to 13.4%. In ... | PMC10517213 |
Discussion | overweight, weight loss | OBESE, INSULIN RESISTANCE, INSULIN SENSITIVITY | In the NutriTech study, whole-body MRI and plasma biomarker analyses were used to assess the effects of energy restriction on insulin sensitivity and metabolic health of overweight subjects. The use of dietary challenges aimed to assess whether changes in phenotypic flexibility could be more effectively detected by mea... | PMC10517213 |
Acknowledgments | This project was supported by the Imperial NIHR Clinical Research Facility at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. The NutriTech consortium is very thankful to Biocrates Life Sciences (Innsbruck, Austria) for the donation of the kits for LC-MS/MS-based analysis of plasma metabolites such as amino acids, glycerophosph... | PMC10517213 | ||
Author contributions | BVO, CAD, DGI | CAD | The authors’ responsibilities were as follows – GF, BO, HD, JB, ELT, LB, SW, DI, CD: designed the research program. All authors: contributed to the research leading to the findings reported here; GF, MR, JF: lead the writing of the manuscript with input from all authors. MR, JF, ELT, SW, LAA, LB, CAD, TEG, HD, IGP, JMP... | PMC10517213 |
Conflict of interest | CAD | CAD | IG-P, JMP, and GF hold shares in Melico Sciences Ltd, and IG-P and GF are directors in the company. Melico has developed a quantitative method of assessing dietary intake using the same type of technology (NMR) as was used here to analyze urine samples. Melico was not involved in, or benefits from, this study. TEG is C... | PMC10517213 |
Funding | This study was funded by the The study is registered at | PMC10517213 | ||
Data Availability | Data described in the manuscript, code book, and analytic code will be made available upon request to the corresponding author. | PMC10517213 | ||
References | PMC10517213 | |||
Supplementary data | The following is the Supplementary data to this article: | PMC10517213 | ||
Multimedia component 1 | Supplementary data to this article can be found online at | PMC10517213 | ||
Background: | hypotension, Hypotension, respiratory suppression | An increase in the frequency of surgeries among older individuals is observed in some countries. Hypotension is common and exaggerated in older patients and can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Total intravenous anesthesia is commonly administered with propofol, while remimazolam has been suggested as an alte... | PMC10713151 | |
Methods: | bladder tumors, hypotension | BLADDER TUMORS | A total of 132 patients, aged between 65 to 80 years and undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy or transurethral resection of bladder tumors were randomly assigned to the propofol or remimazolam group with a permuted block system while being blinded to the hypnotic agent. Remifentanil was administered via target-contr... | PMC10713151 |
Results: | intraoperative hypotension | Patients in the propofol group experienced higher intraoperative hypotension than those in the remimazolam group (59.7% vs 33.3%, | PMC10713151 | |
Conclusion: | hypotension | Total intravenous anesthesia with remimazolam was associated with less intraoperative hypotension than propofol in older patients, with a comparable recovery profile. | PMC10713151 | |
1. Introduction | In high-income countries, a surge in the incidence of the older population undergoing surgeries is observed.Total intravenous anesthesia provides better quality of recovery and enables intraoperative monitoring of the somatosensory or motor-evoked potentials. | PMC10713151 | ||
2. Methods | PMC10713151 | |||
2.1. Study setting | This study was designed as a single-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial and was conducted in a tertiary university hospital in the Republic of Korea from December 2021 to April 2023. This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Wonju Severance Christian Hospital (CR321106, ap... | PMC10713151 | ||
2.2. Participants | bladder tumor, hepatic failure, TURBT, acute narrow-angle glaucoma, hypersensitivity | HYPERSENSITIVITY, BLADDER TUMOR, HEPATIC FAILURE, HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION | Patients undergoing general anesthesia were enrolled if they fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: age between 65 to 80 years, elective surgical schedule of transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) or laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status classification ≤ I... | PMC10713151 |
2.3. Study protocol | initiation of skin suturing, neuromuscular block, hypotension | EVENT | After obtaining informed consent, one of the authors (JL) randomly assigned the participants to the remimazolam or propofol group using a permuted block system. Random allocation sequences were generated for TURBT and laparoscopic cholecystectomy by one of the authors (YGJ) using R statistics 4.2.2 (R Core Team, Vienna... | PMC10713151 |
2.4. Variables and assessments | Hypotension, hypotension | The primary outcome of this study was the overall incidence of hypotension during general anesthesia. Hypotension was defined as systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg. | PMC10713151 | |
2.5. Statistical analysis | hypotensive, hypotension | REGRESSION, EVENTS, HYPOTENSIVE | Per protocol analysis was performed for the primary outcome and other categorical variables using the chi-square test. As the number of intraoperative hypotensive events presented a non-normal distribution, they were compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Other continuous variables were compared using t-tests. Stat... | PMC10713151 |
2.6. Sample size | hypotensive, hypotension | EVENTS, HYPOTENSIVE | A previous study compared the incidence of hypotension between patients administered with remimazolam and propofol as anesthetic drugs, and hypotensive events occurred in 60% of the patients administered propofol and 34.7% of those who administered remimazolam. | PMC10713151 |
3. Results | intraoperative hypotension, ±, SD, hypotension, hypotensive | BLADDER TUMOR, SECONDARY, REGRESSION, EVENTS, HYPOTENSIVE | A total of 122 patients were included in the final analysis and 10 patients were withdrawn (Fig. CONSORT flow diagram.The baseline characteristics were comparable in both groups, except for body weight (Table Baseline demographics of the participants.Values are presented as mean ± SD or number (%).indicates DBP = diast... | PMC10713151 |
4. Discussion | delirium, hypotensive, hypotension | EVENTS, HYPOTENSIVE | Intraoperative hypotensive events are risk factors for postoperative mortality in older patients.The recovery profile was similar in patients in both groups. The context sensitive half time of remimazolam is longer than that of propofol.There was a previous study by Sekiguchi et alRemimazolam could be adopted as a reas... | PMC10713151 |
Abbreviations: | hypotension | bispectral indexloss of consciousnesstarget-controlled infusiontransurethral resection of bladder tumorThe datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.This study was supported by Hana Pharmaceutical (Seoul, South Korea).CR321106, a... | PMC10713151 |
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