title stringlengths 1 1.19k | keywords stringlengths 0 668 | concept stringlengths 0 909 | paragraph stringlengths 0 61.8k | PMID stringlengths 10 11 |
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Methods | PMC10582777 | |||
Study design and setting | This study was a seamless phase Ib/IIa, monocentric, sequential trial in adults with asymptomatic The study was conducted at the | PMC10582777 | ||
Enrolment, randomization, and blinding | RECRUITMENT | During the first, multiple dose stage, eligible participants were consecutively enrolled in three groups of five participants each for the safety assessment of the study drug, no randomization or blinding was applied. Following the review of safety data at the end of each group by the safety review committee, recruitme... | PMC10582777 | |
Intervention and procedures | fever | BLOOD | During the multiple dose stage, participants received the standard dose of ivermectin 200 μg/kg once daily for one, two, or three days, respectively. In the randomized-controlled trial stage, participants received either ivermectin 300 μg/kg once daily for three days or placebo once daily for three days, based on dosag... | PMC10582777 |
Determination of parasitaemia by microscopy | BLOOD, ALDRICH | Blood smears (two thick and thin smears) were prepared at baseline, hour (H) 8, H16, H24, H32, H40, H48, H56, H64, H72, and at days 4, 5, 6, and 7. The smears were dried and stained with either 10% Giemsa stain (Cat: 1.09204, Sigma–Aldrich) for 15 min for screening smears or with 3% Giemsa stain for 60 min for all othe... | PMC10582777 | |
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) | Samples for parasite quantification and genotyping by qPCR were collected at the same time points as blood smears. Whole blood was stabilized with RNA | PMC10582777 | ||
Outcomes | parasitaemia | ADVERSE EVENTS, SECONDARY | The primary efficacy endpoint was the time to 90% reduction of asexual parasitaemia, consistent for at least 8 h, assessed by microscopy. Secondary efficacy endpoints were the time to 90% reduction of asexual parasitaemia assessed by qPCR, the parasite clearance time, defined as time to parasitaemia <100P/μl by qPCR, a... | PMC10582777 |
Sample size | parasitaemia | The multiple dose stage served as safety assessment and did not have any sample size calculation, an empiric number of five participants per group was chosen. The sample size of the randomized-controlled trial stage was calculated with the assumption that 25% of participants allocated to placebo would reduce parasitaem... | PMC10582777 | |
Statistical analysis | Parasitaemia, parasitaemia | REGRESSION, ADVERSE EVENT, EVENT | Data were transcribed from paper case report forms to the REDCap electronic data capture system version 8.3.1. hosted at CERMEL. Analyses were done using Stata IC version 17.0 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, Texas, USA) with the package Baseline characteristics of the intention-to-treat population (n = 49).Data are me... | PMC10582777 |
Ethical considerations | MAY | The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of It was retrospectively registered with the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR201908520097051) on 18 July 2019 due to technical difficulties. At the time of IEC approval, the trial registry was not available due to maintenance and connection issues... | PMC10582777 | |
Role of the funding source | The sponsor of the study was | PMC10582777 | ||
Results | PMC10582777 | |||
Participants’ baseline characteristics | Overall, considering the ITT population, the median age was 25 (IQR 20–40) years with 25 (21–33) in the 3d-300 μg/kg ivermectin group and 24 (19–40) in the 3 d-placebo group ( | PMC10582777 | ||
Parasite clearance <100P/μl | The parasite clearance time of asexual | PMC10582777 | ||
Adverse events | ADVERSE EVENTS, ALLERGIC DERMATITIS | No severe or serious AEs were reported during the trial. Overall, 29/49 (59%) enrolled participants experienced at least one transient mild or moderate AEs.The number of participants experiencing AEs and frequency of AEs increased with number of doses during multiple dose stage. Furthermore, during the randomized-contr... | PMC10582777 | |
Discussion | malaria, blood stage infection, semi-immunity, parasitaemia | MALARIA, ONCHOCERCIASIS, DISEASE, DRUG EFFECT, SECONDARY, LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS | Ivermectin is given for mass drug administration to whole communities to control lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. It has been observed in some studies that ivermectin can kill Within seven days of follow-up, more than 90% participants reduced parasite load by 90% in both ivermectin and placebo groups. The time ... | PMC10582777 |
Contributors | JI | JH, MR and GMN conceived the study. LP and RZM drafted the protocol. AAA, PGK, BM, DEM, GMN, JH, MR and RZM contributed to the refinement of the protocol and approved the final version. DEM, DGO, EKY, GMN, LBDM, LCK, MAA, RZM and WNN conducted the investigations. DEM and FAEM did the fieldwork. JI performed parasitolog... | PMC10582777 | |
Data sharing statement | The anonymized data that support the findings of this study, its protocol, and related documents, are available with publication for access via the | PMC10582777 | ||
Declaration of interests | BM's institution has recently received a grant by | PMC10582777 | ||
References | PMC10582777 | |||
Supplementary data | PMC10582777 | |||
Supplementary Table S1 | PMC10582777 | |||
Supplementary Table S2 | PMC10582777 | |||
Synopsis IVERCURE MESA TRACK PROTOCOL VERSION 3 | PMC10582777 | |||
DSMB charter | PMC10582777 | |||
Protocol | PMC10582777 | |||
Statistical Analysis Plan | PMC10582777 | |||
Acknowledgements | This study was funded by the We are grateful to the study participants, nurses, and fieldworkers, as well as the safety review committee involved in this clinical study.Special thanks are due to the pharmacists' team consisting of Hutch l‘H. Nzenguélé, Anita Kabwende Lumeka and Ronald Edoa. Furthermore, we are thanking... | PMC10582777 | ||
1. Exploring the Impact of Relaxation Techniques on Brain Wave Activity and Attentional Performance: A Review of Relevant Research | stress reduction, goal-directed behaviors, anxiety | The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impact of guided imagery (GI) on attentional control and cognitive performance and to explore the relationship between guided imagery, stress reduction, alpha brainwave activity, and attentional control using common cognitive performance tests. Executive function w... | PMC10346678 | |
2. The Potential Benefits of Guided Imagery for Executive Function and Attentional Control and Research Hypotheses | DETACHMENT | Guided imagery offers a distinct experiential approach to mindfulness and mental well-being. Although meditation primarily focuses on cultivating present-moment awareness and detachment from thoughts, guided imagery involves actively engaging the imagination to create vivid sensory experiences. This approach can be par... | PMC10346678 | |
3. Materials and Methods | PMC10346678 | |||
3.1. Materials | cognitive rumination, Anxiety, anxiety | POLAND, MUSCLE RELAXATION, INFECTIOUS DISEASE | Before the experiment, the participants were required to sign a consent form confirming their willingness to participate. The participants were also required to fill in their personal information and answer several questionnaires as outlined below:Scales of Helplessness and Anxiety of Contracting an Infectious Disease ... | PMC10346678 |
3.2. Experimental Facilities | blinks | EYE | The EEG Laboratory located within the Department of Neuroinformatics and Biomedical Engineering is equipped with a dense array amplifier that can capture brain electrical activity at a frequency of 500 Hz using a 256-channel HydroCel GSN 130 Geodesic Sensor Net. This complete and compatible system is manufactured by El... | PMC10346678 |
3.3. The Cohort | cancer | CANCER, CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, POLAND, CHRONIC DISEASES, DISORDERS, DISEASES | The Bioethical Commission of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Poland, granted permission for all the experiments described below. During the relaxation experiment, each participant in the cohort sat in a comfortable armchair with earphones and listened to a recording of a relaxation procedure. The recording... | PMC10346678 |
3.4. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria | CHRONICALLY ILL, DISEASES, CHRONIC DISEASES, DISORDERS | The inclusion criteria for the cohort in this experiment include being a short-haired, right-handed, healthy, Polish-speaking male between the ages of 17 and 24, with no history of chronic diseases, no current use of prescribed medication, soft drugs, or hard drugs, and the ability to attend study appointments with no ... | PMC10346678 | |
3.5. The 14th min
Choice Justification | In summary, the choice of the 14th min for analysis was based on a previous postulation that it is the most likely time for the participants to be experiencing a deep state of relaxation. To confirm this, the generalized linear model classifier (GLM) was used to distinguish between relaxation and mental state with an a... | PMC10346678 | ||
3.6. The Final Cohort | Finally, after pre-processing the signal and eliminating the poor quality, as well as leaving only the participants who provided as with a full set of data and good EEG recordings and taking into account all the exclusion criteria, we had 20 subjects left in the GI sub-cohort and 28 subjects in the mental task engaged ... | PMC10346678 | ||
5. Limitations of the Study | The study is subject to several limitations that should be considered in the interpretation of the findings. Firstly, the relatively small sample size employed in this study may constrain the generalizability of the results to larger populations or different demographic groups. Consequently, caution should be exercised... | PMC10346678 | ||
Author Contributions | K.Z.: meaningful participation in the key phases of research and publication process, research project conceptualization, verification of results and analysis, manuscript writing, responses to reviewers, literature review, and implementing the GI relaxation technique; G.S.: research idea, selection of participants in t... | PMC10346678 | ||
Informed Consent Statement | The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Bioethical Commission (MCSU Bioethical Commission permission 9 July 2021). The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Informed consent was obtained from all s... | PMC10346678 | ||
Data Availability Statement | The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors without undue reservation to any qualified researcher. | PMC10346678 | ||
Conflicts of Interest | The authors declare no conflict of interest. | PMC10346678 | ||
References | Research protocol used for data processing of both types of sessions: GI and mental task workloads.The 14th min choice justification.The effect of GI on reducing erroneous reactions in the Stroop test is mediated by the alpha power at 14 min. * The effect of GI on reducing erroneous reactions in the anti-saccade test i... | PMC10346678 | ||
Background/Aims: | primary gastrointestinal melanoma | Cite this article as: Qiu S, Chen R, Yu Z, Shao S, Yuan H, Han T. The development and validation of a nomogram for predicting cancer-specific survival and a risk stratification system for patients with primary gastrointestinal melanoma. The aim of our study was to develop and validate a nomogram to predict cancer-speci... | PMC10544115 | |
Materials and Methods: | primary gastrointestinal melanoma | REGRESSION | Patients with primary gastrointestinal melanoma in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database between 2000 and 2018 were included and randomly divided into the training and validation cohort (8:2). A prediction nomogram of cancer-specific survival was constructed based on the risk factors identified in th... | PMC10544115 |
Results: | tumor | TUMOR | A total of 433 patients were included. The nomogram was constructed based on age, site, and tumor size, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) stage, and therapy. The area under the curves of the nomogram predicting 6-, 12-, and 18-month cancer-specific survival were 0.789, 0.757, and 0.726 for the internal... | PMC10544115 |
Conclusion: | primary gastrointestinal melanoma | We developed and validated a practical prediction model of cancer-specific survival and a risk stratification system for patients with primary gastrointestinal melanoma, which might be available in clinical practices. | PMC10544115 | |
Keywords | PMC10544115 | |||
Main Points | primary gastrointestinal melanoma, tumor | TUMOR | Patients with primary gastrointestinal melanoma (PGIM) had poor prognosis with an 18.0-month median cancer-specific survival (CSS) time.Age, site, tumor size, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) stage, and therapy are independent risk factors associated with CSS in PGIM.A prediction nomogram for the CSS ... | PMC10544115 |
Introduction | cancers, MM, primary MM, aggressive cancer, Primary mucosal melanoma, tumors | CANCERS, PROLIFERATION, CUTANEOUS MELANOMA, AGGRESSIVE CANCER, TUMORS | Primary mucosal melanoma (MM) is an aggressive cancer arising from the uncontrolled proliferation of melanocytes located in the mucosal membrane. Compared to cutaneous melanoma, primary MM is far rarer but carries a poorer prognosis. Bishop and OlszewskiThe Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database co... | PMC10544115 |
Materials and Methods | PMC10544115 | |||
Patient Enrollment and Data Collection | tumor, Tumor, cancer, malignancy, tumors, upper GI tract | TUMOR, TUMOR, CANCER, PRIMARY TUMOR, TUMORS | All data of patients with PGIM were retrieved and collected from the SEER database, 18 Registries (with plus data, 2000-2018, Nov 2020 Sub; Data of baseline information, tumor characteristics, therapy provided, and follow-up data were collected. Baseline information included age (20-40 years, 41-64 years, >64 years), g... | PMC10544115 |
Statistical Analysis | REGRESSIONS | All of the cases were randomly divided into either the training or validation cohort (the split ratio was 8:2). The training cohort was used to establish the prediction model and to construct the nomogram and risk stratification system, while the validation cohort was used to validate the model.Univariate and multivari... | PMC10544115 | |
Results | PMC10544115 | |||
Patient Characteristics and Prognosis Outcome | tumors, upper GI tract | TUMORS | A total of 433 PGIM who met the inclusion criteria were included (For all patients, the median CSS time was 18.0 months (95% CI: 14.7-21.3). The 6-, 12-, and 18-month CSS rates were 77.6%, 59.6%, and 48.6%. The median CSS time was longer in tumors located in the intestine and anorectum compared to those located in the ... | PMC10544115 |
The Establishment and Validation of Nomogram for Cancer-Specific Survival | tumor | REGRESSION, TUMOR | Data from the training cohort was included to identify the significant variables. In the univariate Cox regression of CSS, age, site, tumor size, SEER stage, and therapy were identified as significant (The nomogram was virtually displayed for predicting 6-, 12-, and 18-month CSS ( | PMC10544115 |
Risk Stratification System Based on the Nomogram Model | Based on the cutoff value of the total points calculated by the nomogram, a risk stratification system was developed. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the point: low-risk (point: 0-182) and high-risk (point: 183-333). The Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed to compare the CSS of different risk stratific... | PMC10544115 | ||
References | primary gastrointestinal melanoma | REGRESSION | The inclusion and exclusion flowchart of patients with primary gastrointestinal melanoma.Nomogram for predicting 6-, 12-, and 18-month cancer-specific survival of primary gastrointestinal melanoma patients.Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve for predicting patients’ 6-, 12-, and 18-month CSS of nomog... | PMC10544115 |
Subject terms | nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NASH, liver disease | NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH), NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, LIVER DISEASE | Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive liver disease with no approved treatment. MAESTRO-NAFLD-1 was a 52-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial evaluating the safety of resmetirom in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and presumed NASH. Patients were randomized to three... | PMC10667098 |
Main | NAFLD, obesity, NASH, metabolic dysregulation | NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, OBESITY, SECONDARY, TYPE 2 DIABETES | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with metabolic dysregulation and is commonly identified in individuals with obesity, type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemiaAt present, a liver biopsy is needed to definitively diagnose NASH; however, liver biopsy is an invasive procedure with associated morbidity. As suc... | PMC10667098 |
Results | PMC10667098 | |||
Primary outcome | TEAEs | The primary end point, incidence of TEAEs (time frame, up to 52 weeks of treatment and 4 weeks of follow-up) not being different between treatment arms was met. In total, 86.1–88.4% of resmetirom-treated patients and 81.8% of placebo-treated patients reported a TEAE during the trial (Table Safety summary (safety popula... | PMC10667098 | |
Secondary outcomes | SECONDARY | Key secondary end points were achieved for both the DB 100 mg and 80 mg resmetirom arms. At week 24, resmetirom treatment resulted in significant reductions in atherogenic lipid levels from baseline compared to placebo treatment (Fig. | PMC10667098 | |
Exploratory outcome | hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism | HYPERTHYROIDISM, MINOR, HYPOTHYROIDISM, LIVER | ALT increases of ≥3 × ULN occurred in fewer patients in the resmetirom arms compared to the placebo arm (0.5% (OL 100 mg resmetirom), 0.3% (DB 100 mg resmetirom) and 0.6% (DB 80 mg resmetirom) versus 1.9% (placebo)). As a marker of potential efficacy, liver enzymes were reduced from baseline over time in the resmetirom... | PMC10667098 |
Discussion | obesity, NAFLD, nausea, death, diarrhea, fibrosis, hyperthyroidism, NASH, liver injury | OBESITY, HYPERTENSION, DISEASE, FIBROSIS, HYPERTHYROIDISM, HYPOTHYROIDISM, TYPE 2 DIABETES, DYSLIPIDEMIA | There are currently no approved pharmacological therapies for NASH. Rather, management focuses on lifestyle modification, including diet and exercise and treatment of comorbidities such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. In addition, NASH is a chronic condition which may require lifelong therapy to slow or p... | PMC10667098 |
Methods | PMC10667098 | |||
Study design and participants | NAFLD | MAESTRO-NAFLD-1 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier Male and female adults ≥18 years of age with ≥3 metabolic risk factors could screen for inclusion in MAESTRO-NAFLD-1. At sites participating in MAESTRO-NASH, patients who failed the screen for MAESTRO-NASH but had confirmed NAFLD (earlier stage or F2/F3 with NAFLD activity... | PMC10667098 | |
Inclusion criteria (DB and OL noncirrhotic arms) | inflammation, fibrosis, NASH/NAFLD, weight gain, renal disease, steatosis, claustrophobia, dyslipidemia | INFLAMMATION, EVENT, FIBROSIS, STERILE, SECONDARY, RENAL DISEASE, -11, STEATOSIS, DYSLIPIDEMIA | We only evaluated patients for study participation if they met the prescreening criteria. Patients who did not initially meet the eligibility criteria may be retested, based on investigator judgment, to determine whether they qualify to participate. Patients who met all of the following criteria were eligible to partic... | PMC10667098 |
Exclusion criteria | vitiligo, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Wilson’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, stroke, cirrhosis, autoimmune diseases, fibrosis, NASH, HCV antibody, liver diseases, autoimmune disease, ascites, α-1-antitrypsin deficiency, chronic kidney disease, cancer, HCV antibody and positive HCV, HCV infection, NASH/NAFLD, diabetic med... | BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION, VITILIGO, RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE, LIVER CANCER, STROKE, CIRRHOSIS, AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, FIBROSIS, UNSTABLE ANGINA, CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA, HYPERSENSITIVITY, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, LIVER DISEASES, HEART, AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE, ASCITES, CANCER, SYNDROME, PCP, ESOPHAGEAL VARICE... | Patients who meet any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation in the study. Patients who do not initially meet eligibility criteria may be retested or rescreened, based on investigator judgment, to determine whether they qualify to participate.History of significant alcohol consumption for a perio... | PMC10667098 |
Randomization | renal impairment, noncirrhotic NASH, well-compensated NASH cirrhosis, NASH, NASH cirrhosis | RENAL IMPAIRMENT | As specified in the protocol, the first 30 patients were enrolled in the OL 100 mg resmetirom arm (including any patients taking thyroxine >75 μg dPatients completing MAESTRO-NAFLD-1 were eligible to enroll in a 52-week OL extension (MAESTRO-NAFLD-OLE), which will provide additional data to characterize the safety and ... | PMC10667098 |
Procedures | EVENTS, LIVER, DECAY | For all patients randomized to resmetirom treatment, dose adjustments could be triggered by an unblinded monitor. At week 12, the resmetirom dose was reduced by 20 mg if FT4 levels decreased from baseline by ≥30% (to <0.7 ng dlA DMC, which met at least quarterly throughout the MAESTRO-NAFLD-1 trial, evaluated the safet... | PMC10667098 | |
Objectives | NASH | SECONDARY | The primary objective was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of resmetirom as measured by the incidence of TEAEs over 52 weeks of treatment. The same objective applied to the OL noncirrhotic NASH cohort that enrolled in the trial from the time of initiation to the closure of the 1:1:1:1 randomization (1 July 2020)... | PMC10667098 |
Statistical analysis | nonadherence, ASCVD | EVENTS, SECONDARY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, ASCVD | Sample size was based on safety and regulatory considerations to facilitate the evaluation of the treatment effect within subgroups of interest. For evaluation of the key secondary end points, randomizing ≥200 patients to each of the three DB arms was expected to provide >90% power to demonstrate a statistically signif... | PMC10667098 |
Protocol deviations resulting from COVID-19 | NASH, COVID-19-related drug kit delays | EMERGENCY | The study was conducted between December 2019 and December 2021 at 79 sites in the United States during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. On 27 March 2020, Madrigal, the sponsor, issued an administrative letter (following the Conduct of Clinical Trials of Medical Products During the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency ... | PMC10667098 |
Reporting summary | Further information on research design is available in the | PMC10667098 | ||
Online content | Any methods, additional references, Nature Portfolio reporting summaries, source data, extended data, supplementary information, acknowledgements, peer review information; details of author contributions and competing interests; and statements of data and code availability are available at 10.1038/s41591-023-02603-1. | PMC10667098 | ||
Supplementary information |
Supplementary Tables 1–4Reporting Summary | PMC10667098 | ||
Extended data | PMC10667098 | |||
Resmetirom-mediated reduction in hepatic fat. | Least squares (LS) mean change from baseline (95% confidence interval (CI)) in hepatic fat (measured by magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF)) at Week 52 in patient subgroups of the double-blind 100 mg resmetirom and double-blind 80 mg resmetirom arms. Marker shows median. High SHBG, populat... | PMC10667098 | ||
Resmetirom-mediated reduction in proton density fat fraction and liver volume. | Least squares (LS) mean change from baseline (95% confidence interval (CI)) in PDFF (a) and liver volume (b) at Week 52 in patient subgroups of the open-label 100 mg resmetirom arm. Marker shows median. High SHBG, population (~two-thirds) with ≥120% increase from baseline in SHBG.
| PMC10667098 | ||
Study Design. | ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, TYPE 2 DIABETES | *Randomization was stratified by type 2 diabetes status and by history of documented atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The first 30 patients enrolled in the MAESTRO-NAFLD-1 trial were enrolled in the open-label 100 mg resmetirom (including any patients taking thyroxine >75 mcg). After the first 30 patients were e... | PMC10667098 | |
Extended data | is available for this paper at 10.1038/s41591-023-02603-1. | PMC10667098 | ||
Supplementary information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41591-023-02603-1. | PMC10667098 | ||
Acknowledgements | The MAESTRO-NAFLD-1 trial was sponsored by Madrigal Pharmaceuticals. The sponsor designed the trial and, in conjunction with contract research organizations, performed site monitoring, data collection and data analysis. Editorial assistance was provided by K.A. Finnegan and K. Miller, employees of Madrigal Pharmaceutic... | PMC10667098 | ||
Author contributions | D.L., S.A.H. | All authors had access to the data, reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript for submission. S.A.H. and authors employed by Madrigal Pharmaceuticals (R.T. and D.L.) participated in the analysis and interpretation of the data, developed the initial draft of the manuscript and vouch for th... | PMC10667098 | |
Peer review | PMC10667098 | |||
Data availability | S.A.H. | Datasets generated as part of the MAESTRO-NAFLD-1 trial are considered commercially sensitive and as such, are not publicly available. Requests for data supporting findings in this manuscript should be made to the corresponding author (S.A.H.). Data may be shared in the form of aggregate data summaries and via a data t... | PMC10667098 | |
Competing interests | R.T., S.A.H. | CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE | S.A.H. reports grant/research support from 89 Bio, Boehringer Ingelheim, Akero, Altimmune, Axcella, Corcept, Cymabay, Enyo, Galectin, Galmed, Genentech, Genfit, Gilead, Hepion, Hightide, Intercept, Madrigal, Metacrine, NGM Bio, NorthSea, Poxel, Sagimet and Viking; advisory/consulting fees from Akero, Altimmune, AstraZe... | PMC10667098 |
References | PMC10667098 | |||
Subject terms | There is growing evidence that risky cooperation is regulated by the experience of previous interactions with others. However, it is unclear how the evaluation of outcomes from competitive interactions can affect individuals’ subsequent cooperative behavior. To address this issue, we examined how participants cooperate... | PMC10073108 | ||
Introduction |
“We have no eternal allies, and we have no perpetual enemies. Our interests are eternal and perpetual…….”——Lord Palmerston (Henry John Temple)Cooperation is a form of social interaction widely observed in humans and non-human social speciesOne potentially critical social factor has remained largely unstudied, because ... | PMC10073108 | ||
Results | PMC10073108 | |||
Pre-competition measures | We analyzed altruistic attitudes, cooperative and competitive orientation, and risk-taking scores using a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with outcome feedback (victory vs. defeat vs. uncertain competitive outcome vs. control) as a between-participant factor. We did not find any significant differences in these pe... | PMC10073108 | ||
Outcome feedback manipulation check and psychological reactions to outcome feedback | As a manipulation check, we analyzed ratings of perceived competition using a one-way ANOVA with outcome feedback (victory vs. defeat vs. uncertain competitive outcome vs. control) as a between-participant factor. We observed a significant effect of outcome feedback (To examine psychological reactions to outcome feedba... | PMC10073108 | ||
The effects of competition outcome on risky cooperation | PMC10073108 | |||
Willingness to cooperate | We analyzed ratings of willingness to cooperate using a three-way mixed ANOVA with outcome feedback (victory vs. defeat vs. uncertain competitive outcome vs. control) as a between-participant factor, person (self vs. opponent), and MPCR (α = 1.4 vs. α = 2 vs. α = 3) as the within-participant factor. We observed a signi... | PMC10073108 | ||
Cooperative behavior | We analyzed cooperative behavior using a three-way mixed ANOVA. Although there was no significant main effect of outcome feedback ( | PMC10073108 | ||
Potential mechanisms underlying effects of competition-outcome feedback and competition on cooperative behavior | ’ cooperative behavior | Up to this point, we have observed that participants showed reduced trust toward opponents and decreased willingness to cooperate with opponents following negative feedback compared to positive feedback in the competition when there was a high risk of incurring personal costs (α = 1.4). In contrast, participants only s... | PMC10073108 | |
Discussion | ’ cooperative behavior | In this study, we show how prior competition-driven outcomes shape participants’ subsequent cooperative behavior toward their previous opponents in contexts involving different levels of risk for personal losses and gains. By examining the psychological reactions of participants to outcome feedback during competition, ... | PMC10073108 | |
Limitations | In spite of our promising findings, there are several potential limitations of this study that need to be pointed out. First, empirical research on the relation between wealth and consumption has demonstrated that increased aggregate wealth results in an increase in aggregate consumption | PMC10073108 |
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