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Acknowledgements | Open Access funding was provided by the University of the Basque Country. | PMC9469834 | ||
Author contribution | Arteagoitia Iciar conceived the idea, designed the protocol, and led the acquisition of funds; Barbier Luis conceived the idea, led the acquisition of funds, and reviewed the protocol. Santamaria conducted the trial and collected the data; Rodriguez-Sanchez and Rodriguez-Andrés collected and analysed the data. All auth... | PMC9469834 | ||
Funding | Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. Open Access funding provided by University of the Basque Country. This clinical trial has been funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the project “PI18/00809″ (Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund/European Socia... | PMC9469834 | ||
Data availability | The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. | PMC9469834 | ||
Declarations | PMC9469834 | |||
Ethics approval | All procedures performed in the studies involving human participants complied with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee, and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration, and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by The Spanish Agency of Medicines a... | PMC9469834 | ||
Conflict of interest | The authors declare no competing interests. | PMC9469834 | ||
References
| PMC9469834 | |||
1. Introduction | SECONDARY | Background: The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommends consuming a variety of “Protein Foods” based on “ounce-equivalent” (oz-eq) portions. No study has assessed the same oz-eq portions of animal- vs. plant-based protein foods on essential amino acid (EAA) bioavailability for protein anabolism in young and o... | PMC10343739 | |
2. Materials and Methods | PMC10343739 | |||
2.1. Ethics | RECRUITMENT | The study protocols and materials were approved by the Purdue University Biomedical Institutional Review Board (IRB protocol #1804020520 (young adults) and IRB-2019-354 (older adults)), and all participants provided written, informed consent, and received monetary compensation for their participation. Before participan... | PMC10343739 | |
2.2. Participants | Participants were recruited from Greater Lafayette, IN, USA. Study inclusion criteria were: aged 22–39 or 55–75 years for young and older adults, respectively; BMI 20–35 kg/m | PMC10343739 | ||
2.3. Study Design | Each participant completed four 300-min trials (randomized, investigator-blinded, crossover design), with each trial separated by a minimum of three days. Participant treatment order randomization was performed by a clinical laboratory manager, who did not participate in data analysis or interpretation, using online so... | PMC10343739 | ||
2.4. Test Meals | On each of the four testing days, participants consumed a carefully portioned test meal ( | PMC10343739 | ||
2.5. Sample Collection and Biochemical Analyses | BLOOD | Blood samples were collected into serum- and plasma-separator tubes at the specified time points, centrifuged for 15 min at 4000 rpm and 4 °C, aliquoted into 1 mL microcentrifuge tubes, and stored at −80 °C as previously described [ | PMC10343739 | |
2.6. Statistical Analysis | Previous research from our group with a similar design and with EAA positive incremental area under the curve (iAUCpos) as the primary outcome showed a between-trial, within-subject variability of ±2000 μg/mL/h [ | PMC10343739 | ||
3. Results | PMC10343739 | |||
3.1. Randomization and Participant Characteristics | Details of the study enrollment and conduct for this project are described in | PMC10343739 | ||
3.1.1. Young Adults | Of the 39 potential participants who completed an initial in-person screening, 37 were enrolled and randomized, and 30 (15 females and 15 males) completed the study. Seven participants withdrew from the study: two due to starting a new job and relocating; two due to personal reasons; two chose to discontinue after the ... | PMC10343739 | ||
3.1.2. Older Adults | ADVERSE EVENTS | Of the 30 potential participants who completed an initial in-person screening, 27 were enrolled and randomized, and 25 (15 females and 10 males) completed the study. Two participants chose to discontinue after the first trial because of the time commitment. The mean (±SD) age of participants was 64.2 (±6.6) years, BMI ... | PMC10343739 | |
3.2. Baseline Fasting Blood Concentrations | TAA | Among the four trials, baseline fasting TAA, EAA, BCAA, leucine, glucose, and insulin were not different for young adults, older adults, or combined. Among the four trials, baseline fasting EAA, BCAA, and leucine were greater for young than older adults, with no age-related differences in TAA, glucose, or insulin. | PMC10343739 | |
3.3. Essential Amino Acids | PMC10343739 | |||
3.3.1. Young Adults | pork | A main effect of protein oz-eq food sources was observed for EAA iAUCpos. Essential amino acid iAUCpos were greater for pork or eggs than for black beans or almonds; greater for pork than eggs; and not different between black beans and almonds ( | PMC10343739 | |
3.3.2. Older Adults | pork | A main effect of protein oz-eq food sources was observed for EAA iAUCpos. Essential amino acid iAUCpos was greater for pork or eggs than for black beans or almonds; greater for pork than for eggs; and not different between black beans and almonds ( | PMC10343739 | |
3.3.3. Young vs. Older Adults | Essential amino acid iAUCpos was not different between young and older adults overall or among trials ( | PMC10343739 | ||
3.3.4. Young and Older Adults Combined | pork | A main effect of protein oz-eq food sources was observed for EAA iAUCpos. Essential amino acid iAUCpos was greater for pork or eggs than black beans or almonds, greater for pork than eggs, and not different between black beans and almonds ( | PMC10343739 | |
3.4. TAA, BCAA, and Leucine | TAA | The responses and statistical results (i.e., comparisons among trials and each time point) for TAA, BCAA, and leucine were comparable to EAA for young adults, older adults, young vs. older adults, and combined ( | PMC10343739 | |
3.5. Serum Glucose and Insulin | PMC10343739 | |||
3.5.1. Young Adults | No differences were observed for glucose or insulin iAUCpos overall or among trials ( | PMC10343739 | ||
3.5.2. Older Adults | No differences were observed for glucose iAUCpos overall or among trials (Insulin iAUC trended toward being greater for black beans than almonds ( | PMC10343739 | ||
3.5.3. Young vs. Older Adults | A main effect of age was observed for glucose iAUCpos. Glucose iAUCpos was lower for young than older adults for black beans but not for pork, eggs, or almonds (Insulin iAUCpos was not different between young and older adults overall or among trials ( | PMC10343739 | ||
3.5.4. Young and Older Adults Combined | There was no main effect of protein oz-eq food source on glucose iAUCpos, although it trended toward significance (A main effect of protein oz-eq food sources was observed for insulin. Insulin iAUCpos was not different among trials, although it trended toward being greater for black beans than for almonds ( | PMC10343739 | ||
3.6. Females vs. Males | TAA | The TAA, EAA, BCAA, leucine, glucose, and insulin concentrations for each time point and iAUCpos are reported in | PMC10343739 | |
3.6.1. Baseline Fasting Blood Concentrations | TAA | Baseline fasting EAA, BCAA, and leucine were lower for females than males, with no sex-specific differences in TAA, glucose, or insulin. | PMC10343739 | |
3.6.2. Plasma Amino Acids | A main effect of sex and treatment × sex was observed for EAA iAUCpos. Essential amino acid iAUCpos were greater for females than males overall and for pork, but not for eggs, black beans, or almonds ( | PMC10343739 | ||
3.6.3. Serum Glucose and Insulin | Glucose and insulin iAUCpos were not different between females and males overall or among trials ( | PMC10343739 | ||
4. Discussion | SECONDARY | To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first project to assess the effect of consuming the same oz-eq portions of protein foods, namely pork, eggs, black beans, and almonds, as defined by the DGA, in the context of a mixed meal on EAA substrate bioavailability for protein anabolism in young and older adults... | PMC10343739 | |
5. Conclusions | In conclusion, based on the oz-eq concept used in the DGAs, the animal- and plant-based protein foods included in this project do not equivalently provide bioavailable EAA for protein anabolism in young and older adults. Whole eggs and especially unprocessed lean pork consumed with a standard meal resulted in greater p... | PMC10343739 | ||
Supplementary Materials | The following supporting information can be downloaded at: Click here for additional data file. | PMC10343739 | ||
Author Contributions | A.S.H. | Conceptualization, J.L.H., R.E.B. and W.W.C.; Data curation, G.C., E.M.D., A.S.H. and W.Z.; Formal analysis, G.C., A.S.H. and W.Z.; Funding acquisition, J.L.H., R.E.B. and W.W.C.; Investigation, G.C. and E.M.D.; Methodology, G.C., J.L.H., R.E.B., C.C.C. and W.W.C.; Project administration, G.C. and W.W.C.; Resources, C.... | PMC10343739 | |
Institutional Review Board Statement | This project was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Purdue University (IRB protocol #1804020520 (young adults) and IRB-2019-354 (older adults)). | PMC10343739 | ||
Informed Consent Statement | Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. | PMC10343739 | ||
Data Availability Statement | The data supporting this project’s findings are available from the corresponding author, W.W.C., upon reasonable request. | PMC10343739 | ||
Conflicts of Interest | When this research was conducted, W.W.C. received research funding from the following organizations: American Egg Board’s Egg Nutrition Center, Beef Checkoff, Pork Checkoff, North Dakota Beef Commission, Barilla Group, Mushroom Council, and the National Chicken Council. C.C.C. received funding from the Beef Checkoff. R... | PMC10343739 | ||
1. Introduction | non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiometabolic abnormalities, Hypertension, hypertension, T2DM | OBESE, NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, HYPERGLYCEMIA, METABOLIC DISEASES, INSULIN RESISTANCE, ADIPOSITY, HYPERTENSION, METABOLIC SYNDROME, HYPERTENSION, DYSLIPIDEMIA | This feeding trial evaluated the impact of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet on changes in plasma choline, choline metabolites, and ceramides in obese older adults; 28 adults consumed 3oz (n = 15) or 6oz (n = 13) of beef within a standardized DASH diet for 12 weeks. Plasma choline, betaine, methionine, d... | PMC10489641 |
2. Materials and Methods | PMC10489641 | |||
2.1. Study Participants | RECRUITMENT | Characteristics and recruitment of participants have been previously reported [ | PMC10489641 | |
2.2. Study Design, Body Composition Measures, and Blood Sample Collection | CLOT, BLOOD, HEART, LUNG | A human controlled feeding trial with a parallel design was performed in which females (n = 17) and males (n = 11) aged 65+ years were randomized to consume either 3 oz (85 g; n = 15) or 6oz (170.1 g; n = 13) of lean fresh beef within a standardized DASH diet. As previously described, Nutritionist Pro™ software was use... | PMC10489641 | |
2.3. Choline, Betaine, Trimethylamine N-Oxide, and L-Carnitine Quantification | We utilized LC-MS/MS to quantify choline and betaine as previously described [ | PMC10489641 | ||
2.4. Ceramide Quantification | dryness | Plasma samples (700 µL) were frozen over liquid nitrogen and lyophilized to dryness. HPLC-grade methanol (1.4 mL) was added to the dried material and the mixture was sonicated for 3 min (on/off pulse cycles of 3 s on, 2 s off, at power 100%) using a Qsonica Ultrasonic Processor (Model Q700; Qsonica, Newtown, CT, USA) w... | PMC10489641 | |
2.5. Lysophosphatidylcholine Quantification | SEPARATION, RESOLUTION | Stock lipid standards were prepared by dissolving them in dichloromethane (DCM)/methanol (MeOH; 2:1 Thirty microliters of internal standard mixture were added to 30 μL of sample followed by 190 μL of MeOH. Samples were then vortexed for 20 s. Next, 380 μL of DCM was added, the sample was vortexed for 20 s, and 120 μL o... | PMC10489641 | |
2.6. Statistical Analyses | Data were tested for assumptions of normality and spread using the Shapiro–Wilk test and normal distribution curves. Data that did not meet assumptions of normality were analyzed with non-parametric tests and reported as the median with interquartile range. Data were pooled by sex and by beef intake group and also disp... | PMC10489641 | ||
3. Results | PMC10489641 | |||
3.1. Study Diet | Estimated choline, choline forms, L-carnitine, and methionine content of the study diet separated by beef group are shown in Given that the 2022 USDA database does not include choline forms, glycerophosphocholine (GPC), phosphocholine, PC, and sphingomyelin were calculated using the 2008 USDA Database for the Choline C... | PMC10489641 | ||
3.2. Baseline (Week 0) Characteristics of Study Participants | Participants (n = 28) 65–84 years of age completed the 12-week diet intervention and were included in the final analysis. As previously reported, all participants presented with the following at baseline: total body weight: 91.2 kg; BMI: 32 kg/mBaseline characteristics separated by beef group are presented in Baseline ... | PMC10489641 | ||
3.3. Week 12 Outcomes in Response to the Intervention | Week 12 results separated by beef group are presented in Week 12 outcomes separated by sex are presented in | PMC10489641 | ||
3.4. Changes in Plasma Choline, Choline Metabolites, Total Ceramide, and Triglycerides in Response to the Study Diet | Plasma choline, betaine, methionine, DMG, PC, total LPC, total sphingomyelin, TMAO, L-carnitine, total ceramide, and triglyceride responses to the diet intervention are shown in | PMC10489641 | ||
3.5. Changes in LPC, Sphingomyelin, and Ceramide Species in Response to the Diet Intervention | Baseline characteristics of LPC, sphingomyelin, and ceramide species separated by beef group are presented in Week 12 results of LPC, sphingomyelin, and ceramide species separated by beef group are presented in Changes in plasma LPC, sphingomyelin, and ceramide species in response to the diet intervention are presented... | PMC10489641 | ||
3.6. Changes in Choline, Betaine, L-Carnitine, TMAO, Sphingomyelins, Ceramides, and LPCs in Correlation with Changes in Body Composition, Cardiometabolic, and Inflammatory Markers | inflammation | INFLAMMATION | Changes in choline, betaine, LPCs, sphingomyelins, TMAO, L-carnitine, and ceramides in association with body composition, cardiometabolic, and inflammatory markers are shown in The change in sphingomeyelin 24:0 was correlated with total cholesterol (r = −0.42; Several LPC species were correlated with anthropometric and... | PMC10489641 |
4. Discussion | OBESE | This highly controlled diet intervention study sought to examine the impact of a DASH-style diet on changes in choline, choline metabolites, ceramides, and triglycerides in a cohort of obese adults aged 65–84 years. In response to the 12-week intervention, changes in plasma choline, DMG, total PC, total LPC, TMAO, tota... | PMC10489641 | |
4.1. In Response to the Dietary Choline and Betaine Provided by the DASH Diet, Plasma Choline Decreased and in Males Plasma Betaine Increased | The study diet provided an average of ~300 mg of dietary choline per day, which was delivered by food only, supplemental choline was not given. The amount of choline supplied by the study diet was below the adequate intake (AI) for adults which is 550 mg per day for males and 425 mg for females [In response to the stud... | PMC10489641 | ||
4.2. Plasma Dimethylglycine Decreased in Response to the DASH Diet, and Males Had Higher DMG Compared to Females | In the present study, the average estimated amount of dietary methionine was 1654 mg. In response to the study diet, plasma DMG decreased by 10% (At baseline, males had higher plasma DMG ( | PMC10489641 | ||
4.3. Plasma Phosphatidylcholine Decreased in Response to the Dietary Phosphatidylcholine Provided by the DASH Diet | obese, overweight, prediabetes and/or metabolic syndrome | OBESE | An estimated average of 81.5 mg of dietary phosphatidylcholine (PC) was provided by the study diet. The primary food sources of dietary PC were beef and eggs and in the present study beef was the main PC food item. Conflicting outcomes on metabolic health related to beef or dietary PC have been reported. A 28-day rando... | PMC10489641 |
4.4. In Response to the DASH Diet Total Lysophosphatidylcholine Increased | The physiological functions and specific mechanisms by which lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) acts have not been fully elucidated and human clinical lipidomic trials report conflicting outcomes [ | PMC10489641 | ||
4.5. Trimethylamine N-Oxide Increased in Response to a Higher Beef Intake | Trimethylamine | PMC10489641 | ||
4.6. Total Ceramide Decreased in Response to the DASH Diet | T2DM | INSULIN RESISTANCE, OBESE | The bioactive sphingolipid ceramide receives attention due to its effects on insulin signaling and glucose utilization. Indeed, circulating ceramide concentrations are elevated in obese adults with T2DM and correlate with the severity of insulin resistance [ | PMC10489641 |
4.7. In Response to the DASH Diet Plasma Triglycerides Decreased and Males Had Higher Triglycerides Compared to Females | metabolic syndrome, middle-aged overweight | METABOLIC SYNDROME | Studies show that the DASH diet significantly reduces plasma triglycerides in middle-aged overweight adults and individuals with metabolic syndrome [At baseline, participants randomized to the 3 oz beef group had higher ( | PMC10489641 |
4.8. Lysophosphatidylcholine Species Increased in Association with Biomarkers of Inflammatory and Muscle Health | inflammation, atherosclerosis | INFLAMMATION, ATHEROSCLEROSIS | Lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) are bioactive lipids investigated in the development of atherosclerosis and inflammation [LPCs are widely considered to be potent pro-inflammatory lipids, however, recent discoveries suggest that LPCs may possess anti-inflammatory properties as well [ | PMC10489641 |
4.9. Sphingomyelin Species Respond Differentially in Association with Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Outcomes | metabolic diseases | METABOLIC DISEASES | Estimated dietary sphingomyelin provided by the study had an average of 17.5 mg. Dietary sphingomyelins are shown to be beneficial in lipid metabolism, cholesterol regulation, and in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases [At baseline, females had higher plasma sphingomyelin compared to males ( | PMC10489641 |
4.10. In Response to the DASH Diet Ceramide Species Respond Differentially | The impact of diet on the profile of individual ceramide species is unexplored. In the present study, plasma concentrations of five ceramide species were measured. Although in response to the study diet total ceramide decreased ( | PMC10489641 | ||
4.11. Limitations | Limitations of the present study include: (i) although two different amounts of beef were compared, this study lacked a non-beef comparison group; (ii) all participants self-identified as white American which is representative of the main racial group in South Dakota; (iii) no participants required support for daily li... | PMC10489641 | ||
5. Conclusions | OBESE | Results from this controlled feeding diet intervention trial in obese older adults show that in response to the DASH diet that provided dietary choline below the AI, plasma choline, PC, and total ceramide decreased, while plasma total LPC and TMAO increased. Outcomes also demonstrated distinct patterns of change in pla... | PMC10489641 | |
Supplementary Materials | The following supporting information can be downloaded at: Click here for additional data file. | PMC10489641 | ||
Author Contributions | Conceptualization, C.A.P., B.N.T. and J.W.M.; methodology, C.A.P. and J.W.M.; statistical analysis, G.P.V.G.; data curation, B.N.T., M.A., L.A.S., M.E.D.-R., H.H.L. and E.L.J.; writing—original draft preparation, C.A.P., B.N.T., G.P.V.G. and M.A.; writing—review and editing, C.A.P., G.P.V.G., M.A., L.A.S., B.N.T. and J... | PMC10489641 | ||
Institutional Review Board Statement | The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board for Human Study Participant Use at South Dakota State University (Approval #: IRB-1,712,006-EXP). | PMC10489641 | ||
Informed Consent Statement | Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study prior to enrollment. | PMC10489641 | ||
Data Availability Statement | Data presented are contained within this article and | PMC10489641 | ||
Conflicts of Interest | The authors declare no conflict of interest. | PMC10489641 | ||
Abbreviations | PMC10489641 | |||
References | Estimated dietary choline, betaine, choline forms, L-carnitine, and methionine provided by the study diet.* Estimated using 2022 USDA FoodCentral database [Baseline and week 12 variable characteristics separated by beef group.* Baseline data are presented as means and standard deviations except for TMAO and L-carnitine... | PMC10489641 | ||
Background | POSITIVE | Positive psychology interventions are known to have an impact on mental health as well as on a number of beneficial characteristics like optimism, gratitude and self-efficacy. The Positive Emotions Training (PoET) is one of the first holistic training programs covering eleven positive psychology constructs. The goal of... | PMC10426081 | |
Methods | The sample ( | PMC10426081 | ||
Results | depression, anxiety | The results showed that the contents were comprehensible and that the conduction of the training was feasible overall. In addition, a significant decrease of depression and anxiety symptoms as well as a significant increase of optimism were found in the PoET group. No significant changes were found in the control group... | PMC10426081 | |
Conclusions | Results indicate that PoET is an applicable intervention for improving mental health in the general population. | PMC10426081 | ||
Trial registration | Retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on 21/02/2023 (Identifier/Trial registration number: NCT05737251). | PMC10426081 | ||
Keywords | Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. | PMC10426081 | ||
Background | depression, anxiety | POSITIVE, DISORDERS | Mental disorders affect millions of people worldwide, causing suffering and various negative consequences. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the lifetime prevalence ranges from 18.1 to 36.1% [Several studies highlight the psychological burden of the COVID-19 pandemic and related restrictions [For a lon... | PMC10426081 |
Methods | PMC10426081 | |||
Recruitment | mental illness | To advertise the PoET, a flyer was distributed on social media and two articles were published in newspapers. Those interested could contact an email address to receive further information about the training and to apply. Participants for the control group were also recruited via social media. As PoET is a low-threshol... | PMC10426081 | |
Participants | A total of | PMC10426081 | ||
PoET | Since we were interested in the specific outcome effects of the training, only participants who took part at both training days and completed all data sets were considered in the analyses. | PMC10426081 | ||
Control | The final sample consisted of The two groups differed significantly in their age ( | PMC10426081 | ||
Development and description of PoET | humor | POSITIVE | For the development of PoET, a systematic literature analysis was first carried out within the context of the project “On the Role of Positive Emotions in the Promotion of Mental Health - An Experimental Study” to collect various positive psychology constructs and exercises for the promotion of positive emotion experie... | PMC10426081 |
Measures | At all three assessment points, participants in the PoET and control group completed a battery of questionnaires. Socio-demographic data, questions about the experience of flow, current mood and stress, and exercise practice at home (in the PoET group) were assessed. In addition, the battery contained the German versio... | PMC10426081 | ||
DASS-21 | Depression, Anxiety | The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale [ | PMC10426081 | |
PMH | POSITIVE | The Positive Mental Health Scale [ | PMC10426081 | |
LOT-r | Orientation Test-revised [ | The Life Orientation Test-revised [ | PMC10426081 | |
GQ-5 | The Gratitude Questionnaire [ | PMC10426081 | ||
SWLS | The Satisfaction with Life Scale [ | PMC10426081 | ||
NGSE | The New General Self-Efficacy Scale [ | PMC10426081 |
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