title stringlengths 1 1.19k | keywords stringlengths 0 668 | concept stringlengths 0 909 | paragraph stringlengths 0 61.8k | PMID stringlengths 10 11 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethics approval and consent to participate | All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The use of extracted teeth was approved by the Instituti... | PMC10386604 | ||
Consent for publication | Not applicable. | PMC10386604 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare no competing interests. | PMC10386604 | ||
References | PMC10386604 | |||
ABSTRACT | PMC9839988 | |||
Background | chronic kidney disease | The kidney has the highest level of selenium (Se) in the body, but the role of plasma Se in chronic kidney disease is uncertain. | PMC9839988 | |
Objective | hypertension | HYPERTENSION | We aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between baseline plasma Se and renal function decline in adults with hypertension and to explore possible effect modifiers. | PMC9839988 |
Methods | decline in renal function, hypertension, Stroke | HYPERTENSION, STROKE | This was a post hoc analysis of 935 men and women with hypertension aged 40 to 75 years from a folic-acid intervention trial (the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial) in China. The baseline plasma Se was analyzed both as a continuous variable and as tertiles. The primary outcome was a rapid decline in renal function,... | PMC9839988 |
Results | decline in renal function | The median follow-up duration from baseline to outcome was 4.4 years. After multivariate adjustment, there was an inverse association between plasma Se and a rapid decline in renal function (per 10-unit increment; OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.99). When the baseline plasma Se was assessed as tertiles, compared to the lowes... | PMC9839988 | |
Conclusions | Stroke | HYPERTENSION, STROKE | In this sample of Chinese adults with hypertension, baseline plasma Se concentrations were inversely associated with the risk of renal function decline. The China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00794885. | PMC9839988 |
Introduction | CKD | HYPERTENSION, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) | Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem worldwide (Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element that is incorporated into selenoproteins. Selenocysteine is the key component of several selenoproteins, which have potent antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects (To address the above ... | PMC9839988 |
Methods | PMC9839988 | |||
Study participants and design | stroke, CKD, hypertensive, Stroke | STROKE, STROKE | This was a post hoc analysis of 935 hypertensive adults from the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT), a folic acid intervention trial to prevent stroke. The study design and major results of the CSPPT (registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00794885) (A total of 20,702 eligible participants were randomly assi... | PMC9839988 |
Laboratory assays | BLOOD | Blood and spot-urine samples were collected from the participants at both the baseline and the exit visits. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase ( | PMC9839988 | |
Study outcomes | decline in renal function, CKD | SECONDARY | The primary outcome was a rapid decline in renal function, defined as a mean decline in eGFR of 5 mL/(min × 1.73 mThe secondary outcome was the development or progression of CKD, defined as any of the following: | PMC9839988 |
Other definitions | BMI was calculated as weight divided by height squared (kg/m | PMC9839988 | ||
Statistical analyses | ±, decline in renal function, CKD, diabetes | REGRESSION, DIABETES | Of the 935 participants, there were missing data on serum folate (Participant characteristics were presented as means ± SDs for continuous variables and proportions for categorical variables, according to the tertiles of baseline plasma Se. Differences in baseline characteristics by tertiles of plasma Se were compared ... | PMC9839988 |
Results | PMC9839988 | |||
Characteristics of the study participants | ±, CKD, chronic kidney disease | As illustrated in Characteristics of participants by tertiles of plasma seleniumFor continuous variables, values are presented as means ± SDs. CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; In addition, during the treatment period, the frequencies in use of conco... | PMC9839988 | |
Association between plasma Se and renal outcomes | decline in renal function, CKD, chronic kidney disease, hypertensive | During the median treatment duration of 4.4 years (IQR: 4.2–4.6 years), a rapid decline in renal function and the development or progression of CKD occurred in 72 (7.7%) and 33 (3.5%) participants, respectively.As shown in The frequency distribution of baseline plasma selenium in 935 participants by outcome status: (A)... | PMC9839988 | |
Exploratory subgroup analyses | decline in renal function, hypertensive | Stratified analyses were performed to assess the association between plasma Se (per 10-unit increment) and the rapid decline in renal function in various subgroups (Forest plot of subgroup analyses on the association between plasma selenium (per 10-unit increment) and the risk of rapid decline in renal function in hype... | PMC9839988 | |
Discussion | hypertensive | Our study demonstrated a significant, inverse association between plasma Se and the subsequent risk of renal function decline in hypertensive patients. Furthermore, folate was a significant modifier for the relation of plasma Se and renal function. The inverse association was more pronounced in participants receiving f... | PMC9839988 | |
Previous longitudinal studies on the association between Se and renal function | leukemias and lymphomas | SOLID TUMORS | The association between Se and renal function remains uncertain. Farhadnejad et al. (In support of our findings, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase-II, crossover study of 74 patients with leukemias and lymphomas (LL) and solid tumors (ST) reported that although there was no statistically significant ... | PMC9839988 |
The potential mechanisms on the association between Se and renal function | alleviating renal function, kidney injuries | Whilst the exact mechanisms underlying the inverse association of Se and renal function declines remains uncertain, it has been found that selenium exerts antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic functions, thus reducing kidney injuries and alleviating renal function declines, in animals ( | PMC9839988 | |
Strengths of our study | declines in renal functions, CKD | HYPERTENSION, ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION | Our study has made new contributions to the field. First, to our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind in Chinese adults with hypertension, a high-risk population for developing CKD. It showed an inverse association between plasma Se and the risk of declines in renal functions. If further confirmed, these find... | PMC9839988 |
Limitations of our study | hypertensive | REGRESSION | Our study also has several limitations. First, as an observational study, although a number of covariates have been adjusted for in the regression models, we cannot exclude the possibility of residual confounding from other unmeasured or unknown factors, such as detailed information on antioxidant dietary intakes, diet... | PMC9839988 |
Conclusions | HYPERTENSION | Our study showed an inverse association of baseline plasma Se levels with the risk of renal function decline in adults with hypertension, especially among those receiving folic acid treatment or with higher baseline folate levels, suggesting a synergistic effect of Se and folate in preserving renal function. Our findin... | PMC9839988 | |
Supplementary Material | Click here for additional data file. | PMC9839988 | ||
Acknowledgements | The authors’ responsibilities were as follows – YL, YS, LL, ZZ, ZW, XX, JL: conducted the research; YL, XW, JL: analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript; JL: had primary responsibility for the final content of the manuscript; and all authors: designed the research and read and approved the final manuscript. | PMC9839988 | ||
Data Availability | Data described in the manuscript, code book, and analytic code will be made available from the corresponding author on request, after the request is submitted and formally reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, and the Ethics Committee of Nanfang Hospita... | PMC9839988 | ||
Notes | lymphomas, CKD, chronic kidney disease, Stroke | LEUKEMIAS, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, STROKE, SOLID TUMORS, LYMPHOMAS | This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82000691); the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou, China (202102021155); and the Outstanding Youths Development Scheme of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University (2019J004).Author disclosures: Dr. Youbao Li reports gran... | PMC9839988 |
References | PMC9839988 | |||
Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenia-spectrum disorders | VIRUS | In the United States, the health and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have disproportionately affected the Latinx community. Within the Latinx community, people with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders are more susceptible to exposure to the virus. Given their increased risk of contracting and getting sick f... | PMC9898851 |
Introduction | PMC9898851 | |||
Background | cognitive impairment, schizophrenia, memory deficits, schizophrenia-spectrum disorders | VIRUS | The health and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have disproportionately affected the Latinx community. Across many states, their rates of contracting the virus are twice their population proportion [Within the Latinx community, those with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders may be more susceptible to virus e... | PMC9898851 |
Conceptual Framework | A commonly used form of visual narrative is the We developed a 12 min, Spanish-language, digitally animated audio-visual | PMC9898851 | ||
Methods | PMC9898851 | |||
Participants | schizophrenia-spectrum disorder, schizophrenia-spectrum disorders | The participants were 100 Spanish-speaking adults with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders receiving mental health services at the San Fernando Mental Health Center, a community mental health center operated by the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health. The inclusion criteria were the participant self-identified ... | PMC9898851 | |
Data Collection | schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder | Subjects with chart-diagnosed schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were recruited through advertisements posted at the community mental health center. Interested subjects contacted a Spanish-speaking research assistant, who obtained informed consent from the subject, administered the baseline measures (demographic... | PMC9898851 | |
Materials | The audio-visual novela, entitled “Examples of images from audio-visual novella. The development of the audio-visual novela was led by one of the co-authors (GM), whose team at the University of Southern California School of Pharmacy has produced numerous audio-visual novelas used throughout the world to improve health... | PMC9898851 | ||
Measures | fatigue, fever, pain, infection, dry cough | VIRUS, INFECTION, EVENTS | All data was generated from interviews conducted by a Spanish-speaking research assistant. Demographic variables including age, gender, marital status, educational level, and working status were ascertained. Acculturation level was measured using the 23-item Cuellar acculturation scale [The assessment of COVID-19 Knowl... | PMC9898851 |
Data Analysis | infection | REGRESSION, INFECTION | SPSS Version 27 was used to carry out the data analysis. We carried out independent t-tests and Pearson Chi-square analyses to assess whether there were significant differences in the background of the participants in the two conditions. The study hypotheses were that subjects exposed to the COVID-19 material would hav... | PMC9898851 |
Results | PMC9898851 | |||
Sample | schizophrenia-spectrum disorder | Of the 137 people screened for eligibility, 23 did not meet inclusion criteria (insufficient Spanish language proficiency = 9; did not meet criteria for a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder = 8, lacked capacity to provide informed consent = 6). Of the 114 people invited to participate, 14 refused because they would not be... | PMC9898851 | |
Participants’ Background by Condition | There were no differences in the two conditions regarding age (p = 0.53), years of schooling (p = 0.37), gender (p = 0.67), employment status (not employed, employed, p = 0.36), marital status (never married, married at some time, p = 0.19) and language preference (Spanish or bilingual, p = 0.51). | PMC9898851 | ||
Discussion | infection, schizophrenia-spectrum disorders | INFECTION | The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that Spanish-speaking individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders would demonstrate increased knowledge, more realistic attitudes, and engage in safer behaviors after watching a digitally animated audio-visual novela focused on COVID-19. We found partial suppor... | PMC9898851 |
Limitations | schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, cognitive deficits | These findings are subject to several limitations. The intervention itself was very brief and delivered only once. Given the cognitive deficits often found in people with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders [ | PMC9898851 | |
Acknowledgements | The funding for this research was provided by the UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine COVID-19 Research Award Program. This study was reviewed and approved by the UCLA Institutional Review Board and the Human Subjects Research Committee of the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health. The authors thank the membe... | PMC9898851 | ||
References | PMC9898851 | |||
Background | Joint first authors.One size does not fit all in assessment and intervention for people with convictions for sexual offences. Crime scene indicators and risk-related variables have been used to identify distinct clusters of people with convictions for sexual offences, but there is a need for more robust typologies that... | PMC10727912 | ||
Aims | To use robust modelling techniques to identify latent profiles of people with convictions for sexual offences based on indicators of dynamic risk. | PMC10727912 | ||
Method | Adult male participants, who had been convicted for sexual offences and assessed for eligibility for the prison-based Core Sex Offender Treatment Programme delivered by His Majesty's Prison and Probation Service (UK), were randomly allocated to a test ( | PMC10727912 | ||
Results | low psychological impairment | Five latent profiles were identified in the test and validation data-sets. These were labelled low psychological impairment, impulsive, distorted thinker, rape preoccupied and child fantasist. Profiles varied in individual characteristics, offence histories, victim preferences and level of risk. | PMC10727912 | |
Conclusions | Our findings should be used to guide assessment and intervention practices that are tailored to distinct psychological profiles consistent with principles of risk, need and responsivity. | PMC10727912 | ||
Keywords: | familiality | Sexual violence is an international public health concern that entails a substantial cost to society.Given this heterogeneity, it is unsurprising that attempts have been made to categorise people into more homogeneous groups on the basis of offence type (e.g. contact versus online offending), victim age (e.g. prepubesc... | PMC10727912 | |
Method | PMC10727912 | |||
Sample | MAY | Participants were part of a data-set of 2394 UK adult males convicted of sexual offences. All participants were assessed between 2003 and 2014 (with 65% of assessments occurring between 2007 and 2011, inclusive) for eligibility for the prison-based version of HMPPS Core Sex Offender Treatment Programme (SOTP). Approxim... | PMC10727912 | |
Measure selection | The clinical data-set contained pre- and post-programme test scores on 92 scales from 17 psychological measures (see Supplementary Material A for descriptions), along with demographic, intervention and offence characteristics. Only pre-programme test scores were considered for inclusion. One scale was removed because o... | PMC10727912 | ||
Socially desirable responding | Given concerns about the tendency towards socially desirable responding, we used the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) | PMC10727912 | ||
Latent profile analysis | Model-based clustering is based on the theory that data are derived from a mixture of underlying probability distributions.It is recommended that a range of criteria are used for identifying the correct number of profiles. | PMC10727912 | ||
Validity of latent profiles | REGRESSION | The replicability of the final profile solution was validated using the validation data-set (30% of the total sample). To establish criterion-related evidence, a series of linear regression models and tests of association were used to examine whether profile allocation was associated with theoretically plausible crimin... | PMC10727912 | |
Results | PMC10727912 | |||
Socially desirable responding | Scores on the BIDR subscales in the test sample (Self-Deceptive Enhancement: mean 5.9, s.d. = 3.4; Impression Management: mean 6.3, s.d. = 4.0) showed that the extent of socially desirable responding was small and within the range of normative values reported in the BIDR manual (Self-Deceptive Enhancement: mean 7.5, s.... | PMC10727912 | ||
Latent profile analysis | Seventy-two cases were removed owing to missingness, and 1505 cases were included in the LPA. BIC and SABIC indicated that Model 3 generated a better relative fit than Model 1 and showed a plateau at five latent profiles (Supplementary Fig. 2, Supplementary Material A). For Model 3, ICL and BLRT were also highest at fi... | PMC10727912 | ||
Solution validation | Our validation data-set generated a very similar five-profile solution. Nineteen cases were removed owing to missingness, and 649 cases were included in the validation LPA. For Model 3, BIC and SABIC plateaued at five profiles, ICL and BLRT were also high at five profiles, and both entropy and minimum probability steep... | PMC10727912 | ||
Exploratory analyses | In a | PMC10727912 | ||
Discussion | heightened impulsive, antisocial, high-functioning | In a pre-treatment sample of people convicted for sexual offences in the UK, we used psychological test measures, indexing three of the four SARN domains of dynamic risk,The second profile was termed impulsive and accounted for approximately 8.4% of the test sample. These individuals were characterised by heightened im... | PMC10727912 | |
Clinical implications | Our findings have clear implications for assessment and treatment, and can be considered in the context of SARN domains of dynamic risk, and principles of risk, need and responsivity. | PMC10727912 | ||
Strengths and limitations | Our work has several strengths, including a large, heterogeneous sample, data on intelligence, the number and type of previous convictions, and information about level of risk and index offence codes. However, our results are nonetheless subject to some limitations. First, factor analyses revealed that the psychologica... | PMC10727912 | ||
Future research | Future work should aim to authenticate the five identified latent profiles within and outside the UK and examine differences between profiles in responsivity to different interventions (including pharmacological interventions where indicated). | PMC10727912 | ||
Supporting information | PMC10727912 | |||
Gillespie and Elliott supplementary material 1 | Gillespie and Elliott supplementary material | PMC10727912 | ||
Gillespie and Elliott supplementary material 2 | Gillespie and Elliott supplementary material | PMC10727912 | ||
Supplementary material | Supplementary material is available online at | PMC10727912 | ||
Data availability | The data that support the findings of this study are available from Ministry of Justice, UK. Restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under licence for this study. | PMC10727912 | ||
Author contributions | S.M.G. formulated the research question. S.M.G. and I.A.E. designed the study and wrote the article. I.A.E. analysed the data. | PMC10727912 | ||
Funding | This research was funded in whole, or in part, by a grant from the Economic and Social Research Council (ES/T002824/1), awarded to S.M.G. | PMC10727912 | ||
Declaration of interest | S.M.G. has provided paid consultancy for Ministry of Justice, UK. I.A.E. is an employee of Ministry of Justice, UK. | PMC10727912 | ||
References | PMC10727912 | |||
Background | Overtreatment poses a challenge to healthcare systems due to harmful consequences of avoidable side-effects and costs. This study presents the first account for examining the feasibility of placebo use for reducing overtreatment in primary care, including whether public attitudes support the use of different placebo ty... | PMC10510165 | ||
Methods | We used a multi-study, mixed-methods design, including patient and public (PPI) consultations, focus groups (Study 1) and two pre-registered online experiments (Studies 2 and 3). | PMC10510165 | ||
Results | Study 1 ( | PMC10510165 | ||
Conclusions | Findings from PPI and three studies indicate general support for combatting overprescribing in primary care through clinical placebo use. This is an indicator for wider UK public support for a novel, behavioural strategy to target a long-standing healthcare challenge. General acceptability appears to be highest for the... | PMC10510165 | ||
Supplementary Information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12916-023-03074-4. | PMC10510165 | ||
Keywords | PMC10510165 | |||
Background | This article presents the first comprehensive evidence around public acceptability of clinical placebo use as a behavioural strategy to reduce overtreatment in “primary care”, defined by the World Health Organisation as “a model of care that supports first-contact, accessible, continuous, comprehensive and coordinated ... | PMC10510165 | ||
Placebo use in primary care | Placebos are “inert” substances that have no therapeutic effects but can alleviate symptoms through patients’ participation in the therapeutic encounter and the associated, measurable effects on neurobiological mechanisms [Placebo types can be categorised based on the amount of information provided upon administration.... | PMC10510165 | ||
Public acceptability of placebo use | ’ | DISEASE | The present research aims to test clinical placebo use as a substitution strategy to reduce the overuse of unnecessary medicines in UK primary care. Based on decision theory and empirical results pertaining to placebo effectiveness, we predict the benefits of placebos to be twofold. Firstly, they offer a behavioural so... | PMC10510165 |
Framing effects | Evidence from the decision sciences shows that the specific way information is worded or “framed” can influence the way information is processed, perceived and subsequently acted upon. For example, a classic study suggested that framing the same treatment outcomes either in terms of losses (number of patients lost) or ... | PMC10510165 | ||
Individual differences | anxiety | A 2020 systematic review suggests that personality variables may affect the strength of patients’ placebo responses, with optimism leading to higher effectiveness of placebos and health anxiety leading patients to experience more negative side effects (“nocebo effects”) when taking placebos [ | PMC10510165 | |
Study 1: focus groups | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | The first study consisted of an in-depth qualitative exploration of public attitudes around placebos. Focus groups were employed to generate discussion between different participants. At the same time, this initial qualitative study served to test the wording and general appropriateness of the patient scenario for late... | PMC10510165 | |
Methods | PMC10510165 | |||
Participants | Using advertisements on social media (Twitter, Facebook), we recruited an opportunity sample of 16 adult members of the general public living in the UK. The sample included 9 males and 7 females with a mean age of 26.56 ( | PMC10510165 | ||
Materials and procedure | The project idea and research plans including draft focus group materials were presented at two separate PPI (Patient and Public Involvement) group meetings of the “Leicester, Leicestershire and Rutland Ageing Patient and Public Involvement Forum” and the “Ethnic Minority Research Inclusion (EMRI) Hub (South Yorkshire)... | PMC10510165 | ||
Data analysis | Focus group recordings were transcribed verbatim and imported into NVivo 12 for coding. In accordance with a Grounded Theory approach [ | PMC10510165 | ||
Results | The responses from the focus groups fell into three primary categories: ethical considerations around placebo usage, perceptual and conceptual understandings of placebos by the respondents, and practicalities of using placebos within healthcare provision. A detailed overview of individual codes as well as exemplary par... | PMC10510165 | ||
Theme 1: ethical considerations | pain | MINOR, BLIND | Trust within the patient-clinician relationship was viewed as foundational to the use of placebos in appropriate conditions and contexts. Primarily, trusting that a clinician would be using the placebo for an appropriate condition—i.e. one that would not be worsened by substituting a placebo—and in a context that was b... | PMC10510165 |
Theme 2: perceptions and conceptions of placebos | The discussions also revealed how participants perceived placebos as a “non-real” form of treatment, with descriptors such as “pseudo-medication”, “does nothing”, and “not a real treatment” being used. Nevertheless, the placebo effect itself was largely accepted and spoken about as a real phenomenon. Participants sugge... | PMC10510165 | ||
Theme 3: practicalities of placebo usage in healthcare | infection | INFECTION | Participants debated whether placebos should be priced as regular medication, with most believing that as a tangible good or service received from a healthcare provider, a placebo should be treated monetarily similar to any other medication. However, others viewed charging for placebos as either unethical or unfair to ... | PMC10510165 |
Brief discussion | CHRONIC PAIN | Our study aligns with previous research indicating trust in doctor-patient relationships as crucial for placebo utilisation [The participants’ identification of mental health contexts as suitable for placebo use suggests a promising avenue for further research; especially when this is contrasted with their view of plac... | PMC10510165 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.