title stringlengths 1 1.19k | keywords stringlengths 0 668 | concept stringlengths 0 909 | paragraph stringlengths 0 61.8k | PMID stringlengths 10 11 |
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2.2.2. Exclusion Criteria | hyperlordosis, fibromyalgia, Orthopedic malformations | RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, FIBROMYALGIA, DEGENERATION | Orthopedic malformations or neurosurgical diseases;Disc degeneration or other conditions that may affect the interpretation of results (severe fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis, in combination with other treatments);Surgery or pregnancy within 30 d;Breastfeeding;Wearing a hyperlordosis treatment device;Participatio... | PMC10744921 |
2.3. Sample Size | In previous studies, a reduction in the LLA resulted in an effect size of d = 0.92 [ | PMC10744921 | ||
2.4. Randomization and Blinding | The participants were randomly allocated to two groups using Random Allocation Software for Windows ver. 2.0, developed by Isfahan University, Iran. One group was assigned to perform abdominal exercises using the sprinter pattern ( | PMC10744921 | ||
2.5. Intervention | muscle fatigue | ADVERSE EVENTS | Both groups initially underwent a pre-test in which the root of the mean square reference values was assessed using electromyography (EMG), and radiographic imaging was employed to measure the lordotic curve. Subsequently, the participants performed three sets of exercises according to their group: sprinter-pattern exe... | PMC10744921 |
2.5.1. Sprinter-Pattern Exercise | For the SPE, the participants lay on their backs with their knees bent at a 45° angle and their arms resting beside them on the floor. Upon receiving a given signal, they raised their heads off the mat and simultaneously performed a series of coordinated arm and leg movements: flexing, adducting, and externally rotatin... | PMC10744921 | ||
2.5.2. Crunch Exercise | For the CE, the participants lay on their backs with their knees bent at a 45° angle and placed their hands behind their heads. When given the start signal, they lifted their heads and shoulders, elevating the inferior angle of the scapula from the mat [ | PMC10744921 | ||
2.6. Outcomes | LLA | The LLA and SHA were measured before and after the intervention, while abdominal muscle activity was measured during the intervention period. | PMC10744921 | |
2.6.1. Lordotic Curve | LLA | The LLA and SHA were measured using an Accuray-525R diagnostic X-ray machine (Don Kang Medical System, Seoul, Republic of Korea). Radiographs were captured at distances of 2 m and 50 cm, with the following settings: exposure time, 0.8 s; tube voltage, 90 kVp; and tube current, 200 mA. Images were taken from the sagitta... | PMC10744921 | |
2.6.2. Abdominal Muscle Activity | RA | CONTRACTION | Muscle activity was measured using surface EMG (Mini-wave Infinity Waterproof, Cometa Systems, Italy). The EMG signals were converted from analog to digital, and an EMG analysis software (Myoresearch XP Master ver. 1.07, Noraxon, Scottsdale, AZ, USA) was utilized, with the sampling rate set to 2000 Hz. The raw EMG data... | PMC10744921 |
2.7. Data Analysis | Statistical analyses of the collected data were performed using SPSS Statistics 22 (IBM, New York, NY, USA). All participants underwent the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, and all variables were confirmed to follow a normal distribution. Descriptive statistics were used to assess participants’ general characteristics, whi... | PMC10744921 | ||
3. Results | PMC10744921 | |||
3.1. General Characteristics | RECRUITMENT | Based on the study recruitment documents, a total of 40 individuals who voluntarily expressed interest and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria participated in the study ( | PMC10744921 | |
3.2. Changes in the Lumbar Lordotic Angle by Exercise Method | The changes in the LLA between the groups according to the exercise method are shown in | PMC10744921 | ||
3.3. Changes in Sacrohorizontal Angle by Exercise Method | The changes in the SHA between the groups according to the exercise method are shown in | PMC10744921 | ||
3.4. Changes in Muscle Activity by Exercise Method | The differences in the muscle activity between the groups are based on the exercise methods and are shown in | PMC10744921 | ||
4. Discussion | hyperlordosis, pain | LORDOSIS | In this study, we examined the immediate effects of the SPE and CE on patients with hyperlordosis. Based on the research results, both LLA and SHA significantly decreased in both groups after the completion of the interventions (The present study emphasized the significance of abdominal exercises in reducing lumbar lor... | PMC10744921 |
Author Contributions | Conceptualization, S.L. (Sangbong Lee), J.J. and S.L. (Seungwon Lee); methodology, S.L. (Sangbong Lee) and S.L. (Seungwon Lee); software, S.L. (Sangbong Lee) and H.K.; validation, S.L. (Sangbong Lee), J.J. and S.L. (Seungwon Lee); formal analysis, S.L. (Sangbong Lee) and S.L. (Seungwon Lee); investigation, S.L. (Sangbo... | PMC10744921 | ||
Institutional Review Board Statement | This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Sahmyook University (No. 2-7001793-AB-N012019086HR, 29 October 2019). | PMC10744921 | ||
Informed Consent Statement | Informed consent was obtained from all the participants involved in this study. | PMC10744921 | ||
Data Availability Statement | The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. | PMC10744921 | ||
Conflicts of Interest | The authors declare no conflict of interest. | PMC10744921 | ||
References | Interventions. (The lumbar lordotic angle (LLA) and sacrohorizontal angle (SHA).CONSORT (Consolidated Standards for Reporting of Trials) study flow.Effect size by exercise method. CE: crunch exercise, EO: external oblique, IO: internal oblique, LLA: lumbar lordotic angle, RA: rectus abdominis, SHA: sacrohorizontal angl... | PMC10744921 | ||
Introduction | DEGENERATIVE CHANGE | Edited by: Michael V. Volin, Midwestern University, United StatesReviewed by: Nirmal Banda, University of Colorado Hospital, United States; Anne E. C. Nichols, University of Rochester Medical Center, United States†These authors share last authorshipDense connective tissues (DCTs) such as tendon, ligament, and cartilage... | PMC10512081 | |
Methods | PROLIFERATIVE | Quantitative mass spectrometry (QMS) profiling of tissue biopsies from the inflammatory phase of healing (n = 40 patients) and microdialysates from the proliferative phase of healing (n = 28 patients) were used to identify specific biomarkers for tendon healing. Further bioinformatic and experimental investigations bas... | PMC10512081 | |
Results | rupture | PROLIFERATIVE | The QMS profiling of tissue biopsies from the inflammatory phase of healing identified 769 unique proteins, and microdialysates from the proliferative phase of healing identified 1423 unique proteins in Achilles tendon rupture patients. QMS-profiling showed that CFD expression was higher during the inflammatory- and lo... | PMC10512081 |
Discussion | DCT injuries | PROLIFERATIVE | The results of the current studies characterized underlying inflammatory- and proliferative healing mechanisms by which CFD potentially improved tendon repair. These findings may lead to improved individualized treatment options, as well the development of effective therapies to promote good long-term clinical outcomes... | PMC10512081 |
Trial registration | PMC10512081 | |||
Introduction | pain | DEGENERATIVE CHANGE, PROLIFERATIVE | Dense connective tissues (DCTs) provide a matrix, which support and protect other tissues and organs in the human body, as well as acting as force transmitters in the musculoskeletal system. The healing process after an injury to DCTs such as tendon, ligament and meniscus, however, often leads to compromised healing wi... | PMC10512081 |
Materials and methods | PMC10512081 | |||
Clinical samples and data collection | PMC10512081 | |||
Patient eligibility criteria and randomization | allergic, malignancy, pitting oedema, Rupture, acute ATR, rupture, thrombophlebitis, heart failure | THROMBOPHLEBITIS, HEART FAILURE, RENAL FAILURE, COAGULATION DISORDER | The database included patients diagnosed with acute ATR and surgically repaired at the Karolinska University Hospital. A total of 55 patients were randomly selected from 2 previously conducted randomized control trials (RCT) and were dichotomized into two clinical cohorts according to their outcome based on Achilles Te... | PMC10512081 |
Surgery and biopsy collection | The same anesthetic and surgical techniques were used for all patients using a predefined study protocol, as described earlier ( | PMC10512081 | ||
Microdialysate collection | Microdialysates were collected at 2-week post-surgery from the operated and non-operated healthy leg as described previously ( | PMC10512081 | ||
Patient-reported outcome | pain, tiredness, Rupture | Patient-reported outcomes were assessed by the validated questionnaire, Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS), at one-year post-surgery during the follow up. The ATRS consists of 10 specific sub-scales which includes strength of tendon, tiredness in the tendon, stiffness in tendon, pain in tendon, as well as limit... | PMC10512081 | |
Functional outcome | At 1-year post-surgery, functional outcomes of all patients were evaluated by using the heel-rise test (HRT), a validated method which has been used previously (The HRT was performed on one leg at time with patient standing on a box with 10° incline wearing standardized footwear connected to a linear encounter, with th... | PMC10512081 | ||
Quantitative mass spectrometry | PMC10512081 | |||
Protein extraction from tissue biopsies and microdialysate | Tissue samples were solubilized in urea and NaCl with ProteaseMAX (Promega) in ammonium bicarbonate (AmBic) and mixed vigorously. Furthermore, samples were quickly frozen on block and subjected to disruption with a Vortex Genie disruptor before additional NaCl, urea and AmBic were mixed in. The supernatant fraction was... | PMC10512081 | ||
Reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/MS analysis | HF mass spectrometer | Briefly, a C18 EASY-spray and C18 trap columns linked to an Ultimate 3000 UPLC system (Thermo Scientific) were used for the reversed phase liquid chromatographic separations of peptides. An Q Exactive HF mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific) was used for the subsequent mass spectra, followed by data-dependent higher-en... | PMC10512081 | |
Protein identification and quantification | The raw data were analyzed using the Mascot v2.5.1 (MatrixScience Ltd., UK) search engine. The Human Uniport database (last modified: 3 September 2020; ID: UP000005640; 75,777 proteins) was matched with the MS/MS spectra using the MSFragger database engine ( | PMC10512081 | ||
Cell culture | In order to evaluate the healing mechanisms of CFD in dense connective tissue repair fibroblast cells were used. The use of fibroblast cells for tendon research has been previously reported ( | PMC10512081 | ||
Inflammatory fibroblast model creation | TUMOR NECROSIS | Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (Pepro Tech) was used to establish an inflammation-induced injury model after transfection of cells. Model creation used TNF in 0.2% BSA at a concentration of 10 ng TNF/ml ( | PMC10512081 | |
Cell transfection | Cells were seed in 12-well plates and incubated with CFD silencing RNA (siRNA CFD) to detect whether CFD impacts Col1a1 production. Fibroblasts were incubated with a final concentration of 100 nM siRNA CFD mixed with Lipofectamine™ 3000 transfection reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific), Opti-MEM reagent was used for dilu... | PMC10512081 | ||
Western blot analysis | MP | LYSED, SECONDARY | Briefly, 5μg protein lysed from fibroblasts were loaded into each well of the gel. Proteins were separated using 4-12% Bis-Tris gel electrophoresis (Invitrogen), and then transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Nonspecific binding was blocked by incubating the membranes using 5% nonfat milk diluted in 1x tris-buffered... | PMC10512081 |
Statistical analysis | SPSS (IBM SPSS, v26.0), GraphPad Prism 8.0 and R were used for statistical analysis and data plotting. All the variables were checked for skewness. Standard descriptive statistics were used to summarize clinical variables as means and standard deviations. Mann-Whitney | PMC10512081 | ||
Results | PMC10512081 | |||
Patient cohort | To establish a tissue atlas relating to good and poor patient outcome, tendon biopsies were collected from 40 ATR patients at the time of surgery during the inflammatory healing phase which represented 2-7 days after injury. Among these patients, 20 patients were assessed with good clinical outcomes and the other 20 wi... | PMC10512081 | ||
Bioinformatic and prognostic detection of complement factor D during tendon repair | inflammation | INFLAMMATION, PROLIFERATIVE | In total, 769 unique proteins were identified from the biopsies as representative of the inflammatory stage of healing, whereas 1423 proteins were detected from microdialysates representing the proliferative healing phase of DCT repair. After combining proteomic profiles from both phases, CFD was detected to be signifi... | PMC10512081 |
Association between CFD and healing related biomarker Col1a1 in patient samples | inflammation, CFD | REGRESSION, INFLAMMATION | Our stepwise regression analysis identified a correlation between CFD with other healing-related markers, especially with different collagens. This is of interest as collagens are some of the most vital cellular components for maintaining and remodeling of the AT matrix. Interestingly, we observed opposite associations... | PMC10512081 |
Association between CFD and Col1a1 expression in inflammatory and proliferative | inflammation | PROLIFERATION, INFLAMMATION | After tendon injury, inflammation is the first phase of tissue repair, subsequently followed by the proliferation phase. To confirm and investigate the effect of CFD on Col1a1 expression during healing, inflammation-induced and unchallenged fibroblast injury models based on human primary fibroblasts and a fibroblast ce... | PMC10512081 |
CFD Enhances tendon repair by improving human fibroblast migration | CFD | The migration of fibroblasts to the site of injury is vital for the initiation of wound healing processes (Protein-protein interactions and association among CFD and highly enriched migration-related proteins. To confirm the role of CFD on fibroblast migration, a gene silencing technique in CFD regulates fibroblast mig... | PMC10512081 | |
Function of Col1a1 in regulating healing outcome | To analyze whether the effect of CFD on fibroblast migration act through a pathway involving Col1a1 further experiments were performed. Previous studies have indicated that Col1a1 and its proteolytic-derived peptides at sites of tissue injury may act as chemotactic factors to attract fibroblast migration and initiate r... | PMC10512081 | ||
Discussion | ATR, inflammation, connective tissue injuries, acute ATR | PROLIFERATION, INFLAMMATION, PROLIFERATIVE | In this study, the proteomic composition of good versus poor ATR repair was quantitatively characterized during both the inflammatory and proliferative phases of healing in patients with acute ATR. By combining data from tissue biopsies representing the inflammatory healing stage from the first week after injury and mi... | PMC10512081 |
Data availability statement | MS proteomic data files are deposited at the ProteomeXchange Consortium ( | PMC10512081 | ||
Ethics statement | The studies involving humans were approved by Regional Ethical Review Committee in Sweden (Reference no. 2009/2079-31/2: 2013/1791-31/3). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this st... | PMC10512081 | ||
Author contributions | DAH | The project organization, training, resources and funding acquisition by PWA and ASA; Data analysis by JW; Data curation by JW, ZZ and JC; Visualization by JW, ZZ, DAH and ASA; Experiment completed by JC; Writing original draft by JC; Manuscript reviewing and editing by ZZ, DAH, PWA and ASA. | PMC10512081 | |
Acknowledgments | We would like to thank LB for the collection of human samples and Dr. AV at the Proteomics Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden for excellent help in MS data analysis and interpretation. | PMC10512081 | ||
Conflict of interest | The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. | PMC10512081 | ||
Publisher’s note | All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or ... | PMC10512081 | ||
Supplementary material | The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: Click here for additional data file.Click here for additional data file.Click here for additional data file. | PMC10512081 | ||
References | PMC10512081 | |||
Background | CHILDHOOD OBESITY | Early childhood obesity interventions supporting parents have the largest effects on child weight status. However, long-term follow-ups are lacking. | PMC10599998 | |
Objective | obesity | OBESITY | To examine weight status 48 months after obesity treatment initiation for 4- to 6-year-olds. | PMC10599998 |
Methods | 177 families were recruited to the More and Less study, a 12-month randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in Sweden (2012–2017); 6 children were excluded due to medical diagnoses. Thus, 171 families (non-Swedish origin 59%, university degree 40%) were eligible for this 48-month follow-up with modified intention-to... | PMC10599998 | ||
Results | After 48 months (mean 50 months, range 38–67 months) mean (95% CI) BMI-SDS was reduced in all groups: PGB −0.45 (−0.18 to −0.73, | PMC10599998 | ||
Conclusion | CHILDHOOD OBESITY | The intensive parent-support early childhood obesity intervention led to better weight status outcomes over time, though BMI-SDS alone did not reflect this. Further research should investigate how to assess weight changes in growing children. | PMC10599998 | |
Clinical trial registration | Clinicaltrials.gov, | PMC10599998 | ||
Subject terms | PMC10599998 | |||
Introduction | Obesity, obesity | OBESITY, OBESITY, CHILDHOOD OBESITY | Obesity among young children is at unprecedented high levels: in the US, 15% of children under 5 years of age have obesity [The purpose of this study was to follow up the diverse population of children who took part in the ML trial, to examine their weight status after 48 months; this allows us to evaluate the long-ter... | PMC10599998 |
Methods | PMC10599998 | |||
Design | CHILDHOOD OBESITY | The ML study was a 12-month open-label, non-blinded, childhood obesity RCT assessing the effects of a 10-week parent support program, with and without telephone-based booster sessions, compared to standard treatment [ | PMC10599998 | |
Participants | obesity, Obesity | OBESITY, OBESITY | Families enrolled in the ML study were recruited from 68 primary healthcare centers in the Stockholm region, and some self-referred through advertisements in local newspapers and bulletin boards. Families were eligible for participation if the child was 4-6 years old, had obesity according to the International Obesity ... | PMC10599998 |
Randomization | Families were randomized in a 1:1:2 scheme to the parent support treatment group with (PGB) and without booster sessions (PGNB) and standard treatment (ST), enabling comparison between two groups, parent program (PGB, PGNB) and ST, and between three groups, PGB, PGNB and ST. To reduce possible bias, families and group ... | PMC10599998 | ||
Treatment approaches and settings | PMC10599998 | |||
Intervention | Families in the PGB and PGNB received the ML parent support program. The ML program is based on the Keeping Foster and Kinship Parents Supported and Trained (KEEP) program from Oregon Social Learning Center, US. Details about KEEP [ | PMC10599998 | ||
Standard treatment | obesity | OBESITY, CHILDHOOD OBESITY | Families randomized to ST were referred to one of 14 pediatric outpatient clinics for obesity treatment. Both the parent(s) and the child attended treatment based on the action plan for childhood obesity treatment in Stockholm [ | PMC10599998 |
Statistical analysis | SECONDARY | Modified intention-to-treat analysis with linear mixed model compared the effects of treatment on the primary outcome of BMI-SDS, secondary outcomes BMI and WC, and post-hoc outcome %IOTF25 from baseline to 48 months. Data were approximately normally distributed as assessed by histograms. Based on marked differences fo... | PMC10599998 | |
Results | From the original sample of 177 children, 6 children were excluded due to developing medical diagnoses incompatible with inclusion criteria. Thus, 171 qualified for the modified intention-to-treat-analysis, 19% (Study participant flow chart.Baseline characteristics are presented in Table Graphical presentation of indiv... | PMC10599998 | ||
Attendance of clinical visits between 12 and 48 months | Of the 114 children with BMI data (i.e., without imputation), between 12–48 months after treatment initiation, 62% ( | PMC10599998 | ||
Change in weight status (baseline to 48 months) | In all groups, BMI-SDS, mean (95% CI), decreased over time (baseline to 48 months), for PGB −0.45 (−0.73 to −0.18), PGNB −0.34 (−0.55 to −0.13) and ST −0.25 (−0.40 to −0.10), Fig. | PMC10599998 | ||
Clinical significance | At 48 months, the probability (95% CI) of a clinically significant ≥0.5 BM-SDS reduction was twice as likely, RR = 2.03 (1.27 to 3.27, | PMC10599998 | ||
Sensitivity analysis | We investigated if variability in attendance had an effect on the overall findings by including number of visits as a covariate to the primary model; however, no significant effect on the results was found (data not shown). Additionally, we separately analysed the timeframe 12 to 48 months; the results were in the same... | PMC10599998 | ||
Discussion | obesity | OBESITY, CHILDHOOD OBESITY | This study is the first to report on the long-term follow-up of a 12-month obesity treatment among a diverse population of preschool-age children. Weight change was analyzed with four different metrics: BMI-SDS, BMI, WC and %IOTF25. We observed that all groups of children, independently of randomization, reduced their ... | PMC10599998 |
Strengths and limitations | obesity | OBESITY | This is the largest RCT assessing a parent program for preschool-aged children with obesity. The sample is heterogenous, with most families reporting low or median incomes and diverse ethnic origin, which strengthens the generalizability of our results. A unique feature of this study is the long-term follow-up, which p... | PMC10599998 |
Future studies | eating behavior | SECONDARY | We will examine the other secondary outcomes of ML at 48 months, including child eating behavior, metabolic health, blood chemistry and parental feeding practices and mental wellbeing, to better understand the mechanisms leading from treatment to outcomes. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of treatment response, as shown ... | PMC10599998 |
Conclusion | obesity | OBESITY, CHILDHOOD OBESITY | To strengthen the evidence-base for early childhood obesity treatment, long-term results from RCTs are needed. In this study, the long-term development of weight status 48 months after an obesity treatment intervention was analyzed through four different metrics. In three out of the four, the most intensive treatment –... | PMC10599998 |
Supplementary information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41366-023-01373-7. | PMC10599998 | ||
Acknowledgements | We thank all participating families, child health care and school nurses, and all personnel who contributed to data collection in pediatric outpatient clinics. We would also like to acknowledge the previous members and collaborators in the More and Less study for their valuable contributions. | PMC10599998 | ||
Author contributions | AE obtained funding, conceptualized, and designed the study, supervised data collection, drafted, revised, and critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content. MB carried out the initial analyses, drafted, revised, and critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content. AE and M... | PMC10599998 | ||
Funding | This study was supported by the Frimurare Barnhuset Foundation and Center for Medical Innovation (CIMED) funding (SLL20190383). Open access funding provided by Karolinska Institute. | PMC10599998 | ||
Data availability | Data will not be made publicly available but shared upon request by qualified researchers in accordance with approval by regulatory body. | PMC10599998 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare no competing interests. | PMC10599998 | ||
References | PMC10599998 | |||
1. Introduction | inflammation, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders | DISEASE, INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE | Grape consumption acts on the immune system to produce antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Since immune activity demonstrates circadian rhythmicity, with peak activity occurring during waking hours, the timing of grape intake may influence the magnitude of its antioxidant effect. This study followed a 2 × 2 fact... | PMC10419126 |
2. Materials and Methods | PMC10419126 | |||
2.1. Materials and Reagents | EMD | Resveratrol, L-(+)-tartaric acid, quercetin, (+)-catechin hydrate sulfatase (Helix pomatia, Type H-1, sulfatase ≥ 10,000 units/g), and β-glucuronidase (Helix pomatia, Type HP-2, ≥100,000 units/mL) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 8-iso prostaglandin F2α and 8-iso prostaglandin F2α-d4 were purchas... | PMC10419126 | |
2.2. Study Design | MAY, OXIDATIVE STRESS | The Idaho State University Institutional Review Board, Human Subjects Committee approved the study protocol IRB-FY2021-264. Participants provided written informed consent. Enrollment occurred between September 2021 and May 2022. The study’s clinical trials registry identification is IRB-FY2021-264 at ClinicalTrials.gov... | PMC10419126 | |
2.3. Participants | OXIDATIVE STRESS | Healthy men (Potential participants completed a scripted telephone screening questionnaire to assess eligibility. Those who passed the telephone screening then completed an in-person lab visit with the principal investigator that included a detailed study description, the informed consent process, and instruction on fo... | PMC10419126 | |
2.4. Dietary Assessment | Cancer | CANCER | During the laboratory visit, after the meal was completed, participants answered a diet history questionnaire to provide data on usual dietary intake. A research staff member administered to participants the National Cancer Institute’s online Diet History Questionnaire version III (DHQ III, National Institutes of Healt... | PMC10419126 |
2.5. Intervention | inflammation | INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS | The intervention was composed of two factors: treatment and time. The treatment factor served as the antioxidant agent and was a grape drink or placebo. The time factor served as the modulator of the effect of the agent on the oxidative stress challenge (high-fat meal) and was morning or evening. The grape drink consis... | PMC10419126 |
2.6. Anthropometric Measurements, Urine Collection and Biomarker/Metabolite Analysis | OXIDATIVE STRESS | Upon arrival at the laboratory visit, height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a stadiometer and weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg using a beam scale. Body mass index was calculated as (weight in kg)/(height in meters)A baseline urine sample was collected during the laboratory visit before test meal cons... | PMC10419126 |
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