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Correlation analysis among metabolome, microbiome, and phenotypes | anxiety | Then, Spearman correlations were carried out to investigate association among the gut microbiota genera (top 6), 13 differential metabolites, and anxiety symptom (Spearman correlation analysis among anxiety-behavior, gut microbiota, and fecal metabolites. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient among anxiety symptom sc... | PMC10077425 | |
Discussion | anxiety, insomnia, depression, anxiety-related mental disorders, cancers, gastrointestinal disorders | COMPLICATIONS | The academic examination is the primary source of brief naturalistic stress for college students, which has been used frequently as a stress model to investigate the psychological stress responses together with gut microbiota changes and to evaluate the influences of probiotics or prebiotics on stress-induced complicat... | PMC10077425 |
Conclusions | dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, insomnia, anxiety/depression, anxiety | DISORDERS | In Conclusion, the present study observed that the probiotic JYLP-326 administration could significantly alleviate the anxiety/depression and insomnia symptoms in test anxious college students. The structure and composition of the gut microbiota were altered by the pressure to pass a vital examination with fierce invol... | PMC10077425 |
Data availability statement | The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found below: PRJNA883039 (SRA) and ST002475 ( | PMC10077425 | ||
Ethics statement | The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) on medical research of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University (Examination and approval No. is Review [2020] No. (038)). The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. | PMC10077425 | ||
Author contributions | HL | Conceptualization, TC. Methodology, RZ and SL. Software, RZ. Validation, TC and SL. Formal analysis, SL. Investigation, YF, HL, SZ, RF and YL. Resources, JW. Data curation, RZ. Writing—original draft preparation, SL and RZ. Writing—review and editing, SL, TC, SZ and LWW. Visualization, RZ and SL. Supervision, TC and JW... | PMC10077425 | |
Conflict of interest | The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. | PMC10077425 | ||
Publisher’s note | All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or ... | PMC10077425 | ||
Supplementary material | The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: Click here for additional data file.Click here for additional data file.Click here for additional data file. | PMC10077425 | ||
References | PMC10077425 | |||
Rationale | anxiety | DISORDERS | The administration of glucocorticoids (GC) as an adjunct to exposure represents a promising strategy to improve one-session exposure outcome in anxiety disorders. It remains to be determined whether similar effects can be induced with the use of acute stress. Furthermore, the possible modulation of exposure effects by ... | PMC10102109 |
Objectives | We investigated whether acute stress prior to one-session exposure for spider fear affects its efficacy in women using oral contraceptives ( | PMC10102109 | ||
Methods | Women with fears of spiders and cockroaches were randomly assigned to a | PMC10102109 | ||
Results | Acute stress did not influence exposure-induced reduction in fear and avoidance of the treated stimuli (spiders). Similarly, stress had no effect on the generalization of exposure-therapy effects towards untreated stimuli (cockroaches). Exposure-induced reduction in subjective fear and self-report measures for treated ... | PMC10102109 | ||
Conclusions | OC intake may represent an important confounding factor in augmentation studies using stress or GC.
| PMC10102109 | ||
Keywords | Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. | PMC10102109 | ||
Introduction | Specific fears are highly prevalent in the general population (cf. Wardenaar et al. Exposure therapy is an effective therapeutic intervention to reduce fear and avoidance in patients with specific fears (Hoffman and Smits Behavioral interventions and pharmacological manipulations have been proposed to promote extinctio... | PMC10102109 | ||
Methods | PMC10102109 | |||
Participants | DISORDER, ENDOCRINE DISORDERS | The study was preregistered on ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03505437). Female participants with a fear of spiders and cockroaches were recruited via various advertisements (e.g., social media groups and online bulletin boards). Participants with a history of a mental disorder, other than a specific fear for spide... | PMC10102109 | |
Measures | PMC10102109 | |||
Anxiety and depression questionnaires | depression, anxiety | Possible differences in anxiety and depression levels between the stress and No-Stress group were assessed with the Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II; Hautzinger et al. | PMC10102109 | |
Spider and cockroach fear-related questionnaires | Different aspects related to the fear of spiders and cockroaches were assessed by using a battery of questionnaires. We used (1) the German version of the FSQ (Rinck et al. | PMC10102109 | ||
Behavioral approach test (BAT) | COLD | Both fear and avoidance of spiders and cockroaches were assessed with separate and independent BATs at the beginning of the first experimental session (“Pre”), at the post-stress-treatment and guided spider exposure efficacy evaluation stage (“Post”), as well as during the long term fear reduction stability assessment ... | PMC10102109 | |
Subjective units of distress scale (SUDS) | Raeder | The participant’s subjective fear at the initial and final approach distance during the BAT was recorded (Raeder et al. | PMC10102109 | |
Socially evaluated cold-pressor test (SECPT) | Participants were exposed to either the stress or the control condition of the SECPT (adapted from Schwabe et al. | PMC10102109 | ||
One-session exposure treatment | fourteen-step | The exposure session consisted of the first eight steps of a standardized fourteen-step fear hierarchy progression procedure (steps increased in difficulty; see Mystkowski et al. | PMC10102109 | |
Experimental design and procedure | The study comprised three experimental phases which were conducted on three separate days (see Fig. | PMC10102109 | ||
Statistical analyses | Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 27.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Pre-exposure participant characteristics and stress ratings were compared using a series of two-way ANOVAs with the between-subjects factors “ | PMC10102109 | ||
Results | PMC10102109 | |||
Stress-response manipulation check | PMC10102109 | |||
Stress-effects on salivary cortisol concentrations | Two participants were excluded from data analysis, because of undetectable cortisol concentrations, resulting in a sample size of 23 participants in both the Stress and No-Stress groups. The trajectory of salivary cortisol concentrations across the measures 1–7 on experimental Day 1, measures 8–9 on experimental Day 2,... | PMC10102109 | ||
Stress effects on systolic and diastolic blood pressure | Assessments of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (cf. Table Post-hoc analyses indicated that Stress and No-Stress groups showed similar systolic and diastolic blood pressure during the baseline measurement prior to stress induction (Systolic blood pressure: T[46] = -0.547; P = 0.587, Diastolic blood pressure: T[45]... | PMC10102109 | ||
Effects of stress and OC on spider exposure efficacy: Spider BAT Behavioral approach/avoidance | The participants’ approach behavior towards spiders increased across the 3 BAT trials (Main effect of | PMC10102109 | ||
Subjective fear ratings (SUDS) | The analysis of the initial approach distance measure of the BAT suggested that the participants experienced a reduction in their subjective fear levels across the 3 trials (Main effect of Post-hoc analyses of the Stress group indicated that Subjective fear at the initial approach distance. A-B. Subjective fear ratings... | PMC10102109 | ||
Spider fear-related questionnaires | PMC10102109 | |||
Fear of spider questionnaire (FSQ) | Spider phobia | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Across the 3 measurements (Spider and cockroach-related questionnaires. Pre-, post-exposure and follow-up assessment of spider- and cockroach-related questionnaires of the Stress and No-Stress groups. A.-F. Bars represent mean and SEM of the fear of spiders, spider beliefs and spider phobia scores, respectively. G.-J. ... | PMC10102109 |
Spider beliefs questionnaire (SBQ) | Participants showed a significant decrease in their spider belief scores across the Pre, Post and Follow-up measurements (Main effect of | PMC10102109 | ||
Spider phobia questionnaire (SPQ) | Similar to the fear of spider and spider beliefs results presented above, participants showed a significant decrease in their spider phobia scores across the In sum, these results suggest | PMC10102109 | ||
Effects of OC and Stress on the generalization of guided spider exposure effects to other fear stimuli: Cockroach BAT | PMC10102109 | |||
Behavioral approach/avoidance | The participants’ approach behavior towards cockroaches increased from the pre-exposure measurement to the follow-up BAT measurement (Main effect of Approach behavior towards cockroaches was not affected by the factor | PMC10102109 | ||
Subjective fear ratings (SUDS) | The subjective fear levels at the initial approach distance during the pre- and follow-up BATs suggested that participants experienced a significant reduction in their subjective fear levels (Main effect of The subjective fear levels at the final approach distance measured during the | PMC10102109 | ||
Cockroach fear-related Questionnaires | PMC10102109 | |||
Fear of cockroach questionnaire (FCQ) | Participants showed a significant decrease in their fear of cockroach scores across the 3 assessments ( | PMC10102109 | ||
Cockroach beliefs questionnaire (CBQ) | Similar to the fear of cockroach scores, participants showed a significant decrease in their cockroach belief scores across the | PMC10102109 | ||
Discussion | Raeder, reduction of fear and avoidance, De Quervain | We have investigated the effects of acute stress on one-session exposure outcome and generalization in women with fear of spiders and cockroaches. Acute stress, administered prior to exposure, had no overall effect on exposure-induced reduction in fear and avoidance for the treated stimuli (spiders). Likewise, particip... | PMC10102109 | |
Acknowledgements | The study was supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation; SFB 874, project A1 to M.T.; SFB 1280 Extinction Learning project SFB1280 – project number 316803389, Project A13 awarded to A.Z. and J.M., project A09 to C.J.M. and O.T.W.; Heisenberg Grant ZL 59 4–1 and ZL 59 5–1 a... | PMC10102109 | ||
Funding | Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. | PMC10102109 | ||
Data Availability | All data obtained during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. | PMC10102109 | ||
Declarations | PMC10102109 | |||
Competing interest | None. | PMC10102109 | ||
References | PMC10102109 | |||
Aims | stroke | STROKE | To explore associations between visuospatial and executive function and 1) activity performance (mobility, self-care and domestic life) and 2) outcome after 6 weeks of conventional gait training and/or robotic gait training, long term (1–10 years) after stroke. | PMC9997896 |
Methods | stroke, Stroke | STROKE, STROKE | Participants (n = 45), living with stroke affecting walking ability and who could perform the items assessing visuospatial/executive function included in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA Vis/Ex) were included as part of a randomized controlled trial. Executive function was evaluated using ratings by significant ... | PMC9997896 |
Results | stroke | STROKE | MoCA Vis/Ex was significantly associated with baseline activity performance, long-term after stroke ( | PMC9997896 |
Conclusion | impaired mobility long-term after stroke | Visuospatial/executive function may significantly affect activity performance and the outcome of rehabilitation interventions for impaired mobility long-term after stroke and should be considered in the planning of such interventions. Patients with severely impaired visuospatial/executive function may benefit from robo... | PMC9997896 | |
Trial registration | clinicaltrials.gov ( | PMC9997896 | ||
Data Availability | All relevant data are within the paper and its | PMC9997896 | ||
Introduction | death, Stroke, stroke, cognitive impairments, Cognitive impairments, hemiplegia | STROKE, STROKE | Stroke is one of the five most common causes of death and functional impairment in the world [Cognitive impairments are commonly reported after stroke [A number of studies have reported associations between cognition and activity performance after stroke, as well as cognition in the acute stage being an important predi... | PMC9997896 |
Method | PMC9997896 | |||
Design and implementation | knee joints | CONTRACTIONS | This study is based on analyses as part of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) [The RCT was single blinded, with an assessor blinded to group allocation. Randomization was performed according to block randomization (prepared by a statistician not otherwise involved in the study, using the SAS system, including the vari... | PMC9997896 |
Participants | stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, hemiparesis | STROKE, HEMORRHAGIC STROKE | Eligible participants for the RCT were aged 18–70 years, had suffered a first ever ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke 1–10 years earlier and were living with stroke related hemiparesis in the lower extremity, affecting walking ability. Participants were recruited from rehabilitation units, in collaboration with physiothera... | PMC9997896 |
Data collection | Data for the RCT was collected between October 2015 and March 2020 [ | PMC9997896 | ||
Assessment methods | PMC9997896 | |||
Measures of visuospatial and executive function | Dysexecutive Syndrome | For clinical assessment of visuospatial and executive function, the MoCA Vis/Ex was used [To assess rated executive function, the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX), included in the Behavioral Assessment of Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) test battery, was used [ | PMC9997896 | |
Measures of mobility | stroke | STROKE | To assess mobility, the following clinical tests were used: 6MWT, the primary outcome, to evaluate walking distance during a 6 minute walk [Minimally Clinical Important Difference (MCID) in a stroke population: 34.4 meters] [ | PMC9997896 |
Measures of self-care and domestic life | Self-perceived performance of activities in daily life was evaluated using subscale 5, included in the SIS, hereby called SIS-ADL [total score ranging from 0 (maximal limitation)– 100 (no limitation)] [ | PMC9997896 | ||
Statistics | stroke | REGRESSION, STROKE | The power of the RCT was calculated using F-test for One-Way ANOVA, with the 6MWT as a primary outcome, based on results from a previous study on perceived and measured change in walking distance in the long-term phase after stroke [Analyses of the collected data were carried out using the SPSS Analytics version 22 [To... | PMC9997896 |
Results | PMC9997896 | |||
Participants | A total of 45 participants were included in this study and a flow chart of the inclusion is presented in | PMC9997896 | ||
Flow chart of included participants. | M1 = Baseline assessment, M2 = 6-week assessment, M3 = 6-month assessment.Descriptive data of the participants are presented in | PMC9997896 | ||
Baseline characteristics. | aphasia, Stroke | STROKE | Values shown in median (m) and Interquartile range (IQR), or frequency (n) and percent (%). NIHSS = National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Fugl-Meyer LE = Fugl-Meyer Lower Extremity. FAC = Functional Ambulation Classification, SIS-Mob = Stroke Impairment Scale domain 6 mobility... | PMC9997896 |
Associations between baseline visuospatial and executive function and activity performance | In the analysis of the assessed baseline variables, as presented in | PMC9997896 | ||
Correlation matrix including baseline visuospatial and executive function and baseline measures of assessed and self-perceived activity performance. | Stroke | REGRESSION, STROKE | MoCA Vis/Ex = Montreal Cognitive Assessment Visuospatial/Executive domain, DEX-SO = Dysexecutive Questionnaire rated by significant other, FAC = Functional Ambulation Classification, SIS-Mob = Stroke Impairment Scale domain 6 mobility, SIS-ADL = Stroke Impairment Scale domain 5 activities of daily living.* = Significan... | PMC9997896 |
Results of the multivariable linear regression analyses, presented as coefficient of determination ( | Stroke | REGRESSION, STROKE | Note: Presented are values for MoCA Vis/Ex, when adjusted for significant covariates, along with significant models.SIS-Mob = Stroke Impairment Scale domain 6 mobility, SIS-ADL = Stroke Impairment Scale domain 5 activities of daily living. MoCA Vis/Ex = MoCA Visuospatial/executive domain, NIHSS = National Institute of ... | PMC9997896 |
Association between visuospatial and executive function and mobility outcome after intervention | Descriptive data on mobility outcome at 6 weeks and 6 months, can be seen in | PMC9997896 | ||
Scatterplots of the association between MoCA Vis/Ex and the effect on mobility outcome at 6 weeks (ΔM2-M1) and 6 months (ΔM3-M1), for the intervention groups together. | Red line = 0. Green line = Minimally Clinical Important Difference (MCID). 6MWT = 6-minute walk test, 10MWT = 10-meter walk test, BBS = Berg Balance Scale. Adjusted alpha-level = | PMC9997896 | ||
The effect on mobility outcome at 6 weeks (ΔM2-M1) and 6 months (ΔM3-M1). | Note: Values are displayed as median and interquartile range (IQR).M1 = Baseline assessment, M2 = 6-week assessment, M3 = 6 months assessment, 6MWT = 6-minute walk test, 10MWT = 10-meter walk test, FAC = Functional Ambulation Classification, BBS = Berg balance scale.Number due to dropout:* n = 14,^ n = 15,¨n = 12As ill... | PMC9997896 | ||
Associations ( | M1 = Baseline assessment, M2 = 6-week assessment, M3 = 6 months assessment, 6MWT = 6-minute walk test, 10MWT = 10-meter walk test, FAC = Functional Ambulation Classification, BBS = Berg balance scale.* = Significance at adjusted alpha-level N/A = Outcome measures not included in the groupwise analysis. | PMC9997896 | ||
Associations between visuospatial and executive functions and achieved walking distance after robotic or conventional gait training | The association between MoCA Vis/Ex and the effect on 6MWT at 6 weeks and 6 months according to group allocation, are presented in | PMC9997896 | ||
Scatterplots of the association between Montreal Cognitive Assessment visuospatial/executive domain (MoCA Vis/Ex) and effect on 6-minute walk test (6MWT) at 6 weeks and 6 months, for all groups separately. | REGRESSION | Correlations by Spearman’s rho = In the linear regression analyses exploring the association between the MoCA Vis/Ex score when dichotomized (1-2/3-5 points) and the effect on 6MWT at 6 weeks and 6 months, no significant associations were found in the HAL group at 6 weeks ( | PMC9997896 | |
Discussion | stroke, cognitive impairments, visuospatial/executive impairments, visuospatial and executive impairments, Cognitive impairments | STROKE, RECRUITMENT | The current study indicates that associations between visuospatial and executive function and activity performance, previously demonstrated in the early stage after stroke, remain long-term. Notably, visuospatial/executive function was associated with the effect of conventional gait training both at 6 weeks and 6 month... | PMC9997896 |
Conclusion | stroke, cognitive impairments, visuospatial/executive impairments | STROKE | The results of the current study indicate that the previously shown associations between visuospatial and executive function, and activity performance, in the early stage after stroke, remain long-term. Additionally, visuospatial/executive function was associated with the effect of conventional gait training both at 6 ... | PMC9997896 |
Supporting information | PMC9997896 | |||
HAL-project plan for ethical approval. | (DOCX)Click here for additional data file. | PMC9997896 | ||
CONSORT checklist. | (PDF)Click here for additional data file.(XLS)Click here for additional data file. | PMC9997896 | ||
References | PMC9997896 | |||
Subject terms | coronavirus disease 2019 | CORONAVIRUS, CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019, SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME | This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 3 mouthwashes in reducing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral load in the saliva of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients at 30 min, 1, 2 and 3 h after rinsing. This pilot study included 40 admitted COVID-19 positive patients (10 in each... | PMC10403620 |
Introduction | carious lesions, deaths | CORONAVIRUS, VIRUS, CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019, SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME | Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also commonly known as coronavirus, was declared a pandemic in 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO) presenting with more than 500 million confirmed cases and 6 million deaths worldwideMost measure... | PMC10403620 |
Material and methods | This was a pilot study conducted in full accordance with the ethical principles of Declaration of Helsinki, revised in 2013 and Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Guidelines. The study protocol was independently reviewed and approved by the National Health Service (NHS) Solihull Research Ethics Committee (Reference number 21... | PMC10403620 | ||
Participants and eligibility | head and neck radiotherapy, allergy, psychiatric, oropharyngeal lesions, hypersensitivity, lichen planus, chronic mucosal lesions | ALLERGY, HYPERSENSITIVITY, LICHEN PLANUS | Patients were identified in the inpatient wards of Newham University and The Royal London Hospitals (Barts Health NHS Trust, United Kingdom) between April and October 2021, during two peaks of the pandemic and when delta was the prevalent COVID-19 strainMales and females, ≥ 18 years old.COVID-19 positive confirmed via ... | PMC10403620 |
Medical history, oral hygiene habits and demographics | Medical history was obtained as part of the visit, including demographics, oral hygiene habits (e.g., use of mouthwashes and time of last oral hygiene procedure) and concomitant drug use information. Medical history also included relevant results of physical exam, biochemical analysis, diagnostic imaging, COVID-19 test... | PMC10403620 | ||
Saliva sample collection | STERILE, VIRUS | All participants received a sealed self-test kit containing 5 self-collection saliva vials (OMNIgene Oral – OME-505, DNAgenotek, Ottawa, Canada), one for each different time point, and were given instruction to refrain from eating, drinking, chewing gum or performing oral hygiene for at least 30 minutes prior saliva co... | PMC10403620 | |
Mouthwash use | In the test groups (Group 1–3) patients also received as part of the self-test kit, mouthwash bottles. Immediately after baseline saliva collection, participants were instructed to vigorously rinse their mouth with 10 ml of Corsodyl Alcohol free (Group 1; 0.2% CHX), Colgate Peroxyl (Group 2; 1.5% HMeanwhile, participan... | PMC10403620 | ||
Relative quantification of SARS-CoV-2 viral load using RT-qPCR | Saliva samples were thawed at room temperature and prior to nucleic acid extraction, saliva samples were spiked with Internal Extraction Control RNA (IEC; an exogenous RNA of rat Phogrin gene, NM_031600, amplicon 98 bp) from the genesig COVID-19 qPCR Assay kit (PrimerDesign Ltd., UK) to verify the successful extraction... | PMC10403620 | ||
Blinding | The investigator responsible for the SARS-CoV-2 viral load analysis was blinded to the study groups/arms. | PMC10403620 | ||
Sample size | This pilot study included a convenience sample of up to 40 COVID-19 positive patients, as confirmed by their saliva samples, identified in the wards at the Newham University Hospital and at The Royal London Hospital, both Barts Health NHS Trust sites. The trial was designed considering the number of COVID-19 patients a... | PMC10403620 | ||
Statistical analysis | REGRESSION | Interim analysis of saliva samples collected at baseline, 30 min, 1, 2 and 3 h after mouth rinsing, for the first 2 patients from each study group was performed to identify if a specific mouthwash was not effective in reducing SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the first 1 h and should be excluded from the study. As per interim ... | PMC10403620 | |
Ethical approval | This study was conducted in full accordance with the ethical principles of Declaration of Helsinki, revised in 2013 and Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Guidelines. The study protocol was independently reviewed and approved by the National Health Service (NHS) Solihull Research Ethics Committee (Reference number 21/WM/0068... | PMC10403620 | ||
Results | PMC10403620 | |||
Study participants | comorbidity, throat, COPD | ADVERSE EVENTS, COPD, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE | Forty patients (17 males and 23 females; mean age of 42.6 ± 14.2 years; range 18 – 74 years old), 10 in each group, with detectable SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in the baseline saliva samples were included in the analysis. Participants characteristics was similar among study groups (Table Characteristics of study participants ... | PMC10403620 |
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