title stringlengths 1 1.19k | keywords stringlengths 0 668 | concept stringlengths 0 909 | paragraph stringlengths 0 61.8k | PMID stringlengths 10 11 |
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Supporting information | PMC9946270 | |||
Soluble cytokine concentrations in serum following vaccination. | (A) Heat map of fold changes of all detectable soluble factors in serum following vaccination. (B) Box and whisker plots comparing serum TNF and IL-18 concentrations following the first vaccine dose. The legend denotes color-coding of the seven cohorts. Statistical analyses were performed using nonparametric Friedman a... | PMC9946270 | ||
Sex-based comparisons of final virus nAb titers. | TBEV | (A) Comparisons of male (M) vs female (F) TBEV nAb titers at the final time point in cohort A1 and A2 (left panel), cohort C (middle panel) and combined A and C cohorts (right panel). (B) Comparisons of male (M) vs female (F) JEV nAb titers at the final time point in cohort B1 and B2 (left panel), cohort D (middle pane... | PMC9946270 | |
Immunoglobulin expression of circulating plasmablasts. | (A) Median IgG expression of plasmablasts over time following vaccination and comparison of peak expression between cohorts at days (B) 14, (C) 37 and (D) 187. (E) Median IgA expression of plasmablasts over time following vaccination and (F) comparison of lowest expression between cohorts at day14. (G) Median IgG-A- ex... | PMC9946270 | ||
List of adverse events following vaccination. | (PDF)Click here for additional data file. | PMC9946270 | ||
Summary of registered adverse events. | P. | RECRUITMENT | (PDF)Click here for additional data file.We thank all study participants for participating in the clinical trial, the Karolinska Trial Alliance staff and research nurses for organizing the recruitment and scheduling of study participants, vaccination, and clinical sampling. Additionally, we thank J. Verner-Carlsson and... | PMC9946270 |
References | PMC9946270 | |||
Subject terms | SE, infections | VIRUS, SARS-COV-2 INFECTION, INFECTIONS | Rapid antigen diagnostic (RAD) tests have been developed for the identification of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, they require nasopharyngeal or nasal swab, which is invasive, uncomfortable, and aerosolising. The use of saliva test was also proposed but has not yet been validated. Trained dogs may efficiently smell... | PMC9985821 |
Introduction | pneumonia, ’, infection, infected by SARS-CoV-2, RT‐PCR)Based | CORONAVIRUS, INFECTION, PNEUMONIA, SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME | In the past 2 years, great efforts have been made to contain the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. Due to high contagiousness of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the resultant infection spread extremely fast and widely, provoking a sudden and substantial increase in hospitalisation of patien... | PMC9985821 |
Results | PMC9985821 | |||
Phase 1: Laboratory testing | COVID-19-related VOCs | Data regarding the dogs’ response and the main characteristics of all the samples utilised during both the test and retest phases are reported as supplementary material (Supplementary Table The combined sensitivity and specificity for all three dogs during the test phase was Se = 93% (95% CI = 84–103%) and Sp = 99% (95... | PMC9985821 | |
Phase 2: in field work | In total, 97 volunteers (54% women) underwent both sniffer dog and RAD test (results are reported in Tables Summary of results from volunteers who tested positive on the rapid antigen test (RAD) and were sniffed by the sniffer dogs in the field work, grouped based on being sniffed by a single dog (one) or multiple dogs... | PMC9985821 | ||
Discussion | In the present study, firstly, three family dogs were purposely trained to detect COVID-19 related VOCs in human armpit sweat. | PMC9985821 | ||
Double-blinded test–retest reliability assessment in laboratory | RECRUITMENT | The prime contribution of the current paper lies in answering the empirical question of whether trained sniffer dogs’ ability is relatively stable over time in a laboratory setting. The current results support such possibility, at least in two of the three dogs involved. The dogs’ ability was analysed through test–rete... | PMC9985821 | |
In field training procedure | lung cancer, human lung cancer | LUNG CANCER | As for phase 2, the present study is the first evaluating trained sniffer dogs as point-of-care test for SARS-CoV-2 in one of the types of public facility most prone to overload, the community pharmacies. Since late 2020, in Italy, the demand for COVID-19 testing has quickly transformed the pharmacies in points-of-care... | PMC9985821 |
Conclusions | ’ personalities | In conclusion, the sniffer dogs involved in the current study demonstrated the foundations of a good screening test: cause minimal discomfort to the human volunteers, be inexpensive to perform, easy to administer, reliable and valid in discriminating diseased and non-diseased humans. Therefore, they may be potentially ... | PMC9985821 | |
Methods | ONCOLOGY | The study was approved both by the University of Milan Ethical Committee (CE_26_21 and CE 84/21) and the Institutional Review Board of the European Institute of Oncology (R90/14-IEO102), in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, and individual written informed consent was obtained from all the study p... | PMC9985821 | |
Phase 1: Laboratory training and testing | The first phase of the study consisted of training dogs to discriminate in the laboratory between sweat samples from patients with COVID-19 and sweat samples from healthy controls. | PMC9985821 | ||
Participants and sample sourcing | INFECTIOUS DISEASES, THORACIC, ONCOLOGY | The samples were collected from: the III Infectious Diseases Unit, L. Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy; the Division of Thoracic Surgery of the European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy; COVID-19 screening stations across the North of Italy.Participants were divided into two groups as ... | PMC9985821 | |
Sample collection and handling | Armpit sweat samples were collected following the same standard protocol for all volunteers and using the same media across all locations. The volunteers were asked to hold an inert polymer tube (3.6 cm length, 0.8 cm thickness) commonly used for adsorbing VOCs for explosive, drug, or criminology detection (Getxent, Ne... | PMC9985821 | ||
Animals | Dogs were provided by local dog owners and screened for inclusion in the study. The initial screening phase included the assessment of the effectiveness of food as a reinforcer for each dog and the dog's suitability for work in a laboratory environment in the presence of non-familiar people. Out of the 6 dogs that met ... | PMC9985821 | ||
Sniffing room and experimental equipment | Dog training and testing was conducted at the laboratory of Animal PhysioEthology of the Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy. Two tracks of three samples, especially designed for this study, and constructed of aluminium, were positioned in a single straight line, spac... | PMC9985821 | ||
Training procedure | sweats | The training aimed to teach the dogs to discriminate Case and Control sweats and indicate the cases. The training procedure was carried out by Medical Detection Dogs Italy’s bio-detection trainers and was based on operant conditioning, with a food reward provided for correct behaviour as described previouslyHelix ( | PMC9985821 | |
Double-blinded test–retest reliability assessment | The test and the re-test aimed to measure the accuracy of the training. Each dog was naïve to the samples they used during both the test and retest phases, meaning that they had never been presented before with one of those samples. However, more than one dog could be presented with the same sample from a given volunte... | PMC9985821 | ||
Phase 2: field study | PMC9985821 | |||
Animals | Five dogs underwent the training process for the field study. One of these was Nala, the Belgian Malinois who was also involved in the laboratory testing phase. The other dogs were Chaos (Golden retriever, male, 4.5 years old), Hope (Border collie, female, 6 years old), Iris (Golden retriever, female, 3 years old) and ... | PMC9985821 | ||
In field training procedure | The trainers and the method (operant conditioning with positive reinforcement and a food reward provided for correct behaviour) employed were the same as in laboratory testing except they did not use the apparatuses to hold the samples. Training for the field screening was carried out from September 2021 to mid-January... | PMC9985821 | ||
In field screening procedure | MAY | In mid-January 2022, in-field screening begun on human volunteers in North Italy’s pharmacy COVID-19 testing queues, in order to screen the general population. Sessions were carried out once a week, between February 2022 and May 2022. During each daily session, each dog was asked to investigate a maximum of 10 people, ... | PMC9985821 | |
Statistical analysis | Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 27.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp).As for phase 1 (laboratory testing), the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of a dog's indication of samples compared with the true diagnosis confirmed by RT-PCR were calculated. The sensitivity refers to th... | PMC9985821 | ||
Ethical statement | We confirm that the procedures comply with national and EU legislation. Research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Animal Welfare Committee (OPBA) of the University of Milan (OPBA_06_2021). Before participating in the olfactory detection test, each dog owner gav... | PMC9985821 | ||
Supplementary Information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-023-30897-1. | PMC9985821 | ||
Acknowledgements | La Spina | We are very grateful to Sara La Spina and Elisa Marconato and all the handler-dog dyads for their invaluable contribution to dog training that made the project successful. | PMC9985821 | |
Author contributions | Conceptualization, all authors; methodology, A.L.S., P.P.; validation, M.A., P.P. and F.P.; formal analysis, F.P.; investigation, M.A., A.L.S., P.P. and F.P.; data curation, M.A.; writing—original draft preparation, F.P.; writing—review and editing, all authors; supervision, M.A.; project administration, M.A. | PMC9985821 | ||
Data availability | The data that support the findings of this study are available from the project supervisor M.A. upon reasonable request. | PMC9985821 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare no competing interests. | PMC9985821 | ||
References | PMC9985821 | |||
Background | comorbidity | Computer Assisted Design and Computer Assisted Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) have revolutionized oncologic surgery of the head and neck. A multitude of benefits of this technique has been described, but there are only few reports of donor site comorbidity following CAD/CAM surgery.
| PMC9830896 | |
Methods | comorbidity | REGRESSION | This study investigated comorbidity of the hip following deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) graft raising using CAD/CAM techniques. A cross-sectional examination was performed to determine range of motion, muscle strength and nerve disturbances. Furthermore, correlations between graft volume and skin incision length w... | PMC9830896 |
Results | Fifteen patients with a mean graft volume of 21.2 ± 5.7 cm | PMC9830896 | ||
Keywords | Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. | PMC9830896 | ||
Background | death, pain, gait disturbances, OSCC, neurosensory deficits | ADVERSE EFFECTS, DISEASES, ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA | Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common cause of death among all cancer-related diseases with an increasing incidence, [In surgical treatment of OSCC, tumor-free resection is aspired and therefore radical surgery is performed [After the introduction of microsurgical techniques, different donor-site... | PMC9830896 |
Materials and methods | This study was conceived in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and has been approved by the ethics committee of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany (573/19). All participants gave written informed consent for study implementation. The structuring of the manuscript was performed regarding to the STR... | PMC9830896 | ||
Study group | OSCC | This cross-sectional study investigated donor-site morbidity of patients who received a CAD/CAM driven DCIA graft reconstruction of the mandible following resection of OSCC in our single tertiary center (Clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical Center— University of Freiburg, Germany). Patients who underwent C... | PMC9830896 | |
Inclusion and exclusion criteria | OSCC | DISEASES | Patients included in this study were at least 18 years old, signed a written declaration of consent, could attend an appointment for physical examination and were able to cooperate during physical examination. The period between surgical treatment and physical examination had to be at least twelve months.Exclusion crit... | PMC9830896 |
Preoperative planning procedure | CREST | Preoperative planning was performed in collaboration with a technician of the virtual planning vendor (KLS Martin Group, Tuttlingen, Germany) during a web meeting using high-resolution CT scans of the head, neck and pelvis (slice thickness ≤ 1 mm). The underlying CT data was segmented and displayed for virtual 3D-visua... | PMC9830896 | |
Surgical procedure and inpatient care | Surgery was performed under general anesthesia using a two-team approach to reduce surgery time. Team time-out was carried out before surgery. Graft harvesting was always performed by the same team. | PMC9830896 | ||
Raising of the microvascular DCIA graft | ischemia | ISCHEMIA, ANTERIOR, CREST | After standardized surgical site skin preparation and application of local anesthesia, a premarked skin incision was made. The abdominal fascia was exposed and incised one fingerbreadth above the inguinal ligament. The deep circumflex iliac artery was located and vessels to the iliac artery were traced. Transection of ... | PMC9830896 |
Inpatient care | Postoperative pain, swelling | CAVITY | Patients were transferred to intensive care unit (ICU) for airway monitoring after surgical treatment. The endotracheal tube was usually removed within the first 2 days after surgery if the swelling of the oral cavity allowed spontaneous breathing. As soon as the patient was stabilized hemodynamically and endotracheal ... | PMC9830896 |
Data acquisition | After review of all documented surgeries performed at the Clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical Center— University of Freiburg, Germany in a period between June 2017 and June 2020, patients who underwent CAD/CAM driven DCIA graft reconstruction of the mandible were identified. All collected data was saved i... | PMC9830896 | ||
Review of patient charts and imaging data | blood loss, tumor | BLOOD LOSS, TUMOR | By reviewing all electronic patient charts, information regarding epidemiologic data (sex, age at the time of surgery), hospital stay (length of stay at ICU and surgical ward), surgical therapy (operating time, ischemic time, blood loss and weight of resected tumor sample) and postoperative outcome parameters was colle... | PMC9830896 |
Interviews | postoperative pain | DIABETES MELLITUS, AIDS, AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES | Before physical examination a structured interview was conducted by one investigator (TM) using a predefined questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions regarding general health conditions (nicotine or alcohol consumption, autoimmune diseases, diabetes mellitus) and postoperative features of daily life (postope... | PMC9830896 |
Physical examination | Physical examination was performed by one investigator (TM) on both legs in order to directly compare the operated leg with the unaffected leg. (1) The range of motion (ROM) of the hip joint was measured using a goniometer and given as angular degrees for the following directions of movement: flexion/extension, abducti... | PMC9830896 | ||
Statistical analysis | The collected data was transferred into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences | PMC9830896 | ||
Results | PMC9830896 | |||
Study group characteristics | After an initial review of all documented surgeries during the mentioned period, 38 patients were eligible for study implementation. Six patients were not available, two patients could not travel to our clinic, 13 patients refused to participate in the study, and two patients died before their examination date. Eventua... | PMC9830896 | ||
Review of patient charts and imaging data | Blood loss | BLOOD LOSS | Operating time ranged from 5 to 16 h, with a mean of 11.8 ± 3.0 h. Ischemic time was between 60 and 160 min with a mean of 93.5 min. Blood loss was between 300 and 2500 ml with a mean of 1021 ml ± 582 ml. Patients stayed at the ICU and the surgical ward for 5.7 ± 3.5 days and 25.8 ± 15.0 days respectively. The volume o... | PMC9830896 |
Interviews | SD, low pain | AIDS, DIABETES MELLITUS, AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES | Five patients confirmed regular alcohol consumption, seven patients reported of regular smoking. One patient suffered from diabetes mellitus, two patients of autoimmune diseases. Patients reported of physical limitations in postoperative daily life activities for 12.3 ± 11.9 weeks in mean. Athletic activities were impo... | PMC9830896 |
Physical examination | neurosensory deficits, hypesthesia | Range of motion (ROM) and muscle strength of the hip joint, as well as neurosensory deficits of the unaffected and operated side were examined and are presented in Tables Differences between the surgical and unaffected side regarding ROM of the hip joint given in degree of angle (SD = standard deviation)Comparison of t... | PMC9830896 | |
Statistical analyses | PMC9830896 | |||
Parameters acquired by interview | substance abuse, pain | AIDS | Graft volume significantly correlated with the duration of the use of walking aids (R = 0.57; p = 0.033) and impairment in daily life activities (R = 0.65; p = 0.012). There was no statistical correlation of sex, substance abuse, medical preconditions, age, incision length or transplant volume with duration of hospital... | PMC9830896 |
Range of motion | Comparing the ROM of the hip joint of the operated leg with the unaffected leg, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed significant lower values in flexion (− 10.0° ± 14.9°; Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients for patient specific factors age (in years), follow-up interval (in weeks), length of skin incision (in cm),... | PMC9830896 | ||
Muscle strength | weakness of the operated leg. | In the investigation of muscle strength during flexion of the hip joint according to Janda, the operated leg revealed to be less powerful in all directions of movement, especially during flexion. Women (5/5) were afflicted more frequently by a weakness of the operated leg than men (6/10; p < 0.05). Moreover, alcohol co... | PMC9830896 | |
Sensitivity of the peripheral cutaneous nerves | loss of sensation | Testing the sensitivity of the peripheral cutaneous nerves, reduction in sensation (n = 8), as well as loss of sensation (n = 3) of the lateral cutaneus femoris nerve was noticeable (Table Evaluation of the differences of nerve disturbances at the operated side in dependence of patient specific factors age (in years), ... | PMC9830896 | |
Discussion | avascular iliac crest grafts, postoperative impairment of the leg, neurosensory deficits, hypesthesia, abduction, peripheral cutaneous nerves | AIDS, CREST | In this study the extent of donor site morbidity in patients receiving CAD/CAM driven reconstruction of the mandible using DCIA grafts was documented. A correlation between the volume of the raised DCIA graft and postoperative use of walking aids and impairment in daily life activities could be found. Moreover, the inc... | PMC9830896 |
Acknowledgements | Not applicable. | PMC9830896 | ||
Author contributions | RS | LSB contributed to conception and design, to acquisition, drafted and critically revised the manuscript and gave final approval. The author agrees to be accountable for all aspects of work ensuring integrity and accuracy. PJV contributed to conception and design, contributed to interpretation, critically revised manusc... | PMC9830896 | |
Funding | Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. | PMC9830896 | ||
Availability of data and materials | The data presented in this study is available on reasonable request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy reasons. | PMC9830896 | ||
Declarations | PMC9830896 | |||
Ethics approval and consent to participate | All experimental protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany (Protocol #573/19). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. | PMC9830896 | ||
Consent for publication | Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian(s). | PMC9830896 | ||
Competing interests | There are no competing interest to declare. | PMC9830896 | ||
References | PMC9830896 | |||
1. Introduction | RS | Resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) has been used as a reference method for measuring skin carotenoid levels (SCL), which indicate vegetable and fruit intake. However, RRS is not an easy-to-use method in SCL measurement due to its complicated implementation. In this study, a commercial spectrophotometer based on reflect... | PMC10490775 | |
2. Materials and Methods | PMC10490775 | |||
2.1. Diet Intervention Study Design | DISEASES | The study was designed as a randomized, parallel-group, whole-diet controlled trial involving a 6-week dietary intervention and a 4-week tracking period (Korean adults aged over 18 without underlying diseases were recruited at SNU, and screening tests (at week 0) were conducted five weeks before the start of the interv... | PMC10490775 | |
2.2. RRS-Based Measurement | To evaluate SCL, a peak reflecting various types of carotenoids was used. As a reference, RRS has been widely used in previous studies because the size of the peak measured at the thumb was highly correlated with the SCL. To minimize the effect on other components of the skin, the right thumb, which has a low melanin c... | PMC10490775 | ||
2.3. RS-Based Measurement | For the RS-based measurement, a commercial spectrophotometer (CM−700d, Konica Minolta, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) composed of an integrating sphere was used (At each visit, participants were instructed to measure 10 trials that consisted of three repetitions of strong pressure, three repetitions of weak pressure, and four rep... | PMC10490775 | ||
2.4. Statistical Analysis and Evaluation | Correlation coefficients and To confirm the change in SCL, a two-tailed paired | PMC10490775 | ||
2.5. Visualization Using a Difference Vector | To visualize the change in SCL for respective participants, difference vectors were calculated. The use of difference vectors in this study is described in | PMC10490775 | ||
2.6. Hit Rate | The proportion of participants whose The chance level of the index was 0.5, which implies that the change was random. The probability of the hit rate was calculated to confirm significance, as shown in Equations (4)–(6). The variable | PMC10490775 | ||
2.7. Subgroup Classification | To compare the kinetics of the different initial SCL, we divided the participants into four groups on the basis of the SCL obtained using RRS in the screening week. The SCL obtained from the screening test ranged from approximately 50 AU to 250 AU, and the subgroups were divided into 50 AU intervals (Group 1 (G1): Over... | PMC10490775 | ||
2.8. Sample Size | The effect size was considered in previous studies with regard to the effect of the carotenoid intake on skin and blood carotenoid levels [ | PMC10490775 | ||
3. Results | PMC10490775 | |||
3.1. Participants’ Characteristics | RS | MAY | Out of the total 152 individuals who enrolled in the study between December 2020 and February 2021, eight participants did not attend the screening test, 59 did not meet the inclusion criteria, and five declined to participate. The 80 eligible participants provided written and informed consent. All participants were ra... | PMC10490775 |
3.3. Change Rate between RRS and RS | The strength of the change was calculated as the slope from the beginning to the last point. During the intervention period in the HG, the The results of the paired The changes in subgroups G1 to G4 divided by the criteria before the start of the study were compared. The SCL of the low-initial-level groups (subgroups G... | PMC10490775 | ||
3.4. Vector Field between RRS and RS | A vector field comprises the difference vectors defined in By employing a differences vector, | PMC10490775 | ||
3.6. Hit Rates of RRS and RS | The hit rate, the proportion of participants that show the intended change in the carotenoid level, is presented in During the tracking period, the hit rates of | PMC10490775 | ||
4. Discussion | PMC10490775 | |||
4.1. Principal Findings | RS | This study entailed a whole-diet randomized controlled trial to evaluate the performance of a commercial RS-based spectrophotometer in measuring SCL as compared with RRS. Similar response patterns in the RRS and RS methods were identified using correlation analysis and the ratio of change during the intervention and tr... | PMC10490775 | |
4.2. The Strengths of This Study | RS | This study reported the characteristics of SCL changes and applied a novel analysis method to dynamic responses at the individual level. The current study revealed three distinctive tendencies for changes in the SCL. First, the change rate of the SCLs measured by both approaches depends on the initial level. In the cas... | PMC10490775 | |
4.3. Limitations | A limitation of this study is that only participants with skin tones of an intermediate color were included. Therefore, an improved model for a general skin tone should be investigated in future studies. To cover the full range of skin tones such as Fitzpatrick skin types I to VI, the model should consider the effects ... | PMC10490775 | ||
5. Conclusions | RS | Compared to RRS, RS-based commercial equipment is useful because commercial RS has faster measurement times without calibration every time, is convenient to measure at reasonable prices, and is simple to implement. Therefore, a commercial device applying the proposed method is expected to be used as an alternative to c... | PMC10490775 | |
6. Patents | SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS Co., Ltd. (Suwon, Republic of Korea) has a patent (Patent No.: US11359965) for RS-based skin carotenoid level measurement. | PMC10490775 | ||
Supplementary Materials | The following supporting information can be downloaded at: Click here for additional data file. | PMC10490775 | ||
Author Contributions | J.-E.H. set up the experiments, performed the data analysis, and drafted the manuscript as the first author. J.-Y.P. and H.J. administrated the project and reviewed the manuscript. M.H.J., K.E. and H.S.M. participated in the project and conducted the experiments. Y.J.K. designed the study, performed the data analysis, ... | PMC10490775 | ||
Institutional Review Board Statement | The study was approved by the Institute Review Board of Seoul National University (IRB No. 2010/001-014). | PMC10490775 | ||
Informed Consent Statement | Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. | PMC10490775 | ||
Data Availability Statement | The data that support the findings of this study are available from the first and corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Furthermore, all data are the property of SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS Co., Ltd., and permission is required to export it. | PMC10490775 | ||
Conflicts of Interest | The authors declare no conflict of interest. | PMC10490775 |
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