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[ "He was nicknamed the `` Little Giant '' because he was short in physical stature , but a forceful and dominant figure in politics .", "He was nicknamed the `` Little Giant '' because though short in physical stature , he was a forceful and even dominant figure in politics ." ]
[ "Stephen A. Douglas Stephen Arnold Douglas ( April 23 , 1813 -- June 3 , 1861 ) was an American politician from Illinois and the designer of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act .", "Stephen A. Douglas Stephen Arnold Douglas ( April 23 , 1813 -- June 3 , 1861 ) was an American politician from Illinois ." ]
[ "Douglas died in Chicago from typhoid fever on June 3 , 1861 .", "Douglas died from pneumonia caused by Typhoid fever in Chicago , Illinois on June 3 , 1861 , aged 48 ." ]
[ "Stephen Andrew Baldwin ( born May 12 , 1966 ) is an American actor , director , producer and author .", "Stephen Andrew Baldwin ( born May 12 , 1966 ) is an American director , actor and producer ." ]
[ "His book `` I Am America ( And So Can You ! ) ''", "I Am America ( And So Can You ! ) ''" ]
[ "Stephen Weaver Collins ( born October 1 , 1947 ) is an American actor , writer , director , and musician , best known for playing Eric Camden on the long-running television series `` 7th Heaven '' .", "Stephen Weaver Collins ( born October 1 , 1947 ) is an American actor , screenwriter , director , and musician ...
[ "He is also known for the roles of Captain Will Decker in '' '' , and more recently as Dr. Dayton King on the short-lived ABC TV series `` No Ordinary Family '' .", "Collins is also known for the roles of Captain Will Decker in '' '' , and Dr. Dayton King on the ABC TV series `` No Ordinary Family '' ." ]
[ "Stephen Crane ( November 1 , 1871 -- June 5 , 1900 ) was an American author .", "Stephen Townley Crane ( November 1 , 1871 - June 5 , 1900 ) was an American writer ." ]
[ "Crane was born on November 1 , 1871 , in Newark , New Jersey , to Jonathan Townley Crane , a minister in the Methodist Episcopal church , and Mary Helen Peck Crane , daughter of a clergyman , George Peck .", "He was born on November 1 , 1871 in Newark , New Jersey to Jonathan Townley Crane , a clergyman , and Ma...
[ "There , he was twice named Southern Conference Player of the Year and set the all-time scoring record for both Davidson and the Southern Conference .", "There , he was twice named Southern Conference Player of the Year . He set the all-time scoring record for both Davidson and the Southern Conference ." ]
[ "Wardell Stephen Curry II ( born March 14 , 1988 ) , often referred to as Steph , is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) .", "Wardell Stephen `` Steph '' Curry II ( born March 14 , 1988 ) is an American profess...
[ "Curry played college basketball for Davidson .", "Curry played college basketball for the Davidson College Wildcats ." ]
[ "He is the son of former NBA player Dell Curry , and the older brother of current NBA player Seth Curry .", "He is the son of former NBA player Dell Curry ." ]
[ "Stephen Tyree Early ( August 27 , 1889 -- August 11 , 1951 ) was a U.S. journalist and government official .", "Stephen Tyree Early ( August 27 , 1889 -- August 11 , 1951 ) was a American journalist and government official ." ]
[ "Stephen John Fry ( born 24 August 1957 ) is an English comedian , actor , writer , presenter , and activist .", "Stephen John Fry ( born 24 August 1957 ) is a English comedian , writer , television personality , and journalist ." ]
[ "Hadley served as a senior foreign and defense policy adviser to then-Governor Bush during the 2000 presidential campaign and worked in the Bush-Cheney Transition on the National Security Council .", "Hadley served as a senior foreign and defense policy advisor to then-Governor Bush during the 2000 presidential c...
[ "Stephen John Hadley ( born February 13 , 1947 ) was the 21st U.S. Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs ( commonly referred as National Security Advisor ) , serving under President George W. Bush .", "Stephen John Hadley ( born February 13 , 1947 , in Toledo , Ohio ) is the current ( 21st ) U....
[ "Harper is the third prime minister , after Pierre Trudeau and John Turner , to send his children to Rockcliffe Park Public School , in Ottawa .", "He is the third Prime Minister , after Pierre Trudeau and John Turner , to send their children to Rockcliffe Park Public School , in Ottawa ." ]
[ "Hawking continued his writings for a popular audience , publishing `` The Universe in a Nutshell '' in 2001 , and `` A Briefer History of Time '' which he wrote in 2005 with Leonard Mlodinow to update his earlier works to make them accessible to a wider audience , and `` God Created the Integers '' , which appeare...
[ "Hawking accepted , and Bernard Carr travelled with them as the first of many students who fulfilled this role .", "Hawking accepted , and Bernard Carr traveled with them as the first of many students who fulfilled this role ." ]
[ "Motivated by the desire to increase public interest in spaceflight and to show the potential of people with disabilities , in 2007 he participated in zero-gravity flight in a `` Vomit Comet '' , courtesy of Zero Gravity Corporation , during which he experienced weightlessness eight times .", "[ 297 ] Motivated b...
[ "Following a conference in Moscow in October 1981 , Hawking and Gary Gibbons organized a three-week Nuffield Workshop in the summer of 1982 on the Very Early Universe at Cambridge University , which focused mainly on inflation theory .", "[ 191 ] Following a conference in Moscow in October 1981 , Hawking and Gary...
[ "Further work by Hawking in the area of arrows of time led to the 1985 publication of a paper theorising that if the no-boundary proposition were correct , then when the universe stopped expanding and eventually collapsed , time would run backwards .", "[ 203 ] Further work by Hawking in the area of arrows of tim...
[ "Hawking 's father wanted his son to attend the well-regarded Westminster School , but the 13-year-old Hawking was ill on the day of the scholarship examination .", "[ 27 ] Hawking 's father wanted his son to attend the well-regarded Westminster School , but the 13-year-old Hawking was ill on the day of the schol...
[ "His disabilities meant that the responsibilities of home and family rested firmly on his wife 's increasingly overwhelmed shoulders , leaving him more time to think about physics .", "[ 83 ] His disabilities meant that the responsibilities of home and family rested firmly on his wife 's increasingly overwhelmed ...
[ "As he had pneumonia in 2013 , he was advised not to have ice poured over him , but his children volunteered to accept the challenge on his behalf .", "As he had had pneumonia in 2013 , he was advised not to have ice poured over him , but his children volunteered to accept the challenge on his behalf ." ]
[ "To Hawking 's irritation , Jacob Bekenstein , a graduate student of John Wheeler , went further -- and ultimately correctly -- to apply thermodynamic concepts literally .", "[ 158 ] To Hawking 's irritation , Jacob Bekenstein , a graduate student of John Wheeler , went further -- and ultimately correctly -- to a...
[ "Despite their families ' financial constraints , both parents attended the University of Oxford , where Frank studied medicine and Isobel , Philosophy , Politics and Economics .", "[ 23 ] Despite their families ' financial constraints , both parents attended the University of Oxford , where Frank studied medicin...
[ "They lived a frugal existence in a large , cluttered , and poorly maintained house , and travelled in a converted London taxicab .", "[ 27 ] They lived a frugal existence in a large , cluttered , and poorly maintained house , and travelled in a converted London taxicab ." ]
[ "Hawking began his university education at University College , Oxford in October 1959 at the age of 17 .", "Hawking began his university education at the University College , Oxford [ 1 ] in October 1959 at the age of 17 ." ]
[ "Peter Guzzardi , his editor at Bantam , pushed him to explain his ideas clearly in non-technical language , a process that required multiple revisions from an increasingly irritated Hawking .", "[ 68 ] Peter Guzzardi , his editor at Bantam , pushed him to explain his ideas clearly in non-technical language , a p...
[ "He worked with a friend on the faculty , Kip Thorne , and engaged him in a scientific wager about whether the dark star Cygnus X-1 was a black hole .", "He worked with a friend on the faculty , Kip Thorne , [ 177 ] and engaged him in a scientific wager about whether the dark star Cygnus X-1 was a black hole ." ]
[ "During their first years of marriage , Jane lived in London during the week as she completed her degree , and they travelled to the United States several times for conferences and physics-related visits .", "[ 78 ] During their first years of marriage , Jane lived in London during the week as she completed her d...
[ "In an interview published in `` The Guardian '' , Hawking regarded the concept of Heaven as a myth , believing that there is `` no heaven or afterlife '' and that such a notion was a `` fairy story for people afraid of the dark '' .", "[ 278 ] In an interview published in `` The Guardian '' , Hawking regarded th...
[ "At the same time , he was also making a transition in his approach to physics , becoming more intuitive and speculative rather than insisting on mathematical proofs .", "[ 187 ] At the same time , he was also making a transition in his approach to physics , becoming more intuitive and speculative rather than ins...
[ "In 1994 at Cambridge 's Newton Institute , Hawking and Penrose delivered a series of six lectures , which were published in 1996 as `` The Nature of Space and Time '' .", "[ 226 ] In 1994 at Cambridge 's Newton Institute , Hawking and Penrose delivered a series of six lectures , which were published in 1996 as `...
[ "Released from the need to use somebody to interpret his speech , Hawking commented that `` I can communicate better now than before I lost my voice . ''", "[ 63 ] Released from the need to use somebody to interpret his speech , Hawking commented that `` I can communicate better now than before I lost my voice . ...
[ "With this decline there is a risk of him developing locked-in syndrome , so Hawking is collaborating with researchers on systems that could translate Hawking 's brain patterns or facial expressions into switch activations .", "[ 70 ] With this decline there is a risk of him developing locked-in syndrome , so Haw...
[ "In a 2004 lecture in Dublin , he conceded his 1997 bet with Preskill , but described his own , somewhat controversial solution , to the information paradox problem , involving the possibility that black holes have more than one topology .", "[ 246 ] In a 2004 lecture in Dublin , he conceded his 1997 bet with Pre...
[ "In the early 1970s , Hawking 's work with Carter , Werner Israel and David C. Robinson strongly supported Wheeler 's no-hair theorem that no matter what the original material from which a black hole is created it can be completely described by the properties of mass , electrical charge and rotation .", "[ 159 ] ...
[ "For the first 18 months , he was bored and lonely : he was younger than many other students , and found the academic work `` ridiculously easy '' .", "[ 126 ] For the first 18 months , he was bored and lonely : he was younger than many other students , and found the academic work `` ridiculously easy '' ." ]
[ "Hawking 's first year as a doctoral student was difficult .", "Hawking 's first year as a doctoral student [ 2 ] was difficult ." ]
[ "Hawking rarely discussed his illness and physical challenges , even -- in a precedent set during their courtship -- with Jane .", "[ 82 ] Hawking rarely discussed his illness and physical challenges , even -- in a precedent set during their courtship -- with Jane ." ]
[ "Inspired by Roger Penrose 's theorem of a spacetime singularity in the centre of black holes , Hawking applied the same thinking to the entire universe , and during 1965 wrote his thesis on this topic .", "[ 147 ] Inspired by Roger Penrose 's theorem of a spacetime singularity in the centre of black holes , Hawk...
[ "The same year , Thorne , Hawking and Preskill made another bet , this time concerning the black hole information paradox .", "[ 229 ] The same year , Thorne , Hawking and Preskill made another bet , this time concerning the black hole information paradox ." ]
[ "Hawking had experienced increasing clumsiness during his final year at Oxford , including a fall on some stairs and difficulties when rowing .", "[ 20 ] Hawking had experienced increasing clumsiness during his final year at Oxford , including a fall on some stairs and difficulties when rowing ." ]
[ "At this point , Hawking activated a switch using his hand and could produce up to 15 words a minute .", "[ 67 ] At this point , Hawking activated a switch using his hand and could produce up to 15 words a minute ." ]
[ "Top-down cosmology posits that the present `` selects '' the past from a superposition of many possible histories .", "[ 239 ] Top-down cosmology posits that the present `` selects '' the past from a superposition of many possible histories ." ]
[ "Awards do not pay the bills , however , and motivated by the need to finance the children 's education and home expenses , in 1982 Hawking determined to write a popular book about the universe that would be accessible to the general public .", "[ 101 ] [ 207 ] Awards do not pay the bills , however , and motivate...
[ "As he slowly lost the ability to write , he developed compensatory visual methods , including seeing equations in terms of geometry .", "[ 40 ] As he slowly lost the ability to write , he developed compensatory visual methods , including seeing equations in terms of geometry ." ]
[ "A paper by Don Page and independent calculations by Raymond Laflamme led Hawking to withdraw this concept .", "[ 204 ] A paper by Don Page and independent calculations by Raymond Laflamme led Hawking to withdraw this concept ." ]
[ "His scientific works include a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity , and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation , often called Hawking radiation .", "[ 16 ] [ 17 ] His scientific works include a collaboration with Roger...
[ "His inaugural lecture as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics was titled : `` Is the end in sight for Theoretical Physics '' and proposed N = 8 Supergravity as the leading theory to solve many of the outstanding problems physicists were studying .", "[ 82 ] [ 185 ] His inaugural lecture as Lucasian Professor of Mat...
[ "Appropriately , given Hawking 's association with time , he unveiled the mechanical `` Chronophage '' ( or time-eating ) Corpus Clock at Corpus Christi College Cambridge in September 2008 .", "[ 263 ] Appropriately , given Hawking 's association with time , he unveiled the mechanical `` Chronophage '' ( or time-...
[ "The book was published in April 1988 in the US and in June in the UK , and proved to be an extraordinary success , rising quickly to the top of bestseller lists in both countries and remaining there for months .", "[ 213 ] The book was published in April 1988 in the US and in June in the UK , and proved to be an...
[ "Hawking did not rule out the existence of a Creator , asking in `` A Brief History of Time '' `` Is the unified theory so compelling that it brings about its own existence ? ''", "[ 200 ] Hawking did not rule out the existence of a Creator , asking in `` A Brief History of Time '' `` Is the unified theory so com...
[ "The two met shortly after the beginning of the Second World War at a medical research institute where she was working as a secretary and he as a medical researcher .", "[ 22 ] The two met shortly after the beginning of the Second World War at a medical research institute where she was working as a secretary and ...
[ "In 1997 he conceded a 1991 public scientific wager made with Kip Thorne and John Preskill of Caltech .", "[ 227 ] In 1997 he conceded a 1991 public scientific wager made with Kip Thorne and John Preskill of Caltech ." ]
[ "In August 2014 , Hawking accepted the Ice Bucket Challenge to promote ALS/MND awareness and raise contributions for research .", "[ 303 ] In August 2014 , Hawking accepted the Ice Bucket Challenge to promote ALS/MND awareness and raise contributions for research ." ]
[ "In August 2014 , Hawking was one of 200 signatories to a letter opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September 's referendum on that issue .", "[ 290 ] In August 2014 , Hawking was one of 200 signatories to a letter opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September 's referendum on that issue ...
[ "For practical reasons related to his disability , Hawking increasingly travelled by private jet , and by 2011 that had become his only mode of international travel .", "[ 244 ] For practical reasons related to his disability , Hawking increasingly travelled by private jet , and by 2011 that had become his only m...
[ "In 2011 , when narrating the first episode of the American television series `` Curiosity '' on the Discovery Channel , Hawking declared : In September 2014 he joined Starmus Festival as keynote speaker and declared himself an atheist .", "[ 202 ] In 2011 , when narrating the first episode of the American televi...
[ "With time , he began to show considerable aptitude for scientific subjects , and inspired by Tahta , decided to study mathematics at university .", "[ 119 ] With time , he began to show considerable aptitude for scientific subjects , and inspired by Tahta , decided to study mathematics at university ." ]
[ "From 1958 , and with the help of the mathematics teacher Dikran Tahta , they built a computer from clock parts , an old telephone switchboard and other recycled components .", "[ 116 ] From 1958 , and with the help of the mathematics teacher Dikran Tahta , they built a computer from clock parts , an old telephon...
[ "A change occurred during his second and third year when , according to Berman , Hawking made more effort `` to be one of the boys '' .", "[ 129 ] A change occurred during his second and third year when , according to Berman , Hawking made more effort `` to be one of the boys '' ." ]
[ "In 2002 , following a UK-wide vote , the BBC included him in their list of the 100 Greatest Britons .", "[ 256 ] In 2002 , following a UK-wide vote , the BBC included him in their list of the 100 Greatest Britons ." ]
[ "Despite suggestions that he might leave the United Kingdom as a protest against public funding cuts to basic scientific research , Hawking has continued to work as director of research at the Cambridge University Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics , and indicated in 2012 that he had no plans...
[ "In 1970 they published a proof that if the universe obeys the general theory of relativity and fits any of the models of physical cosmology developed by Alexander Friedmann , then it must have begun as a singularity .", "[ 151 ] [ 152 ] In 1970 they published a proof that if the universe obeys the general theory...
[ "He obtained his PhD degree in cosmology in March 1966 , and his essay entitled `` Singularities and the Geometry of Space-Time '' shared top honours with one by Penrose to win that year 's prestigious Adams Prize .", "[ 78 ] He obtained his PhD degree in cosmology in March 1966 , [ 149 ] and his essay entitled `...
[ "Hawking was concerned that he was viewed as a lazy and difficult student , so when asked at the oral to describe his future plans , he said , `` If you award me a First , I will go to Cambridge .", "[ 134 ] [ 135 ] Hawking was concerned that he was viewed as a lazy and difficult student , so when asked at the or...
[ "One of the first messages Hawking produced with his speech-generating device was a request for his assistant to help him finish writing `` A Brief History of Time '' .", "[ 212 ] One of the first messages Hawking produced with his speech-generating device was a request for his assistant to help him finish writin...
[ "The problems worsened , and his speech became slightly slurred ; his family noticed the changes when he returned home for Christmas and medical investigations were begun .", "[ 34 ] [ 35 ] The problems worsened , and his speech became slightly slurred ; his family noticed the changes when he returned home for Ch...
[ "As required by Cambridge University regulations , Hawking retired as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 2009 .", "[ 266 ] As required by Cambridge University regulations , Hawking retired as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 2009 ." ]
[ "For his communication , Hawking initially raised his eyebrows to choose letters on a spelling card .", "[ 59 ] For his communication , Hawking initially raised his eyebrows to choose letters on a spelling card ." ]
[ "He views spaceflight and the colonisation of space as necessary for the future of humanity .", "[ 270 ] He views spaceflight and the colonisation of space as necessary for the future of humanity ." ]
[ "In 1970 , Hawking postulated what became known as the second law of black hole dynamics , that the event horizon of a black hole can never get smaller .", "[ 156 ] In 1970 , Hawking postulated what became known as the second law of black hole dynamics , that the event horizon of a black hole can never get smalle...
[ "Hawking acknowledged that he had lost the bet in 1990 , which was the first of several that he was to make with Thorne and others .", "[ 178 ] Hawking acknowledged that he had lost the bet in 1990 , which was the first of several that he was to make with Thorne and others ." ]
[ "He was initially disappointed to find that he had been assigned Dennis William Sciama , one of the founders of modern cosmology , as a supervisor rather than noted astronomer Fred Hoyle , and he found his training in mathematics inadequate for work in general relativity and cosmology .", "He was initially disapp...
[ "During a visit to the European Organisation for Nuclear Research on the border of France and Switzerland in mid-1985 , Hawking contracted pneumonia , which in his condition was life-threatening ; he was so ill that Jane was asked if life support should be terminated .", "[ 54 ] During a visit to the European Org...
[ "In 1999 Jane Hawking published a memoir , `` Music to Move the Stars '' , describing her marriage to Hawking and its breakdown .", "[ 103 ] In 1999 Jane Hawking published a memoir , `` Music to Move the Stars '' , describing her marriage to Hawking and its breakdown ." ]
[ "Hawking 's promotion coincided with a health crisis which led to Hawking accepting , albeit reluctantly , some nursing services at home .", "[ 186 ] Hawking 's promotion coincided with a health crisis which led to Hawking accepting , albeit reluctantly , some nursing services at home ." ]
[ "Hawking 's speech deteriorated , and by the late 1970s he could only be understood by his family and closest friends .", "[ 46 ] Hawking 's speech deteriorated , and by the late 1970s he could only be understood by his family and closest friends ." ]
[ "Hawking returned to Cambridge in 1975 to a new home , a new job -- as reader .", "[ 87 ] Hawking returned to Cambridge in 1975 to a new home , a new job -- as reader ." ]
[ "The wager was an `` insurance policy '' against the proposition that black holes did not exist .", "The wager was a surprising `` insurance policy '' against the proposition that black holes did not exist ." ]
[ "Instead of publishing with an academic press , he signed a contract with Bantam Books , a mass market publisher , and received a large advance for his book .", "[ 208 ] [ 209 ] Instead of publishing with an academic press , he signed a contract with Bantam Books , a mass market publisher , and received a large a...
[ "Anxious , he slept poorly the night before the examinations , and the final result was on the borderline between first - and second-class honours , making a `` viva '' ( oral examination ) necessary .", "[ 133 ] [ 134 ] Anxious , he slept poorly the night before the examinations , and the final result was on the...
[ "The physicist Werner Israel later compared the achievements to Mozart composing an entire symphony in his head .", "[ 41 ] [ 42 ] The physicist Werner Israel later compared the achievements to Mozart composing an entire symphony in his head ." ]
[ "After discovering his concession might have been premature , a new , more refined , wager was made .", "[ 228 ] After discovering his concession might have been premature , a new , more refined , wager was made ." ]
[ "In general , however , Hawking had ambivalent feelings about his role as a disability rights champion : while wanting to help others , he sought to detach himself from his illness and its challenges .", "[ 52 ] In general , however , Hawking had ambivalent feelings about his role as a disability rights champion ...
[ "Cosmological inflation -- a theory proposing that following the Big Bang the universe initially expanded incredibly rapidly before settling down to a slower expansion -- was proposed by Alan Guth and also developed by Andrei Linde .", "[ 189 ] [ 190 ] Cosmological inflation -- a theory proposing that following t...
[ "As part of another longstanding scientific dispute , Hawking had emphatically argued , and bet , that the Higgs boson would never be found .", "[ 249 ] As part of another longstanding scientific dispute , Hawking had emphatically argued , and bet , that the Higgs boson would never be found ." ]
[ "The initial singularity of the classical Big Bang models was replaced with a region akin to the North Pole .", "[ 197 ] The initial singularity of the classical Big Bang models was replaced with a region akin to the North Pole ." ]
[ "He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts , a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences , and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the highest civilian award in the United States .", "[ 18 ] [ 19 ] He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts , a lifetime member of ...
[ "Hawking 's first book , `` The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time , '' written with George Ellis , was published in 1973 .", "[ 163 ] Hawking 's first book , `` The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time , '' written with George Ellis , was published in 1973 ." ]
[ "The rowing trainer at the time noted that Hawking cultivated a daredevil image , steering his crew on risky courses that led to damaged boats .", "[ 130 ] [ 131 ] The rowing trainer at the time noted that Hawking cultivated a daredevil image , steering his crew on risky courses that led to damaged boats ." ]
[ "However , his disease progressed more slowly than doctors had predicted .", "[ 142 ] However , his disease progressed more slowly than doctors had predicted ." ]
[ "In the late 1980s , Hawking had grown close to one of his nurses , Elaine Mason , to the dismay of some colleagues , caregivers and family members who were disturbed by her strength of personality and protectiveness .", "[ 97 ] [ 96 ] [ 98 ] In the late 1980s , Hawking had grown close to one of his nurses , Elai...
[ "Along with at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research ( CERN ) and Jim Hartle , from 2006 on Hawking developed a theory of `` top-down cosmology '' , which says that the universe had not one unique initial state but many different ones , and therefore that it is inappropriate to formulate a theory that pred...
[ "His work in this area was spurred by a visit to Moscow and discussions with Yakov Borisovich Zel ` dovich and Alexei Starobinsky , whose work showed that according to the uncertainty principle rotating black holes emit particles .", "[ 165 ] [ 164 ] His work in this area was spurred by a visit to Moscow and disc...
[ "In the 2005 paper he published on the subject , he argued that the information paradox was explained by examining all the alternative histories of universes , with the information loss in those with black holes being cancelled out by those without .", "[ 247 ] [ 232 ] In the 2005 paper he published on the subjec...