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[ "A popular-level collection of essays , interviews and talk titled `` Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays '' was published in 1993 and six-part television series `` Stephen Hawking 's Universe '' and companion book appeared in 1997 .", "[ 233 ] A popular-level collection of essays , interviews and tal...
[ "By December 1977 , Jane had met organist Jonathan Hellyer Jones when singing in a church choir .", "[ 88 ] By December 1977 , Jane had met organist Jonathan Hellyer Jones when singing in a church choir ." ]
[ "He now communicates using a single cheek muscle attached to a speech-generating device .", "[ 20 ] He now communicates using a single cheek muscle attached to a speech-generating device ." ]
[ "After his second marriage , Hawking 's family felt excluded and marginalised from his life .", "[ 104 ] After his second marriage , Hawking 's family felt excluded and marginalised from his life ." ]
[ "In the same book he suggested the existence of God was unnecessary to explain the origin of the universe .", "[ 202 ] In the same book he suggested the existence of God was unnecessary to explain the origin of the universe ." ]
[ "By the 1980s , Hawking 's marriage had been strained for many years .", "[ 94 ] By the 1980s , Hawking 's marriage had been strained for many years ." ]
[ "He has increased breathing difficulties , requiring a ventilator at times and has been hospitalised several times .", "[ 74 ] He has increased breathing difficulties , requiring a ventilator at times and has been hospitalised several times ." ]
[ "Hawking travelled extensively to promote his work , and enjoyed partying and dancing into the small hours .", "[ 219 ] Hawking travelled extensively to promote his work , and enjoyed partying and dancing into the small hours ." ]
[ "Hawking suffers from a rare early-onset slow-progressing form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) , also known as motor neurone disease or Lou Gehrig 's disease , that has gradually paralysed him over the decades .", "Hawking suffers from a rare early-onset slow-progressing form of amyotrophic lateral scler...
[ "In St Albans , the eight-year-old Hawking attended St Albans High School for Girls for a few months ; at that time , younger boys could attend one of the houses .", "[ 27 ] In St Albans , the eight-year-old Hawking attended St Albans High School for Girls for a few months ; at that time , younger boys could atte...
[ "Spurred by a dispute with the university over who would pay for the ramp needed for him to enter his workplace , Hawking and his wife campaigned for improved access and support for those with disabilities in Cambridge , including adapted student housing at the university .", "[ 49 ] Spurred by a dispute with the...
[ "Reflecting this happier period , a revised version of Jane 's book called `` Travelling to Infinity : My Life with Stephen '' appeared in 2007 .", "[ 110 ] [ 96 ] Reflecting this happier period , a revised version of Jane 's book called `` Travelling to Infinity : My Life with Stephen '' appeared in 2007 ." ]
[ "Hawking was a popular and witty colleague , but his illness , as well as his reputation for brashness and intelligence , distanced him from some .", "[ 48 ] Hawking was a popular and witty colleague , but his illness , as well as his reputation for brashness and intelligence , distanced him from some ." ]
[ "Hawking has argued superintelligent artificial intelligence could be pivotal in steering humanity 's fate , stating that `` the potential benefits are huge ... Success in creating AI would be the biggest event in human history .", "[ 272 ] [ 273 ] Hawking has argued superintelligent artificial intelligence could...
[ "Lectures were prepared in advance and were sent to the speech synthesiser in short sections to be delivered .", "[ 68 ] Lectures were prepared in advance and were sent to the speech synthesiser in short sections to be delivered ." ]
[ "In the late 1960s , Hawking 's physical abilities declined : he began to use crutches and ceased lecturing regularly .", "[ 38 ] [ 39 ] In the late 1960s , Hawking 's physical abilities declined : he began to use crutches and ceased lecturing regularly ." ]
[ "Some colleagues were resentful of the attention Hawking received , feeling it was due to his disability .", "[ 220 ] Some colleagues were resentful of the attention Hawking received , feeling it was due to his disability ." ]
[ "Hawking was , however , fiercely independent and unwilling to accept help or make concessions for his disabilities .", "[ 43 ] [ 44 ] Hawking was , however , fiercely independent and unwilling to accept help or make concessions for his disabilities ." ]
[ "Hawking was appointed to the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) in 1970 .", "[ 175 ] [ 176 ] Hawking was appointed to the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) in 1970 ...
[ "When Hawking began his graduate studies , there was much debate in the physics community about the prevailing theories of the creation of the universe : the Big Bang and the Steady State theories .", "[ 145 ] [ 146 ] When Hawking began his graduate studies , there was much debate in the physics community about t...
[ "At the turn of the century , he and eleven other luminaries signed the `` Charter for the Third Millennium on Disability '' which called on governments to prevent disability and protect disability rights .", "[ 294 ] At the turn of the century , he and eleven other luminaries signed the `` Charter for the Third ...
[ "During one of Hawking 's father 's frequent absences working in Africa , the rest of the family spent four months in Majorca visiting his mother 's friend Beryl and her husband , the poet Robert Graves .", "[ 30 ] [ 31 ] During one of Hawking 's father 's frequent absences working in Africa , [ 32 ] the rest of ...
[ "The voice he uses has an American accent and is no longer produced .", "[ 64 ] The voice he uses has an American accent and is no longer produced ." ]
[ "The book was followed by sequels in 2009 and 2011 .", "[ 255 ] The book was followed by sequels in 2009 and 2011 ." ]
[ "Thorne and Hawking argued that since general relativity made it impossible for black holes to radiate and lose information , the mass-energy and information carried by Hawking radiation must be `` new '' , and not from inside the black hole event horizon .", "[ 230 ] [ 231 ] Thorne and Hawking argued that since ...
[ "He wanted Hawking to attend University College , Oxford , his own alma mater .", "[ 123 ] He wanted Hawking to attend University College , Oxford , his own alma mater ." ]
[ "Hawking started developing a reputation for brilliance and brashness when he publicly challenged the work of Fred Hoyle and his student Jayant Narlikar at a lecture in June 1964 .", "[ 143 ] [ 144 ] Hawking started developing a reputation for brilliance and brashness when he publicly challenged the work of Fred ...
[ "To Hawking 's annoyance , his much-checked calculations produced findings that contradicted his second law , which claimed black holes could never get smaller , and supported Bekenstein 's reasoning about their entropy .", "[ 166 ] To Hawking 's annoyance , his much-checked calculations produced findings that co...
[ "The particle was proposed to exist as part of the Higgs field theory by Peter Higgs in 1964 .", "[ 250 ] The particle was proposed to exist as part of the Higgs field theory by Peter Higgs in 1964 ." ]
[ "Although at school he was known as `` Einstein '' , Hawking was not initially successful academically .", "[ 117 ] [ 118 ] Although at school he was known as `` Einstein '' , Hawking was not initially successful academically ." ]
[ "In 2013 , the biographical documentary film `` Hawking '' , in which Hawking himself is featured , was released .", "[ 301 ] In 2013 , the biographical documentary film `` Hawking '' , in which Hawking himself is featured , was released ." ]
[ "Police investigations took place , but were closed as Hawking refused to make a complaint .", "[ 105 ] [ 106 ] Police investigations took place , but were closed as Hawking refused to make a complaint ." ]
[ "His physics tutor , Robert Berman , later said , `` It was only necessary for him to know that something could be done , and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it . ''", "[ 127 ] [ 128 ] His physics tutor , Robert Berman , later said , `` It was only necessary for him to know that somethi...
[ "There were other positive developments : Hawking received a research fellowship at Gonville and Caius College .", "[ 148 ] There were other positive developments : Hawking received a research fellowship at Gonville and Caius College ." ]
[ "The couple became engaged in October 1964 -- Hawking later said that the engagement gave him `` something to live for '' -- and the two were married on 14 July 1965 .", "The couple became engaged in October 1964 [ 75 ] [ 76 ] -- Hawking later said that the engagement gave him `` something to live for '' [ 77 ] -...
[ "By 2003 , consensus among physicists was growing that Hawking was wrong about the loss of information in a black hole .", "[ 245 ] By 2003 , consensus among physicists was growing that Hawking was wrong about the loss of information in a black hole ." ]
[ "In 1989 , he was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) .", "[ 224 ] In 1989 , he was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) ." ]
[ "Hawking told Jane that he was leaving her for Mason and departed the family home in February 1990 .", "[ 99 ] Hawking told Jane that he was leaving her for Mason [ 100 ] and departed the family home in February 1990 ." ]
[ "Part of the transformation resulted from his decision to join the college Boat Club , where he coxed a rowing team .", "[ 126 ] Part of the transformation resulted from his decision to join the college Boat Club , where he coxed a rowing team ." ]
[ "Hawking was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 1974 , a few weeks after the announcement of Hawking radiation .", "[ 172 ] [ 173 ] [ 174 ] Hawking was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 1974 , a few weeks after the announcement of Hawking radiation ." ]
[ "He was held in higher regard than he believed : as Berman commented , the examiners `` were intelligent enough to realise they were talking to someone far cleverer than most of themselves '' .", "[ 134 ] [ 136 ] He was held in higher regard than he believed : as Berman commented , the examiners `` were intellige...
[ "His lack of engagement led to some criticism .", "[ 53 ] His lack of engagement led to some criticism ." ]
[ "He required much persuasion to accept the use of a wheelchair at the end of the 1960s , but ultimately became notorious for the wildness of his wheelchair driving .", "[ 46 ] He required much persuasion to accept the use of a wheelchair at the end of the 1960s , [ 47 ] but ultimately became notorious for the wil...
[ "With James M. Bardeen and Brandon Carter , he proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics , drawing an analogy with thermodynamics .", "[ 157 ] WithJames M. Bardeen and Brandon Carter , he proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics , drawing an analogy with thermodynamics ." ]
[ "Success led to significant financial rewards , but also the challenges of celebrity status .", "[ 218 ] Success led to significant financial rewards , but also the challenges of celebrity status ." ]
[ "His essay titled `` Black Holes '' won the Gravity Research Foundation Award in January 1971 .", "[ 161 ] [ 162 ] His essay titled `` Black Holes '' won the Gravity Research Foundation Award in January 1971 ." ]
[ "The diagnosis of motor neurone disease came when Hawking was 21 , in 1963 .", "[ 36 ] [ 37 ] The diagnosis of motor neurone disease came when Hawking was 21 , in 1963 ." ]
[ "In 1981 , he proposed that information in a black hole is irretrievably lost when a black hole evaporates .", "[ 188 ] In 1981 , he proposed that information in a black hole is irretrievably lost when a black hole evaporates ." ]
[ "For a period of about five years in the early 2000s , his family and staff became increasingly worried that he was being physically abused .", "[ 98 ] [ 105 ] For a period of about five years in the early 2000s , his family and staff became increasingly worried that he was being physically abused ." ]
[ "Honours continued to be awarded : in 1981 he was awarded the American Franklin Medal , and in 1982 made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) .", "[ 205 ] Honours continued to be awarded : in 1981 he was awarded the American Franklin Medal , [ 206 ] and in 1982 made a Commander of the Order of t...
[ "In his early work , Hawking spoke of God in a metaphorical sense .", "[ 201 ] In his early work , Hawking spoke of God in a metaphorical sense ." ]
[ "His results , which Hawking presented from 1974 , showed that black holes emit radiation , known today as Hawking radiation , which may continue until they exhaust their energy and evaporate .", "[ 168 ] [ 166 ] His results , which Hawking presented from 1974 , showed that black holes emitradiation , known today...
[ "The family spent a generally happy and stimulating year in Pasadena .", "[ 85 ] [ 86 ] The family spent a generally happy and stimulating year in Pasadena ." ]
[ "He subsequently developed the research in collaboration with Jim Hartle , and in 1983 they published a model , known as the Hartle -- Hawking state .", "[ 195 ] [ 196 ] He subsequently developed the research in collaboration with Jim Hartle , and in 1983 they published a model , known as the Hartle -- Hawking st...
[ "After his divorce from Jane in 1995 , Hawking married Mason in September , declaring `` It 's wonderful -- I have married the woman I love . ''", "[ 101 ] After his divorce from Jane in 1995 , Hawking married Mason in September , [ 102 ] [ 101 ] declaring `` It 's wonderful -- I have married the woman I love . '...
[ "In January 2014 he called the alleged loss of information in black holes his `` biggest blunder '' .", "[ 231 ] [ 248 ] In January 2014 he called the alleged loss of information in black holes his `` biggest blunder '' ." ]
[ "During his career Hawking has supervised 39 successful PhD students .", "[ 264 ] [ 265 ] During his career Hawking has supervised 39 successful PhD students ." ]
[ "Nurses were hired for the three shifts required to provide the round-the-clock support he required .", "[ 57 ] [ 58 ] Nurses were hired for the three shifts required to provide the round-the-clock support he required ." ]
[ "In 1969 , Hawking accepted a specially created Fellowship for Distinction in Science to remain at Caius .", "[ 153 ] [ 154 ] [ 155 ] In 1969 , Hawking accepted a specially created Fellowship for Distinction in Science to remain at Caius ." ]
[ "Hawking 's father advised him to study medicine , concerned that there were few jobs for mathematics graduates .", "[ 120 ] [ 121 ] [ 122 ] Hawking 's father advised him to study medicine , concerned that there were few jobs for mathematics graduates ." ]
[ "A third child , Timothy , was born in April 1979 .", "[ 81 ] A third child , Timothy , was born in April 1979 ." ]
[ "Initially the no-boundary proposal predicted a closed universe which had implications about the existence of God .", "[ 198 ] [ 199 ] Initially the no-boundary proposal predicted a closed universe which had implications about the existence of God ." ]
[ "In the late 1970s , Hawking was elected Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge .", "[ 76 ] [ 82 ] In the late 1970s , Hawking was elected Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge ." ]
[ "Hawking gradually lost the use of his hand , and in 2005 he began to control his communication device with movements of his cheek muscles , with a rate of about one word per minute .", "[ 65 ] Hawking gradually lost the use of his hand , and in 2005 he began to control his communication device with movements of ...
[ "Nimoy made the necessary contact , and Hawking played a holographic simulation of himself in an episode of '' '' in 1993 .", "Nimoy made the necessary contact , and Hawking played a holographic simulation of himself in an episode of `` Star Trek : The Next Generation '' in 1993 ." ]
[ "In September 2013 , he expressed support for the legalisation of assisted suicide for the terminally ill .", "[ 302 ] In September 2013 , he expressed support for the legalisation of assisted suicide for the terminally ill ." ]
[ "Hawking has argued that computer viruses should be considered a new form of life , and has stated that `` maybe it says something about human nature , that the only form of life we have created so far is purely destructive .", "[ 274 ] [ 275 ] Hawking has argued that computer viruses should be considered a new f...
[ "Hawking suffers from a rare early-onset , slow-progressing form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) , also known as motor neurone disease or Lou Gehrig 's disease , that has gradually paralysed him over the decades .", "Hawking suffers from a rare early-onset , slow-progressing form of amyotrophic lateral s...
[ "Hawking quickly conceded that he had lost his bet and said that Higgs should win the Nobel Prize for Physics , which he did in 2013 .", "Hawking quickly conceded that he had lost his bet [ 252 ] [ 253 ] and said that Higgs should win the Nobel Prize for Physics , [ 254 ] which he did in 2013 ." ]
[ "They lived in Highgate , but as London was being bombed in those years , Isobel went to Oxford to give birth in greater safety .", "[ 22 ] [ 24 ] They lived in Highgate , but as London was being bombedin those years , Isobel went to Oxford to give birth in greater safety ." ]
[ "According to Jane , her husband was accepting of the situation , stating `` he would not object so long as I continued to love him . ''", "[ 89 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] According to Jane , her husband was accepting of the situation , stating `` he would not object so long as I continued to love him . ''" ]
[ "In 1975 , he was awarded both the Eddington Medal and the Pius XI Gold Medal , and in 1976 the Dannie Heineman Prize , the Maxwell Prize and the Hughes Medal .", "[ 82 ] In 1975 , he was awarded both the Eddington Medal and the Pius XI Gold Medal , and in 1976 the Dannie Heineman Prize , theMaxwell Prize and the...
[ "Hawking appeared in documentaries entitled `` The Real Stephen Hawking '' ( 2001 ) , `` Stephen Hawking : Profile '' ( 2002 ) and `` Hawking '' ( 2013 ) , and the documentary series `` Stephen Hawking , Master of the Universe '' ( 2008 ) .", "[ 309 ] Hawking appeared in documentaries entitled `` The Real Stephen...
[ "Despite the availability of other voices , Hawking has retained this original voice , saying that he prefers it and identifies with it .", "[ 65 ] [ 66 ] Despite the availability of other voices , Hawking has retained this original voice , saying that he prefers it and identifies with it ." ]
[ "Media attention was intense , and Newsweek magazine cover and a television special both described him as `` Master of the Universe '' .", "[ 216 ] Media attention was intense , [ 217 ] and Newsweek magazine cover and a television special both described him as `` Master of the Universe '' ." ]
[ "Hawking has expressed concern that life on Earth is at risk from `` a sudden nuclear war , a genetically engineered virus or other dangers we have not yet thought of '' .", "[ 269 ] Hawking has expressed concern that life on earth is at risk from `` a sudden nuclear war , a genetically engineered virus or other ...
[ "Hawking has two younger sisters , Philippa and Mary , and an adopted brother , Edward .", "[ 25 ] Hawking has two younger sisters , Philippa and Mary , and an adopted brother , Edward ." ]
[ "Hawking has maintained ties to Caltech , spending a month there almost every year since this first visit .", "[ 179 ] Hawking has maintained ties to Caltech , spending a month there almost every year since this first visit ." ]
[ "Beginning in 1973 , Hawking moved into the study of quantum gravity and quantum mechanics .", "[ 164 ] Beginning in 1973 , Hawking moved into the study of quantum gravity and quantum mechanics ." ]
[ "In St Albans , the family were considered highly intelligent and somewhat eccentric ; meals were often spent with each person silently reading a book .", "[ 27 ] [ 28 ] In St Albans , the family were considered highly intelligent and somewhat eccentric ; [ 27 ] [ 29 ] meals were often spent with each person sile...
[ "After being diagnosed with motor neurone disease , Hawking fell into a depression ; though his doctors advised that he continue with his studies , he felt there was little point .", "[ 141 ] After being diagnosed with motor-neuron disease , Hawking fell into a depression ; though his doctors advised that he cont...
[ "Hawking was awarded the Copley Medal from the Royal Society ( 2006 ) , the Presidential Medal of Freedom which is America 's highest civilian honour ( 2009 ) , and the Russian Special Fundamental Physics Prize ( 2013 ) .", "Hawking was awarded the CopleyMedal from the Royal Society ( 2006 ) , [ 257 ] the Preside...
[ "The National Health Service would pay for a nursing home , but Jane was determined that he would live at home .", "[ 55 ] [ 56 ] The National Health Service would pay for a nursing home , but Jane was determined that he would live at home ." ]
[ "Hawking was appointed a professor with a chair in gravitational physics in 1977 .", "[ 183 ] [ 184 ] Hawking was appointed a professor with a chair in gravitational physics in 1977 ." ]
[ "He received further academic recognition , including five further honorary degrees , the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society ( 1985 ) , the Paul Dirac Medal ( 1987 ) and , jointly with Penrose , the prestigious Wolf Prize ( 1988 ) .", "[ 221 ] [ 222 ] He received further academic recognition , including...
[ "The program was originally run on a desktop computer .", "[ 61 ] [ 62 ] The program was originally run on a desktop computer ." ]
[ "A positive consequence was that Hawking remained with a close group of friends with whom he enjoyed board games , the manufacture of fireworks , model aeroplanes and boats , and long discussions about Christianity and extrasensory perception .", "[ 113 ] [ 114 ] A positive consequence was that Hawking remained w...
[ "In a method he uses to this day , Hawking could now simply press a switch to select phrases , words or letters from a bank of about 2,500 -- 3,000 that are scanned .", "In a method he uses to this day , using a switch he selects phrases , words or letters from a bank of about 2,500 -- 3,000 that are scanned ." ]
[ "Hawking has stated that , given the vastness of the universe , aliens likely exist , but that contact with them should be avoided .", "[ 270 ] [ 271 ] Hawking has stated that , given the vastness of the universe , aliens likely exist , but that contact with them should be avoided ." ]
[ "Stephen William Hawking born 8 January 1942 ) is an English theoretical physicist , cosmologist , author and Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology within the University of Cambridge .", "Stephen William Hawking CH , CBE , FRS , FRSA ( i / ˈstiːvən ˈhɔːkɪŋ / ; born 8 January 1942 ) is a Bri...
[ "Hawking has used his fame to advertise products , including a wheelchair , National Savings , British Telecom , Specsavers , Egg Banking and Go Compare .", "[ 313 ] Hawking has used his fame to advertise products , including a wheelchair , [ 296 ] National Savings , [ 314 ] British Telecom , Specsavers , Egg Ban...
[ "Science vs. philosophy .", "[ 276 ] Science vs. philosophy ." ]
[ "Disability outreach .", "[ 293 ] Disability outreach ." ]
[ "Hawking has estimated that he studied about a thousand hours during his three years at Oxford .", "[ 132 ] [ 130 ] Hawking has estimated that he studied about a thousand hours during his three years at Oxford ." ]
[ "His mother was Scottish .", "[ 21 ] [ 22 ] His mother was Scottish ." ]
[ "Stephen McDannell Hillenburg ( born August 21 , 1961 ) is an American marine biologist , cartoonist , animator , director , producer , writer , and voice actor , who is best known for creating the Nickelodeon animated television series `` SpongeBob SquarePants '' .", "Stephen McDannell Hillenburg ( born August 2...
[ "Stephen J. Cannell Stephen Joseph Cannell ( ; February 5 , 1941 -- September 30 , 2010 ) was an American television producer , writer , novelist and occasional actor , and the founder of Cannell Entertainment ( formerly Stephen J. Cannell Productions ) and The Cannell Studios .", "Stephen J. Cannell Stephen Jose...
[ "Lee died of a heart attack in Los Angeles , California , aged 58 .", "Lee died of a heart attack in Los Angeles , California , aged 56 ." ]
[ "Stephen Lee ( November 11 , 1955 -- August 14 , 2014 ) was an American actor from Englewood , New Jersey .", "Stephen Lee ( November 11 , 1955 -- August 14 , 2014 ) was an American actor ." ]
[ "Stephen Lewis ( 17 December 1926 -- 12 August 2015 ) ( credited early in his career as Stephen Cato ) was an English actor , comedian , director , screenwriter , and playwright .", "Stephen Lewis ( 17 December 1926 -- 12 August 2015 ) was an English actor , comedian , director , screenwriter , and playwright ." ...