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[ "Northern hemisphere temperatures dropped by about 1 ° C in the year following the Laki eruption .", "Temperatures in the northern hemisphere dropped by about 1 ° C in the year following the Laki eruption ." ]
[ "The four years following the explosion were unusually cold , and the winter of 1887-1888 included powerful blizzards .", "The next four years after the explosion were unusually cold , and the winter of 1887 to 1888 included powerful blizzards ." ]
[ "The effects of volcanic eruptions on recent winters are modest in scale , but historically have been significant .", "The effects of recent volcanic eruptions on winters are modest in scale but historically their effects have been significant ." ]
[ "In 1452 or 1453 , a cataclysmic eruption of the submarine volcano Kuwae caused worldwide disruptions .", "In 1452 or 1453 , a cataclysmic eruption of the submarine volcano named Kuwae ." ]
[ "The Great Famine of 1315-1317 in Europe may have been precipitated by a volcanic event , perhaps that of Mount Tarawera , New Zealand , lasting about five years .", "The Great Famine of 1315-1317 in Europe may have been precipitated by a volcanic event , perhaps that of Kaharoa , New Zealand , which lasted about...
[ "Railway Gazette International is part of the Railway Gazette Group , itself part of DVV Media Group part of the Hamburg-based Deutsche Verkehrs Verlag group .", "Railway Gazette International is part of the Railway Gazette Group , itself part of DVV Media UK , part of the Hamburg-based Deutsche Verkehrs Verlag g...
[ "Railway Gazette International is a monthly business journal covering the railway , metro , light rail and tram industries worldwide .", "Railway Gazette International is a monthly business journal about the railway , metro , light rail and tram industries worldwide ." ]
[ "A mix of technical , commercial and geographical feature articles , plus the regular monthly news pages , cover developments in all aspects of the rail industry , including infrastructure , operations , rolling stock and signalling .", "A mixture of technical , commercial and geographical articles , plus the reg...
[ "It was renamed Railway Gazette International in October 1970 .", "The Railway Gazette title dates from July 1905 and it was renamed Railway Gazette International in October 1970 ." ]
[ "It was part of Reed Business Information until 1 April 2007 .", "Railway Gazette was previously part of Reed Business Information until 1 April 2007 ." ]
[ "Available by annual subscription , the magazine is read in over 140 countries by transport professionals and decision makers , railway managers , engineers , consultants and suppliers to the rail industry .", "Available by yearly subscription , the magazine is read in over 140 countries by people involved in the...
[ "During the professional era , Huracán won the Primera División title just once ( the 1973 Metropolitano ) , and obtained four titles during the amateur era ( in 1921 , 1922 , 1925 and 1928 ) .", "During the professional era , Huracán won the Primera División title just once ( the 1973 Metropolitano ) , and obtai...
[ "Moreover , Huracán has finished as runner-up of the first division five times during professionalism ( the last one in the 2009 Clausura ) .", "Moreover , Huracán has finished as runner-up of the first division 5 times during professionalism ( the last one in the 2009 Clausura ) ." ]
[ "Huracán was founded on 1 November 1908 in the Nueva Pompeya neighborhood of Buenos Aires .", "Huracán was founded on November 1 , 1908 , in the Nueva Pompeya neighborhood of Buenos Aires ." ]
[ "The club 's name and nickname ( Globo , literally `` Balloon '' ) comes from the Huracán balloon flown by Jorge Newbery in 1909 .", "The club 's name and nickname ( Globo , literally `` Balloon '' ) come from the Huracán balloon flied by Jorge Newbery in 1909 ." ]
[ "The club 's supporters are called los Quemeros ( `` the Burners '' ) because the stadium is located in a former garbage burning area .", "Apart from that , club supporters are called los Quemeros ( `` the Burners '' ) because the stadium is in a former garbage burning area ." ]
[ "The FMA IA 58 Pucará ( Quechua : Fortress ) is an Argentine ground-attack and counter-insurgency ( COIN ) aircraft manufactured by the Fábrica Militar de Aviones .", "The FMA IA-58 Pucará is an Argentine military aircraft ." ]
[ "Together they make up Palaeognathae ( `` old jaws '' ) , while all other living birds are members of Neognathae ( `` new jaws '' ) .", "Together with the ratites , they make up Palaeognathae ( `` old jaws '' ) , while all other living birds are members of Neognathae ( `` new jaws '' ) ." ]
[ "Of Gondwanan origin , tinamous are related to the ratites .", "Of Gondwanan origin , tinamids are related to the ratites ." ]
[ "One of the most ancient living groups of bird , they are most closely related to the flightless ratites and first appear in the fossil record in the Miocene epoch .", "One of the most ancient living groups of bird , they are related to the ratites ." ]
[ "Unlike other palaeognaths , tinamous do have a keeled sternum , but like the other palaeognaths they have a distinctive palate .", "Unlike the other palaeognaths , tinamids do have a keeled sternum ." ]
[ "Tinamous form an order ( Tinamiformes ) comprising a single family , with two distinct subfamilies , containing 47 species of birds found in Mexico , Central America , and South America .", "The tinamous are a family comprising 47 species of birds found in Central and South America ." ]
[ "`` In fact , most of the Br ` er Rabbit stories originated in Cherokee myths . ''", "`` In fact , most of the Br ` er Rabbit stories originated in ( came from ) Cherokee myths . ''" ]
[ "There was a `` melding of the Cherokee rabbit-trickster ... into the culture of African slaves . ''", "There was a `` melding ( mixing ) of the Cherokee rabbit-trickster ... into the culture of African slaves . ''" ]
[ "In the Cherokee tale about the briar patch , `` the fox and the wolf throw the trickster rabbit into a thicket from which the rabbit quickly escapes . ''", "In a Cherokee story , `` the fox and the wolf throw the trickster rabbit into a thicket from which the rabbit quickly escapes . ''" ]
[ "Br ` er Rabbit \\ / ˈbrɛər \\ / , also spelled Bre ' r Rabbit or Brer Rabbit or Bruh Rabbit , is a central figure as Uncle Remus tells stories of the Southern United States .", "Br ` er Rabbit ( also spelled Bre ' r Rabbit or Brer Rabbit or Bruh Rabbit , with the title `` Br ` er '' pronounced \\ / ˈbrɛər \\ / )...
[ "The laurisilva forests of Macaronesia are a type of mountain cloud forest with relicts species of a vegetation type which originally covered much of the Mediterranean Basin when the climate of the region was more humid and evolved to adapt to island conditions .", "The laurel forests , known as laurisilva , of M...
[ "The Portuguese archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a generally cooler climate and higher rainfall than the Canaries and Cape Verde .", "The Portuguese archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a generally cooler climate and higher rainfall than the Canary Islands and Cape Verde ." ]
[ "Macaronesia consists of several archipelagos ; namely North to South : The islands of Macaronesia are volcanic in origin , and are thought to be the product of several geologic hotspots .", "The islands of Macaronesia are volcanic in origin , and are thought to be the product of several geologic hotspots ." ]
[ "Laurel-leaved forests , called laurisilva , once covered most of the Azores , Madeira , and parts of the Canaries between 400-1200 m altitude ( the eastern Canaries and Cape Verde being too dry ) .", "These forests once covered most of the Azores , Madeira , and parts of the Canary Islands ( `` Canaries '' ) bet...
[ "Felling of the forests for timber and firewood , clearing vegetation for grazing and agriculture , and the introduction of exotic plants and animals by humans has displaced much of the native vegetation .", "Cutting the trees for timber and wood , clearing vegetation for grazing and agriculture , and the introdu...
[ "The name ( which is occasionally misspelled `` Macronesia '' in analogy with Micronesia ) is derived from the Greek words for `` islands of the fortunate '' μακάρων νῆσοι makárōn nêsoi , a term used by Ancient Greek geographers for islands to the west of the Straits of Gibraltar .", "This term was used by Ancien...
[ "Macaronesia is a modern collective name for several groups of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Europe and Africa .", "The Macaronesian islands , or simply Macaronesia is a modern name for several groups of islands of volcanic origin in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Europe and Africa ." ...
[ "Thus the most frequent word will occur approximately twice as often as the second most frequent word , three times as often as the third most frequent word , etc. .", "Thus the most frequent word will occur about twice as often as the second most frequent word , three times as often as the third most frequent wo...
[ "The same relationship occurs in many other rankings unrelated to language , such as the population ranks of cities in various countries , corporation sizes , income rankings , and so on .", "The same relationship occurs in many other rankings , unrelated to language , such as the population ranks of cities in va...
[ "Zipf 's law states that given some corpus of natural language utterances , the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table .", "Zipf 's law states that given a large sample of words used , the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency tabl...
[ "Only 135 vocabulary items are needed to account for half the Brown Corpus .", "Only 135 vocabulary items are needed to account for half the sample of words ." ]
[ "Zipf 's law \\ / ˈzɪf \\ / , an empirical law formulated using mathematical statistics , refers to the fact that many types of data studied in the physical and social sciences can be approximated with a Zipfian distribution , one of a family of related discrete power law probability distributions .", "Zipf 's la...
[ "For example , in the Brown Corpus of American English text , the word `` the '' is the most frequently occurring word , and by itself accounts for nearly 7 % of all word occurrences ( 69,971 out of slightly over 1 million ) .", "For example , in one sample of words , the most frequently occurring word accounts f...
[ "All stars are born from collapsing clouds of gas and dust , often called nebulae or molecular clouds .", "A star starts its life as a cloud of dust and gas called a nebula ." ]
[ "Stellar evolution is not studied by observing the life of a single star , as most stellar changes occur too slowly to be detected , even over many centuries .", "Stellar evolution is the study of how a star changes over time ." ]
[ "The red-giant-branch phase of a star 's life follows the main sequence .", "The stages in a star 's life are : nebula , main-sequence star , red giant and either white dwarf followed by black dwarf , neutron star or black hole ." ]
[ "Kansas City , Kansas , is organized into a system of neighborhoods , some with histories as independent cities or the sites of major events .", "Kansas City is organized into a system of neighborhoods , some with histories as independent cities or the sites of major events ." ]
[ "It was one of the nation 's 100 largest cities for many US Census counts , from 1890 to 1960 , including 1920 , when it had over 100,000 residents for the first time .", "It was one of the 100 largest cities for many US Census counts , from 1890-1960 , including 1920 , when it had over 100,000 residents for the ...
[ "It is situated at Kaw Point , which is the junction of the Missouri and Kansas rivers .", "The city is at Kaw Point , which is the junction of the Missouri and Kansas rivers ." ]
[ "In June 1880 , the Governor of Kansas proclaimed the city of Kansas City a city of the second class with the Mayor Samuel McConnell present .", "In June 1880 , the Governor of Kansas made the city of Kansas City a city of the second class with the Mayor Samuel McConnell present ." ]
[ "It is part of a consolidated city-county government known as the `` Unified Government '' .", "The city is part of the `` Unified Government '' ." ]
[ "Wyandotte County also includes the independent cities of Bonner Springs and Edwardsville .", "This also includes the cities of Bonner Springs and Edwardsville ." ]
[ "In 1997 , voters approved a proposition to unify the city and county governments creating the Unified Government of Wyandotte County .", "In 1997 , voters approved a proposition to unify the city and county governments ." ]
[ "Kansas City is the third-largest city in the state of Kansas , the county seat of Wyandotte County , and the third-largest city of the Kansas City metropolitan area .", "Kansas City is a suburb of Kansas City , Missouri and is the third largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area ." ]
[ "Kansas City was formed in 1868 and incorporated in October 1872 .", "Kansas City formed in 1868 ." ]
[ "He was also Chief of Police , having a force of five men .", "He was also Chief of Police ." ]
[ "John Sheehan was appointed Marshal in 1875 , by Mayor Eli Teed .", "John Sheehan was appointed Marshal in 1875 ." ]
[ "The first city election was held October 22 , 1872 , by order of Judge Hiram Stevens of the Tenth Judicial District , and resulted in the election of Mayor James Boyle .", "It resulted in the election of Mayor James Boyle ." ]
[ "Neighborhoods of Kansas City , Kansas : The Kansas City , Missouri metro area 's media market includes ten television channels along with 30 FM and 21 AM radio stations .", "Neighborhoods of Kansas City , Kansas" ]
[ "Gwynt y Môr ( Welsh : Sea Wind ) is an under-construction , 576-megawatt ( MW ) offshore wind farm located off the coast of North Wales .", "Gwynt y Môr is a 576 MW offshore wind farm off the coast of North Wales ." ]
[ "The wind farm will be located close to the existing North Hoyle and Rhyl Flats offshore wind farms .", "The wind farm is near the existing North Hoyle offshore wind farm and the Rhyl Flats offshore wind farm ." ]
[ "Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers-not to be confused with tree-free paper .", "Modern paper is normally made from wood pulp ." ]
[ "The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper , but this consumes 5 % of the fibers .", "Paper pulp can be bleached to make blank paper , and dyes can be added to make colored paper ." ]
[ "Recycled papers can be made from 100 % recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp .", "Not all paper is made from wood ." ]
[ "Paper is a versatile material with many uses .", "The material used in this ancient paper included cotton rags , hemp , various plant fibers , and old fish nets ." ]
[ "Eumelanin is the dominant pigment in dark-blond , brown hair , and black hair , while pheomelanin is dominant in red hair .", "A low concentration of brown eumelanin results in blond hair , but more brown eumelanin will color the hair brown ." ]
[ "All natural hair colors are the result of two types of hair pigment .", "Natural hair color can be given only by genes ." ]
[ "Glossopterids were , thus , one of the major casualties of the end-Permian mass extinction event .", "Glossopterids were , thus , one of the major casualties of the end-Permian mass-extinction event ." ]
[ "The only convincing Triassic records are very earliest Triassic leaves from Nidpur , India , but even these records are somewhat questionable owing to faulting and complex juxtapositioning of Permian and Triassic strata at Nidpur .", "Even these records are somewhat questionable owing to faulting and complex jux...
[ "Although most modern palaeobotany textbooks cite the continuation of glossopterids into later parts of the Triassic and , in some cases into the Jurassic , these ranges are erroneous and are based on misidentification of morphologically similar leaves such as Gontriglossa , Sagenopteris , or Mexiglossa .", "Alth...
[ "These plants went on to become the dominant elements of the southern flora through the rest of the Permian but disappeared in almost all places at the end of the Permian ( 252.2 million years ago ) .", "These plants went on to become the dominant elements of the southern flora through the rest of the Permian but...
[ "Their distribution across several , now detached , landmasses led Eduard Suess , amongst others , to propose that the southern continents were once amalgamated into a single supercontinent - Pangea .", "Their distribution across several continents led Eduard Suess to suggest the southern continents were once tog...
[ "The Glossopteridales arose in the Southern Hemisphere around the beginning of the Permian Period ( 298.9 million years ago ) .", "The Glossopteridales arose in the Southern Hemisphere around the beginning of the Permian ( ~ 300 milliom years ago ) ." ]
[ "The Dominican city of San Francisco de Bánica , or simply Bánica , is a municipality of the Elías Piña province , on the border with Haiti and near the Artibonite river .", "The Dominican city of San Francisco de Bánica , or simply Bánica , is a municipality of the Elías Piña province , on the border with Haiti ...
[ "The name Bánica comes from the Taíno name of the region , Banique ( `` land of ebony '' ) .", "The name Bánica comes from the Taíno name of the region , Banique ( `` land of ebony trees '' ) ." ]
[ "When the Haitians occupied the eastern part of the island ( the present Dominican Republic ) , they founded again the town as part of the Département of Artibonite .", "When the Haitians occupied the eastern part of the island ( the present Dominican Republic ) , they founded again the town as part of the Artibo...
[ "After the `` Restoration War '' ( 1863-1865 ) , some families from other towns close to the Haitian border came to live in Bánica .", "After the `` Restoration War '' ( 1863 - 1865 ) , some families from other towns near the Haitian border came to live in Bánica ." ]
[ "After the Independence in 1844 , the town was elevated by the Dominican government to the category of municipality of the Azua province .", "After the Dominican Independence in 1844 , the town was made a municipality of the Azua province ." ]
[ "Rouben Zachary Mamoulian ( pronunciation perhaps roo-BEN mah-mool-YAHN ) ( October 8 , 1897 - December 4 , 1987 ) was an Armenian-American film and theater director .", "Rouben Mamoulian ( Armenian : Ռուբեն Մամուլյան ) ( October 8 , 1897 - December 4 , 1987 ) was an Armenian-American movie and theater director ....
[ "In 1930 , Mamoulian became a naturalized citizen of the United States .", "In 1930 , he became a naturalized citizen of the United States ." ]
[ "He was brought to America the next year by Vladimir Rosing to teach at the Eastman School of Music and was involved in directing opera and theater .", "He moved to America the next year to teach in Eastman School of Music and was involved in directing opera and theater ." ]
[ "Robert Charles Durman Mitchum ( August 6 , 1917 - July 1 , 1997 ) was an American film actor , author , composer and singer .", "Robert Mitchum ( August 6 , 1917 - July 1 , 1997 ) was an American actor ." ]
[ "Additionally , 40-45 % thought adoptees were more likely to have behavior problems and trouble at school .", "Also , 40 - 50 percent thought adoptees would probably have behavior problems at school ." ]
[ "The most recent adoption attitudes survey completed by the Evan Donaldson Institute provides further evidence of this stigma .", "Some research by the Evan Donaldson Institute shows more proof of this ." ]
[ "Both graduate degrees were in mathematics and physics .", "Both graduate degrees were in mathematics and mathematical physics ." ]
[ "William Edwards Deming ( October 14 , 1900 - December 20 , 1993 ) was an American statistician , professor , author , lecturer , and consultant .", "William Edwards Deming ( October 14 , 1900 - December 20 , 1993 ) was an American engineer who improved how companies manage making products ." ]
[ "The books that were influential in the early development of computational quantum chemistry include Linus Pauling and E. Bright Wilson 's 1935 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics - with Applications to Chemistry , Eyring , Walter and Kimball 's 1944 Quantum Chemistry , Heitler 's 1945 Elementary Wave Mechanics - wit...
[ "The local minimum that is lowest is called the global minimum and corresponds to the most stable isomer .", "The local minimum that is lowest is called the `` global minimum '' and corresponds to the most stable isomer ." ]
[ "Computational chemists , in contrast , may simply apply existing computer programs and methodologies to specific chemical questions .", "Computational chemists , in contrast , may simply apply existing computer programs and methodologies to answer specific chemical questions ." ]
[ "The first ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations on diatomic molecules were carried out in 1956 at MIT , using a basis set of Slater orbitals .", "The first ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations on molecules with two atoms ( diatomic ) were carried out in 1956 at MIT , using a basis set of Slater orbitals ." ]
[ "Of these four programs , only GAUSSIAN , now massively expanded , is still in use , but many other programs are now in use .", "Of these four programs , only GAUSSIAN , now massively expanded , is still in use ." ]
[ "For diatomic molecules , a systematic study using a minimum basis set and the first calculation with a larger basis set were published by Ransil and Nesbet respectively in 1960 .", "For molecules with two atoms , a systematic study using a minimum basis set and the first calculation with a larger basis set were ...
[ "Evaluation of the related second derivatives allows the prediction of vibrational frequencies if harmonic motion is estimated .", "Evaluation of the related second derivatives allows the prediction of vibrational frequencies by estimating harmonic motion ." ]
[ "There are two different aspects to computational chemistry : Thus , computational chemistry can assist the experimental chemist or it can challenge the experimental chemist to find entirely new chemical objects .", "There are two different aspects to computational chemistry : So , computational chemistry can ass...
[ "In 1964 , Hückel method calculations ( using a simple linear combination of atomic orbitals ( LCAO ) method for the determination of electron energies of molecular orbitals of π electrons in conjugated hydrocarbon systems ) of molecules ranging in complexity from butadiene and benzene to ovalene , were generated o...
[ "This process of determining stationary points is called geometry optimization .", "This process of determining stationary points is called `` geometry optimization '' ." ]
[ "Both ab initio and semi-empirical approaches involve approximations .", "Both ab initio and semi-empirical approaches use approximations ." ]
[ "For example , most ab initio calculations make the Born-Oppenheimer approximation , which greatly simplifies the underlying Schrödinger equation by assuming that the nuclei remain in place during the calculation .", "For example , most ab initio calculations make the Born-Oppenheimer approximation , which greatl...
[ "A stationary point is a geometry such that the derivative of the energy with respect to all displacements of the nuclei is zero .", "A stationary point is a geometry where the derivative of the energy with respect to all displacements of the nuclei is zero ." ]
[ "Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computer simulation to assist in solving chemical problems .", "Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computer science to help solve chemical problems ." ]
[ "Each isomer is a local minimum on the energy surface ( called the potential energy surface ) created from the total energy ( i.e. , the electronic energy , plus the repulsion energy between the nuclei ) as a function of the coordinates of all the nuclei .", "Each isomer is a local minimum on the energy surface (...
[ "A very detailed account of such use in the United Kingdom is given by Smith and Sutcliffe .", "Smith and Sutcliffe wrote a very detailed account of such use in the United Kingdom ." ]
[ "A single molecular formula can represent a number of molecular isomers .", "Computational chemistry has five major parts : A single molecular formula can represent a number of molecular isomers ." ]
[ "This leads to the evaluation of the total energy as a sum of the electronic energy at fixed nuclei positions and the repulsion energy of the nuclei .", "With this simplification , the total energy is a sum of the electronic energy at fixed nuclei positions and the repulsion energy of the nuclei ." ]