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[ "The spacecraft , named after the Renaissance astronomer Johannes Kepler , was launched on March 7 , 2009 .", "The spacecraft , named in honor of the 17th-century German astronomer Johannes Kepler , was launched on 7 March 2009 ." ]
[ "Designed to survey a portion of our region of the Milky Way to discover dozens of Earth-size extrasolar planets in or near the habitable zone and estimate how many of the billions of stars in our galaxy have such planets , Kepler 's sole instrument is a photometer that continually monitors the brightness of over 1...
[ "There are many varieties of socialism and there is no single definition encapsulating all of them .", "There are many varieties of socialism , so no one definition can apply to all of them ; however , in all varieties , the workers own the means of production ." ]
[ "In its subject matter , it resembles the prints of hawkers and traders popular in Hogarth 's day .", "Its subject matter resembles the prints of hawkers and traders popular in Hogarth 's day ." ]
[ "The Shrimp Girl is a painting by the English artist William Hogarth .", "The Shrimp Girl is an oil painting by William Hogarth ." ]
[ "His widow Jane was said to have told visitors on showing the picture to them : `` They say he could not paint flesh .", "His widow Jane was said to have told visitors , `` They say he could not paint flesh ." ]
[ "It is not strictly finished and was still in Hogarth 's estate after his death .", "It was still in Hogarth 's estate after his death ." ]
[ "It was only sold after his wife 's death in 1789 , and first received its title The Shrimp Girl in a Christie 's sale catalogue .", "It first received its title The Shrimp Girl in a Christie 's sale catalog ." ]
[ "The painting depicts a woman selling shellfish on the streets of London , typically a job for the wives and daughters of fishmongers who owned stalls in markets such as Billingsgate .", "The painting depicts a woman selling shellfish on the streets of London ." ]
[ "The subject balances a large basket on her head , bearing shrimps and mussels , together with a half-pint pewter pot as a measure .", "The girl balances a large basket of shrimps and mussels on her head ." ]
[ "It was painted around 1740-45 , and is held by the National Gallery , London .", "It was painted around 1740-45 ." ]
[ "In 1975 , Rush went to Paris for two years and studied mime , movement and theater at L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq , before returning to resume his stage career with QTC .", "In 1975 , Rush went to Paris for two years and studied mime , movement and theater at the L'École Internationale de Thé...
[ "He is the founding President of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts and was named the 2012 Australian of the Year .", "He is the foundation President of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts and was named the 2012 Australian of the Year ." ]
[ "Geoffrey Roy Rush , AC ( born 6 July 1951 ) , is an Australian actor and film producer .", "Geoffrey Roy Rush ( born 6 July 1951 ) is an Australian actor who has won the Academy and Emmy awards , as well as several others ." ]
[ "Before he began his acting career , Rush attended Everton Park State High School .", "He studied at Everton Park State High School and at University of Queensland ." ]
[ "The ampere ( SI unit symbol : A ; SI dimension symbol : I ) , often shortened to amp , is the SI unit of electric current ( quantity symbol : I , i ) and is one of the seven SI base units .", "The ampere or amp ( Symbol : A ) is the standard unit of electric current ." ]
[ "The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but additional time ( overtime ) may be issued when the game ends with a draw .", "The team with the most points at the end of the game wins ." ]
[ "If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is unsuccessful , the player is awarded a number of free throws equal to the value of the attempted shot .", "If you foul someone on the other team while he is shooting the basketball , the player who was fouled gets to shoot `` free throws '' from the `...
[ "Basketball is one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports .", "Basketball is now the second most popular sport in the world ." ]
[ "Five players from each team may be on the court at one time .", "In each game of basketball these things are required : Basketball is played with two teams , with 5 players from each team on the court at one time ." ]
[ "After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums , he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot ( 3.05 m ) elevated track .", "Naismith wrote the basic rules and then nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot tall pole ." ]
[ "In 1959 , a basketball hall of fame was founded in Springfield , Massachusetts , site of the first game .", "The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is also in Springfield ." ]
[ "Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball .", "Basketball is a very popular sport worldwide , played with a round , orange ball that bounces ." ]
[ "There were hundreds of men 's professional basketball teams in towns and cities all over the United States , and little organization of the professional game .", "In professional basketball teams , each player has a position ." ]
[ "Players may shoot directly into the basket or may use the backboard to redirect the ball into the basket .", "You get points by shooting the ball into the opponents ' basket ." ]
[ "The basic structure of the speech was as follows : The speech caused such shock to the audience that , according to some reports , some of those present suffered heart attacks , and others later committed suicide .", "The speech caused such shock to the audience that , according to some reports , some of those p...
[ "The Khrushchev report was known as the `` Secret Speech '' because it was delivered at an unpublicized closed session of Communist Party delegates , with guests and members of the press excluded .", "The report was known as the `` Secret Speech '' because it was delivered at a closed session of Communist Party d...
[ "`` On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences '' ( Russian : `` О культе личности и его последствиях '' ) was a report by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev made to the Twentieth Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on 25 February 1956 .", "The speech was a spoken report to the Twentieth P...
[ "The ensuing confusion among many Soviet citizens , bred on the panegyrics and permanent praise of the `` genius '' of Stalin , was especially apparent in the Georgian SSR , Stalin 's homeland , where the days of protests and rioting ended with the Soviet army crackdown on March 9 , 1956 .", "This was especially ...
[ "The direct goal of the commission was to investigate the repressions of the delegates of the 17th Congress , in 1934 , of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union .", "The speech was based on an investigation of the repressions of the delegates of the 1934 XVII Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ...
[ "In 2008 , he wrote The Dirty Energy Dilemma : What 's Blocking Clean Power in the United States which was published by Praeger and won a 2009 Nautilus Book Award .", "In 2008 , he wrote The Dirty Energy Dilemma : What 's Blocking Clean Power in the United States which was published by Praeger and won a 2009 Naut...
[ "In Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power ( 2011 ) Sovacool says , following a detailed analysis , that there is a `` consensus among a broad base of independent , nonpartisan experts that nuclear power plants are a poor choice for producing electricity '' , and that `` energy efficiency programs and renewable pow...
[ "Sovacool 's research has taken him to more than 50 countries , including : In 2007 , Sovacool co-edited Energy and American Society : Thirteen Myths which has been reviewed in Energy Policy and the Annals of the Association of American Geographers .", "In 2007 , Sovacool edited Energy and American Society : Thir...
[ "Sovacool 's research interests include energy policy , environmental issues , and science and technology policy , and his research has taken him to 50 countries .", "Sovacool 's research interests include energy policy and environmental issues ." ]
[ "Betrayers of the Truth : Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science is a book by William Broad and Nicholas Wade , published in 1982 by Simon & Schuster in New York , and subsequently ( 1983 ) also by Century Publishing in London , and with a simplified subtitle as Betrayers of the Truth : Fraud and Deceit in Scienc...
[ "Shortly after the marriage , the oldest of Neeltje 's daughters had a child of her own , and so at only 23 years old Dorus became known as Opa in Den Helder where he lived .", "Shortly after the marriage , the oldest of Neeltje 's daughters had a child of her own , and so at only 23 years old Dorus became known ...
[ "In the waters where he served , he saved such a large number of people with such effectiveness that the survival statistics increased dramatically .", "In the waters where he served , he saved such large number of people with such effectiveness that the survival statistics increased dramatically ." ]
[ "Theodorus `` Dorus '' Rijkers ( 28 January 1847 - 19 April 1928 ) was a famous Dutch lifeboat captain and folk hero , most famous for his sea rescues of 487 shipwrecked victims over a total of 38 rescue operations , and at least 25 before joining the lifeboat-service .", "Theodorus `` Dorus '' Rijkers ( January ...
[ "Dorus received his nickname Grandpa ( Dutch : Opa ) while still a young man : he had married Neeltje Huisman , a fisherman 's widow who already had 6 children .", "He had married Neeltje Huisman , a fisherman 's widow who already had 6 children ." ]
[ "Following these improvements , a 2002 audit showed an increase in availability of machines to 92.1 % at railway stations , and 98.3 % on buses and trams .", "Following these improvements , a 2002 audit showed an increase in availability of machines to 92.1 % at train stations , and 98.3 % on buses and trams ." ]
[ "An audit released by the State Government in 2001 showed over 1 in 4 ( 27.2 % ) of the machines at railway stations did not work , and 11.9 % of mobile equipment in buses and trams was non-operational .", "An study released by the State Government in 2001 showed over 1 in 4 ( 27.2 % ) of the machines at train st...
[ "Controversy surrounded Metcard at its introduction , due to cost over-runs , the abolition of tram conductors and the unreliability of ticket purchasing and validation machines .", "Controversy surrounded Metcard at its introduction , due to it costing to much , the abolition of tram conductors and the unreliabi...
[ "Testing of prototypes commenced in December 1993 , and the roll-out of the system was carried out from August 1996 to April 1998 .", "Testing of prototypes commenced in December 1993 , and the roll-out of the system was carried out from August 1996 to April 1998 , and acceptance occurred in November 1997 ." ]
[ "Tenders were called for the design , supply , installation and on-going maintenance of the system , with the ` OneLink Transit Consortium ' becoming the preferred tenderer in September 1993 .", "Tenders were called for the design , supply , installation and on-going maintenance of such a system , with the ` OneL...
[ "The ticket vending machines were frequently attacked by vandals ( often by pouring liquids into the coin slot ) , and have undergone several revisions to their design since .", "The machines were attacked by vandals frequently ( often by pouring liquids into the coin slot ) , and have seen several revisions to t...
[ "The contract was signed in May 1994 , with the major technology supplier being the ERG Group ( now Vix Technology ) .", "The contract was signed in May 1994 , with the major technology supplier being the ERG Group ." ]
[ "Public field trials were carried out on buses from 20 August 1996 , and on rail services from 18 September 1996 .", "Public field trials were carried out on buses from August 20 1996 , and on rail services from September 18 1996 ." ]
[ "In 2005 the contract was amended to permit the system to be extended and modified as work on the replacement myki project progressed , with the contract being able to be terminated on six months notice .", "In 2005 the contract was changed to permit the system to be extended and changed as work on the replacemen...
[ "Moves towards automated ticketing were first made in 1992 .", "Moves towards automated ticketing were first made by the then state Liberal Government in 1992 ." ]
[ "Metcard was the brand name of an integrated ticketing system used to access public transport in Melbourne , Australia .", "A Metcard is a type of ticket used to use public transport in Melbourne , Australia ." ]
[ "and zone 3 of the system was abolished , being merged with zone 2 .", "There used to be a Zone 3 , but that has been merged with Zone 2 ." ]
[ "Modern physical chemistry originated in the 1860s to 1880s with work on chemical thermodynamics , electrolytes in solutions , chemical kinetics and other subjects .", "Modern physical chemistry was developed in the 1860s to 1880s with work on chemical thermodynamics , electrolytes in solutions , chemical kinetic...
[ "Together with Svante August Arrhenius , these were the leading figures in physical chemistry in the late 19th century and early 20th century .", "The two chemists and Svante August Arrhenius were the leading men in physical chemistry in the late 19th century and early 20th century ." ]
[ "This paper introduced several of the cornerstones of physical chemistry , such as Gibbs energy , chemical potentials , Gibbs phase rule .", "This paper introduced many of the main parts of physical chemistry , such as Gibbs energy , chemical potentials , Gibbs phase rule ." ]
[ "Theoretical developments have gone hand in hand with developments in experimental methods , where the use of different forms of spectroscopy , such as infrared spectroscopy , microwave spectroscopy , EPR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy , is probably the most important 20th century development .", "New forms of...
[ "Developments in the following decades include the application of statistical mechanics to chemical systems and work on colloids and surface chemistry , where Irving Langmuir made many contributions .", "These include applying statistical mechanics to chemical systems and Irving Langmuir 's work on colloids and s...
[ "One milestone was the publication in 1876 by Josiah Willard Gibbs of his paper , On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances .", "In 1876 , Josiah Willard Gibbs wrote an article called , On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances ." ]
[ "All three were awarded with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry between 1901-1909 .", "All three were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry ." ]
[ "Physical chemistry , in contrast to chemical physics , is predominantly ( but not always ) a macroscopic or supra-molecular science , as the majority of the principles on which physical chemistry was founded , are concepts related to the bulk rather than on molecular\\/atomic structure alone .", "Physical chemis...
[ "The first scientific journal specifically in the field of physical chemistry was the German journal , Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie , founded in 1887 by Wilhelm Ostwald and Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff .", "It was founded in 1887 by Wilhelm Ostwald and Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff ." ]
[ "Other milestones include the subsequent naming and accreditation of enthalpy to Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and to macromolecular processes .", "Other important discoveries include Heike Kamerlingh Onnes ' work on enthalpy and macromolecular processes ." ]
[ "The term `` physical chemistry '' was coined by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1752 , when he presented a lecture course entitled `` A Course in True Physical Chemistry '' ( Russian : `` Курс истинной физической химии '' ) before the students of Petersburg University .", "He presented a lecture course with the title `` A ...
[ "Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic , atomic , subatomic , and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of laws and concepts of physics .", "It studies them at macroscopic , atomic , subatomic , and particulate levels ." ]
[ "For example , chemical equilibrium , and colloids .", "These include chemical equilibrium and colloids ." ]
[ "It applies the principles , practices and concepts of physics such as motion , energy , force , time , thermodynamics , quantum chemistry , statistical mechanics and dynamics , equilibrium .", "It looks at concepts like motion , energy , force , time , thermodynamics , quantum chemistry , statistical mechanics a...
[ "Some of the relationships that physical chemistry strives to resolve include the effects of : The key concepts of physical chemistry are the ways in which pure physics is applied to chemical problems .", "Physical chemistry uses physics to study chemical systems ." ]
[ "The Maple Leafs played the California Seals and Smith was the Seals goalie .", "The Maple Leafs played the California Seals and Smith was the Seals ' goalie ." ]
[ "Ironically , when Wayne Gretzky went to his first game at Maple Leaf Gardens , Gary Smith was one of the goalies in the game .", "When Wayne Gretzky went to his first game at Maple Leaf Gardens , Gary Smith was one of the goalies in the game ." ]
[ "In 1974-75 , he also had a fine season with the Vancouver Canucks , with 72 games played and six shutouts .", "In 1974-75 , he also had a good season with the Vancouver Canucks , with 72 games played and six shutouts ." ]
[ "In 1965 , Gary Smith entered the NHL with the Toronto Maple Leafs , and was one of five goalies who played for the Maple Leafs during the 1966-67 regular season , their last Stanley Cup season .", "Entering the NHL with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1965 , and was one of five goalies who played for the Maple Leafs ...
[ "After playing with the dismal California Golden Seals from 1967-71 , where he set records in 1970-71 for both the most games played in a single season and most losses in a single season , his first success was sharing the 1971-72 Vezina Trophy with Tony Esposito while with the Chicago Black Hawks .", "After play...
[ "He won a Memorial Cup with the junior Toronto Marlboros in 1964 .", "Gary Smith won a Memorial Cup with the junior Toronto Marlboros in 1964 ." ]
[ "One year later , Smith and Esposito would help the Black Hawks to the Stanley Cup final where they would lose to the Montreal Canadiens in 6 games .", "One year later , Smith and Esposito would help the Black Hawks to the Stanley Cup final ." ]
[ "Gary `` Suitcase '' Smith ( born February 4 , 1944 ) a former professional ice hockey goaltender .", "Gary `` Suitcase '' Smith , a former professional ice hockey goaltender , was born in Ottawa , Ontario , on February 4 , 1944 ." ]
[ "His father , Sima Tan , served as the Court Astrologer , a versatile technical position trained in various matters .", "His father , Sima Tan , was also a historian ." ]
[ "In 99 BC , Sima Qian became embroiled in the Li Ling affair , where Li Ling and Li Guangli ( 李广利 ) , two military officers who led a campaign against the Xiongnu in the north , were defeated and taken captive .", "In 99 BC , Sima Qian got involved in the Li Ling Affair ." ]
[ "Tattoo flash may or may not come with an outline , also known as a line drawing .", "A flash ( also known as a tattoo flash ) is a design or picture that is used in order to create a tattoo ." ]
[ "Carrara and Massa formed the Duchy of Massa and Carrara from the 15th to the 19th century .", "Carrara and Massa made up the Duchy of Massa and Carrara from the 15th to the 19th century ." ]
[ "In 1929 , the municipalities of Carrara , Massa and Montignoso were merged in a single municipality , called Apuania .", "In 1929 , the cities of Carrara , Massa and Montignoso were mixed in a single big city , called Apuania ." ]
[ "After the death of Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan in 1477 , Carrara was fought over by Tommaso Campofregoso , lord of Sarzana , and again the Malaspina family , who moved here the seat of their signoria in the second half of the 16th century .", "After Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan died in 1477 , Carrara was ...
[ "In terms of chemistry , mafic rocks are on the other side of the rock spectrum from the felsic rocks .", "In terms of chemistry , mafic rocks are on the other side of the rock spectrum from the so-called felsic rocks ." ]
[ "Water and other volatiles can more easily and gradually escape from mafic lava , so eruptions of volcanoes made of mafic lavas are less explosively violent than felsic-lava eruptions .", "Water and other volatiles can more easily and gradually escape from mafic lava , so eruptions of volcanoes made of mafic lava...
[ "Common rock-forming mafic minerals include olivine , pyroxene , amphibole , and biotite .", "Common rock-forming mafic minerals include olivine , pyroxene , amphibole , biotite and other micas , augite and the calcium-rich plagioclase feldspars ." ]
[ "Common mafic rocks include basalt , dolerite and gabbro .", "Common mafic rocks include basalt and gabbro ." ]
[ "Mafic lava , before cooling , has a low viscosity , in comparison to felsic lava , due to the lower silica content in mafic magma .", "Mafic lava , before cooling , has a lower viscosity than felsic lava due to its lower silica content ." ]
[ "Most mafic-lava volcanoes are oceanic volcanoes , like those in Hawaii .", "Most mafic lava volcanoes are oceanic volcanoes , like Hawaii ." ]
[ "Most mafic minerals are dark in color and the relative density is greater than 3 .", "Mafic minerals are usually dark in color and have a specific gravity greater than 3 ." ]
[ "Mafic is an adjective describing a silicate mineral or rock that is rich in magnesium and iron ; the term is a portmanteau of the words `` magnesium '' and `` ferric '' .", "Mafic is an adjective describing a silicate mineral or igneous rock which is rich in magnesium and iron ." ]
[ "Many sharks can contract and dilate their pupils , like humans , something no teleost fish can do .", "They can contract and dilate their pupils , like humans , something no teleost fish can do ." ]
[ "Although it is hard to test the hearing of sharks , they may have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey from many miles away .", "Although it is hard to test sharks ' hearing , they may have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey many miles away ." ]
[ "Well-known species such as the great white shark , tiger shark , blue shark , mako shark , and the hammerhead shark are apex predators-organisms at the top of their underwater food chain .", "Some common kinds of shark include the hammerhead shark , the great white shark , the tiger shark , and the mako shark ."...
[ "Shark eyes are similar to the eyes of other vertebrates , including similar lenses , corneas and retinas , though their eyesight is well adapted to the marine environment with the help of a tissue called tapetum lucidum .", "Shark eyes are similar to the eyes of other vertebrates , including similar lenses , cor...
[ "This is a reminder of the common origin of these two vibration - and sound-detecting organs that are grouped together as the acoustico-lateralis system .", "This and the sound-detecting organs are grouped together as the ` acoustico-lateralis system ' , because they have a common origin ." ]
[ "This system is found in most fish , including sharks .", "This system is found in other fish as well ." ]
[ "This tissue is behind the retina and reflects light back to it , thereby increasing visibility in the dark waters .", "A tissue behind the retina reflects light back , thereby increasing sight in darker waters ." ]
[ "Most sharks have eight fins .", "However , the fastest swimming sharks ( such as the Mako sharks ) tend to have lunate-shaped ( crescent-shaped ) caudal fins ." ]
[ "Generally sharks have only one layer of tesserae , but the jaws of large specimens , such as the bull shark , tiger shark , and the great white shark , have two to three layers or more , depending on body size .", "Great white sharks , Mako sharks , Nurse sharks , Tiger sharks , and Sand tiger sharks reproduce t...
[ "Some species are oviparous like most other fish , laying their eggs in the water .", "Some sharks are oviparous , laying their eggs in the water ." ]
[ "Hammerheads , the requiem sharks ( such as the bull and blue sharks ) , and smoothhounds are viviparous .", "Examples of viviparous sharks include the Bull sharks , the Whitetip reef sharks , the Lemon sharks , the Blue sharks , the Silvertip sharks , and the Hammerhead sharks ." ]
[ "Sharks and other cartilaginous fish ( skates and rays ) have skeletons made of cartilage and connective tissue .", "Cartilaginous fish also include skates and rays ." ]