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[ "Once the genetic representation and the fitness function are defined , a GA proceeds to initialize a population of solutions and then to improve it through repetitive application of the mutation , crossover , inversion and selection operators .", "Once a genetic representation and fitness function are defined , ...
[ "Genetic algorithms belong to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms ( EA ) , which generate solutions to optimization problems using techniques inspired by natural evolution , such as inheritance , mutation , selection , and crossover .", "Genetic algorithms are a class of evolutionary algorithms that use i...
[ "In a genetic algorithm , a population of candidate solutions ( called individuals , creatures , or phenotypes ) to an optimization problem is evolved toward better solutions .", "More simply described , genetic algorithms are a simulation in which a population of abstract representations ( called chromosomes or ...
[ "The second generation of computer and video games began in 1976 with the release of the Fairchild Channel F and Radofin Electronics ' 1292 Advanced Programmable Video System .", "The second generation began with the release of the Fairchild Channel F and Radofin Electronics ' 1292 Advanced Programmable Video Sys...
[ "The best-selling console of the second generation is Atari 2600 at 30 million units by 2004 .", "As of 2004 , the Atari 2600 has sold 30 million units ." ]
[ "The Atari 2600 was the dominant console for much of the second generation , with other consoles such as Intellivision , the Odyssey 2 , and ColecoVision also enjoying market share .", "The Atari 2600 was the most popular video game console for much of the second generation ." ]
[ "As of 1990 , the Intellivision had sold 3 million units , a number around 1 million higher than the Odyssey2 sales , and the ColecoVision 's total sales at 2 million units by April 1984 , eight times the number of purchases for the Fairchild Channel F within one year , which was 250,000 units .", "As of 1990 , t...
[ "It sold under this name until the video game crash of 1983 , and then disappeared around 1984 .", "This was because of the video game crash of 1983 ." ]
[ "480-440 BC ) , also called Ezra the Scribe ( Hebrew : עזרא הסופר , Ezra ha-Sofer ) and Ezra the Priest in the Book of Ezra .", "He is called Ezra the Scribe ( Hebrew : עזרא הסופר , Ezra ha-Sofer ) and Ezra the Priest in the Book of Ezra ." ]
[ "Ezra , a descendant of Seraiah the high priest , was living in Babylon when in the seventh year ( ~ 457 BCE ) of Artaxerxes , king of Persia , the king sent him to Jerusalem to teach the laws of God to any who did not know them .", "He lived in Babylon when in the seventh year ( ~ 457 BCE ) of Artaxerxes , king ...
[ "Book of Ezra-Nehemiah The books of Ezra and Nehemiah were originally one scroll .", "Those books take the story from the books of Ezra and Nehemiah ." ]
[ "Ezra led a large body of exiles back to Jerusalem , where he discovered that Jewish men had been marrying non-Jewish women .", "He discovered that Jewish men had been marrying non-Jewish women ." ]
[ "In this book , Ezra has a seven part prophetic revelation , converses with an angel or God three times and has four visions .", "In this book , Ezra talks with an angel or God three times and has four visions ." ]
[ "The apocalyptic fourth book of Ezra ( also called the second book of Esdras ) was written c. AD 100 , probably in Hebrew-Aramaic .", "The second book of Esdras was written a lot later , c. AD 100 ." ]
[ "Once this task was completed Nehemiah had Ezra read the Law of Moses ( the Torah ) to the assembled Israelites , and the people and priests entered into a covenant to keep the law and separate themselves from all other peoples .", "Once this was done , Nehemiah asked Ezra to read the Law of Moses ( the Torah ) t...
[ "The canonical Book of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah are the oldest sources for the activity of Ezra , whereas many of the other books ascribed to Ezra ( First Esdras , 3-6 Ezra ) are later literary works dependent on the canonical books of Ezra and Nehemiah .", "The Book of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah are the oldest s...
[ "Copper ( II ) oxide can be used to produce other copper salts .", "Copper ( II ) oxide is used to color ceramics ." ]
[ "It can be formed by heating copper in air : 2 Cu + O2 → 2 CuO although in this case copper ( I ) oxide is formed as well .", "It can be made by heating copper ( II ) hydroxide ." ]
[ "Pure Copper ( II ) oxide is better prepared by heating copper ( II ) nitrate , copper ( II ) hydroxide or copper ( II ) carbonate : 2 Cu ( NO3 ) 2 → 2 CuO + 4 NO2 + O2 Cu ( OH ) 2 ( s ) → CuO ( s ) + H2O ( l ) CuCO3 → CuO + CO2 Copper ( II ) oxide is a amphoteric oxide , so it dissolves in mineral acids such as hy...
[ "Copper ( II ) oxide or cupric oxide ( CuO ) is the higher oxide of copper .", "Copper ( II ) oxide , also known as cupric oxide , is a chemical compound ." ]
[ "A telegraph message sent by an electrical telegraph operator or telegrapher using Morse code ( or a printing telegraph operator using plain text ) was known as a telegram .", "Usually , amateur radio operators use Morse code ." ]
[ "Salonen was principal conductor of the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1984 to 1995 .", "Salonen was principal conductor of the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1984-1995 ." ]
[ "He is currently Principal Conductor and Artistic Advisor of the Philharmonia Orchestra in London and Conductor Laureate of the Los Angeles Philharmonic .", "He is conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic and the Philharmonia Orchestra in London ." ]
[ "Salonen later took the orchestra on many other tours of the United States , Europe , and Asia , and residencies at the Lucerne Festival in Switzerland , The Proms in London , in Cologne for a festival of Salonen 's own works , and perhaps most notably , in 1996 at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris for a Stravinsky ...
[ "Salonen made his U.S. conducting debut with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1984 .", "He first conducted in the United States in 1984 with the Los Angeles Philharmonic ." ]
[ "His first experience with conducting came in 1979 with the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra , though he still thought of himself principally as a composer ; in fact , Salonen has said that the primary reason he took up conducting was to ensure that someone would conduct his own compositions .", "He started condu...
[ "Esa-Pekka Salonen ( pronunciation ( help · info ) : `` ess ' - uh peck ' - uh sall ' - oh-nen '' ; born June 30 , 1958 ) is a Finnish orchestral conductor and composer .", "Esa-Pekka Salonen ( born 30 June 1958 ) is a Finnish conductor and composer ." ]
[ "Salonen 's tenure with the orchestra first began with a residency at the 1992 Salzburg Festival in concert performances and as the pit orchestra in a production of the opera Saint François d'Assise by Olivier Messiaen ; it was the first time an American orchestra was given that opportunity .", "In 1992 he took t...
[ "In 1983 , however , he replaced an indisposed Michael Tilson Thomas to conduct a performance of Mahler 's Symphony No. 3 with the Philharmonia Orchestra in London at very short notice without ever having studied the score before that time , and it launched his career as a conductor .", "In 1983 he was asked at s...
[ "In Spain and Mexico the play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed .", "In Spain , the play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed ." ]
[ "The festival was retained after the Reformation in the calendar of the Anglican Church and in many Lutheran churches .", "The festival was retained after the Reformation in the calendar of the Church of England and in many Lutheran churches ." ]
[ "In Austria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Catholic parts of Germany , Hungary , Italy , Lithuania , Moldova , Poland , Romania , Slovakia , Slovenia , Serbia and Sweden , the tradition is to light candles and visit the graves of deceased relatives .", "In Poland , Slovenia , ...
[ "In English-speaking countries , the festival is traditionally celebrated with the hymn `` For All the Saints '' by Walsham How .", "In English speaking countries the festival is traditionally celebrated with the hymn `` For All the Saints '' by William Walsham How ." ]
[ "In Argentina , Austria , Belgium , Chile , France , Hungary , Italy , Lebanon , Luxembourg , Malta , Peru , Portugal , Puerto Rico , Spain , and American cities such as New Orleans , people take flowers to the graves of dead relatives .", "In Spain , Portugal , Italy and France , people bring flowers to the grav...
[ "Dysart was once part of a wider estate owned by the St Clair or Sinclair family .", "Dysart was once part of a large estate owned by the St Clair or Sinclair family ." ]
[ "During the middle of the 15th century , trade with the Low Countries began for salt and coal exportation .", "During the middle of the 15th century , the town traded with the Low Countries , and exported salt and coal ." ]
[ "They were responsible for gaining burgh of barony status for the town towards the end of the 15th century .", "They were given burgh of barony status for the town at the end of the 15th century ." ]
[ "Dysart acquired two nicknames : `` Salt Burgh '' and `` Little Holland '' as a result .", "Dysart got two nicknames : `` Salt Burgh '' and `` Little Holland '' ." ]
[ "In the 16th and 17th centuries , trade expanded to the Baltic Countries .", "In the 16th and 17th centuries , they began to trade with the Baltic Countries ." ]
[ "Demand from the town 's residents meant that part of the historic town - most notably the 16th-century and the 18th-century houses of Pan Ha ' opposite the harbor - were salvaged and preserved for future generations .", "People living in the town were able to protect some areas , most notably the 16th century an...
[ "The site of an urban clearance taking place during the 1950s and 1960s , saw large parts of the historic town being demolished for new housing .", "Large parts of the historic town were pulled down in the 1950s and 1960 's for new housing ." ]
[ "The first record of the town was made in the early 13th century , with the initial role to settle civil matters between the church and landowners .", "The first written record of the town was in the early 13th century ." ]
[ "Coordinates : 56 ° 08 ′ N 3 ° 07 ′ W \\ / 56.13 ° N 3.11 ° W \\ / 56.13 ; -3.11 Dysart ( listen ( help · info ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Dìseart ) is a former town and royal burgh located on the south-east coast between Kirkcaldy and West Wemyss in Fife .", "Coordinates : 56 ° 08 ′ N 3 ° 07 ′ W \\ / 56.13 ° N 3.11 ° ...
[ "One of its best-known images is the Chandos portrait , the most famous portrait of William Shakespeare although there is some uncertainty about whether the painting actually is of the playwright .", "One of its best-known images is the ` Chandos portrait ' , the most famous portrait of William Shakespeare althou...
[ "In addition to its permanent galleries of historical portraits , the National Portrait Gallery exhibits a rapidly changing selection of contemporary work , stages exhibitions of portrait art by individual artists and hosts the annual BP Portrait Prize competition .", "In addition to its permanent galleries of hi...
[ "Often , the curiosity value is greater than the artistic worth of a work , as in the case of the anamorphic portrait of Edward VI by William Scrots , Patrick Branwell Brontë 's painting of his sisters Charlotte , Emily and Anne , or a sculpture of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in medieval costume .", "Often ,...
[ "The gallery moved in 1896 to its current site at St Martin 's Place , off Trafalgar Square , and adjoining the National Gallery .", "The gallery moved in 1896 to its current site at St Martin 's Place , off Trafalgar Square , next to the National Gallery ." ]
[ "The National Portrait Gallery ( NPG ) is an art gallery in London housing a collection of portraits of historically important and famous British people .", "The National Portrait Gallery ( NPG ) is an art gallery in London ." ]
[ "The National Portrait Gallery also has three regional outposts at Beningbrough Hall , Bodelwyddan Castle and Montacute House .", "The National Portrait Gallery also has three regional outposts ." ]
[ "It is unconnected to the Scottish National Portrait Gallery in Edinburgh , with which its remit overlaps .", "It is not connected to the Scottish National Portrait Gallery in Edinburgh ." ]
[ "On the March 25 , 2002 episode of Raw , Vince McMahon won a coin toss to determine who would receive the first draft selection .", "On the March 18 , 2002 episode of RAW , Vince McMahon won a coin toss to determine who would receive the first draft selection ." ]
[ "and ECW superstars began to appear on each other 's shows as part of a ( kayfabe ) deal between then-ECW General Manager Armando Estrada and then-SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero .", "and ECW superstars began to appear on both shows as part of a ( kayfabe ) deal between ECW General Manager Armando Estra...
[ "The second half was conducted over the Internet on WWF 's official website , WWF.com .", "The second half , or the supplemental draft , was conducted over the internet on WWF 's official website , WWF.com ." ]
[ "and one from Raw onto the newly created ECW brand .", "and one from RAW onto the new ECW brand ." ]
[ "Following the situations with the brand extension and name change , by having two brands in place , the WWF was able to increase the number of live events held each year from 200 to 350 , including tours in several new international markets .", "By having two brands in place , the WWF was able to increase the nu...
[ "The 2002 WWF Brand Extension Draft took place at Penn State University in State College , Pennsylvania on March 25 , 2002 .", "The 2002 World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) Brand Extension Draft took place at Penn State University in State College , Pennsylvania on March 25 , 2002 ." ]
[ "The new brand debuted on Sci Fi Channel on June 13 , 2006 .", "The new brand debuted on its current network , the SCI FI Channel on June 13 2006 ." ]
[ "On May 25 , 2006 , WWE announced a launch of a new brand , ECW , a revival of the 1990s promotion .", "On May 26 , 2006 , WWE announced a new brand , ECW , a revival of the 1990s show ." ]
[ "The first half of the draft was televised live on TNN for two hours , as part of the WWF 's flagship program , Raw .", "The first half of the draft was televised live on TNN for two hours , on WWE 's flagship program , Raw ." ]
[ "After World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. bought all of Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) 's assets in 2003 , the company began releasing DVDs promoting the original ECW .", "After World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) bought all of Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) in 2003 , the company began releasi...
[ "However , the WWF Board of Directors would only allow the match if Flair returned full ownership back to McMahon .", "However , the WWF Board of Directors would only allow the match if Flair were to give all control of the WWF to McMahon ." ]
[ "In continuation with storyline , the Board 's ultimate decision was to split the entire WWF roster into two separate entities , with McMahon in control of the SmackDown !", "Their decision was to split the entire WWF roster into two separate brands , with Vince McMahon in control of the SmackDown !" ]
[ "In terms of storyline , WWF superstar Ric Flair had become fifty percent owner of the WWF following Survivor Series 2001 after Shane and Stephanie McMahon had sold their stocks to him in order to purchase WCW and ECW , respectively , a campaign to launch the Invasion script .", "In terms of storyline , Ric Flair...
[ "The Flair and McMahon feud came to an end on the June 10 , 2002 edition of Raw , when McMahon became the sole owner of WWE by defeating Flair in a No Holds Barred match .", "Note : On the June 10 , 2002 edition of Raw , McMahon became the only owner of World Wrestling Entertainment when he defeated Flair in a No...
[ "Original full WWF owner Vince McMahon detested having to share his creation with Flair and sought to dissolve their partnership .", "Vince McMahon did not like having to share his creation with Flair and looked for a way to stop their partnership ." ]
[ "Flair agreed , but the Board stated that it would review the WWF 's status and ownership following WrestleMania .", "Flair agreed , however , the Board also reserved the right to review the ownership status of the WWF following WrestleMania ." ]
[ "Note : The brand extension was officially enforced on April 1 , 2002 .", "The brand extension officially began on April 1 , 2002 ." ]
[ "On the March 25 , 2002 episode of Raw , the WWF Draft was held , in which each owner received a total of thirty picks .", "Each owner would get a total of thirty picks ." ]
[ "Christian naturists are Christians found in most branches and denominations of Christianity who practice naturism or nudism .", "Naturist Christians are the Christians who practice naturism or nudism , and are a part of the clothes-free movement ." ]
[ "Therefore , Christian naturists believe it was the devil who told Adam and Eve that they were naked .", "Naturist Christians believe that it was the devil , not God , who told them that they were naked ." ]
[ "He also made garments from animal skins to replace the fig leaves .", "So , they gathered fig leaves to be used as simple clothing to cover their sexual organs ." ]
[ "There are different grades and surface finishes of stainless steel to suit the environment the alloy must endure .", "There are different grades and surface finishes of stainless steel , depending on where it will be used ." ]
[ "In metallurgy , stainless steel , also known as inox steel or inox from French `` inoxydable '' , is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5 % chromium content by mass .", "Stainless steel , also known as inox steel , is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5 or 11 % chromium content by mass ." ]
[ "There are a number of different systems for grading stainless and other steels .", "There are over 150 grades of stainless steel , of which fifteen are the most used ." ]
[ "Stainless steel does not readily corrode , rust or stain with water as ordinary steel does , but despite the name it is not fully stain-proof , most notably under low-oxygen , high-salinity , or poor-circulation environments .", "Stainless steel does not stain , corrode , or rust as easily as ordinary steel , bu...
[ "Samobor is located west of Zagreb , between the eastern slopes of the Samobor hills ( Croatian : Samoborsko gorje ) , the eastern part of Žumberak Mountain , in the Sava River valley .", "It is west of Zagreb , between the eastern slopes of Samoborsko gorje ( Samobor hills , the eastern part of the Žumberak Moun...
[ "Samobor has existed as a free royal town since 1242 , according to a document of endowment by King Béla IV .", "Samobor has been there since 1242 , according to a document of endowment by King Bela IV ." ]
[ "Such notable personalities are : In the 2011 Croatian census , the total population of the administrative territory of Samobor was 37 633 , distributed in the following settlements : Samobor is one of the earliest tourist resorts in the region , with the first tourist facilities dating back to 1810 , catering to a...
[ "You can join the project by adding your name to the participants list .", "If you would like to join us , please add your name to the participant list ." ]
[ "The Trojans take the horse for an offering to Poseidon for a safe voyage home , and assume victory , bringing the horse into the city .", "The Trojans take the horse into the city and celebrate ." ]
[ "The film is the second major attempt at an African-American adaptation of the opera , the first being the 1943 Broadway musical Carmen Jones and its 1954 Academy Award nominated and box office hit film adaptation .", "To date , it is the second major attempt at an African-American adaptation of the opera , the f...
[ "Carmen : A Hip Hopera is a 2001 musical film produced for television by MTV and directed by Robert Townsend .", "Carmen : A Hip Hopera is an 2001 musical movie produced for television by MTV and directed by Robert Townsend ." ]
[ "It is based upon Georges Bizet 's 1875 opera Carmen , set in Philadelphia and Los Angeles in modern times , and features a mostly original hip-hop\\/R & B score in place of Bizet 's opera .", "It is based upon Georges Bizet 's opera , Carmen , set in Philadelphia and Los Angeles in modern times , and features a ...
[ "The movie received mainly mixed reviews .", "The movie received mainly negative reviews ." ]
[ "The film stars Beyoncé Knowles in her debut acting role ( though erroneously , Austin Powers in Goldmember is often credited as such ) , Mos Def , Rah Digga , Wyclef Jean , Mekhi Phifer , Da Brat , Joy Bryant , Jermaine Dupri and Lil ' Bow Wow .", "The movie stars Beyoncé Knowles , Mos Def , Rah Digga , Wyclef J...
[ "He is a member of Club Paralímpico de la Región athletic club in Castilla-La Mancha , where he is the only male participant .", "He is a member of Club Paralímpico de la Región athletic club in Castilla-La Mancha ." ]
[ "Competing in the 2009 Subida al Castillo de Chiva , he won the one mile Paralympic class with a time of 4:45 .", "Competing in the 2009 Subida al Castillo de Chiva , he came in first in the the one mile Paralympic class with a time of 4:45 ." ]
[ "He has gone on to compete at the 2007 World Games , the 2011 IPC World Athletics Championships in Christchurch , New Zealand and the 2012 Summer Paralympics .", "He has competed at the 2007 World Games , the 2011 IPC World Athletics Championships in Christchurch , New Zealand and the 2012 Summer Paralympics ." ]
[ "He held another athletics scholarship in 2012 , this one from the Spanish based Fundación Cultura y Deportes and the Spanish business Lafarge .", "In 2012 , he had a scholarship from the Spanish based Fundación Cultura y Deportes and the Spanish business Lafarge ." ]
[ "He has competed in international competitions in Tunisia , Hungary , Sweden , Australia , France , Prague , Brazil and China .", "He competed in races in Tunisia , Hungary , Sweden , Australia , France , Prague , Brazil and China ." ]
[ "Martínez competed in 2010 INAS European Athletics Championship .", "Martínez competed in 2012 INAS European Athletics Championship ." ]
[ "The following year at the Spanish National Athletics Championship , he competed in the 400 , 800 , 1,500 , long jump and 4x100 meter events , where he repeated his victories from 2008 .", "The following year at the Spanish National Athletics Championship , he competed in the 400 , 800 , 1,500 , long jump and 4x1...
[ "When he was 19 years old , he competed in his first Spanish national championships , where he finished first in the 5,000 and 10,000 meter races .", "He competed in his first Spanish national championships when he was 19 years old ." ]
[ "He has been funded by the ` Castilla-La Mancha Olímpica ' program run by the Foundation for Culture and Sports of Castilla-La Mancha .", "He has been given money from the ` Castilla-La Mancha Olímpica ' program , which gets money from the Foundation for Culture and Sports of Castilla-La Mancha ." ]
[ "Competing at the 2011 IPC World Athletics Championships in Christchurch , New Zealand , Martínez finished fourth in the T20 1,500 meter race .", "Martínez competed at the 2011 IPC World Athletics Championships in Christchurch , New Zealand and he finished fourth in the T20 1,500 meter race ." ]
[ "Morote started competing in athletics when he was 16 years old .", "Morote started doing track and field when he was 16 years old ." ]
[ "In 2008 , Martínez earned a mention by the jury of the Culture and Sport at the annual award ceremony for the Federation of Employers of Albacete ( FEDA ) .", "In 2008 , Martínez got an award from the Culture and Sport at the yearly award ceremony for the Federation of Employers of Albacete ( FEDA ) ." ]
[ "Martínez competed in the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , England where he finished 8th in the T20 1,500 meter race .", "Martínez competed in the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , England ." ]
[ "He attended school in Cruz de Mayo .", "He went to school in Cruz de Mayo ." ]
[ "He competed in the 2007 World Games , where he won a silver medal in the 800 meters and a bronze in 1,500 meters .", "He competed in the 2007 World Games , where he finished second in the 800 meters and third in 1,500 meters ." ]