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[ "After some decades of expansion , the Pandyan Empire was large enough to pose a serious threat to the Pallava power .", "After some decades of expansion , the Pandya kingdom was large enough to pose a serious threat to the Pallava power ." ]
[ "These occupiers were overthrown by the resurgence of the Pandyas and the Pallavas , who restored the traditional kingdoms .", "These occupiers were overthrown by the Pandyas and the Pallavas , who restored the kingdoms ." ]
[ "Together they ruled over this land with a unique culture and language , contributing to the growth of some of the oldest extant literature in the world .", "Together they ruled over Tamil Nadu with a unique culture and language , contributing to the growth of Sangam Literature , some of the oldest literature in ...
[ "At its peak the Chola Empire extended from the island of Sri Lanka in the south to the Godavari basin in the north .", "At its height the Chola empire had spread from Bengal in the northeast to Sri Lanka in the south ." ]
[ "These genera are all closely related and share similar characteristics of dense , slender green stems and very small leaves , which are adaptations to dry growing conditions .", "These genera are all closely related and share similar characteristics of dense , slender green stems and very small leaves , adaptati...
[ "Like most brooms , it has apparently leafless stems that in spring and summer are covered in profuse golden-yellow flowers .", "Like most brooms , it has apparently leafless stems that in spring and summer are covered with golden-yellow flowers ." ]
[ "In late summer , its peapod-like seed capsules burst open , often with an audible pop , spreading seed from the parent plant .", "In late summer , its pea-pod like seed capsules burst open , often with an audible pop , spreading seed from the parent plant ." ]
[ "Brooms form a tribe , Genisteae , of evergreen , semi-evergreen , and deciduous shrubs in the subfamily Faboideae of the legume family Fabaceae , mainly in the three genera Chamaecytisus , Cytisus and Genista , but also in many other small genera ( see box , right ) .", "It is also the hardiest broom , toleratin...
[ "The most widely familiar is common broom ( Cytisus scoparius ) , a native of northwestern Europe , where it is found in sunny sites , usually on dry , sandy soils .", "One can find it in sunny sites , usually on dry , sandy soils ." ]
[ "The playground on North Jefferson Street was formerly the Kittanning Cemetery ; 274 graves were moved in 1960 to a new cemetery along Troy Hill Road .", "The playground on North Jefferson Street was formerly the Kittanning Cemetery ; 274 graves were moved in 1960 to a new cemetery on Troy Hill Road ." ]
[ "In 1900 , 3,902 people lived in Kittanning , and in 1910 , there were 4,311 inhabitants .", "In 1900 , 3,902 people lived in Kittanning , and in 1910 , there were 4,311 people living in the area ." ]
[ "It is situated 44 miles ( 71 km ) northeast of Pittsburgh , along the east bank of the Allegheny River .", "It is 44 miles ( 71 km ) northeast of Pittsburgh , and is by the Allegheny River ." ]
[ "In 1930 , there were 7,808 residents ; in 1940 , 7,550 .", "In 1930 , there were 7,808 people ; in 1940 , 7,550 ." ]
[ "Kittanning \\ / kɪˈtænɪŋ \\ / is a borough in and the county seat of Armstrong County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania .", "Kittanning ( pronounced \\ / kɪˈtæniŋ \\ / ) is a borough and the county seat of Armstrong County , Pennsylvania , United States ." ]
[ "For 55 of those years , it was held by three generations of the Anthony family -- Hubert Lawrence Anthony ( a minister in the Fadden and Menzies governments ) , Doug Anthony ( leader of the National Party from 1971 to 1984 and Deputy Prime Minister in the Gorton , McMahon and Fraser governments ) and Larry Anthony...
[ "The division is named after the area in which it is located , namely the Richmond Valley and Richmond River , which was named in honor of Charles , the fifth Duke of Richmond .", "It is named after its local area , the Richmond Valley and Richmond River ." ]
[ "Because of its unique pink color , which reminded Cipriani of the color of the toga of a saint in a painting by 15th-century Venetian artist Giovanni Bellini , he named the drink the Bellini .", "It got its name because the color reminded Cipriani of the pink color of the toga of a saint in a painting by 15th-ce...
[ "A Bellini cocktail is a mixture of Prosecco sparkling wine and peach purée or nectar , originating in Venice , Italy .", "It is a mixture of sparkling wine ( traditionally Prosecco ) and peach purée often served at celebrations ." ]
[ "The Second Treaty of Paris officially ended the wars on 20 November 1815 .", "The Napoleonic Wars ended on 20 November 1815 ." ]
[ "Of the two piano concertos that Mozart wrote in a minor key , one of them is in C minor , No. 24 , K. 491 .", "Mozart wrote two piano concertos in a minor key , and one of them is in C minor , No. 24 , K. 491 ." ]
[ "Three of Anton Bruckner 's ten numbered symphonies are in C minor , as are two of Dmitri Shostakovich 's symphonies .", "Three of Anton Bruckner 's ten numbered symphonies are in C minor ." ]
[ "In the Baroque period , music in C minor was usually written with a two-flat key signature , and some modern editions of that repertoire retain that convention .", "In the Baroque period , music in C minor was usually written with a two-flat key signature ." ]
[ "C minor has been associated with heroic struggle since Beethoven 's time .", "C minor has had the meaning of heroic struggle from Beethoven 's time ." ]
[ "The harmonic minor raises the B ♭ to B ♮ .", "C minor is a minor scale based on C . The harmonic minor raises the B ♭ to B ♮ ." ]
[ "Tusks are slightly longer and thicker among males , which use them for fighting , dominance and display ; the strongest males with the largest tusks typically dominate social groups .", "Tusks are slightly longer and thicker among males , who use them for fighting , dominance and display ; the strongest males wi...
[ "The walrus has an air sac under its throat which acts like a floatation bubble and allows it to bob vertically in the water and sleep .", "The walrus has an air sac under its throat which acts like a flotation bubble and allows it to bob vertically in the water while sleeping ." ]
[ "The males possess a large baculum ( penis bone ) , up to 63 cm ( 25 in ) in length , the largest of any land mammal , both in absolute size and relative to body size .", "The males have a large penis bone , up to 63 cm ( 25 in ) in length , the largest of any land mammal , both in absolute size and relative to b...
[ "Warren Hastings ( 6 December 1732 - 22 August 1818 ) was the first Governor-General of Bengal , from 1772 to 1785 .", "Warren Hastings ( December 6 1732 - August 22 1818 ) was the first Governor-General of India , from 1773 to 1785 ." ]
[ "He joined the British East India Company in 1750 as a clerk and sailed out to India reaching Calcutta in August 1750 .", "He attended Westminster School before joining the British East India Company in 1750 as a clerk ." ]
[ "Warren Hastings was born at Churchill , Oxfordshire in 1732 to a poor father and a mother who died soon after he was born .", "He was born at Churchill , Oxfordshire ." ]
[ "In 1761 he was recalled and appointed to the Calcutta council .", "He was appointed to the Calcutta council in 1761 , but was back in England in 1764 ." ]
[ "The United Nations designated 2011 as the International Year of Forests and the International Year of Chemistry .", "The United Nations designated 2011 the International Year of Forests and International Year of Chemistry ." ]
[ "2011 ( MMXI ) was a common year starting on Saturday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Gregorian calendar , the 2011th year of the Common Era ( CE ) and Anno Domini ( AD ) designations , the 11th year of the 3rd millennium , the 11th year of the 21st century , and the 2nd year of the 2010s decade .", ...
[ "East Midlands Airport in North West Leicestershire is situated between the three cities of Derby , Nottingham and Leicester .", "East Midlands Airport is situated between the three main cities of Derby , Leicester and Nottingham ." ]
[ "The highest point in the region is Kinder Scout in the Peak District , at 2,088 ft ( 636 m ) .", "The highest point in the region is Kinder Scout , in Derbyshire at 2,088 ft ( 636 m ) ." ]
[ "The East Midlands is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes .", "The East Midlands is one of the regions of England and is the eastern half of the Midlands ." ]
[ "The M1 motorway ( part of the E13 European route ) serves all of the region 's county towns , with the exception of Lincoln , and affords a motorway link to London and Leeds .", "The M1 motorway serves the three largest cities ." ]
[ "In Sweden until 1951 , cities were established by royal charter ; see City status in Sweden .", "In Sweden , cities were made by the royal charter until 1951 ." ]
[ "In Ireland , municipal corporations existed in boroughs since medieval times .", "In Ireland municipal corporations have been in Ireland since the Medieval Times ." ]
[ "The Municipal Corporation is responsible for roads , public transportation , water supply , records of births and deaths ( delegated from central government Births and Deaths Registration Act ) , sanitation that includes waste management , sewage , drainage and flood control , public safety services like fire and ...
[ "The municipality of Durban was called the Durban Corporation .", "In Durban the municipal corporation was called the `` Durban Corporation '' ." ]
[ "In Canada charters are granted by provincial authorities .", "In Canada , charters are given by the provincial authorities ." ]
[ "Often , this event is marked by the award or declaration of a municipal charter .", "After this event , an award or declaration is presented by the municipal charter ." ]
[ "Under the panchayati raj system , it interacts directly with the state government , though it is administratively part of the district it is located in .", "Because of the panchayati raj system , the city government has to discuss with the state government ." ]
[ "A city charter or town charter ( generically , municipal charter ) is a legal document establishing a municipality such as a city or town .", "A municipal charters is a legal paper that establishes municipality ; such as a city or town ." ]
[ "In the United Kingdom , cities are granted that status by Royal letters patent : see city status in the United Kingdom .", "In the United Kingdom , cities are made by the royal letter patent ." ]
[ "From the beginning of American colonial rule , Philippines cities were formally established through laws enacted by the various national legislatures in the country .", "In the Philippines , cities are made by the laws enacted by a lot of national legislatures ." ]
[ "In the United States , such municipal corporations are established by charters that are granted either directly by a state legislature by means of local legislation , or indirectly under a general municipal corporation law , usually after the proposed charter has passed a referendum vote of the affected population...
[ "The largest Municipal Corporations in India currently are Mumbai , followed by Delhi , Kolkata , Bangalore , Chennai , Hyderabad , Ahmedabad , Surat and Pune .", "Mumbai , Delhi , Kolkata , Bangalore , Chennai , Hyderabad and Ahmedabad have the biggest municipal corporations ." ]
[ "Municipal incorporation occurs when such municipalities become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located .", "Municipal corporation happens when a urban neighborhood becomes a self-governing entities under state laws ." ]
[ "Hence , understanding the period-luminosity relation for a set of local RR Lyrae-type variable stars allows the distance of more distant stars of this type to be determined .", "Knowing the period-luminosity relation for local RR Lyrae-type variable stars allows the distance of more distant stars of this type to...
[ "The distance of RR Lyrae remained uncertain until 2002 when the Hubble Space Telescope 's Fine Guidance Sensor was used to determine the distance of RR Lyrae within a 5 % margin of error , yielding a value of 854 light-years ( 262 parsecs ) .", "The distance of RR Lyrae remained uncertain until 2002 when the Hub...
[ "RR Lyrae is a variable star in the Lyra constellation , located near the border with the neighboring constellation of Cygnus .", "RR Lyrae is a pulsating variable star in the constellation Lyra ." ]
[ "RR Lyrae variables serve as important standard candles that are used to measure astronomical distances .", "It is the model for the variable stars known as RR Lyrae variables ." ]
[ "Groening grew up in Portland , and attended Ainsworth Elementary School and Lincoln High School .", "Groening grew up in Portland , and attended Ainsworth Elementary School , Lincoln High School and also The Evergreen State College in Olympia , Washington ." ]
[ "Matthew Abram `` Matt '' Groening ( \\ / ˈɡreɪnɪŋ \\ / GRAY-ning ; born February 15 , 1954 ) is an American cartoonist , screenwriter , producer , animator , author , musician , comedian , and voice actor .", "Matthew Abram `` Matt '' Groening ( born February 15 , 1954 ) is an American cartoonist , screenwriter ...
[ "He is the creator of the comic strip Life in Hell ( 1977-2012 ) as well as two successful television series , The Simpsons ( 1989-present ) and Futurama ( 1999-2003 , 2008-2013 ) .", "He is the creator of the comic strip Life in Hell , as well as two successful television series , The Simpsons and Futurama ." ]
[ "Groening was born on February 15 , 1954 in Portland , Oregon , the middle of five children .", "He was born on February 15 , 1954 in Portland , Oregon , the middle of five children ." ]
[ "His Norwegian-American mother , Margaret Ruth ( née Wiggum ) ( March 23 , 1919 - April 22 , 2013 ) , was once a teacher , and his German American father , Homer Philip Groening ( December 30 , 1919 - March 15 , 1996 ) , was a filmmaker , advertiser , writer and cartoonist .", "His father Homer Philip Groening wa...
[ "The first race to be so named was the 1923 Italian Grand Prix , held at Monza and won by Carlo Salamano in a Fiat and the last one was the 1977 British Grand Prix .", "The first race to be so named was the 1923 Italian Grand Prix , held at Monza and won by Carlo Salamano in a Fiat ." ]
[ "Since its reintroduction , the European Grand Prix is usually held in a country that also holds a national Grand Prix in that same year .", "It is usually held in a country that also holds a national Grand Prix ." ]
[ "In earlier years , the European Grand Prix was not a race in its own right but just an honorific title ; one of the national Grands Prix was also designated as the European Grand Prix .", "In earlier years , one of the national Grands Prix was also called the European Grand Prix ." ]
[ "The Italian Grand Prix was named the European Grand Prix seven times , which was more than any other race .", "The European Grand Prix ( sometimes called the Grand Prix of Europe ) is a Formula One race ." ]
[ "Sala São Paulo has 22 balconies at mezzanine and first floor levels .", "Sala São Paulo has 22 balconies and a ceiling that is 24 meters high ." ]
[ "The Julio Prestes Cultural Center , which is located in the Julio Prestes Train Station in the old north central section of the city of São Paulo , Brazil , was inaugurated on July 9 , 1999 .", "The Sala São Paulo is a concert hall in the Julio Prestes Cultural Center in the city of São Paulo , Brazil ." ]
[ "The station 's large hall was chosen because its dimensions are similar to 19th century concert halls , that is , it is shaped in the ` shoebox style ' .", "The station 's large hall was the same shape as many 19th century concert halls , that is , it is shaped like a horse shoe ." ]
[ "In 1087 , the elder William died of wounds suffered from a riding accident during a siege of Mantes .", "In 1087 , the Conqueror died of wounds suffered from a riding accident during a siege of Mantes ." ]
[ "The county was presumably run by his father until 1069 when the county revolted and reverted to Hugh V of Maine .", "The county was actually run by his father until 1069 when the county revolted and reverted to Hugh V of Maine ." ]
[ "Robert was the eldest son of William the Conqueror , the first Norman king of England , and Matilda of Flanders , and a participant in the First Crusade .", "Robert was the eldest son of William the Conqueror , the first Norman king of England , and Matilda of Flanders ." ]
[ "Robert married Sybilla of Conversano , daughter of Geoffrey of Brindisi , Count of Conversano ( and a grandniece of Robert Guiscard , another Norman duke ) on the way back from Crusade , one child : Sybilla , who was admired and often praised by chroniclers of the time , died shortly after the birth .", "Robert ...
[ "The next day Robert and his followers attempted to seize the castle of Rouen .", "The next day Robert and his followers attempted to seize Rouen ." ]
[ "Robert Curthose ( c. 1054 - 3 February 1134 ) , sometimes styled Robert II or Robert III , was the Duke of Normandy from 1087 until 1106 and an unsuccessful claimant to the throne of the Kingdom of England .", "Robert Curthose ( c. 1054-1134 ) , sometimes styled Robert II or Robert III , was the Duke of Normandy...
[ "In 1063 , his father made him the count of Maine in view of his engagement to Margaret .", "In 1063 , his father made him the count of Maine when he was contracted to marry Margaret ." ]
[ "As a child he was betrothed to Margaret , the heiress of Maine , but she died before they could be wed , and Robert did n't marry until his late forties .", "As a child he was betrothed to Margaret , the heiress of Maine ." ]
[ "Robert fled to Flanders to the court of his uncle Robert I , Count of Flanders before plundering the county of the Vexin and causing such mayhem that his father King William allied himself with King Philip I of France to stop his rebellious son .", "He then fled to Flanders to the court of his uncle Robert I , C...
[ "His reign as Duke is noted for the discord with his brothers in England , eventually leading to the absorption of Normandy as a possession of England .", "His reign as Duke is noted for the conflicts he had with his brothers in England ." ]
[ "Together they had a son , John , and a daughter , Vivienne , who died after a long illness in 1987 , shortly before her eighteenth birthday .", "Together they had a son , John , and a daughter , Vivienne , who died after a long illness in 1985 , shortly before her eighteenth birthday ." ]
[ "He also spent a year working as coroner for West Clare .", "A a doctor he also spent a year working as coroner for West Clare ." ]
[ "In 1972 , he negotiated Irish membership of the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , a process that was completed in 1973 .", "In 1972 , he negotiated Irish membership of the European Economic Community , a process that was completed in 1973 ." ]
[ "Hillery married Maeve Finnegan on 27 October 1955 .", "Hillery married Mary Beatrice ( Maeve ) Finnegan on October 27 , 1955 ." ]
[ "Patrick John Hillery , more popularly known as Paddy Hillery , was born in Spanish Point , Milltown Malbay , County Clare in 1923 .", "Patrick John Hillery , known as Paddy Hillery , was born in Spanish Point , Miltown Malbay , County Clare in 1923 ." ]
[ "Upon his conferral in 1947 he returned to his native town where he followed in his father 's footsteps as a doctor .", "In 1947 he returned to his home town where he followed in his father 's footsteps as a doctor ." ]
[ "First elected at the 1951 general election as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála ( TD ) for Clare , he remained in Dáil Éireann until 1973 .", "First elected at the 1951 general election as a Fianna Fáil TD for County Clare , he remained in Dáil Éireann until 1973 ." ]
[ "Patrick John Hillery ( Irish : Pádraig J. Ó hIrghile ; 2 May 1923 - 12 April 2008 ) was an Irish politician and the sixth President of Ireland from 1976 until 1990 .", "Dr Patrick John Hillery ( Irish : Pádraig Seán Ó hIrighile ; 2 May 1923 - April 12 , 2008 ) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician and the sixth Pr...
[ "Following yet another victory for Fianna Fáil at the 1969 general election , Hillery became Minister for External Affairs ( renamed Foreign Affairs in 1972 ) , one of the most prestigious of cabinet posts .", "After another election win in 1969 Hillery became Minister for External Affairs ( renamed Foreign Affai...
[ "At third level Hillery attended University College Dublin where he qualified with a degree in medicine .", "He attended University College Dublin , where he studied medicine ." ]
[ "In 1973 he was appointed Ireland 's first European Commissioner , serving until 1976 when he became President .", "During this time he served as : He was Ireland 's first European Commissioner , serving for three years until he became President in 1976 ." ]
[ "He earned a high international profile when , in the aftermath of the killing of fourteen unarmed civilians in Derry by British Paratroopers ( known as `` Bloody Sunday '' ) , he traveled to the UN in New York to demand UN involvement in peace-keeping on the streets of Northern Ireland .", "After `` Bloody Sunda...
[ "Also in 1848 , Joseph Henry projected an image of the Sun onto a screen and determined that sunspots were cooler than the surrounding surface .", "Also in 1848 , Joseph Henry showed a picture of the Sun and made sure that sunspots were cooler than the rest of the Sun ( they are about 4500 degrees Fahrenheit ) ."...
[ "The cyclic variation of the number of sunspots was first observed by Heinrich Schwabe between 1826 and 1843 and led Wolf to make systematic observations starting in 1848 .", "The first cyclic changes of sunspots was seen by Heinrich Schwabe , and made Rudolf Wolf study them carefully , starting in 1848 ." ]
[ "On July 1 , 2010 , Babchuk re-signed with the Carolina Hurricanes to a one-year contract worth $ 1.4 million .", "On July 1 , 2010 , Babchuk again re-signed with the Carolina Hurricanes to a one-year contract for the 2010-2011 season ." ]
[ "Anton Anatoliiovych Babchuk ( Ukrainian : Антон Анатолійович Бабчук ; born May 6 , 1984 ) is a Ukrainian-Russian professional ice hockey defenceman playing for Salavat Yulaev of the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) .", "Anton Anatoliiovych Babchuk ( Ukrainian : Антон Анатолійович Бабчук ; born May 6 , 1984 ) is...
[ "Modern pianos have two basic configurations ( with subcategories ) : the grand piano and the upright piano .", "Pianos come in two basic shapes : grand pianos and upright pianos ." ]
[ "The pianoforte , commonly abbreviated to piano , is a musical instrument played using a keyboard .", "This is normally shortened to `` piano '' ." ]
[ "The term fortepiano is now used to distinguish the 18th-century instrument from later pianos .", "The word `` fortepiano '' is sometimes used to describe the pianos of the late 18th and early 19th centuries ." ]
[ "When the key is released the damper falls back onto the strings , stopping the wire from vibrating .", "When the player takes his finger off the key the damper falls back onto the string and the sound stops ." ]
[ "Some early pianos had shapes and designs that are no longer in use .", "The early pianos had strings that were fastened to a frame made of wood ." ]
[ "The strings are sounded when the keys are pressed down , and are silenced when the keys are released .", "When a key is pressed down , the damper comes off the string and a hammer hits the string ." ]
[ "It was for such instruments that Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed his concertos and sonatas , and replicas of them are built today for use in authentic-instrument performance of his music .", "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart started to learn on harpsichords when he was very small , but the piano was becoming popular whe...
[ "Even the music of the Romantic movement , including Liszt , Chopin , Robert Schumann , Felix Mendelssohn and Johannes Brahms , was written for pianos substantially different from modern pianos .", "They include Franz Schubert , Robert Schumann , Johannes Brahms , Franz Liszt and Frederic Chopin ." ]