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[ "The name mistletoe was originally applied to Viscum album ( European mistletoe , of the family Santalaceae in the order Santalales ) , the only species native in Great Britain and much of Europe .", "The name was first given to Viscum album ( European Mistletoe , Santalaceae ) , the only species native in Great ...
[ "Mistletoe is commonly used as a Christmas decoration , though such use was rarely alluded to until the 18th century .", "Mistletoe is often used as a Christmas decoration ." ]
[ "Mistletoe ( Phoradendron serotinum ) is the state floral emblem for the state of Oklahoma .", "Mistletoe ( Phoradendron flavescens ) is the state floral emblem for the State of Oklahoma ." ]
[ "According to an old Christmas custom , a man and a woman who meet under a hanging of mistletoe were obliged to kiss .", "According to a custom during Christmas , any two people who meet under a hanging of mistletoe are urged to kiss ." ]
[ "Later the name mistletoe was further extended to other related species and even families , including Phoradendron serotinum , the eastern mistletoe of eastern North America .", "Later the name was fgiven to other related species , including Phoradendron serotinum ( the Eastern Mistletoe of eastern North America ...
[ "Mistletoe is the common name for obligate hemiparasitic plants in several families in the order Santalales .", "Mistletoe is the common name for a group of hemi-parasitic plants in the order Santalales that grow attached to and within the branches of a tree or shrub ." ]
[ "Second , for the purpose of the theorem every `` country '' has to be a simply connected region , or contiguous .", "For the purpose of the theorem every `` country '' has to be a simply connected region , or contiguous ." ]
[ "For instance , consider a simplified map : In this map , the two regions labeled A belong to the same country , and must be the same color .", "For instance , consider a simplified map , such as the one shown on the left : In this map , the two regions labeled A belong to the same country , and must be the same ...
[ "This graph is planar ( it is important to note that we are talking about the graphs that have some limitations according to the map they are transformed from only ) : it can be drawn in the plane without crossings by placing each vertex at an arbitrarily chosen location within the region to which it corresponds , ...
[ "In addition , bizarre maps ( using regions of finite area but infinite perimeter ) can require more than four colors .", "Secondly , bizarre maps with regions of finite area and infinite perimeter can require more than four colors ." ]
[ "In mathematics , the four color theorem , or the four color map theorem , states that , given any separation of a plane into contiguous regions , producing a figure called a map , no more than four colors are required to color the regions of the map so that no two adjacent regions have the same color .", "Intuit...
[ "Three colors are adequate for simpler maps , but an additional fourth color is required for some maps , such as a map in which one region is surrounded by an odd number of other regions that touch each other in a cycle .", "The forth color is required for some maps , such as one in which one region is surrounded...
[ "If A consisted of three regions , six or more colors might be required ; one can construct maps that require an arbitrarily high number of colors .", "In this manner , it is possible to construct maps that require an arbitrarily high number of colors ." ]
[ "During the 1960s and 1970s German mathematician Heinrich Heesch developed methods of using computers to search for a proof .", "In the 1960s and 1970s , Heinrich Heesch developed a first sketch of a proof by computer ." ]
[ "In the real world , this is not true ( e.g. , Michigan and its Upper Peninsula , Nakhchivan as part of Azerbaijan , and Kaliningrad as part of Russia are not contiguous ) .", "In the real world , this is not true : Alaska as part of the United States , Nakhchivan as part of Azerbaijan , and Kaliningrad as part o...
[ "The five color theorem , which has a short elementary proof , states that five colors suffice to color a map and was proven in the late 19th century ( Heawood 1890 ) ; however , proving that four colors suffice turned out to be significantly harder .", "( Heawood 1890 ) Proving that four colors suffice turned ou...
[ "The conjecture was first proposed on October 23 , 1852 when Francis Guthrie , while trying to color the map of counties of England , noticed that only four different colors were needed .", "He found that he needed at least four colors to color a map of the counties of England ." ]
[ "The four color theorem was proven in 1976 by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken .", "Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken improved this sketch in 1976 ( Robertson and others 1996 ) ." ]
[ "Despite the motivation from coloring political maps of countries , the theorem is not of particular interest to mapmakers .", "Even though the problem was first presented as a problem to color political maps of countries , mapmakers are not particularly interested in it ." ]
[ "In December 2006 The Chaser 's War on Everything won an Australian Film Institute ( AFI ) Award for ` Best Television Comedy Series ' and Hansen won an AFI Award for ` Best Performance in a Television Comedy . '", "The Chaser 's War on Everything is a comedy television series ." ]
[ "It was originally named as an African species of Brachiosaurus ( B. brancai ) .", "It was first named as an African species of Brachiosaurus ( B. brancai ) in 1914 ." ]
[ "Giraffatitan , meaning `` giant giraffe '' , is a genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived during the late Jurassic Period ( Kimmeridgian-Tithonian stages ) .", "Giraffatitan ( `` giraffe titan '' ) is a genus of sauropod dinosaurs which lived during the Upper Jurassic , about 140 million years ago ." ]
[ "Specific protests included : During this period there were controversies within the Sierra Club about how to lead the anti-nuclear movement , and this led to a split over the Diablo Canyon plant which ended in success for the utilities .", "In this period there were controversies within the Sierra Club about how...
[ "The birth of the anti-nuclear movement in California can be traced to controversy over Pacific Gas & Electric 's attempt to build the nation 's first commercially viable nuclear power plant in Bodega Bay .", "The start of the anti-nuclear movement in California was the controversy over Pacific Gas & Electric 's ...
[ "In 1989 , Sacramento voters voted to shut down the Rancho Seco power plant .", "In 1989 , Sacremento voters voted to shut down the Rancho Seco power plant ." ]
[ "It was the largest arrest in the history of the anti-nuclear movement in the United States .", "It was the largest arrest in the history of the U.S. anti-nuclear movement ." ]
[ "Anti-nuclear groups campaigned to stop construction of several proposed plants in the seventies , especially those located on the coast and near fault lines .", "While Californian voters failed to pass a 1972 proposal placing a 5-year moratorium on nuclear plant construction , anti-nuclear groups campaigned to s...
[ "On November 14 , 1984 the Davis , California City Council declared the city to be a nuclear free zone .", "On November 14th 1984 the Davis , California City Council declared the city to be a nuclear free zone ." ]
[ "The confrontation between nuclear power advocates and environmentalists grew to include the use of non-violent civil disobedience .", "There was confrontation between nuclear power advocates and environmentalists ." ]
[ "They were influenced by the Ecology and Free Speech Movements that had inspired activists and had impacted the public consciousness .", "They were influenced by the non-material philosophy that had inspired activists and had impacted the public consciousness ." ]
[ "In September 1981 , over 1,900 arrests took place during a ten-day blockade at Diablo Canyon Power Plant .", "In 1981 , 1,900 activists were arrested during protests at Diablo Canyon Power Plant ." ]
[ "The subject commonly includes calculations of such quantities as heat capacity , heat of combustion , heat of formation , enthalpy , entropy , free energy , and calories .", "It includes calculations of such quantities as heat capacity , heat of combustion , heat of formation , enthalpy , entropy , free energy ,...
[ "Thermochemistry is useful in predicting reactant and product quantities throughout the course of a given reaction .", "Thermochemistry is useful in predicting reactant and product quantities at all times during a given reaction ." ]
[ "Integration of this equation permits the evaluation of the heat of reaction at one temperature from measurements at another temperature .", "Integrating this equation allows the evaluation of the heat of reaction at one temperature from measurements at another temperature ." ]
[ "Exothermic reactions release heat .", "Exothermic reactions give out heat ." ]
[ "An adiabatic ( no heat exchange ) process occurs when no heat exchange occurs .", "An adiabatic ( no heat exchange ) process happens when no heat moves around ." ]
[ "A process relates to the change of state .", "A process relates ( connects ) to the change of state ." ]
[ "Thermochemistry focuses on these energy changes , particularly on the system 's energy exchange with its surroundings .", "Thermochemistry looks at these energy changes , particularly on a system 's energy exchange with its surroundings ." ]
[ "An isobaric ( same pressure ) process occurs when the pressure of the system remains constant .", "An isobaric ( same pressure ) process happens when the pressure of the system stays the same ." ]
[ "An isothermal ( same temperature ) process occurs when temperature of the system remains constant .", "An isothermal ( same temperature ) process happens when the temperature of the system stays the same ." ]
[ "Thermochemistry is the study of the energy and heat associated with chemical reactions and\\/or physical transformations .", "Thermochemistry is the study of the energy and heat to do with chemical reactions and physical transformations ( physical changes ) ." ]
[ "Endothermic reactions absorb heat .", "Endothermic reactions take in heat ." ]
[ "Gustav Kirchhoff showed in 1858 that the variation of the heat of reaction is given by the difference in heat capacity between products and reactants : dΔH \\ / dT = ΔCp .", "Gustav Kirchhoff showed in 1858 that change in the heat of reaction is given by the difference in heat capacity between products and react...
[ "A system is the specific portion of the universe that is being studied .", "A `` system '' is the specific section of the universe that is being studied ." ]
[ "Lavoisier , Laplace and Hess also investigated specific heat and latent heat , although it was Joseph Black who made the most important contributions to the development of latent energy changes .", "Edward Diaz and Hess investigated specific heat and latent heat ." ]
[ "A system undergoes a process when one or more of its properties changes .", "A system may be : A system undergoes a `` process '' when one or more of its properties ( characteristics ) changes ." ]
[ "The temperature of the chamber is monitored either using a thermometer or thermocouple , and the temperature plotted against time to give a graph from which fundamental quantities can be calculated .", "The temperature of the chamber is measured either using a thermometer or thermocouple ." ]
[ "Thermochemistry coalesces the concepts of thermodynamics with the concept of energy in the form of chemical bonds .", "Thermochemistry combines the concepts of thermodynamics with the idea of energy in the form of chemical bonds ." ]
[ "Modern calorimeters are frequently supplied with automatic devices to provide a quick read-out of information , one example being the DSC or differential scanning calorimeter .", "One example is a differential scanning calorimeter ( DSC ) ." ]
[ "The measurement of heat changes is performed using calorimetry , usually an enclosed chamber within which the change to be examined occurs .", "The measurement of heat changes is called calorimetry ." ]
[ "He gave first performances on British soil of organ pieces by composers such as Darius Milhaud , Paul Hindemith and Arnold Schoenberg .", "He gave first performances of pieces by composers such as Darius Milhaud , Paul Hindemith and Arnold Schoenberg ." ]
[ "He was then musical director and organist of the new chapel at Princeton University between 1928 and 1935 , before returning to London .", "He was music director and organist of the new chapel at Princeton University between 1928 and 1935 ." ]
[ "In 1948 , he was commissioned to design the organ for the Royal Festival Hall .", "In 1948 , he was asked to design an organ for the new Royal Festival Hall ." ]
[ "He was the only instrumentalist whom Benjamin Britten invited to perform at every Aldeburgh Festival in Britten 's lifetime .", "Benjamin Britten invited him every year to perform at the Aldeburgh Festival ." ]
[ "He was Professor of Organ in the Royal College of Music from 1954 to 1975 and was regarded as the leading organ teacher of his day .", "Downes was Professor of Organ at the Royal College of Music from 1954 to 1975 and was the best known British organ teacher of his day ." ]
[ "He was then assistant organist at Southwark Cathedral from 1923 until 1925 , before moving to Keble College , Oxford ( where he was also Organ Scholar to continue his education ( 1925 to 1928 ) .", "He was assistant organist at Southwark Cathedral from 1923 until 1925 ." ]
[ "His recitals and broadcasts were known for their use of historical performance styles , which was uncommon at the time .", "He soon became famous for his recitals and radio broadcasts in which he played music using historical performance styles ." ]
[ "Ralph William Downes CBE ( 16 August 1904-24 December 1993 ) was an English organist , organ designer , teacher and music director and was Professor of Organ in the Royal College of Music .", "Ralph Downes ( born Derby , 16 August 1904 ; died London , 24 December 1993 ) was an English organist and organ designer...
[ "The 2011-12 season was Manchester United 's 20th season in the Premier League , and their 37th consecutive season in the top-flight of English football .", "The 2011-12 season is Manchester United 's 20th season in the Premier League ." ]
[ "In the lead-up to this game , which was played on 27 July 2011 , United took on the New England Revolution ( 13 July ) , the Seattle Sounders ( 20 July ) and the Chicago Fire ( 23 July ) , before finishing the tour with a game against Barcelona at FedExField in Washington , D.C. on 30 July .", "United finishing ...
[ "Manchester United preceded their 2011-12 campaign with a tour of the United States for the second year in a row .", "Manchester United started their season with a tour in the United States ." ]
[ "The later syndicated series in 1983-2002 added Gumby 's sister Minga and mastodon friend Denali .", "The later series in 1988 added Gumby 's sister Minga and mastodon friend Denali ." ]
[ "Gumby 's principal sidekick is Pokey , a talking orange pony .", "Gumby 's main sidekick is Pokey , a talking orange pony ." ]
[ "Also featured are Goo , a flying blue mermaid who spits blue goo balls and can change shape at will , and Gumby 's parents , Gumbo and Gumba .", "Also on the series are Goo , a flying blue mermaid who spits blue goo balls and can change shape at will ; Gumby 's mother Gumba and father Gumbo ." ]
[ "Since the original series ' run , he has become well known as an example of stop motion clay animation and an influential cultural icon , spawning many tributes and parodies , including a video game and toys .", "He has become well known as an example of stop motion clay animation ." ]
[ "His nemeses are the Blockheads , a pair of humanoid , red-colored figures with block-shaped heads , who wreak mischief and havoc .", "They are a pair of human-like , red-colored figures with block-shaped heads ." ]
[ "In 1953 Clokey showed Gumbasia to movie producer Sam Engel , who encouraged him to develop his technique by adding figures .", "In 1955 , Art showed Gumbasia to movie producer Sam Engel , who then paid him for a 15 minute movie called Gumby Goes to the Moon ." ]
[ "After the announcement , the new pope is presented to the people and he gives his first Urbi et Orbi blessing .", "After the announcement , the new pope meets the people and he gives his first Urbi et Orbi blessing to the crowd ." ]
[ "( `` We Have a Pope ! '' )", "This , in English , means : I announce to you a great joy : We have a Pope !" ]
[ "The format for the announcement when a cardinal is elected Pope is : In English , it can be translated literally as : In the Habemus Papam announcement given by Cardinal Jorge Arturo Medina Estévez on 19 April 2005 upon the election of Pope Benedict XVI , the announcement was preceded by a greeting in several lang...
[ "The song became Selena 's third song to be charted .", "The song became Selena 's opening song for two years ." ]
[ "This was despite his worsening colitis , .", "This was despite his worsening colitis ." ]
[ "During that year he fell ill with ulcerative colitis , a form of inflammatory bowel disease , and was forced to return to the United States for treatment .", "During that year he fell ill with ulcerative colitis , a form of inflammatory bowel disease ." ]
[ "Speed was later promoted to first driver for the team , and ended the season third place in the driver championship standings behind Nico Rosberg and Heikki Kovalainen .", "He ended the season third place in the driver championship standings behind Nico Rosberg and Heikki Kovalainen ." ]
[ "He was also the test driver at the United States Grand Prix .", "He was also the test driver for the United States Grand Prix ." ]
[ "Later on however , he had 25 seconds added to his race time for overtaking under yellow flags , dropping him to 9th place and out of the points .", "He would have finished Australia in the points , but had 25 seconds added to his race time for overtaking under yellow flags ." ]
[ "At the United States Grand Prix he qualified a career best 13th only to be taken out in a first-lap collision .", "At the United States Grand Prix he qualified a career best 13th ." ]
[ "After the race , it was reported that he was involved in a physical altercation with team principal Franz Tost , although Tost has since denied this .", "After the race , it was reported that he was involved in a physical altercation with team principal Franz Tost ." ]
[ "At the end of 2005 , Speed drove the first three races of the new A1 Grand Prix series for A1 Team USA , achieving a best result of fourth in the Feature Race of the 2005-06 A1 Grand Prix of Nations , Portugal , held at the Autódromo do Estoril .", "At the end of 2005 , Speed drove the first three races of the n...
[ "In 2003 , the American drove for the ADR team in British Formula Three after winning the Red Bull Driver Search program .", "In 2003 he drove for the ADR team in British Formula Three ." ]
[ "Speed also went on a verbal offensive against the team , claiming that they wanted to get rid of both him and Liuzzi .", "Speed also said that they wanted to get rid of both him and Liuzzi ." ]
[ "He moved up to Formula series in 2001 , competing in US Formula Russell and becoming champion .", "He moved up to Formula series in 2001 ." ]
[ "Neither driver was injured , however ARCA officials parked Speed for the day , which ended his chances for a championship .", "ARCA officials parked Speed for the day ." ]
[ "During the finale of the 2008 ARCA season , Speed and fellow competitor and championship contender , Ricky Stenhouse Jr. , were battling for position .", "During the finale of the 2008 ARCA season , Ricky Stenhouse Jr. hit Speed and sent him into the wall ." ]
[ "( key ) ( Races in bold indicate pole position ) ( Races in italics indicate fastest lap ) \\* Season in progress 1 Ineligible for series points", "( key ) ( Races in bold indicate pole position ) ( Races in italics indicate fastest lap ) ( key )" ]
[ "2004 saw two championship titles for Speed , though , with him first winning in Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup and later German Formula Renault .", "He won the Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup and later German Formula Renault ." ]
[ "He then spun off in the wet at the European Grand Prix , in what would be his last race for the team .", "He spun off the circuit in wet conditions at the European Grand Prix ." ]
[ "Stenhouse hit the rear of Speed 's car , sending him into the wall , effectively ending Speed 's chances of a good finish , and possibly a Championship .", "This ended Speed chance at a good finish , and possibly a Championship ." ]
[ "Following its purchase of Minardi , Red Bull Racing announced the creation of Scuderia Toro Rosso with Speed and Vitantonio Liuzzi as its drivers in 2006 season .", "After the purchase of Minardi , Red Bull Racing announced the team would become Scuderia Toro Rosso ." ]
[ "In his debut race at the Bahrain Grand Prix , he finished 13th .", "In 2006 , Speed 's first race was the Bahrain Grand Prix ." ]
[ "French sociologist Roger Caillois , in his book Les jeux et les hommes ( Games and Men ) , defined a game as an activity that must have the following characteristics : Computer game designer Chris Crawford , founder of The Journal of Computer Game Design , has attempted to define the term game using a series of di...
[ "In his Philosophical Investigations , Wittgenstein argued that the elements of games , such as play , rules , and competition , all fail to adequately define what games are .", "In his Philosophical Investigations , Wittgenstein demonstrated that the elements ( parts ) of games , such as play , rules , and compe...
[ "Games of skill include games of physical skill , such as wrestling , tug of war , hopscotch , target shooting , and stake , and games of mental skill such as checkers and chess .", "Some examples of board games include Monopoly , chess , and checkers ." ]
[ "This is opposed to `` real-time '' play as is found in some card games , most sports and most video games .", "In card games , players use playing cards ." ]
[ "From this , Wittgenstein concluded that people apply the term game to a range of disparate human activities that bear to one another only what one might call family resemblances .", "He concluded that people apply the term game to a range of different human activities that are only related a little bit ." ]
[ "Following the battle , Deira , in the southern part of Northumbria , chose a king of its own , Oswine , while Bernicia in the north ( which had been dominant , with Oswald , a member of the Bernician royal line , ruling both Bernicia and Deira prior to Maserfield ) was ruled by Oswald 's brother Oswiu .", "Follo...
[ "The Northern League was an independent minor professional baseball league .", "For the original incarnations of the Northern League , which operated between 1902 and 1971 , see Northern League ( baseball , 1902-71 ) The Northern League , was an independent baseball league which merged with the Golden Baseball Le...
[ "Kilcher was protesting President Barack Obama 's meeting with Peruvian President Alan García , accusing him of selling land in the Amazon rainforest to corporations while suppressing indigenous protests .", "Kilcher was against President Barack Obama 's meeting with Peruvian President Alan García ." ]
[ "On June 1 , 2010 , Kilcher and her mother were arrested after Kilcher chained herself to the gates in front of the White House in Washington , D.C. while her mother poured black paint on her to signify oil .", "On June 1 , 2010 , Kilcher and her mother were arrested ." ]
[ "Her father is of Quechua-Huachipaeri descent from Peru .", "Q'Orianka 's father is from Peru and he belongs to the Quechua\\/Huachipaeri , while her mother is of Swiss descent by way of Alaska ." ]