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[ "When masonry ( cut stone ) is used the angles of the faces are cut to minimize shear forces .", "When masonry ( cut stone ) is used , the angles of the faces are cut to minimize shear forces ." ]
[ "In medieval Europe , bridge builders improved on the Roman structures by using narrower piers , thinner arch barrels and lower span-rise ratios on bridges .", "In medieval Europe , bridge builders improved on the Roman structures by using narrower piers . They used thinner arch barrels and lower span-rise ratios...
[ "Where random masonry ( uncut and unprepared stones ) is used they are mortared together and the mortar is allowed to set before the falsework is removed .", "Where random masonry ( uncut and unprepared stones ) is used they are mortared together . The mortar is allowed to set before the falsework is removed ." ]
[ "Roman arch bridges were usually semicircular , although a number were segmental arch bridges ( such as Alconétar Bridge ) , a bridge which has a curved arch that is less than a semicircle .", "Roman arch bridges were usually semicircular . A number were also segmental arch bridges ( such as Alconétar Bridge ) , ...
[ "Generally , Roman bridges featured wedge-shaped primary arch stones ( voussoirs ) of the same in size and shape .", "Generally , Roman bridges had wedge-shaped primary arch stones ( called voussoirs ) of the same in size and shape ." ]
[ "Masonry arch bridges use a quantity of fill material ( typically compacted rubble ) above the arch in order to increase this dead-weight on the bridge and prevent tension from occurring in the arch ring as loads move across the bridge .", "Masonry arch bridges use fill material ( typically compacted rubble ) abo...
[ "Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side .", "Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust held by the abutments at either side ." ]
[ "The advantages of the segmental arch bridge were that it allowed great amounts of flood water to pass under it , which would prevent the bridge from being swept away during floods and the bridge itself could be more lightweight .", "The advantages of the segmental arch bridge were that it allowed great amounts o...
[ "A viaduct ( a long bridge ) may be made from a series of arches , although other more economical structures are typically used today .", "A viaduct ( a long bridge ) may be made from a series of arches . However other less expensive structures are typically used today ." ]
[ "Possibly the oldest existing arch bridge is the Mycenaean Arkadiko bridge in Greece from about 1300 BC .", "The oldest existing arch bridge may be the Mycenaean Arkadiko bridge in Greece . It was built in about 1300 BC ." ]
[ "As a result , masonry arch bridges are designed to be constantly under compression , so far as is possible .", "As a result , masonry arch bridges are designed to be constantly under compression ." ]
[ "The stone corbel arch bridge is still used by the local populace .", "The stone corbel arch bridge is still used ." ]
[ "The main inscription would originally have been of bronze letters .", "The main inscription was made of bronze letters ." ]
[ "The discovery of `` Archaefructus eoflora '' supports this interpretation , because a bisexual flower is present in the region between staminate and pistillate organs .", "The discovery of `` Archaefructus eoflora '' supports this interpretation , because a bisexual flower is present between staminate and pistil...
[ "If this interpretation is correct , `` Archaefructus '' may not be basal within angiosperms , rather it may be close to the Nymphaeales or the basal eudicots .", "If this is correct , `` Archaefructus '' may not be basal within angiosperms , but it may be close to the Nymphaeales or the basal eudicots ." ]
[ "Because of its age , and because it lacks sepals and petals and its reproductive organs , interpreted as carpels and stamens , are produced on an elongate stem rather than condensed into a flower as in modern angiosperms , Archaefructaceae has been proposed as a new basal angiosperm family .", "Its reproductive ...
[ "Archaefructus is an extinct genus of herbaceous aquatic seed plants with 3 known species .", "Archaefructus is an extinct genus of herbaceous aquatic seed plants ." ]
[ "They probably reached as far as North America along coastal waters : either around Africa and over to South America , or , more likely , over the Tethys Sea ( between Eurasia and Africa ) and along the coasts of Europe , Greenland , and North America .", "They could have gone around Africa and over to South Amer...
[ "Representing the earliest cetacean radiation , they include the initial amphibious stages in cetacean evolution and are thus the ancestors of both modern cetacean suborders , Mysticeti and Odontoceti .", "They were the first cetacean radiation , and they include the first amphibious stages in cetacean evolution ...
[ "Archaeoceti ( `` ancient whales '' ) , or Zeuglodontes in older literature , is a paraphyletic group of primitive cetaceans that lived from the Early Eocene to the late Oligocene ( ) .", "The Archaeoceti ( ` ancient whales ' ) , or Zeuglodontes in older literature , is a group of primitive cetaceans . They lived...
[ "The name Archaeognatha is derived from Greek , `` archaeos '' meaning `` ancient '' and `` gnatha '' meaning `` jaw '' .", "The name Archaeognatha is derived from Greek `` Archaeos '' meaning `` ancient '' and `` gnatha '' meaning `` jaw '' ." ]
[ "In 1473 , he summoned the first provincial diet in the history of the archbishopric , and eventually abdicated .", "In 1473 , he summoned the first provincial diet ( parliament ) in the history of the archbishopric , and eventually abdicated ." ]
[ "His reforms of the church and education systems alienated him from the people .", "His reforms of the church and education alienated himself from the people ." ]
[ "The country was in depression , local authorities were raising their own taxes and the Turks were ravaging the archdiocese .", "The country was in depression , local authorities were raising their own taxes and the Turks were attackingthe archdiocese ." ]
[ "It was only Leonard of Keutschach ( reigned 1495 -- 1519 ) who reversed the situation .", "It was only Leonard of Keutschach ( reigned 1495 -- 1519 ) who changedthe situation ." ]
[ "Archbishop Eberhard II of Regensberg was made a prince of the Empire in 1213 , and created three new sees : Chiemsee ( 1216 ) , Seckau ( 1218 ) and Lavant ( 1225 ) .", "Archbishop Eberard II of Truchsess was made a prince of the Empire in 1213 , and created three new sees : Chiemsee ( 1216 ) , Seckau ( 1218 ) an...
[ "King Rudolph I of Habsburg quarrelled with the archbishops through the manipulations of Abbot Henry of Admont , and after his death the archbishops and the Habsburgs made peace in 1297 .", "King Rudolph I of Habsburg quarrelled with the archbishops . The arguments wer started by Abbot Henry of Admont After Henry...
[ "The last Prince-Archbishop , Hieronymus von Colloredo , is probably best known for his patronage of Mozart .", "The last Prince-Archbishop , Hieronymus of Colloredo , is probably the most well known for his patronage of Mozart ." ]
[ "Eberhard was excommunicated in 1245 after refusing to publish a decree deposing the emperor and died suddenly the next year .", "Eberard was excommunicated in 1245 after refusing to publish a decree deposing the emperor . Eberard died suddenly the next year ." ]
[ "Bavarian Bishopric ( c. 543/698 -- 798 ) .", "Bishopric ( c. 543/698 -- 798 ) ." ]
[ "In 1805 it came to Austria , and in 1809 to Bavaria , who closed the University of Salzburg , banned monasteries from accepting novices , and banned pilgrimages and processions .", "In 1805 Salzburg became a part of Austria , and in 1809 , a part of Bavaria . The Bavarians closed the University of Salzburg , ban...
[ "In 1803 , Salzburg was secularised as the Electorate of Salzburg for the former Grand Duke Ferdinand III of Tuscany ( brother of Emperor Francis II ) , who had lost his throne .", "In 1803 , Salzburg was secularised ( stopped being control by the church ) as the Electorate of Salzburg . The former Grand Duke Fer...
[ "Arche is about 3 kilometres in diameter , and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,717 Mm in 746.185 days , at an inclination of 165 ° to the ecliptic ( 162 ° to Jupiter 's equator ) , in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.149 .", "Arche is about 3 kilometres in diameter , and orbits Jup...
[ "A network of non-directional veins in the costal region of the wing or in the elytron .", "Then it refers to a network of non-directional veins in the costal region of the wing or in the elytron ." ]
[ "Contemporary insects with wings to which the term `` archedictyon '' has been applied include the termite `` Mastotermes darwiniensis '' from Australia ( `` illustration '' ) and the praying mantis `` Orthodera novaezealandiae '' from New Zealand .", "Modern insects with wings to which the term `` archedictyon '...
[ "A preview of the series aired on September 17 , 2009 .", "A preview for the series aired on September 17 , 2009 ." ]
[ "Archer is a city in O'Brien County , Iowa , United States .", "Archer is a city of O'Brien County in the state of Iowa in the United States ." ]
[ "They can be found from India to the Philippines , Australia , and Polynesia .", "They live from India to the Philippines , Australia , and Polynesia ." ]
[ "Archibald Philip Primrose , 5th Earl of Rosebery , 1st Earl of Midlothian , KG , PC ( 7 May 1847 -- 21 May 1929 ) was a British Liberal statesman and Prime Minister .", "Archibald Philip Primrose , 5th Earl of Rosebery , KG , PC ( 7 May 1847 -- 21 May 1929 ) was a British Liberal statesman and Prime Minister ." ...
[ "Some works which do not make the Archibald Prize finalists are shown at the S. H. Ervin Gallery in the Salon des Refusés exhibition , which began in 1992 .", "Some paintings which do not make the Archibald Prize finalists are shown at the S. H. Ervin Gallery in the Salon des Refusés exhibition , which began in 1...
[ "The prize money was also changed to $ 50,000 . Additional categories .", "The prize money was also changed to $ 50 000 Additional categories ." ]
[ "He went on to become a senior commander and then Air Marshal in the Rhodesian Air Force in the 1960s and early 1970s .", "He later became a senior commander and then air marshal in the Rhodesian Air Force in the 1960s and early 1970s ." ]
[ "Bunker , a principal character of the series , is a veteran of World War II , reactionary , conservative , blue-collar worker , and family man .", "Bunker , the family patriarch , was a World War II veteran and blue-collar worker . He was a family man and a conservative ." ]
[ "Archie 's first appearance in `` Pep Comics '' # 22 on December 22 , 1941 , was drawn by Montana and written by Vic Bloom .", "Archie 's first appearance was in Pep Comics # 22 on December 22 , 1941 . This addition was drawn by Montana and written by Vic Bloom ." ]
[ "Archie and Riverdale . `` Archie '' is set in the small town of Riverdale .", "Archie lives in a small town named the `` Riverdale '' ." ]
[ "It consists of two island groups about northwest of mainland Colombia and from the coast of Nicaragua , and eight outlying banks and reefs .", "It consists of two island groups about 775 km northwest of Colombia and 220 km from the coast of Nicaragua , and eight outlying banks and reefs ." ]
[ "The constituency is composed of architects , landscape architects , surveyors , and planners and the members of Hong Kong Institute of Architects , Hong Kong Institute of Landscape Architects , Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors , and Hong Kong Institute of Planners entitled to vote at the general meetings of the as...
[ "Modern architecture was also preferred for the many ` cookie-cutter ' or standardised design public buildings being built at the time , such as schools , clinics , factories and especially public housing .", "Modern architecture was also better for building many public buildings with the same or similar designs ...
[ "The Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration .", "The Archivist of the United States is the chief official in charge of the National Archives and Records Administration ." ]
[ "This suborder also contains the only paedogenic beetles , `` Micromalthus debilis '' .", "The suborder contains the only paedogenic beetles , `` Micromalthus debilis '' ." ]
[ "They are similar in morphology to the first beetles , which appear in the fossil record approximately 250 million years ago .", "They are similar to the first beetles , which appear in the fossil record about 250 million years ago ." ]
[ "These beetles are considered rare .", "These beetles are rare ." ]
[ "Fossil deposits from the Permian suggest that Archostemata were once much more common and dispersed over a wide portion of the globe , and the species that remain are but scattered vestiges of their former population .", "Fossil deposits from the Permian suggest that Archostemata were once much more common and w...
[ "It is on the High Barnet branch of the Northern line , between Highgate and Tufnell Park stations , in Zones 2 and 3 .", "It is on the High Barnet branch of the Northern line , between Highgate and Tufnell Park . It is in both Travelcard Zone 2 and Zone 3 ." ]
[ "Kilcher was protesting President Barack Obama 's meeting with Peruvian President Alan García , accusing him of selling land in the Amazon rainforest to corporations while suppressing indigenous protests .", "Kilcher was against President Barack Obama 's meeting with Peruvian President Alan García . She said Garc...
[ "Q * bert is an arcade video game developed and published by Gottlieb in 1982 .", "Q * bert is an arcade video game released by Gottlieb in 1982 ." ]
[ "The Qatar Bahrain Causeway ( also referred to as the Qatar Bahrain Friendship Bridge ) is a planned causeway between the two Arab states of Qatar and Bahrain .", "The Qatar Bahrain Causeway ( also called the Qatar Bahrain Friendship Bridge ) is a planned causeway between the two Arab states of Qatar and Bahrain ...
[ "Following the 2008 Summer Olympics , Qatar was , along with Saudi Arabia and Brunei , one of only three countries to never have sent a female athlete to the Olympic Games .", "After the 2008 Summer Olympics , Qatar was , along with Saudi Arabia and Brunei , one of only three countries to never send a female athl...
[ "It extends from Ras Tanura and Jubail in the north to Dammam in the south , and from the Persian Gulf in the east to King Fahd International Airport in the west .", "It goes from Ras Tanura and Jubail in the north to Dammam in the south . It is from the Persian Gulf in the east to King Fahd International Airport...
[ "Qatif or Al-Qatif ( '' '' ) is a governorate and urban area located in Eastern Province , Saudi Arabia .", "Qatif or Al-Qatif is a governorate and urban area in Eastern Province , Saudi Arabia ." ]
[ "On November 30 , 2014 Qayyum Chowdhury fell sick while delivering his speech on the fourth-day of Bengal Foundation organized classical music festival in Bangladesh Army Stadium .", "On November 30 , 2014 , Chowdhury fell sick while delivering his speech on the fourth-day of Bengal Foundation organized classical...
[ "Qayyum Chowdhury ( March 9 , 1932 -- November 30 , 2014 ) was a Bangladeshi painter .", ", March 9 , 1932 -- November 30 , 2014 ) was a Bangladeshi painter ." ]
[ "One of his sons , Ali Qazi , is today an active member in the Kurdish movement .", "One of his sons Ali Qazi is today an active member in the kurdish movement ." ]
[ "They were a different breed , living right at the end of the age of dinosaurs . ''", "They were a different breed , living right to the end of the age of dinosaurs '' ." ]
[ "Nicknamed `` Pinocchio rex '' for its long snout in comparison to other known tyrannosaurs , it was discovered in southern China and first published in the journal `` Nature Communications '' in May 2014 .", "Nicknamed ` Pinocchio rex ' for its long snout in comparison to other known tyrannosaurs , it was discov...
[ "Aside from its signature snout , it also had long , narrow teeth , while `` T. rex '' had thick teeth and powerful , deep-set jaws .", "Apart from its signature snout , it also had long , narrow teeth , while `` T. rex '' had thick teeth and powerful , deep-set jaws ." ]
[ "Although we are only starting to learn about them , the long-snouted tyrannosaurs were apparently one of the main groups of predatory dinosaurs in Asia . ''", "Although we are only starting to learn about them , they were apparently one of the main groups of predatory dinosaurs in Asia ." ]
[ "There is currently only one species named , the type species `` Qianzhousaurus sinensis '' .", "So far only one species has been named : the type species `` Qianzhousaurus sinensis '' ." ]
[ "Qiao Shi ( December 1924 -- 14 June 2015 ) was a Chinese politician and one of the top leaders of the Communist Party of China .", "Qiao Shi ( December 1924 -- 14 June 2015 ) was a Chinese politician and a top leader of the Communist Party of China ." ]
[ "He was a contender for the paramount leadership of China , but lost out to his political rival Jiang Zemin , who assumed leadership of the party in 1989 .", "He was a contender for the paramount leadership of China , but lost out to his political rival Jiang Zemin , who assumed the presidency in 1993 ." ]
[ "Qikiqtaaluk Region , Qikiqtani Region ( ) or Baffin Region is an administrative region of Nunavut , Canada .", "Qikiqtaaluk Region or Baffin Region is an administrative region of Nunavut , Canada ." ]
[ "The region consists of Baffin Island , the Belcher Islands , Akimiski Island , Mansel Island , Prince Charles Island , Bylot Island , Devon Island , Cornwallis Island , Bathurst Island , Amund Ringnes Island , Ellef Ringnes Island , Axel Heiberg Island , Ellesmere Island , the Melville Peninsula , the eastern part...
[ "The prison is located at the eastern foothill of Yanshan , facing the North China Plain in the east , north and south .", "The prison is at the eastern foothill of Yanshan , facing the North China Plain in the east , north and south ." ]
[ "Other inmates included many communist cadres who were struggled during Cultural Revolution , such as Bo Yibo , Peng Zhen , Israel Epstein , Sidney Rittenberg and David Crook .", "Other inmates included many communist cadres who were criticized during the Cultural Revolution , such as Bo Yibo , Peng Zhen , Israel...
[ "Famous former inmates include Jiang Qing , Bao Tong , Dai Qing , as well as Tibetan figures such as the 10th Panchen Lama Choekyi Gyaltsen , and Phuntsok Wangyal .", "Famous inmates include Jiang Qing , Bao Tong , Dai Qing , as well as Tibetans such as Choekyi Gyaltsen , the 10th Panchen Lama , and Phuntsok Wang...
[ "The plain is where Qincheng Farm ( ) is located , which is part of the prison .", "The plain is where Qincheng Farm ( 秦城农场 ) is , which is part of the prison ." ]
[ "Qom County ( ) is a county in Qom Province in Iran .", "Qom County ( Persian : قم ) is a county of the Qom Province in Iran ." ]
[ "The Quad City Flames were an ice hockey team that played between 2007 and 2009 .", "The Quad City Flames were a professional ice hockey team that played in the American Hockey League from 2007 to 2009 ." ]
[ "The last captive specimen died in Amsterdam on 12 August 1883 .", "The last captive Quagga died in the Amsterdam Zoo on 12 August 1883 ." ]
[ "Quail is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds generally placed in the order Galliformes .", "Quail is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds in the order Galliformes ." ]
[ "Quake primarily means an earthquake , a shaking of the earth 's surface .", "Quake usually means an earthquake , a shaking of the earth 's surface ." ]
[ "It is the first game in the popular `` Quake '' series .", "It was the first game in the popular `` Quake '' series of video games ." ]
[ "In 2006 there were more than 800 quangos in Ireland , 482 at national and 350 at local level , with a total of 5,784 individual appointees and a combined annual budget of $ 13 billion .", "The Republic of Ireland in 2006 had more than 800 quangos , 482 at national and 350 at local level , with a total of 5,784 i...
[ "The UK government 's definition in 1997 of a non-departmental public body or quango was : Use .", "The UK government 's definition in 1997 of a non-departmental public body or quango was : UK ." ]
[ "In 2005 , Dan Lewis , author of `` The Essential Guide to Quangos '' , claimed that the UK had 529 quangos , many of which were useless and duplicated the work of others .", "In 2005 Dan Lewis , author of `` The Essential Guide to Quangos '' , claimed that many quangos were useless and duplicated the work of oth...
[ "That means that conservation of energy can appear to be violated , but only to allow the creation of virtual particle-antiparticle pairs for an exceedingly short period of time .", "That means that conservation of energy can seem to be violated , but only to allow the creation of virtual particle-antiparticle pa...
[ "In quantum physics , a quantum fluctuation ( or quantum vacuum fluctuation or vacuum fluctuation ) is the temporary change in the amount of energy in a point in space , as explained in Werner Heisenberg 's uncertainty principle .", "A quantum fluctuation is the temporary change in the amount of energy in a point...
[ "Quantum foam ( also referred to as space-time foam ) is a concept in quantum mechanics devised by John Wheeler in 1955 .", "Quantum foam ( or space time foam ) is a concept in quantum mechanics . It was created by John Wheeler in 1955 ." ]
[ "The Quapaw are federally recognized as the Quapaw Tribe of Indians .", "The Quapaw are federally recognized as the `` Quapaw Tribe of Indians '' ." ]
[ "The Quapaw are among the Siouan-speaking peoples west of the Mississippi .", "They are among the Siouan-speaking peoples west of the Mississippi ." ]
[ "The territory and state of Arkansas were named for them , as Europeans first learned their name as the `` Arkansea '' , the term used by the Algonquian-speaking Illini people traders encountered to the east .", "The territory and state was named for them , as Europeans first learned their name as the `` Arkansea...
[ "There are two families of hadrons : baryons , with three valence quarks , and mesons , with a valence quark and an antiquark .", "The two families of hadrons are baryons ( made of three valence quarks ) and mesons ( which are made from a quark and an antiquark ) ." ]
[ "Quartering Act is a name given to a minimum of two Acts of British Parliament in the local governments of the American colonies to provide the British soldiers with any needed accommodations or housing .", "Quartering Act is the name of at least two Acts of British Parliament in the 18th century . These acts ord...
[ "Each of the Quartering Acts was an amendment to the Mutiny Act and required annual renewal by Parliament .", "Each of the Quartering Acts was an amendment to the Mutiny Act . The Parliament to renew them every year ." ]
[ "This crystal oscillator creates a signal with very precise frequency , so that quartz clocks are at least an order of magnitude more accurate than mechanical clocks .", "This crystal oscillator creates a signal with very precise frequency , so that quartz clocks are at least an order of magnitude more accurate t...
[ "Other colors , such as yellow , green , blue and orange , are due to other mineral impurities .", "Other colours , such as yellow and orange , are due to other mineral impurities ." ]
[ "Pure quartzite is usually white to grey , though quartzites often occur in various shades of pink and red due to varying amounts of iron oxide ( Fe2O3 ) .", "Although pure quartzite is white , it usually occurs in shades of pink and red . This happens when it contains some iron oxide ( Fe2O3 ) ." ]
[ "This mechanism also explains why quasars were more common in the early universe , as this energy production ends when the supermassive black hole consumes all of the gas and dust near it .", "This mechanism explains why quasars were more common in the early universe , as this energy production ends when the supe...
[ "This means that it is possible that most galaxies , including our own Milky Way , have gone through an active stage , appearing as a quasar or some other class of active galaxy that depended on the black hole mass and the accretion rate , and are now quiescent because they lack a supply of matter to feed into thei...
[ "Their spectra contain very broad emission lines , unlike any known from stars , hence the name `` quasi-stellar . ''", "On the other hand , their spectra had very broad emission lines , unlike any known from stars , hence `` quasi-stellar '' ." ]