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[ "It is oval shaped , 189 meters ( 615 ft \\/ 640 Roman feet ) long , and 156 meters ( 510 ft \\/ 528 Roman feet ) wide . It covers an area of 6 a. The outer wall is 48 meters ( 157 ft \\/ 165 Roman feet ) high .", "It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters ( 615 ft \\/ 640 Roman feet ) long , and 156 meters ( 51...
[ "The last record of gladiator fights is about 435 , while animal hunts continued until at least 523 .", "The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century , with gladiatorial fights last mentioned around 435 . Animal hunts continued until at least 523 , when Anicius Maximus celebrated his cons...
[ "About 1200 , the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and made it into a castle .", "Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it , apparently using it as a castle ." ]
[ "In 1671 Cardinal Altieri said it could be used for bullfights .", "In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights ; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned ." ]
[ "Dio Cassius said that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the opening games .", "Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre ." ]
[ "The underground area was partly dug out in 1810 â `` 1814 and 1874 . This digging was finished by Benito Mussolini in the 1930s .", "The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810 â `` 1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s ." ]
[ "The building of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian in around 70 â `` 72AD .", "Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian in around 70 â `` 72 AD ." ]
[ "Usually in Roman cities , the amphitheatres were built on the edge of the city . The Colosseum was built in the city center ; in effect , placing it in the real and symbolic heart of Rome .", "In contrast to many other amphitheatres , which were located on the outskirts of a city , the Colosseum was constructed ...
[ "The faà ade was made stronger with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827 . The inside was repaired in 1831 , 1846 and in the 1930s .", "The faà ade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827 , and the interior was repaired in 1831 , 1846 and in the 1930s ." ]
[ "The Colosseum went through big changes of use during the medieval period .", "The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period ." ]
[ "He built a grand palace , the Domus Aurea which had a lake , gardens , paths covered with a roof held up by columns ( porticoes ) , and large shelters ( pavilions ) to sit in .", "He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site , in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions , gardens an...
[ "Schools for gladiators and other buildings were put up in the old gardens of the Domus Aurea .", "Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea ." ]
[ "In 217 , the Colosseum was badly damaged by fire . Dio Cassius said the fire was started by lightning .", "In 217 , the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire ( caused by lightning , according to Dio Cassius ) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre 's interior ." ]
[ "The area was flat , in a valley between the Caelian , Esquiline and Palatine Hills .", "The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian , Esquiline and Palatine Hills , through which a canalised stream ran ." ]
[ "The top level was finished and the building opened by his son , Titus , in 80 .", "The top level was finished and the building inaugurated by his son , Titus , in 80 ." ]
[ "The arena was used as a cemetery .", "The arena was converted into a cemetery ." ]
[ "He had the Aqua Claudia aqueduct made longer to supply water to the area . There was also a big bronze statue of Nero , the Colossus of Nero , at the front of the Domus Aurea .", "The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearb...
[ "Most of the Domus Aurea was torn down .", "Although the Colossus was preserved , much of the Domus Aurea was torn down ." ]
[ "The building was changed by Vespasian 's younger son , Emperor Domitian . He added the hypogeum , underground tunnels used to hold the animals and slaves used in the games .", "The building was remodelled further under Vespasian 's younger son , the newly designated Emperor Domitian , who constructed the hypogeu...
[ "The north side of the outside wall is still standing . It has triangular brick wedges at each end , added in the early 1800 's to hold up the wall .", "The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing ; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions , having been constructed in th...
[ "The distance around the building was 545 meters ( 1,788 ft \\/ 1,835 Roman feet ) .", "The perimeter originally measured 545 meters ( 1,788 ft \\/ 1,835 Roman feet ) ." ]
[ "Carter was born in Plains , Georgia . He was a state senator and later the governor of Georgia .", "Before he became President , Carter served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia ( 1971 â `` 1975 ) , and was a peanut farmer and naval officer ." ]
[ "James Earl `` Jimmy '' Carter , Jr. ( born October 1 , 1924 ) was the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 .", "James Earl `` Jimmy '' Carter , Jr. ( born October 1 , 1924 ) served as the 39th President of the United States ( 1977 â `` 1981 ) and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize ,...
[ "Chà cents teau-Gaillard is a commune .", "Chà cents teau-Gaillard is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France ." ]
[ "Port Richey is a city in Florida , United States .", "The City of Port Richey is served by the Port Richey Police Dept. and The Port Richey Fire Dept. ." ]
[ "On October 31 , 2007 , the Islamic nationalists news agency Chechen-press reported that the President of Ichkeria Doka Umarov had proclaimed an Emirate in the Caucasus and declared himself its Emir , thereby abolishing the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and its presidency .", "On October 31 , 2007 , the separatist...
[ "The Caucasus Emirate Cyrillic alphabet : Ð Ð 1\\/4 Ð Ñ Ð Ñ Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Imarat Kavkaz , also known as the Caucasian Emirate is a self-proclaimed virtual state entity , successor to the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and was officially announced on October 31 , 2007 by former President of Ichkeria Dokka Umarov .", "...
[ "Sullivan is a city of Indiana in the United States .", "Sullivan is a city in Hamilton Township , Sullivan County , Indiana , United States ." ]
[ "Humans , and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet , are plantigrade ; hoofed animals are unguligrade .", "Humans , and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet , are described as being plantigrade ; unguligrade animals are those that walk on hooves at the tips of their toes ." ]
[ "Toes are the digits of the foot of an animal .", "Toes are the digits of the foot of a tetrapod ." ]
[ "The inside toe is by far the thickest , and is called the big toe , great toe , or hallux .", "A sprain or strain to the small interphalangeal joints of the toe is commonly called a stubbed toe . A sprain or strain where the toe joins to the foot is called turf toe ." ]
[ "Many animal species walk on their toes , and are called digitigrade .", "Animal species such as cats that walk on their toes are described as being digitigrade ." ]
[ "There are two islands , called Big Diomede . and Little Diomede respectively .", "The islands are sometimes called Tomorrow Island ( Big Diomede ) and Yesterday Isle ( Little Diomede ) because the time in Big Diomede is 20 hours ( approximately a day ) ahead of Little Diomede ." ]
[ "Little Diomede has an Inupiat Eskimo population of 170 , mostly in the City of Diomede .", "Little Diomede has an Inupiat Inuit population of 170 , mostly in the city of Diomede ." ]
[ "This village there has a school , and a local store .", "This village has a school and a store ." ]
[ "They Chukchi Sea is to the north and the Bering Sea to the south of the islands .", "The Diomede Islands are located in the middle of the Bering Strait between mainland Alaska and Siberia , with the Chukchi Sea to the north and the Bering Sea to the south ." ]
[ "Some eskimos there are famous for their ivory carving .", "Some Inuit residents are famous for their ivory carving ." ]
[ "The islands are separated by an international border and the International Date Line which is approximately 1 k from each island .", "The islands are separated by an international border as well as the International Date Line which is approximately 2 k from each island ." ]
[ "Mail is delivered by helicopter , weather permitting .", "Passenger travel and mail delivery is by helicopter , weather permitting ." ]
[ "There are plans to build a connection between Siberia and Alaska , either as a bridge or a tunnel ( Bering Strait bridge spanning the Bering Strait ) . In that case , the Diomede Island would be a halfway point , as they are about the middle of the Bering Strait .", "The Diomede Islands are often mentioned as li...
[ "The people who lived on Big Diomede Island were moved to mainland Russia by the Soviet government . A small Russian military base is currently on the island .", "The native population of Big Diomede Island was relocated by the Soviet government to mainland Russia and the island is currently home to a small Russi...
[ "9.3 m to the southeast is Fairway Rock , an islet which is usually not considered part of the Diomede Islands .", "9.3 k to the southeast is Fairway Rock , which is generally not considered part of the Diomede Islands ." ]
[ "At the closest distance between Little Diomede and Big Diomede , the two islands are only about 4 k apart .", "At the closest distance between Little Diomede and Big Diomede , the two islands are about 3.8 k apart ." ]
[ "People who live on Little Diomede Island do so in a small village called Diomede , on the west side of the island .", "The small habitation on Little Diomede Island is centered to the west side of the island at the village of Diomede ." ]
[ "Jouaignes is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .", "Jouaignes is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France ." ]
[ "This was also performed with Garfunkel under the name `` Simon and Garfunkel .", "Columbia decided that the two would be called simply `` Simon & Garfunkel , '' a replacement for the group 's previous name `` Tom and Jerry . '' Simon claimed in 2003 that this renaming as `` Simon & Garfunkel '' was the first tim...
[ "In 2006 , Time said that he was one of the 100 people who shape our world .", "In 2006 , Simon was selected by Time Magazine as one of the `` 100 People Who Shaped the World . ''" ]
[ "He became famous as a member of Simon and Garfunkel , with his friend , Art Garfunkel .", "Occasionally , he and Garfunkel did reunite , such as in 1975 for their Top Ten single `` My Little Town '' , which Simon originally wrote for Garfunkel , claiming Garfunkel 's solo output was lacking `` bite . '' The song...
[ "The district consists of two sub-divisions or Tehsils which contain a total of 20 Union Councils :", "The district consists of two sub-divisions or Tehsils , containing 20 in total . Union Councils :" ]
[ "Battagram obtained the status of district in July 1993 when it was upgraded from a Tehsil and separated from Mansehra District by an executive order .", "Battagram obtained the status of district in July 1993 when it was upgraded from a Tehsil and separated from Mansehra District ." ]
[ "It has geographical borders with Kohistan District , Tribal Area of Kala Dhaka ( Black Mountain of Hazara ) , Shangla District and Malakand Division .", "It has geographical borders with Kohistan District , the Tribal Area of Kala Dhaka ( Black Mountain of Hazara ) , Shangla District and Malakand Division ." ]
[ "Battagram obtained the status of district in July 1993 when it was upgraded from a Tehsil and separated from Mansehra District by an executive order , Mr. Yousaf Khan Trand ( Late provincianal Minister in Mir Afzal Khan Cabinet N.W.F. P ) Was the leader who Strugle for Battagram and Make it a separate district , b...
[ "Certain technologies such as RAID 6 try to address this issue , but they suffer from a very high write penalty , in other words writing data becomes very slow .", "Double protection schemes such as RAID 6 are attempting to address this issue , but suffer from a very high write penalty ." ]
[ "Hardware RAID controllers are often expensive to buy .", "Hardware RAID controllers are expensive and proprietary ." ]
[ "An error that occurs during the process of writing may therefore leave the redundant copies in different states . What is worse , it may leave the copies in neither the old nor the new state .", "Hence an error that occurs during the process of writing may leave the redundant copies in different states , and fur...
[ "This means that a RAID built with one hardware RAID controller can not be rebuilt by another RAID controller of a different manufacturer . Hardware RAID controllers are often expensive to buy .", "A hardware implementation of RAID requires at least a special-purpose RAID controller ." ]
[ "Some motherboards have RAID functions for the disks attached ; most often , these RAID functions are done as hardware-assisted RAID .", "Firmware controllers often can only use certain types of hard drives in their RAID arrays ( e.g. SATA for Intel Matrix RAID ) , as there is neither SCSI nor PATA support in mod...
[ "This adds both the time to replace a failed disk mechanism as well as time to re-build the array ( i.e. to replicate data for redundancy ) .", "This includes time to replace a failed disk mechanism as well as time to re-build the array ( i.e. to replicate data for redundancy ) ." ]
[ "This means that drive failures are no longer statistically independent .", "Since many drive failures are due to mechanical issues which are more likely on older drives , this violates those assumptions and failures are in fact statistically correlated ." ]
[ "With RAID 0 , disks are simply put together to make a large disk .", "Only RAID 1 stores all data on each disk . Although it may depend on the controller , some RAID 1 disks can be read as a single conventional disk ." ]
[ "It is possible to calculate how often a piece of equipment can fail and to arrange the array to make data loss very improbable .", "Given these assumptions it is possible to calculate how often they can fail and to arrange the array to make data loss arbitrarily improbable ." ]
[ "The calculations for RAID 0 or RAID 1 are simple . However , the calculations for RAID 5 , RAID 6 , or one of the combined RAID levels can be a lot of work .", "When the top array is a RAID 0 ( such as in RAID 10 and RAID 50 ) most vendors omit the '' + '' , though RAID 5 +0 is clearer ." ]
[ "RAID is an acronym that stands for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks or Redundant Array of Independent Disks .", "RAID , an acronym for Redundant Array of Independent Disks ( Changed from its original term Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks ) , is a technology that provides increased storage functions and r...
[ "This means that a RAID built with one hardware RAID controller can not be rebuilt by another RAID controller of a different manufacturer .", "However , this allows RAID disks to be moved from one computer to a computer with an operating system or file system of the same type , which can be more difficult when us...
[ "Like RAID 1 , it only uses two disks , but it does both striping and mirroring ( similar to RAID 10 ) .", "RAID 5 and other non-mirror-based arrays offer a lower degree of resiliency than RAID 10 by virtue of RAID 10 's mirroring strategy . In a RAID 10 , I\\/O can continue even in spite of multiple drive failur...
[ "For this reason , all disks used by a RAID 0 should be the same size .", "The physical disks are said to be in a RAID array , which is addressed by the operating system as one single disk . The different schemes or architectures are named by the word RAID followed by a number ( e.g. , RAID 0 , RAID 1 ) ." ]
[ "This is a mix between hardware RAID and software RAID .", "Software RAID has advantages and disadvantages compared to hardware RAID ." ]
[ "In 1988 , the different types of RAID ( 1 to 5 ) , were written about by David Patterson , Garth Gibson and Randy Katz in their article , called `` A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks ( RAID ) '' .", "The term RAID was first defined by David A. Patterson , Garth A. Gibson and Randy Katz at the Unive...
[ "In the case of Software RAID , the disks are connected like normal hard disks . It is the computer that makes the RAID work .", "The elements of a RAID may be either individual disks or RAIDs themselves ." ]
[ "With RAID , several hard disks are made into one logical disk .", "The physical disks are said to be in a RAID array , which is addressed by the operating system as one single disk ." ]
[ "Very few storage systems allow atomic write semantics .", "While the software may also log some delta information elsewhere , it expects the storage to present `` atomic write semantics , '' meaning that the write of the data either occurred in its entirety or did not occur at all . However , very few storage sy...
[ "When an object is written to disk , a RAID storage device will usually be writing all copies of the object in parallel . Very often , there is only one processor responsible for writing the data .", "Note that during the act of writing an object , a RAID storage device will usually be writing all redundant copie...
[ "Using a battery-backed write cache can solve this problem , but only in a power failure scenario .", "While the battery-backed write cache may partially solve the problem , it is applicable only to a power failure scenario ." ]
[ "Consequently a non-disk hardware failure may require using identical hardware , or a backup , to recover the data .", "Consequently a non-disk hardware failure may require the use of identical hardware to recover the data , and furthermore an identical configuration has to be reassembled without triggering a reb...
[ "In practice , however , the drives were often bought together . They have roughly the same age , and have been used similarly ( called wear ) .", "In practice , the drives are often the same age , with similar wear , and subject to the same environment ." ]
[ "RAID 6 is slower than RAID 5 , but it allows the RAID to continue with any two disks failed .", "What causes RAID 5 to be slightly slower than RAID 10 on sustained reads is the fact that RAID 5 has parity data interleaved within normal data ." ]
[ "Microsoft introduced transaction tracking via the journalling feature in NTFS .", "Microsoft introduced transaction tracking via the journaling feature in NTFS ." ]
[ "Certain systems can do periodic battery checks , but these use the battery itself , and leave it in a state where it is not fully charged .", "Some disk systems provide the capability of testing the battery periodically , however this leaves the system without a fully charged battery for several hours ." ]
[ "This happens at about 1 bit in 1015 in enterprise-class disk drives , and 1 bit in 1014 in ordinary disk drives .", "The UBE ( Unrecoverable Bit Error ) rate is typically specified at 1 bit in 1015 for enterprise class disk drives ( SCSI , FC , SAS ) , and 1 bit in 1014 for desktop class disk drives ( IDE\\/ATA\...
[ "This is like RAID 5 .", "If a database is expected to be strongly write-biased , RAID 5 becomes the more attractive option , since RAID 5 does not suffer from the same write handicap inherent in RAID 10 ; all spindles in a RAID 5 can be utilized to write simultaneously , whereas only half the members of a RAID 1...
[ "However , any power outage can then mean a significant data loss of any data queued in such a cache .", "A power outage or system hang such as a BSOD can mean a significant loss of any data queued in such a cache ." ]
[ "NetApp WAFL file system solves it by never updating the data in place , as does ZFS .", "The journaling in NetApp WAFL file system gives atomicity by never updating the data in place , as does ZFS ." ]
[ "A RAID 5 with a failed disk will continue to work .", "If a database is expected to be strongly write-biased , RAID 5 becomes the more attractive option , since RAID 5 does not suffer from the same write handicap inherent in RAID 10 ; all spindles in a RAID 5 can be utilized to write simultaneously , whereas onl...
[ "The error correction mechanism in RAID assumes that failures of drives are independent .", "The theory behind the error correction in RAID assumes that failures of drives are independent ." ]
[ "This solution can still fail , though : the battery may have worn out , the power may have been off for too long , the disks could be moved to another controller , the controller itself could fail .", "This solution still has potential failure cases : the battery may have worn out , the power may be off for too ...
[ "Hardware-assisted RAID uses a special controller chip ( like hardware RAID ) , but this chip can not do many operations .", "Hardware RAID controllers are expensive and proprietary . To fill this gap , cheap `` RAID controllers '' were introduced that do not contain a RAID controller chip , but simply a standard...
[ "In practice , there is a chance that a second disk will also fail before the first has been recovered . This means that data loss can occur at significant rates , in practice .", "In practice then , the chances of a second failure before the first has been recovered is not nearly as unlikely as might be supposed...
[ "Logging relies on the original data being either in the old or the new state , though . This permits backing out the logical change , but few storage systems provide an atomic write semantic on a RAID disk .", "The little known failure mode is that delta logging relies on the original data being either in the ol...
[ "It uses two or three disks , and then partitions them equally to form a combination of RAID 0 , RAID 1 , RAID 5 or RAID 1 +0 levels .", "Whether an array runs as RAID 0 +1 or RAID 1 +0 in practice is often determined by the evolution of the storage system . A RAID controller might support upgrading a RAID 1 arra...
[ "RAID 6 uses two parity blocks .", "Many RAID levels employ an error protection scheme called `` parity '' . Most use the simple XOR parity described in this section , but RAID 6 uses two separate parities based respectively on addition and multiplication in a particular Galois Field ." ]
[ "The unrecoverable bit error rate ( UBE ) tells how long a disk drive will be unable to recover data after using cyclic redundancy check ( CRC ) codes and multiple retries .", "; Unrecoverable bit error rate ( UBE ) : This is the rate at which a disk drive will be unable to recover data after application of cycli...
[ "The disk formats on different RAID controllers are not necessarily compatible . It may therefore not be possible to read a RAID on different hardware .", "The methods used to store data by various RAID controllers are not necessarily compatible , so that it may not be possible to read a RAID array on different h...
[ "In addition to the normal RAID levels 0-6 , it also has a RAID 10 implementation . Since Kernel 2.6.9 , RAID 10 is a single level .", "Additionally , the time required to rebuild data on a hot spare in a RAID 10 is significantly less than RAID 5 , in that all the remaining spindles in a RAID 5 rebuild must parti...
[ "Transactional support is not present in all hardware RAID controllers . Therefore many operating systems include it to protect against data loss during an interrupted write .", "Since transactional support is not universally present in hardware RAID , many operating systems include transactional support to prote...
[ "Mean time to data loss of a given RAID may be higher or lower than that of its hard disks . This depends on the type of RAID used .", "Mean time to data loss of a given RAID may be higher or lower than that of its constituent hard drives , depending upon what type of RAID is employed ." ]
[ "The read performance of RAID 5 is almost as good as RAID 0 for the same number of disks .", "What causes RAID 5 to be slightly slower than RAID 10 on sustained reads is the fact that RAID 5 has parity data interleaved within normal data . For every read pass in RAID 5 , there is a probability that a read head ma...
[ "A RAID can be made with software in two different ways .", "Software RAID has advantages and disadvantages compared to hardware RAID . The software must run on a host server attached to storage , and server 's processor must dedicate processing time to run the RAID software ." ]
[ "The calculations for RAID 0 or RAID 1 are simple .", "The different schemes or architectures are named by the word RAID followed by a number ( e.g. , RAID 0 , RAID 1 ) ." ]
[ "The disk system can acknowledge the write operation as soon as the data is in the cache . It does not need to wait until the data has been physically written .", "The disk system can acknowledge the write operation as soon as the data is in the cache , not waiting for the data to be physically written ." ]
[ "T.S.V. 1860 MÃ 1\\/4 nchen is a football club which plays in Germany .", "Turn - und Sportverein MÃ 1\\/4 nchen von 1860 , commonly known as TSV 1860 MÃ 1\\/4 nchen or 1860 Munich , is a German sports club based in Munich , Bavaria ." ]