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[ "These reflections are due to a silver stripe that runs along the length of the fish from the base of the caudal fin .", "Anchovies are small , green fish with blue reflections due to a silver longitudinal stripe that runs from the base of the caudal fin ." ]
[ "The anchovy is a good food source for almost every predatory fish in its environment , including the California halibut , rock fish , yellowtail , sharks , chinook , and coho salmon .", "The anchovy is a significant food source for almost every predatory fish in its environment , including the California halibut...
[ "In Roman times , they were the base for the fermented fish sauce called garum that was a staple of cuisine and an item of long-distance commerce produced in industrial quantities .", "In Roman times , they were the base for the fermented fish sauce called garum that was a staple of cuisine and an item of long-di...
[ "It is maximum nine inches in length and body shape is variable with more slender fish in northern populations .", "They range from 2 c to 40 c in adult length , and the body shape is variable with more slender fish in northern populations ." ]
[ "Anchovies can concentrate domoic acid which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning .", "Anchovies can concentrate domoic acid , which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans , sea mammals , and birds ." ]
[ "The European anchovy , Engraulis encrasicolus , is the anchovy of commerce . Morocco now leads the world in canned anchovies .", "The European anchovy , Engraulis encrasicolus , is the main commercial anchovy , with Morocco being the largest supplier of canned anchovies ." ]
[ "In English-speaking countries , alici are sometimes called `` white anchovies '' , and are often served in a weak vinegar marinade . This particular preservation method is associated with the coastal town of Collioure in south east France .", "In English-speaking countries , alici are sometimes called `` white a...
[ "They are also eaten by humans .", "Anchovies are also eaten by humans ." ]
[ "Also located there is Jamaica Station .", "Under British rule , the Village of Jamaica became the center of the `` Town of Jamaica '' ." ]
[ "Sandro Mazzola ( born 8 November 1942 ) is a former Italian football player .", "Alessandro ( `` Sandro '' ) Mazzola ( born 8 November 1942 in Turin , Piedmont ) is an Italian former football player ." ]
[ "Astley recorded `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' in 1987 on his album Whenever You Need Somebody .", "Astley recorded `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' on his 1987 album Whenever You Need Somebody ." ]
[ "On April Fools ' Day 2008 and the weeks after , many instances of Rickrolling showed up on the internet , and news media .", "On April Fools ' Day 2008 and the following weeks , numerous seemingly uncoordinated instances of rickrolling appeared on the Internet , and news media ." ]
[ "It was also Astley 's first music video which features him performing the song while dancing .", "As a means of promoting the song , it was also made into Astley 's first music video , which features him performing the song while dancing ." ]
[ "All of the featured videos on Youtube 's main page hyperlinked to the Rickroll .", "All of the featured videos on YouTube 's front page hyperlinked to the rickroll ." ]
[ "Rickrolling is said to have began as a spin-off of an earlier prank called duckrolling . , which was when a link was supposed to lead to a picture or news story but would really link to an edited picture of a duck on wheels .", "Rickrolling is said to have begun as a variant of an earlier prank from the imageboa...
[ "The victim was then said to have been duckrolled .", "The user at that point is said to have been `` duckrolled . ''" ]
[ "This song was his debut single and was a Number One hit for him on many international charts like the Billboard Hot 100 , Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and UK Top 40 charts .", "The song , his solo debut single , was a number one hit on several international charts , including the Billboard Hot 100 , Hot Adult C...
[ "On October 27 , 2008 , at the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade , Astley himself performed a live rickroll . He came out during the singing of `` Best Friends '' by the cast of Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends and sang `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' .", "On November 27 , 2008 , Astley participated in a live ric...
[ "A poll in April 2008 by SurveyUSA guessed or estimated that at least 18 million American adults had been rickrolled .", "An April 2008 poll by SurveyUSA estimated that at least 18 million American adults had been rickrolled ." ]
[ "The prank showed up on international YouTube portals before showing up on the main page .", "The prank began with international YouTube portals before appearing on the main site ." ]
[ "Vicente RodrÃ guez ( born 16 July 1981 ) is a Spanish football player . He plays for Valencia .", "Vicente RodrÃ guez GuillÃ n ( ; born 16 July 1981 in Valencia ) , simply Vicente , nicknamed El puÃ al de Benicalap ( The dagger of Benicalap ) , is a Spanish footballer who plays for Valencia CF in La Liga ." ]
[ "Sota Nakazawa ( born 26 October 1982 ) is a Japanese football player . He plays for Gamba Osaka .", "Sota Nakazawa is a Japanese football player currently playing for Gamba Osaka ." ]
[ "The publication of the Seth books established her as an important person in the world of the paranormal .", "Her publication of the Seth texts , known as the `` Seth Material '' , established her as one of the preeminent figures in the world of paranormal phenomena ." ]
[ "Jane Roberts ( May 8 , 1929 â `` September 5 , 1984 ) was an American author , psychic and trance medium who `` channeled '' a spirit named Seth .", "Jane Roberts ( May 8 , 1929 -- September 5 , 1984 ) was an American author , poet , psychic and spirit medium , who said she had `` channeled '' a personality she ...
[ "Glenns Ferry is a city of Idaho in the United States .", "Glenns Ferry is a city in Elmore County , Idaho , United States ." ]
[ "Anal Cunt are an American grindcore band , originating in Newton , Massachusetts .", "Anal Cunt , also known as AxCx and A.C. , is an American grindcore band that formed in Newton , Massachusetts in 1988 ." ]
[ "As in all provinces on the Dominican Republic-Haiti border , there is little economic development .", "As in all border provinces in the Dominican Republic , there is little economic development ." ]
[ "DajabÃ n is bordered to the north by the Monte Cristi province , to the east by the Santiago RodrÃ guez province and to the south by the ElÃ as PiÃ a province .", "It is located in the northwestern part of the country , and is surrounded by the provinces Monte Cristi ( north ) , Santiago RodrÃ guez ( east ) and ...
[ "The following table shows the municipalities with their populations in the 2002 census .", "The following is a sortable table of the municipalities and municipal districts with population figures as of the 2002 census ." ]
[ "To the west DajabÃ n borders the Republic of Haiti .", "To the west , DajabÃ n borders the Republic of Haiti ." ]
[ "It was created on 1938 with the name Province Libertador . It got its present name in 1961 .", "It was split from Monte Cristi province in 1938 , and was called Libertador until 1961 ." ]
[ "Its capital city has the same name , DajabÃ n.", "Its capital city is also called DajabÃ n." ]
[ "There are five municipalities and four municipal districts in the province .", "The province as of June 20 2006 is divided into the following municipalities ( municipios ) and municipal districts ( distrito municipal - D.M. ) within them :" ]
[ "The only important river in the province is the River DajabÃ n , also known as Masacre ( from French Massacre ) .", "The only important river in the province is the DajabÃ n River , also known as Masacre ( from French Massacre ) ." ]
[ "DajabÃ n is a Dominican province ; it is located in the northwestern part of the country , on the border with Haiti .", "DajabÃ n is a province of the Dominican Republic , on the border with Haiti ." ]
[ "The province takes the name from the TaÃ no name of the region , Dahaboon ; it was also the name of the main river of the region ( the River DajabÃ n ) .", "The province takes its name from the TaÃ no name of the region , Dahaboon ; it was also the name of the main river of the region ( the DajabÃ n River ) ." ]
[ "Rice and bananas are produced in the northern part of the province , and cattle raising is important around the city of DajabÃ n.", "Rice and banana are produced in the northern part of the province , and cattle raising is important in the savannas around the city of DajabÃ n." ]
[ "The trade with Haiti is very important , mostly in the city of DajabÃ n. On the mountains , coffee and beans are important products .", "The trade with Haiti is important , mostly in the city of DajabÃ n. On the mountains , production of coffee and beans is an important activity ." ]
[ "The idea of courtly love can be found in a lot of literature of that time , e.g. in works by Geoffrey Chaucer , Dante , Gottfried von Strassburg , Walther von der Vogelweide , Wolfram von Eschenbach , Malory and William Shakespeare .", "This French tradition spread later to the German MinnesÃ nger , such as Walt...
[ "( ( Image : KT Tunstall Seattle 2010 . jpg thumb ( 480x600 ) px right KT Tunstall ) ) Katherine Victoria `` Katie '' Tunstall , also known as KT Tunstall , is a Scottish singer and songwriter .", "Sounds of the Season : The KT Tunstall Holiday Collection contains six exclusive tracks :" ]
[ "Gianni Rodari ( October 23 , 1920 in Omegna ( Novara ) - April 14 , 1980 in Rome ) was an Italian writer . He was famous for his books for children .", "Gianni Rodari ( 23 October 1920 - 14 April 1980 ) was an Italian writer and journalist , most famous for his books for children ." ]
[ "A conurbation is an urban area that includes a number of cities , towns and villages which , through population growth and expansion , have physically merged to form one continuous built up area .", "A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities , large towns , and other urban areas that , through popu...
[ "Koya Shimizu ( born 15 June 1982 ) is a Japanese football player . He plays for Tokyo Verdy .", "Koya Shimizu is a Japanese football player currently playing for Tokyo Verdy ." ]
[ "Craig Bellamy ( born 13 July 1979 ) is a Welsh football player . He plays for Manchester City and Wales national team .", "Craig Douglas Bellamy ( born 13 July 1979 in Cardiff , Wales ) is a Welsh footballer who currently plays as a striker for Cardiff City on loan from Manchester City ." ]
[ "In 1978 , he married his college friend Cindy Costner . ( Cindy Costner later played a role in `` Dances with Wolves '' ) .", "Kevin Costner became interested in acting while in college , and on graduation married Cindy Silva ." ]
[ "Chiasso is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .", "Chiasso ( , or commonly ( Ë kjaË so ) ; in Lombard : Ciass ( tÊ as ) ) is a municipality in the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland ." ]
[ "Guillermo Franco ( born 3 November 1976 ) is a Mexican football player .", "Guillermo Luis Franco Farquarson ( born 3 November 1976 ) is a Argentine-born Mexican football striker who plays for VÃ lez SÃ rsfield ." ]
[ "Super Bowl XXXVI was an Super Bowl game played on February 3 , 2002 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana .", "Super Bowl XXXVI was an American football game played on February 3 , 2002 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion f...
[ "It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the VendÃ e department in the west of France .", "Moreilles is a commune in the VendÃ e department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France ." ]
[ "Martragny is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .", "Martragny is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France ." ]
[ "Before 1968 it was part of the Province of Udine .", "The territory was carved out of the Province of Udine in 1968 ." ]
[ "The Province of Pordenone is a province in the autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia in Italy .", "The Province of Pordenone is a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy ." ]
[ "In cryptography , a permutation box ( or P-box ) is a method of bit-shuffling used to permute or transpose bits ( rearrange or swap the order of bits ) across S-boxes inputs , maintaining diffusion while transposing .", "In cryptography , a permutation box ( or P-box ) is a method of bit-shuffling used to permut...
[ "Ian MacKaye , Jeff Nelson , bassist Brian Baker , and guitarist Lyle Preslar formed Minor Threat in 1980 .", "After that band broke up , MacKaye decided to switch from bass guitar to vocals , and organized Minor Threat with drummer Nelson , bassist Brian Baker , and guitarist Lyle Preslar ." ]
[ "Their first records were Minor Threat and In My Eyes in 1981 .", "The band 's first 7 '' EPs , Minor Threat and In My Eyes , were released in 1981 ." ]
[ "Minor Threat was hardcore punk band from Washington DC from the 1980s .", "Along with the fellow Washington , D.C. hardcore band Bad Brains and California band Black Flag , Minor Threat set the standard for many hardcore punk bands in the 1980s and 1990s ." ]
[ "The group toured through the United States .", "The group became popular regionally , and toured the United States East Coast and Midwest ." ]
[ "All of Minor Threat 's records were released on the band 's own Dischord Records label .", "All of Minor Threat 's records were released on Ian MacKaye and Jeff Nelson 's own label , Dischord Records ." ]
[ "Etzgen is a municipality of the district Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .", "Etzgen was a municipality in the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland ." ]
[ "Juanele ( born 10 April , 1971 ) is a former Spanish football player .", "Juan CastaÃ o QuirÃ s , aka Juanele ( born 10 April 1971 in GijÃ n , Asturias ) , is a retired Spanish footballer who played as a forward ." ]
[ "Hulluch is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .", "Hulluch is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France ." ]
[ "Leon Redbone is an American singer who was born on August 26 , 1949 . He is a singer and guitarist .", "Leon Redbone ( born Dickran Gobalian , August 26 , 1949 ) is a singer and guitarist specializing in interpretations of early 20th-century music , including jazz and blues standards and Tin Pan Alley classics ....
[ "Giuseppe Rossi ( born 1 February 1987 ) is an Italian football player . He plays for Villarreal and Italy national team .", "Giuseppe Rossi ( born 1 February 1987 ) is an American-born Italian footballer who plays as a striker for Spanish club Villarreal CF and the Italian national team ." ]
[ "This idea was called biopoiesis , the process of living matter evolving from self-replicating but nonliving molecules .", "This idea was called biopoiesis or biopoesis , the process of living matter evolving from self-replicating but nonliving molecules ." ]
[ "Besides the necessary basic organic monomers , compounds that would have prohibited the formation of polymers were formed in high concentration during the experiments .", "Besides the necessary basic organic monomers , compounds that would have prohibited the formation of polymers were formed in high concentrati...
[ "From the 17th century onwards it was gradually shown that , at least in the case of all the higher and readily visible organisms , the previous ideas were false .", "It was gradually shown that , at least in the case of all the higher and readily visible organisms , the previous sentiment regarding spontaneous g...
[ "The most crucial unanswered challenge is how the relatively simple organic building blocks form more complex structures , and form a protocell .", "More fundamentally , it can be argued that the most crucial challenge unanswered by this theory is how the relatively simple organic building blocks polymerise and f...
[ "One such approach , attempted by Craig Venter and others at The Institute for Genomic Research , involves engineering existing prokaryotic cells with progressively fewer genes , attempting to discern at which point the most minimal requirements for life were reached .", "One such approach , successfully attempte...
[ "Despite this , the environment that existed in the Hadean was hostile to life , but how much so is not known .", "Despite this , the Hadean environment was one highly hazardous to life ." ]
[ "The date of the zircon crystals found in the metamorphosed quartzite of Mount Narryer in Western Australia , has been pushed to 4.404 billion years . Beforehand , they were thought to be 4.1 â `` 4.2 billion years old .", "This has been supported by Wilde who has pushed the date of the zircon crystals found in t...
[ "Carbon entering into rock formations has a concentration of elemental Î 13C of about â ' 5.5 , where because of a preferential biotic uptake of 12C , biomass has a Î 13C of between â 20 and â ' 30 .", "Carbon entering into rock formations has a ratio of Carbon-13 ( 13C ) to Carbon-12 ( 12C ) of about â ' 5.5 ( ...
[ "Mars continued to cool faster and eventually became hostile to the continued evolution or even existence of life ( it lost its atmosphere due to low volcanism ) , Earth is following the same fate as Mars , but at a slower rate .", "Mars continued to cool faster and eventually became hostile to the continued evol...
[ "He went on to explain that `` at the present day such matter would be instantly devoured or absorbed , which would not have been the case before living creatures were formed '' .", "He went on to explain that `` at the present day such matter would be instantly devoured or absorbed , which would not have been th...
[ "It was once thought that a large amount of molecular oxygen was present in the prebiotic atmosphere , which would have stopped the formation of organic molecules ; however , this is not the case .", "It was once thought that appreciable amounts of molecular oxygen were present in the prebiotic atmosphere , which...
[ "A number of theories of modes of formation have been put forward .", "A number of hypotheses of modes of formation have been put forward ." ]
[ "This means that oceans and continental crust existed within 150 million years of Earth 's formation .", "This means that oceans and continental crust existed within 150 Ma of Earth 's formation ." ]
[ "Clay theory postulates that complex organic molecules arose gradually on a pre-existing non-organic platform , namely , silicate crystals in solution .", "Clay theory postulates that complex organic molecules arose gradually on a pre-existing , non-organic replication platformâ '' silicate crystals in solution ....
[ "An article in a scientific publication suggests that seven different amino acids and 11 types of nucleobases formed in ice when ammonia and cyanide were left in a freezer from 1972 â `` 1997 .", "An article in Discover Magazine points to research by the Miller group indicating the formation of seven different am...
[ "The RNA world hypothesis suggests that relatively short RNA molecules could have spontaneously formed that were capable of catalyzing their own continuing replication .", "The RNA world hypothesis describes an early Earth with self-replicating and catalytic RNA but no DNA or proteins . This has spurred scientist...
[ "Freeman Dyson introduced a mathematical model in the 1980s . Stuart Kauffman developed the notion of autocatalytic sets , which was discussed later in that decade .", "More abstract and theoretical arguments for the plausibility of the emergence of metabolism without the presence of genes include a mathematical ...
[ "A recent experiment led by Jason Dworkin , subjected a frozen mixture of water , methanol , ammonia and carbon monoxide to UV radiation , mimicking conditions found in an extraterrestrial environment .", "A 2001 experiment led by Jason Dworkin subjected a frozen mixture of water , methanol , ammonia and carbon m...
[ "Primitive reproduction can be envisioned when the bubbles burst , releasing the results of the experiment into the surrounding medium .", "Primitive reproduction can be envisioned when the bubbles burst , releasing the results of the ` experiment ' into the surrounding medium ." ]
[ "The bubbles produced in these experiments were between 10 to 40 micrometers , or about the size of red blood cells .", "The bubbles produced in these experiments were between 10 t , or about the size of red blood cells ." ]
[ "In an article entitled `` Self-Organizing Biochemical Cycles '' , Orgel summarizes his analysis of the proposal by stating , `` There is at present no reason to expect that multistep cycles such as the reductive citric acid cycle will self-organize on the surface of FeS\\/FeS2 or some other mineral . ''", "In an...
[ "Researchers have pointed out difficulties for the abiogenic synthesis of nucleotides from cytosine and uracil .", "Researchers have pointed out difficulties for the abiotic synthesis of nucleotides from cytosine and uracil ." ]
[ "As of 2008 , no one has yet synthesized a `` protocell '' using basic components which would have the necessary properties of life ( the so-called `` bottom-up-approach '' ) .", "No one has synthesized a `` protocell '' using basic components which would have the necessary properties of life ( the so-called `` b...
[ "Complete recirculation takes 10 million years , thus any organic compounds produced by then would be altered or destroyed by temperatures exceeding 300 Â C. They estimate that the development of a 100 kilobase genome of a DNA\\/protein primitive heterotroph into a 7000 gene filamentous cyanobacterium would have re...
[ "The next most important step in research on prebiotic organic synthesis was the demonstration by John OrÃ that the nucleic acid purine base , adenine , was formed by the simple heating of solutions of ammonium cyanide .", "Apart from the Millerâ `` Urey experiment , the next most important step in research on pr...
[ "If a protein came along that increased the integrity of its parent bubble , then that bubble had an advantage , and was placed at the top of the natural selection waiting list .", "If a protein would increase the integrity of its parent bubble , that bubble had an advantage , and was placed at the top of the nat...
[ "Another study suggested that adenine and guanine require freezing temperatures for synthesis , but cytosine and uracil are better synthesised at boiling temperatures .", "Research by Stanley Miller and colleagues suggested that while adenine and guanine require freezing conditions for synthesis , cytosine and ur...
[ "While bubbles composed mostly of water burst quickly , water containing amphiphiles forms much more stable bubbles , lending more time to the particular bubble to perform these crucial experiments .", "While bubbles composed mostly of water burst quickly , water containing amphiphiles forms much more stable bubb...
[ "Whether the mixture of gases used in the Miller-Urey experiment truly reflects the atmospheric content of early Earth is a controversial topic .", "Whether the mixture of gases used in the Millerâ `` Urey experiment truly reflects the atmospheric content of early Earth is a controversial topic ." ]
[ "This article also describes research showing the formation of RNA molecules 400 bases long under freezing conditions using an RNA template , a single-strand chain of RNA that guides the formation of a new strand of RNA .", "This article also describes research by Christof Biebricher showing the formation of RNA ...
[ "If he doubts of this let him go to Egypt , and there he will find the fields swarming with mice , begot of the mud of Nylus , to the great calamity of the inhabitants '' .", "If he doubts of this let him go to Egypt , and there he will find the fields swarming with mice , begot of the mud of Nylus , to the great...
[ "He suggested that the original spark of life may have begun in a `` warm little pond , with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts , lights , heat , electricity , etc. . A protein compound was then chemically formed ready to undergo still more complex changes '' .", "In a letter to Joseph Dalton Hooker on Feb...
[ "Gold also asserted that a trickle of food from a deep , unreachable , source is needed for survival because life arising in a puddle of organic material is likely to consume all of its food and become extinct .", "Thomas Gold also asserted that a trickle of food from a deep , unreachable , source is needed for s...
[ "No real progress was made until 1924 when Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin reasoned that atmospheric oxygen prevented the synthesis of the organic molecules . Organic molecules are the necessary building blocks for the evolution of life .", "No new notable research or theory on the subject appeared until 1924 , when A...
[ "Chiral molecules can be synthesized , but in the absence of a chiral source or a chiral catalyst are formed in a 50\\/50 mixture of both kinds .", "Chiral molecules can be synthesized , but in the absence of a chiral source or a chiral catalyst , they are formed in a 50\\/50 mixture of both enantiomers ." ]
[ "For example , Martin and Russel show that cell membranes separating contents from the environment and self-organization of self-contained redox reactions are the most conserved attributes of living things .", "For example Martin and Russel show that physical compartmentation by cell membranes from the environmen...
[ "There are several main theories : The most notable are called iron-sulfur world theory ( also called metabolism first ) and RNA world hypothesis ( also called genetics first ) .", "Several hypotheses about early life have been proposed , most notably the iron-sulfur world theory ( metabolism without genetics ) a...

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