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[ "But in an environment with no pre-existing life these molecules may have accumulated and provided a rich environment for chemical evolution ( primordial soup theory ) .", "The `` soup '' theory relies on the assumption proposed by Darwin that in an environment with no pre-existing life , organic molecules may ha...
[ "A clay model for the origin of life was suggested by A. Graham Cairns-Smith .", "A model for the origin of life based on clay was forwarded by A. Graham Cairns-Smith of the University of Glasgow in 1985 and explored as a plausible illustration by several other scientists , including Richard Dawkins ." ]
[ "Recently estimates of these sources suggest that the heavy bombardment before 3.5 Gyr ago within the early atmosphere made available quantities of organics comparable to those produced by other energy sources .", "Recently , estimates of these sources suggest that the heavy bombardment before 3.5 Ga within the e...
[ "Features of self-organization and self-replication are the hallmark of living systems . There are instances of abiotic molecules exhibiting such characteristics under proper conditions .", "While features of self-organization and self-replication are often considered the hallmark of living systems , there are ma...
[ "In 1953 a graduate student , Stanley Miller , and his professor , Harold Urey , performed an experiment that showed how organic molecules could have formed on early Earth from inorganic precursors .", "A graduate student , Stanley Miller , and his professor , Harold Urey , performed an experiment that demonstrat...
[ "Browne 's contemporary , Alexander Ross , wrote : `` To question this ( spontaneous generation ) is to question reason , sense and experience .", "For example , his contemporary , Alexander Ross wrote : `` To question this ( i.e. , spontaneous generation ) is to question reason , sense and experience ." ]
[ "It is now reasonably well established that microbial life is plentiful at shallow depths in the Earth ( up to five kilometers below the surface ) in the form of extremophile archaea , rather than the better-known eubacteria ( which live in more accessible conditions ) .", "It is now reasonably well established t...
[ "Based on this research it was suggested the beginning of life involved freezing conditions and exploding meteorites .", "Based on this research , Miller suggested a beginning of life involving freezing conditions and exploding meteorites ." ]
[ "Additional support comes from a recent discovery of a bacterial ecosytem whose energy source is radioactivity .", "Additional support comes from a recent discovery of a bacterial ecosystem whose energy source is radioactivity ." ]
[ "The Spitzer Space Telescope has recently detected a star , HH 46-IR , which is forming by a process similar to the sun .", "The Spitzer Space Telescope has recently detected a star , HH 46-IR , which is forming by a process similar to that by which the sun formed ." ]
[ "These droplets would `` grow '' by fusion with other droplets , and `` reproduce '' through fission into daughter droplets , and so have a primitive metabolism in which those factors which promote `` cell integrity '' survive , those that do not become extinct .", "These droplets would `` grow '' by fusion with ...
[ "However , the idea that a closed metabolic cycle , such as the reductive citric acid cycle , could form spontaneously ( proposed by Gà 1\\/4 nter Wà chtershà user ) remains unsupported .", "However , the idea that a closed metabolic cycle , such as the reductive citric acid cycle , could form spontaneously ( pro...
[ "In the 1980s and 1990s , Gà 1\\/4 nter Wà chtershà user came up with the iron-sulfur world theory and Christian de Duve introduced models based on the chemistry of thioesters .", "More recent variants in the 1980s and 1990s include Gà 1\\/4 nter Wà chtershà user 's iron-sulfur world theory and models introduced ...
[ "These amino acids and small peptides could be encouraged to form closed spherical membranes , called microspheres .", "These amino acids and small peptides could be encouraged to form closed spherical membranes , called proteinoid microspheres , which show many of the basic characteristics of ` life ' ." ]
[ "The discovery in the late 1990s of nanobes ( filamental structures that are smaller than bacteria , but that may contain DNA in deep rocks ) might be seen as lending support to Gold 's theory .", "The discovery in the late 1990s of nanobes ( filamental structures that are smaller than bacteria , but that may con...
[ "Evidence to support the plausibility of the concept is scant , but it finds support in recent study of Martian meteorites found in Antarctica and in studies of extremophile microbes .", "Evidence to support the hypothesis is scant , but it finds support in recent study of Martian meteorites found in Antarctica a...
[ "Yet it was not until 1861 that Louis Pasteur performed a series of careful experiments . With these experiments , Pasteur proved that organisms such as bacteria and fungi do not appear in nutrient-rich media of their own accord in non-living material .", "In 1861 , Louis Pasteur performed a series of experiments...
[ "This combination yielded large numbers of organic material that self-organised to form bubbles when immersed in water .", "This combination yielded large amounts of organic material that self-organised to form bubbles or micelles when immersed in water ." ]
[ "In 1668 , Redi showed that no maggots appeared in meat when flies were prevented from laying eggs .", "The first solid evidence against spontaneous generation came in 1668 from Francesco Redi , who proved that no maggots appeared in meat when flies were prevented from laying eggs ." ]
[ "Life might also have started in a colder environment .", "Other research suggests a colder start to life ." ]
[ "A study done in 1998 suggests that oceans may have appeared in the Hadean eon , about 200 million years after the earth had formed . According to the study , it was very hot then ( about 100 Â C at the start , dropping to 70 Â C during the Hadean ) .", "Morse and MacKenzie have suggested that oceans may have app...
[ "Cytosine has a half-life of 19 days at 100 Â C and 17,000 years in freezing water .", "Cytosine has a half-life of 19 days at 100 Â and 17,000 years in freezing water ." ]
[ "Sir Thomas Browne wrote a book called Pseudodoxia Epidemica , in 1646 . He gave it the subtitle Enquiries into very many received tenets , and commonly presumed truths .", "In the 17th century , such assumptions started to be questioned ; for example , in 1646 , Sir Thomas Browne published his Pseudodoxia Epidem...
[ "In his The Origin of Life , Oparin argued that a `` primeval soup '' of organic molecules could be created in an oxygen-less atmosphere through the action of sunlight .", "Oparin argued that a `` primeval soup '' of organic molecules could be created in an oxygenless atmosphere through the action of sunlight ." ...
[ "Gold 's theory is that flow of food is due to out-gassing of primordial methane from the Earth 's mantle ; more conventional explanations of the food supply of deep microbes ( away from sedimentary carbon compounds ) is that the organisms subsist on hydrogen released by an interaction between water and ( reduced )...
[ "The alternative seemed to be omne vivum ex ovo : that every living thing came from a pre-existing living thing ( literally , everything from an egg ) .", "The alternative seemed to be biogenesis : that every living thing came from a pre-existing living thing ( omne vivum ex ovo , Latin for `` every living thing ...
[ "Around the same time J.B.S. Haldane also suggested that the Earth 's pre-biotic oceans , which were very different from what oceans are now , would have formed a `` hot dilute soup '' . In this soup , organic compounds , the building blocks of life , could have formed .", "Around the same time , J. B. S. Haldane...
[ "For example , instead of the reductive citric acid cycle , the `` open '' acetyl-CoA pathway ( another one of the four recognized ways of carbon dioxide fixation in nature today ) would be even more compatible with the idea of self-organisation on a metal sulfide surface .", "For example , instead of the reducti...
[ "The now-famous Millerâ `` Urey experiment used a highly reduced mixture of gases â `` methane , ammonia and hydrogen â `` to form basic organic monomers , such as amino acids .", "The now-famous `` Millerâ `` Urey experiment '' used a highly reduced mixture of gasesâ `` methane , ammonia and hydrogenâ `` to form...
[ "It is suggested that polarised light has the power to destroy one kind within the proto-planetary disk .", "It is suggested that polarised light has the power to destroy one enantiomer within the proto-planetary disk ." ]
[ "The biologist John Desmond Bernal , coined the term Biopoesis for this process , and suggested that there were a number of clearly defined `` stages '' that could be recognized in explaining the origin of life .", "The biologist John Desmond Bernal coined the term biopoesis for this process , and suggested that ...
[ "In 1924 , Oparin talked about primitive vesicles that replicated themselves . This was before the structure of the DNA was found .", "One of the earliest incarnations of this idea was put forward in 1924 with Alexander Oparin 's notion of primitive self-replicating vesicles which predated the discovery of the st...
[ "In 1768 Lazzaro Spallanzani proved that microbes came from the air , and could be killed by boiling .", "In 1768 , Lazzaro Spallanzani demonstrated that microbes were present in the air , and could be killed by boiling ." ]
[ "Robert M. Hazen reports upon experiments conducted in which various chiral crystal surfaces , act as sites for possible concentration and assembly of chiral monomer units into macromolecules .", "Robert M. Hazen reports upon experiments conducted in which various chiral crystal surfaces act as sites for possible...
[ "There is a theory that ascribes the first self-replicating object to be lipid-like .", "This theory postulates that the first self-replicating object was lipid-like ." ]
[ "Bourgon is a commune of 587 people ( 1999 ) . It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France .", "Bourgon is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France ." ]
[ "He is an member of the Hockey Hall of Fame .", "He is an Honoured Member of the Hockey Hall of Fame ." ]
[ "Claude Earl `` Chuck '' Rayner ( born - August 11 , 1920 in Kenora , Ontario , died - October 6 , 2002 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played nine seasons in the National Hockey League for the Brooklyn Americans and New York Rangers .", "Claude Earl `` Chuck '' Rayner ( b. August 11 , 192...
[ "The remains of the storm were later taken in by a warm front around 2 am EDT ( 0600 UTC ) .", "The remnants of the depression persisted until 2 am EDT ( 0600 UTC ) on May 30 , at which time it was absorbed by a warm front , south of Nova Scotia ." ]
[ "Around 7:30 pm EDT ( 2330 UTC ) , a QuikSCAT satellite flew over the depression and found tropical storm-force winds . But the NHC thought the depression did n't strengthen and that winds were affected by rain .", "Around 7:30 pm EDT ( 2330 UTC ) , a QuickSCAT satellite pass over the depression found tropical st...
[ "The National Hurricane Center also reported that Tropical Depression One was also the farthest north a May tropical cyclone has ever formed .", "Tropical Depression One was also the farthest north a May tropical cyclone is known to have formed , according to the NHC 's Tropical Cyclone Report ." ]
[ "Then on 8 pm EDT ( 0000 UTC on May 28 ) , the NHC stopped monitoring the storm , as the low was not expected to strengthen anymore .", "The NHC issued their final outlook on the low around 8 pm EDT ( 0000 UTC on May 28 ) while the system was located about 90 mi ( 150 km ) east of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina ,...
[ "At 5:00 pm EDT ( 2100 UTC ) , the NHC gave out its last advisory on Tropical Depression One .", "At 5:00 pm EDT ( 2100 UTC ) the NHC issued their final advisory on Tropical Depression One ." ]
[ "When the storm became Tropical Depression One on May 28 , it was the third time since 1851 that an Atlantic tropical cyclone formed before June 1 , the official start of an Atlantic hurricane season . The depression followed Subtropical Storm Andrea of May 2007 and Tropical Storm Arthur of May 2008 .", "When Tro...
[ "The first time this event happened was in 1932 , 1933 , and 1934 ; the second time it happened was in 1951 , 1952 , and 1953 .", "The first occurrence of this was in 1932 , 1933 , and 1934 , and the second occurrence were the years of 1951 , 1952 , and 1953 ." ]
[ "On May 28 , the NHC started to monitor the storm again and on 11:00 am EDT ( 1500 UTC ) , they declared the storm to be a tropical cyclone and named it Tropical Depression One . At that time , the storm 's location was about 310 mi ( 500 km ) south of Providence , Rhode Island .", "Around 11:00 am EDT ( 1500 UTC...
[ "After a quick burst of convection during the night , thunderstorm clouds inside the depression started to disappear by 3:00 am EDT ( 0700 UTC ) .", "After a burst in convective activity overnight , shower and thunderstorm activity waned once more by 3:00 am EDT ( 0700 UTC ) ." ]
[ "On May 29 , the depression almost became a tropical storm , when the storm 's strength was measured at T2 .5 , or 40 mph ( 65 km\\/h ) using the Dvorak technique . But some of the measurements were also low as T1 .5 , which was the reason why the NHC did n't call it a tropical storm .", "Early on May 29 , Tropic...
[ "On May 27 , the storm was 120 miles ( 195 km ) south of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina when the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) decided to start monitoring the storm .", "On May 27 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) began issuing Tropical Weather Outlooks for the low while it was located about 120 miles (...
[ "During mid-May , a disorganized low pressure area formed in the Atlantic Ocean about 290 miles ( 465 kilometers ) south-southwest of Wilmington , North Carolina .", "The following day , an area of low pressure developed along the boundary about 290 miles ( 465 km ) south-southwest of Wilmington , North Carolina ...
[ "The oldest anchors were just rocks , and many rock anchors have been found from a long time ago .", "The earliest anchors were probably rocks and many rock anchors have been found dating from at least the Bronze Age ." ]
[ "Many modern moorings still use a large rock as the mooring block .", "Many modern moorings still rely on a large rock as the primary element of their design . However , using pure mass to resist the forces of a storm only works well as a permanent mooring ; trying to move a large enough rock to another bay is ne...
[ "It can be smaller and lighter than a deadweight anchor . The mushroom anchor is shaped like a mushroom , and the pyramid anchor is shaped like a pyramid with the apex pointing down .", "The disadvantage of using deadweight anchors in conditions where a mushroom anchor could be used is that it needs to be around ...
[ "When people talk about anchors , they are usually thinking about temporary anchors .", "Vessels may carry a number of anchors : Bower Anchors ( formerly known as Sheet Anchors ) are the main anchors used by a vessel and normally carried at the bow of the vessel ." ]
[ "A deadweight anchors is a heavy weight . It can be used when the bottom is too hard for other types of anchors .", "Consequently deadweight anchors are used where mushroom anchors are unsuitable , for example in rock , gravel or coarse sand ." ]
[ "There are two main types of anchors : temporary and permanent .", "Anchors can either be temporary or permanent ." ]
[ "The Danforth style uses a stock at the crown ( see above ) , to which two large flat flukes are attached .", "It uses a stock at the crown to which two large flat triangular flukes are attached ." ]
[ "A permanent anchor is called a mooring block and is not easily moved .", "A permanent anchor is used in the creation of a mooring , and is rarely moved ; a specialist service is normally needed to move or maintain it ." ]
[ "On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 545 people living in Coagh .", "On Census day ( 29 April 2001 ) there were 545 people living in Coagh ." ]
[ "Articles about fictional characters of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who .", "Articles about significant fictional characters in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who ." ]
[ "( 6 ) Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common laxatives , antacids ( i.e. , milk of magnesia ) , and in a number of situations where stabilization of abnormal nerve excitation and blood vessel spasm is required ( i.e. , to treat eclampsia ) .", "Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common laxat...
[ "It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth 's crust , where it constitutes about 2 % by mass , and ninth in the known Universe as a whole .", "It is an alkaline earth metal and the seventh most abundant element in the Earth 's crust , where it constitutes about 2 % by mass , ...
[ "Magnesium ( \\/ mÃ É Ë niË ziÉ m \\/ mag-NEE-zee - É m ) is a chemical element with the symbol Mg , atomic number 12 and common oxidation state +2 .", "Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg , atomic number 12 and common oxidation number +2 ." ]
[ "Magnesium ion 's high solubility in water helps ensure that it is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater .", "Due to magnesium ion 's high solubility in water , it is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater ." ]
[ "Guam national football team is the national football team of Guam .", "The Guam national football team is the national team of Guam , an overseas territory of the United States , and is controlled by the Guam Football Association ." ]
[ "The Aflac Duck is their mascot . Gilbert Gottfried does the voice for the Aflac Duck .", "On March 23 , 2011 , Aflac announced that the company was taking applications for the new voice of the Aflac Duck through QuackAflac.com until April 1 ." ]
[ "Aflac helps people with insurance . The Aflac Duck is their mascot .", "The Aflac brand has developed wide recognition recently with commercials starring the famous Aflac Duck on television which started airing in December 1999 ." ]
[ "The main town of Somerset was Somerton , but it is now Taunton . There are two cities in Somerset .", "The districts of Somerset are West Somerset , South Somerset , Taunton Deane , Mendip and Sedgemoor ." ]
[ "Somerset is a county in South West England .", "Somerset ( or ) is a county in South West England ." ]
[ "In 1996 Avon was split into 4 parts , which are now unitary authorities . People usually say that 2 of these parts ( named North Somerset and Bath and North East Somerset ) are part of Somerset , even though they have their own councils .", "The two administratively independent unitary authorities , which were e...
[ "Stephen Farrelly ( born January 28 , 1978 ) is a Irish professional wrestler who currently wrestles for World Wrestling Entertainment working on its SmackDown brand and competes under the ring name Sheamus .", "Stephen Farrelly ( 28 January 1978 ) is an Irish professional wrestler and actor , best known by his r...
[ "Lead ( IV ) acetate , also known as plumbic acetate , is a chemical compound . Its chemical formula is Pb ( C2H3O2 ) 4 .", "Lead ( IV ) acetate or lead tetraacetate is a chemical compound with chemical formula Pb ( C2H3O2 ) 4 and is a lead salt of acetic acid ." ]
[ "It contains lead and acetate ions .", "It can be prepared by reaction of red lead with acetic acid The other main lead acetate is lead ( II ) acetate ." ]
[ "It can be made by reacting lead ( II , IV ) oxide with acetic acid .", "Lead ( IV ) acetate or lead tetraacetate is a chemical compound with chemical formula Pb ( C2H3O2 ) 4 and is a lead salt of acetic acid . It is commercially available often stabilized with acetic acid ." ]
[ "Chamois Niortais F.C. is a football club which plays in France .", "The badge of Chamois Niortais features a chamois goat standing on a football , and the background of the crest is royal blue , which has featured in the club 's home colors since its foundation . When the club was founded in 1925 , Chamois Niort...
[ "Zob Ahan Football Club is an Iranian football club based in Esfahan , Iran .", "Zob Ahan Football Club is an Iranian football club based in Isfahan , Iran ." ]
[ "He was elected Governor of the state of West Virginia in the 2004 election . Manchin took office on January 17 , 2005 .", "Manchin , a Democrat , was Governor of West Virginia from 2005 to 2010 ." ]
[ "Joseph ( Joe ) Manchin III ( born August 24 , 1947 in Farmington , West Virginia ) is an American politician .", "Joseph `` Joe '' Manchin III ( born August 24 , 1947 ) is the junior United States Senator representing West Virginia ." ]
[ "1 Esdras ( Greek Ë ) , Greek Ezra , is an ancient Greek version of the Biblical book of Ezra in use among ancient Jewry , the early church , and many modern Christians with varying degrees of canonicity and a high historical usefulness .", "1 Esdras ( Greek ) , Greek Ezra , is an ancient Greek version of the Bib...
[ "He journeyed to England for two years and returned to the colonies in 1760 , marrying again , this time to Elizabeth Corbin , and represented King William County in the Virginia House of Burgesses .", "Braxton returned to the colonies in 1760 , marrying again , this time to Elizabeth Corbin , and represented Kin...
[ "He married a wealthy heiress named Judith Robinson at the age nineteen , but she died two years later , leaving him two daughters .", "He married a wealthy heiress named Judith Robinson at the age nineteen , but she died two years later , leaving him two daughters , and he journeyed to England for two years ." ]
[ "He was born on Newington Plantation in King and Queen County , Virginia and educated at the William and Mary .", "He was born on Newington Plantation in King and Queen County , Virginia and educated at the College of William and Mary ." ]
[ "Carter Braxton ( September 16 , 1736 -- October 10 , 1797 ) , was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and a representative of Virginia .", "Carter Braxton ( September 16 , 1736 â `` October 10 , 1797 ) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence , a planter , and a represe...
[ "Saint-Androny is a commune . It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France .", "Saint-Androny is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France ." ]
[ "In the 1950s Walt Disney created Disneyland in Anaheim California .", "Walt Disney was the inaugural recipient of a star on the Anaheim walk of stars . The star was awarded in honor of Disney 's significant contributions to the city of Anaheim , California , specifically , Disneyland , which is now the Disneylan...
[ "Along with his brother Roy Disney , he was the founder of Walt Disney Productions ( now The Walt Disney Company ) .", "As the co-founder ( with his brother Roy O. Disney ) of Walt Disney Productions , Disney became one of the best-known motion picture producers in the world ." ]
[ "Disney did not see Walt Disney World finished though because he died before it opened .", "By the early 1960s , the Disney empire was a major success , and Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world 's leading producer of family entertainment . Walt Disney was the Head of Pageantry for the 1960 ...
[ "Disney even provided the voice for Mickey Mouse for many years .", "However , Mickey 's voice and personality was provided by Disney until 1947 ." ]
[ "Walter Elias Disney ( December 5 , 1901 - December 15 , 1966 ) was a famous American entertainer , inventor , cartoonist , and entrepreneur .", "Walter Elias `` Walt '' Disney ( December 5 , 1901 â `` December 15 , 1966 ) was an American film producer , director , screenwriter , voice actor , animator , entrepre...
[ "In the 1950s Walt Disney created Disneyland in Anaheim California . Disneyland was the first modern theme park .", "He is the namesake for Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the United States , as well as the international resorts Tokyo Disney , Disneyland Paris , and Disneyland Hong Kong ." ...
[ "Disney also bought the land for Walt Disney World Resort in Florida . Disney did not see Walt Disney World finished though because he died before it opened .", "After Walt Disney 's death , Roy Disney returned from retirement to take full control of Walt Disney Productions and WED Enterprises ." ]
[ "A square kilometre ( sometimes written km ) is based on the SI unit of measurement of area , the square metre .", "Square kilometre , symbol km2 , is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of surface area , the square metre , one of the SI derived units ." ]
[ "In this sense `` mother figure '' can be considered an archetype and instances can be found in various female characters with distinct personalities .", "In this sense `` mother figure '' may be considered an archetype and may be identified in various characters with otherwise distinct ( non-generic ) personalit...
[ "The rheas are flightless birds of the genus Rhea , native to South America .", "The rheas are ratites ( flightless birds , with unkeeled sterna ) in the genus Rhea , native to South America ." ]
[ "Takahito Soma ( born 10 December 1981 ) is a Japanese football player .", "Takahito Soma born December 10 , 1981 in Kawasaki , Kanagawa is a Japanese football player currently playing for German second division club FC Energie Cottbus ." ]
[ "Sodium permanganate is a chemical compound . Its chemical formula is NaMnO4 .", "Sodium permanganate is the inorganic compound with the formula NaMnO4 ." ]
[ "The strongest hurricane in the season was Hurricane Juliette , which reached peak winds of 150 mph ( 240 km\\/h ) .", "The strongest hurricane in the season was Hurricane Juliette , which reached peak winds of 150 mph ( 240 km\\/h ) , but did not significantly affect land ." ]
[ "There are some ways that help make lucid dreams more likely . Stephen LaBerge , a psychologist who studies lucid dreams , made the MILD ( mnemonic induction of lucid dreaming ) technique .", "This practice only achieves lucid dreams as a secondary effect -- in contrast to Dream Yoga , which aims primarily at luc...
[ "There are many other ways to help someone lucid dream .", "Many people report having experienced a lucid dream during their lives , often in childhood . Children seem to have lucid dreams more easily than adults ." ]
[ "Although some people can have lucid dreams without trying , most people do not have them often . It is important to be able to remember dreams , because if the dreamer does not remember them , he or she will not know if they were lucid dreams or not .", "The first book to recognize the scientific potential of lu...