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Modern reptiles live in many different habitats. They can be found on every continent except Antarctica. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood toward the lungs, where it receives oxygen. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Sponges come in a variety of shapes and sizes. For example, they may be shaped like tubes, fans, cones, or just blobs. They range in diameter from about a centimeter (0.4 inches) to over a meter (3.3 feet). Many species live in colonies that may be quite large. Adult sponges are sessile . This means they are unable to move from place to place. Root-like projections anchor them to solid surfaces such as rocks and reefs. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Radio waves are the broad range of electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies. They are used for radio and television broadcasts, microwave ovens, cell phone transmissions, and radar. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
There are two main types of sedimentary rocks: clastic and chemical. Clastic rocks are made of sediments, which are sometimes called clasts. Creating rocks from sediments is called lithification . Chemicals precipitate from liquid to form chemical sedimentary rocks. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Waves are characterized by their ability to constructively and destructively interfere . Light waves which interfere with themselves after interaction with a small aperture or target are said to diffract . | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Chemists need to be concerned with the rates at which chemical reactions occur. Rate is another word for speed. If a sprinter takes 11.0 s to run a 100 m dash, his rate or speed is given by the distance traveled divided by the time. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The alkaline earth metals include beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium. Strontium and barium react with air and must be stored in oil. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Neutron stars are the corpses of stars left over after supernova explosions. They are the size of a small city, but can spin several times per second. (Try to imagine this in your head. ) Consider a neutron star of radius 10 km that spins with a period of 0.8 seconds. Imagine a person is standing at the equator of this neutron star. Calculate the centripetal acceleration of this person and compare it to the acceleration due to gravity on Earth. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
As with the hydrogen-ion concentration, the concentration of the hydroxide ion can be expressed logarithmically by the pOH. The pOH of a solution is the negative logarithm of the hydroxide-ion concentration. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The intentional cultivation of arthropods and other small animals for human food, referred to as minilivestock, is now emerging in animal husbandry as an ecologically sound concept. However, the greatest contribution of arthropods to human food supply is by pollination. Three-fourths of the world’s flowering plants and about 35% of the world’s food crops depend on animal pollinators to reproduce and increase crop yields. More than 3,500 species of native bees pollinate crops. Some scientists estimate that one out of every three bites of food we eat exists because of animal pollinators, including birds and bats and arthropods like bees, butterflies and moths, and beetles and other insects. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
El Niño and La Niña bring about dramatic changes in climate for a year or two. In some locations, one brings rain and the other brings drought. In California, for example, El Niño years are full of snow and rain. La Niña years tend toward drought. These variations can bring tremendous changes to living creatures. Humans are also affected; for example, erosion from storms may be very high some years. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
No doubt you already have a good idea of what temperature is. You might define it as how hot or cold something feels. In physics, temperature is defined as the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object. When particles move more quickly, temperature is higher and an object feels warmer. When particles move more slowly, temperature is lower and an object feels cooler. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
In alcoholic fermentation , pyruvic acid changes to alcohol and carbon dioxide. This is shown in Figure below . NAD + also forms from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue making ATP. This type of fermentation is carried out by yeasts and some bacteria. It is used to make bread, wine, and biofuels. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Halkieria, or scale worms, are an example of a fossil life from the Cambrian. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The star constellation “Orion, The Hunter”. Orion is one of the most beautiful of all constellations, and one of the easiest to find. It looks like a large (slightly twisted) rectangle high in winter's south-southeastern sky. Two of the brightest stars in the evening sky lie at opposite corners of the rectangle: bright orange-red Betelgeuse at the northeastern corner (upper left in the photo) and even brighter Rigel at the southwest (lower right in the photo). Betelgeuse is at least 300 times the Sun's diameter, and perhaps much more. It puts out about 100,000 times more energy than the Sun does. When Betelgeuse dies, it will create a fireball that will briefly outshine billions of normal stars. Betelgeuse is a red giant and Rigel is a blue giant. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Pollination by Bats In the tropics and deserts, bats are often the pollinators of nocturnal flowers such as agave, guava, and morning glory. The flowers are usually large and white or pale-colored; thus, they can be distinguished from the dark surroundings at night. The flowers have a strong, fruity, or musky fragrance and produce large amounts of nectar. They are naturally large and wide-mouthed to accommodate the head of the bat. As the bats seek the nectar, their faces and heads become covered with pollen, which is then transferred to the next flower. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
A virus cannot reproduce on its own. However, a virus can reproduce by infecting the cell of a living host. Inside the host cell, the virus uses the cell’s structures, materials, and energy to make copies of itself. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The modern atomic theory establishes the concepts of atoms and how they compose matter. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
A screw is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder. When on a screw, inclined planes are called threads, which can be seen in the image above. The mechanical advantage of a screw increases with the density of the threads. The calculations to determine the IMA for a screw involve the circumference of the head of the screw and the thread width. When the screw is turned completely around one time, the screw penetrates by one thread width. So, if the circumference of the head of a screw is 3.0 cm and the thread width is 0.60 cm, then the IMA would be calculated by. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
One of the exciting things about expecting a child is wondering if the baby will be a boy or a girl. There are many superstitions about how one might influence or predict the outcome. But what really determines if a baby is male or female? We now know that the gender of a baby is determined by a special pair of chromosomes known as the sex chromosomes. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
the activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells,. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Frost is solid water that forms when water vapor undergoes deposition. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Using fossil fuels and nuclear energy creates other problems as well. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This is one of the major greenhouse gases causing global climate change. Nuclear power creates another set of problems, including the disposal of radioactive waste. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Plant cells have structures that animal cells lack. What important process takes place in plant cells but not in animal cells that might explain their differences?. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Harmless fungi can be used to control pathogenic bacteria and insect pasts on crops. Fungi compete with bacteria for nutrients and space, and they parasitize insects that eat plants. Fungi reduce the need for pesticides and other toxic chemicals. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Matter can be described with both physical properties and chemical properties. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Types of neurons include sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Hearing is the ability to sense sound energy and perceive sound. The ear is the organ that senses sound and allows us to hear. Damage to structures of the ear may cause hearing loss. Total hearing loss is called deafness. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
A transverse wave can be characterized by the high and low points reached by particles of the medium as the wave passes through. This is illustrated in Figure below . The high points are called crests, and the low points are called troughs. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Convection is the transfer of heat by a current. Convection happens in a liquid or a gas. Air near the ground is warmed by heat radiating from Earth's surface. The warm air is less dense, so it rises. As it rises, it cools. The cool air is dense, so it sinks to the surface. This creates a convection current, like the one in Figure below . Convection is the most important way that heat travels in the atmosphere. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
When acellular slime molds swarm, they fuse together to form a single cell with many nuclei. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Polyester molecules make excellent fibers and are used in many fabrics. A knitted polyester tube, which is biologically inert, can be used in surgery to repair or replace diseased sections of blood vessels. PET is used to make bottles for soda pop and other beverages. It is also formed into films called Mylar. When magnetically coated, Mylar tape is used in audio- and videocassettes. Synthetic arteries can be made from PET, polytetrafluoroethylene, and other polymers. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Germline mutations occur in gametes. Somatic mutations occur in other body cells. Chromosomal alterations are mutations that change chromosome structure. Point mutations change a single nucleotide. Frameshift mutations are additions or deletions of nucleotides that cause a shift in the reading frame. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Aqua regia, a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, is one of the few materials that will dissolve gold. This material, translated to "royal water" in English, was named so because it could dissolve the royal metal gold. First noted in the fourteenth century, aqua regia could be used to help ascertain whether a particular material was actually gold or was some trickery of the alchemist. Nitric acid by itself will not dissolve gold, but will in combination with hydrochloric acid. The chemistry of the process is rather complex, with both acids reacting with the metal to form soluble gold compounds. The gold can be recovered from the solution, making the process useful for purification purposes. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Habitats Although fungi are primarily associated with humid and cool environments that provide a supply of organic matter, they colonize a surprising diversity of habitats, from seawater to human skin and mucous membranes. Chytrids are found primarily in aquatic environments. Other fungi, such as Coccidioides immitis, which causes pneumonia when its spores are inhaled, thrive in the dry and sandy soil of the southwestern United States. Fungi that parasitize coral reefs live in the ocean. However, most members of the Kingdom Fungi grow on the forest floor, where the dark and damp environment is rich. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
If you take a hot shower in a closed bathroom, the mirror is likely to "fog" up. The "fog" consists of tiny droplets of water that form on the cool surface of the mirror. Why does this happen? Some of the hot water from the shower evaporates, so the air in the bathroom contains a lot of water vapor. When the water vapor contacts cooler surfaces, such as the mirror, it cools and loses energy. The cooler water particles no longer have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between them. They come together and form droplets of liquid water. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Gymnosperms are vascular plants that produce seeds in cones . Examples include conifers such as pine and spruce trees. The gymnosperm life cycle has a dominant sporophyte generation. Both gametophytes and the next generation’s new sporophytes develop on the sporophyte parent plant. Figure below is a diagram of a gymnosperm life cycle. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Certain medications can suppress the immune system. This is an intended effect of drugs given to people with transplanted organs. In many cases, however, it is an unwanted side effect of drugs used to treat other diseases. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The geometry of the BF 3 molecule is called trigonal planar . The fluorine atoms are positioned at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. The F-B-F angle is 120°, and all four atoms lie in the same plane. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Once again, a mutation is the change in the DNA or RNA sequence. In multicellular organisms, mutations can be subdivided into germline mutations and somatic mutations. Germline mutations occur in the DNA of sex cells, or gametes, and are therefore potentially very serious. These mutations can be passed to the next generation. If the zygote contains the mutation, every cell in the resulting organism will have that mutation. If the mutation results in a disease phenotype, the mutation causes what is called a hereditary disease. Somatic mutations , which occur in somatic, or body, cells, cannot be passed to the next generation (offspring). Mutations present in a somatic cell of an organism will be present (by DNA replication and mitosis) in all descendants of that cell. If the mutation is present in a gene that is not used in that cell type, the mutation may have no effect. On the other hand, the mutation may lead to a serious medical condition such as cancer. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The sodium chloride dissociates into two ions, while the glucose does not dissociate. Therefore, equal concentrations of each solution will result in twice as many dissolved particles in the case of the sodium chloride. The vapor pressure of the sodium chloride solution will be lowered twice the amount as the glucose solution. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
5. Quartz is made of one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms. If you find a mineral and find that it is made of one silicon atom and one oxygen atom is it quartz?. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
This diagram represents the cell cycle in eukaryotes. The cell cycle depicts the life of an eukaryotic cell. The cell cycle has four phases: the first growth or gap (G 1 ) phase, the synthesis (S) phase, the second growth or gap (G 2 ) phase and the mitotic (M) phase. The M phase includes mitosis and cytokinesis. The cell spends the majority of the cycle in the first three phases (G 1 , S, G 2 ) of the cycle, collectively known as interphase. After cytokinesis, two genetically identical daughter cells are formed. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Christopher Auyeung. Gas particles move randomly in all directions . CC BY-NC 3.0. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The mass number is defined as the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
All matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. All atoms of an element are identical in mass and chemical properties, whereas atoms of different elements differ in mass and fundamental chemical properties. A chemical compound is a substance that always contains the same atoms in the same ratio. In chemical reactions, atoms from one or more compounds or elements redistribute or rearrange in relation to other atoms to form one or more new compounds. Atoms themselves do not undergo a change of identity in chemical reactions. This last hypothesis suggested that the alchemists’ goal of transmuting other elements to gold was impossible, at least through chemical reactions. We now know that Dalton’s atomic theory is essentially correct, with four minor modifications:. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Lightning is the discharge of static electricity that has built up on clouds. Every year, the earth experiences an average of 25 million lightning strikes. Lightning bolts travel at speeds up to 60,000 miles per second, and can reach temperatures of 50,000°F, which is five times the temperature of the surface of the sun. The energy contained in a single lightning strike could light a 100 Watt light bulb 24 hours per day for 90 days. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
4. Zeros that appear after all nonzero digits are called right-end zeros. Right-end zeros in a number that lacks a decimal point are not significant. A. 140 has two significant figures. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
It is necessary to distinguish between the two types of covalent bonds in a C 2 H 4 molecule. A sigma bond (σ bond) is a bond formed by the overlap of orbitals in an end-to-end fashion, with the electron density concentrated between the nuclei of the bonding atoms. A pi bond (π bond) is a bond formed by the overlap of orbitals in a side-by-side fashion, with the electron density concentrated above and below the plane of the nuclei of the bonding atoms. Figure below shows the two types of bonding in C 2 H 4 . The sp 2 hybrid orbitals are orange and the p z orbital is green. Three sigma bonds are formed by each carbon atom with its hybrid orbitals. The pi bond is the “second” bond of the double bond between the carbon atoms and is shown as an elongated blue lobe that extends both above and below the plane of the molecule, which contains the six atoms and all of the sigma bonds. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
In the 1780s, an American scientist named Benjamin Thompson, also known as Count Rumford, was hired by the Elector of Bavaria to supervise the manufacture of cannons. During the manufacturing process, teams of horses harnessed to a large-toothed wheel supplied the power needed to drill a hole several inches in diameter straight down the center of a solid brass or bronze cylinder, which was cooled by water. Based on his observations, Rumford became convinced that heat and work are equivalent ways of transferring energy. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
AM radio waves are used to carry commercial radio signals in the frequency range from 540 to 1600 kHz. The abbreviation AM stands for amplitude modulation, which is the method for placing information on these waves. (See Figure 24.12. ) A carrier wave having the basic frequency of the radio station, say 1530 kHz, is varied or modulated in amplitude by an audio signal. The resulting wave has a constant frequency, but a varying amplitude. A radio receiver tuned to have the same resonant frequency as the carrier wave can pick up the signal, while rejecting the many other frequencies impinging on its antenna. The receiver’s circuitry is designed to respond to variations in amplitude of the carrier wave to replicate the original audio signal. That audio signal is amplified to drive a speaker or perhaps to be recorded. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Lymphocytes ( Figure below ), a type of white blood cell, are the key cells of an immune response. There are trillions of lymphocytes in the human body. They make up about one quarter of all white blood cells. Usually, fewer than half of the body’s lymphocytes are in the blood. The rest are in the lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph organs. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
All objects in the universe have a gravitational attraction to each other ( Figure below ). The strength of the force of gravity depends on two things. They are the mass of the objects and the distance between them. The greater the objects’ mass, the greater the force of attraction. As the distance between the objects increases, the force of attraction decreases. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Figure 20.4 Current I is the rate at which charge moves through an area A , such as the cross-section of a wire. Conventional current is defined to move in the direction of the electric field. (a) Positive charges move in the direction of the electric field and the same direction as conventional current. (b) Negative charges move in the direction opposite to the electric field. Conventional current is in the direction opposite to the movement of negative charge. The flow of electrons is sometimes referred to as electronic flow. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Learn to balanced simple redox reactions by inspection. Learn to balance complex redox reactions by the half reaction method. Use the solvent, or parts of it, as a reactant or a product in balancing a redox reaction. Balancing simple redox reactions can be a straightforward matter of going back and forth between products and reactants. For example, in the redox reaction of Na and Cl2:. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The red liquid in this thermometer is alcohol. Alcohol expands uniformly over a wide range of temperatures. This makes it ideal for use in thermometers. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The earliest fungi may have evolved about 600 million years ago. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Partly movable joints allow only very limited movement. Bones at these joints are held in place by cartilage. The ribs and sternum are connected by partly movable joints. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Water is an amazing molecule. It has a very simple chemical formula, H 2 O. It is made of just two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom. Water is remarkable in terms of all the things it can do. Lots of things dissolve easily in water. Some types of rock can even completely dissolve in water! Other minerals change by adding water into their structure. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Amides are prepared by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with ammonia or an amine. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
In self-pollination , the egg is fertilized by the pollen of the same flower. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The frequency , , is the number of cycles an object goes through in 1 second. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz). 1 Hz = 1 cycle per sec. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Controlling muscles and maintaining balance are just two of the roles of the nervous system. The nervous system also lets you:. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Average velocity is displacement divided by time. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Both amylopectin and glycogen contain branch points that are linked through α-1,6linkages. These branch points occur more often in glycogen. Dextrins are glucose polysaccharides of intermediate size. The shine and stiffness imparted to clothing by starch are due to the presence of dextrins formed when clothing is ironed. Because of their characteristic stickiness with wetting, dextrins are used as adhesives on stamps, envelopes, and labels; as binders to hold pills and tablets together; and as pastes. Dextrins are more easily digested than starch and are therefore used extensively in the commercial preparation of infant foods. The complete hydrolysis of starch yields, in successive stages, glucose:. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Surface tension is an imbalance of attractive forces between liquid molecules at the surface of a liquid. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Mammalian teeth are also important for digestion. The four types of teeth are specialized for different feeding functions, as shown in Figure below . Together, the four types of teeth can cut, tear, and grind food. This makes food easier and quicker to digest. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Diseases of the cardiovascular system are common and may be life threatening. Examples include atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. A healthy lifestyle can reduce the risk of such diseases developing. This includes avoiding smoking, getting regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy percent of body fat. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Some animals deposit chemicals to mark the boundary of their territory. This is why dogs urinate on fire hydrants and other objects. Cats may also mark their territory by depositing chemicals. They have scent glands in their face. They deposit chemicals by rubbing their face against objects. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Like other bryophytes, moss plants spend most of their life cycle as gametophytes. Find the sporophyte in the diagram. Do you see how it is growing on the gametophyte plant?. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Low sulfur coal produces less pollution when burned than high sulfur coal. Name one factor that affects the sulfur content in coal. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Wings of bats and birds serve the same function. Look closely at the bones inside the wings. The differences show they developed from different ancestors. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Note that in Table 14.3, the best thermal conductors—silver, copper, gold, and aluminum—are also the best electrical conductors, again related to the density of free electrons in them. Cooking utensils are typically made from good conductors. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Clubmosses can resemble mosses; however, clubmosses have vascular tissue, while mosses do not. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The average human body contains 5,830 g of blood. What mass of arsenic is present in the body if the amount in blood is 0.55 ppm?. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Allopatric speciation occurs when groups from the same species are geographically isolated for long periods. Imagine all the ways that plants or animals could be isolated from each other:. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Loud sounds can damage the hair cells lining the cochlea of the inner ear. Explain how this might affect the ability to hear sound. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The boiling point of a solution is higher than the boiling point of the pure solvent, but the opposite occurs with the freezing point. The freezing point of a solution is lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent. Think of this by assuming that solute particles interfere with solvent particles coming together to make a solid, so it takes a lower temperature to get the solvent particles to solidify. This is called freezing point depression. The equation to calculate the change in the freezing point for a solution is similar to the equation for the boiling point elevation:. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and tissues that carry a clear fluid called lymph. The lymphatic system ( Figure below ) spreads all around the body and filters and cleans the lymph of any debris, abnormal cells, or pathogens. Lymph vessels are tube-shaped, just like blood vessels, with about 500-600 lymph nodes (in an adult) attached. The lymphatic system works with the cardiovascular system to return body fluids to the blood. The lymphatic system and the cardiovascular system are often called the body’s two "circulatory systems. ". | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Types of mutagens include radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Transparent matter is matter that transmits light without scattering it. Examples of transparent matter include air, pure water, and clear glass. You can see clearly through a transparent object, such as the revolving glass doors in the figure, because all the light passes straight through it. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Steam actually consists of tiny droplets of liquid water. What you can’t see in the picture is the water vapor that is also present in the air above the spring. Water vapor is water in the gaseous state. It constantly rises up from the surface of boiling hot water. Why? At high temperatures, particles of a liquid gain enough energy to completely overcome the force of attraction between them, so they change to a gas. The gas forms bubbles that rise to the surface of the liquid because gas is less dense than liquid. The bubbling up of the liquid is called boiling. When the bubbles reach the surface, the gas escapes into the air. The entire process in which a liquid boils and changes to a gas that escapes into the air is called vaporization . You can watch an animation of the process at this URL: http://www. visionlearning. com/img/app/library/objects/Flash/VLObject-321-030317040343. swf. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
In many ways, humans are unique among mammals. For example, we have bigger brains and a greater ability to learn than any other species in the mammalian class. In many ways, however, we are typical of the mammalian order to which we belong. That order is the Primate Order. To fully understand what it means to be human, you need to know more about this fascinating order of mammals. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Systemic circulation is the part of the cardiovascular system that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. Oxygen-rich blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta. Then it travels to the body's organs and tissues. The tissues and organs absorb the oxygen through the capillaries. Oxygen-poor blood is collected from the tissues and organs by tiny veins, which then flow into bigger veins, and, eventually, into the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava. This completes systemic circulation. The blood releases carbon dioxide and gets more oxygen in pulmonary circulation before returning to systemic circulation. The inferior vena cava returns blood from the body. The superior vena cava returns blood from the head. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Cells in blood include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
A: Another example of matter changing color is a penny changing from reddish brown to greenish brown as it becomes tarnished. The color change indicates that a new chemical substance has been produced. Copper on the surface of the penny has combined with oxygen in the air to produce a different substance called copper oxide. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The ostrich egg - unfertilized, of course. Yes, this egg, just like a human ovum, is just one cell. It is a gamete with a haploid number of chromosomes, formed through meiosis. The egg shell membrane encloses the nucleus containing the genetic material and the cytoplasm. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The Pressure of a Mixture of Gases: Dalton’s Law Unless they chemically react with each other, the individual gases in a mixture of gases do not affect each other’s pressure. Each individual gas in a mixture exerts the same pressure that it would exert if it present alone in the container (Figure 9.20). The pressure exerted by each individual gas in a mixture is called its partial pressure. This observation is summarized by Dalton’s law of partial pressures: The total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases: P Total = P A + P B + P C + . = Σ i P i In the equation PTotal is the total pressure of a mixture of gases, PA is the partial pressure of gas A; PB is the partial pressure of gas B; PC is the partial pressure of gas C; and so on. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
the net torque is the vector sum of all the torques acting on the object. When adding torques it is necessary to subtract CW from CCW torques. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The electronegativity of an atom determines how strongly it attracts electrons to itself. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The Sun has many incredible surface features. Don't try to look at them, though! Looking directly at the Sun can cause blindness. Find the appropriate filters for a pair of binoculars or a telescope and enjoy!. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
The amount of kinetic energy in a moving object depends directly on its mass and velocity. It can be calculated with the equation: . | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
20.3 Capillary Exchange Small molecules can cross into and out of capillaries via simple or facilitated diffusion. Some large molecules can cross in vesicles or through clefts, fenestrations, or gaps between cells in capillary walls. However, the bulk flow of capillary and tissue fluid occurs via filtration and reabsorption. Filtration, the movement of fluid out of the capillaries, is driven by the CHP. Reabsorption, the influx of tissue fluid into the capillaries, is driven by the BCOP. Filtration predominates in the arterial end of the capillary; in the middle section, the opposing pressures are virtually identical so there is no net exchange,. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
There is a predictable amount of solute that can be dissolved at a specific temperature. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Carrier proteins bind and carry the molecules across the cell membrane. These proteins bind a molecule on one side of the membrane, change shape as they carry the molecule across the membrane, and deposit the molecule on the other side of the membrane. Even though a protein is involved in both these methods of transport, neither method requires energy. Therefore these are still types of passive transport. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Look at the rock layers pictured below ( Figure below ); they show a feature called Hutton’s unconformity. The unconformity was discovered by James Hutton in the 1700s. Hutton saw that the lower rock layers are very old. The upper layers are much younger. There are no layers in between the ancient and recent layers. Hutton thought that the intermediate rock layers eroded away before the more recent rock layers were deposited. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Humid continental climates have warm winters and cold summers. Subarctic climates have cool short summers and very cold winters. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Compared to other liquids, water has a relatively high surface tension and heat capacity. Both of these properties are partially a result of the strong hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
Cilia and flagella are extensions of the plasma membrane. | https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/sciq |
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