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Statistical relational learning (SRL) is a subdiscipline of artificial intelligence and machine learning that is concerned with domain models that exhibit both uncertainty (which can be dealt with using statistical methods) and complex, relational structure.
Note that SRL is sometimes called Relational Machine Learning (RML) in the literature. Typically, the knowledge representation formalisms developed in SRL use (a subset of) first-order logic to describe relational properties of a domain in a general manner (universal quantification) and draw upon probabilistic graphical models (such as Bayesian networks or Markov networks) to model the uncertainty; some also build upon the methods of inductive logic programming | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Stochastic gradient descent (often abbreviated SGD) is an iterative method for optimizing an objective function with suitable smoothness properties (e. g. differentiable or subdifferentiable) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A synthetic measure (or synthetic indicator) is a value that is the result of combining other metrics, which are measurements of various features.
Examples
Quality of service
There is a method to measure quality of service in hotels. In related study authors aggregate tourist opinions, measured on a scale from 1 to 10 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Twisting properties in general terms are associated with the properties of samples that identify with statistics that are suitable for exchange.
Description
Starting with a sample
{
x
1
,
…
,
x
m
}
{\displaystyle \{x_{1},\ldots ,x_{m}\}}
observed from a random variable X having a given distribution law with a non-set parameter, a parametric inference problem consists of computing suitable values – call them estimates – of this parameter precisely on the basis of the sample. An estimate is suitable if replacing it with the unknown parameter does not cause major damage in next computations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Algorithmic topology, or computational topology, is a subfield of topology with an overlap with areas of computer science, in particular, computational geometry and computational complexity theory.
A primary concern of algorithmic topology, as its name suggests, is to develop efficient algorithms for solving problems that arise naturally in fields such as computational geometry, graphics, robotics, structural biology and chemistry, using methods from computable topology.
Major algorithms by subject area
Algorithmic 3-manifold theory
A large family of algorithms concerning 3-manifolds revolve around normal surface theory, which is a phrase that encompasses several techniques to turn problems in 3-manifold theory into integer linear programming problems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Computable topology is a discipline in mathematics that studies the topological and algebraic structure of computation. Computable topology is not to be confused with algorithmic or computational topology, which studies the application of computation to topology.
Topology of lambda calculus
As shown by Alan Turing and Alonzo Church, the λ-calculus is strong enough to describe all mechanically computable functions (see Church–Turing thesis) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In mathematics, a cubical complex (also called cubical set and Cartesian complex) is a set composed of points, line segments, squares, cubes, and their n-dimensional counterparts. They are used analogously to simplicial complexes and CW complexes in the computation of the homology of topological spaces.
Definitions
An elementary interval is a subset
I
⊊
R
{\displaystyle I\subsetneq \mathbf {R} }
of the form
I
=
[
l
,
l
+
1
]
or
I
=
[
l
,
l
]
{\displaystyle I=[l,l+1]\quad {\text{or}}\quad I=[l,l]}
for some
l
∈
Z
{\displaystyle l\in \mathbf {Z} }
| https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The degree-Rips bifiltration is a simplicial filtration used in topological data analysis for analyzing the shape of point cloud data. It is a multiparameter extension of the Vietoris-Rips filtration that possesses greater stability to data outliers than single-parameter filtrations, and which is more amenable to practical computation than other multiparameter constructions. Introduced in 2015 by Lesnick and Wright, the degree-Rips bifiltration is a parameter-free and density-sensitive vehicle for performing persistent homology computations on point cloud data | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In mathematics, digital Morse theory is a digital adaptation of continuum Morse theory for scalar volume data. This is not about the Samuel Morse's Morse code of long and short clicks or tones used in manual electric telegraphy. The term was first promulgated by DB Karron based on the work of JL Cox and DB Karron | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Discrete Morse theory is a combinatorial adaptation of Morse theory developed by Robin Forman. The theory has various practical applications in diverse fields of applied mathematics and computer science, such as configuration spaces, homology computation, denoising, mesh compression, and topological data analysis.
Notation regarding CW complexes
Let
X
{\displaystyle X}
be a CW complex and denote by
X
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {X}}}
its set of cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Euler calculus is a methodology from applied algebraic topology and integral geometry that integrates constructible functions and more recently definable functions by integrating with respect to the Euler characteristic as a finitely-additive measure. In the presence of a metric, it can be extended to continuous integrands via the Gauss–Bonnet theorem. It was introduced independently by Pierre Schapira and Oleg Viro in 1988, and is useful for enumeration problems in computational geometry and sensor networks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Geometric and Topological Inference is a monograph in computational geometry, computational topology, geometry processing, and topological data analysis, on the problem of inferring properties of an unknown space from a finite point cloud of noisy samples from the space. It was written by Jean-Daniel Boissonnat, Frédéric Chazal, and Mariette Yvinec, and published in 2018 by the Cambridge University Press in their Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics book series. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In topological data analysis, the interleaving distance is a measure of similarity between persistence modules, a common object of study in topological data analysis and persistent homology. The interleaving distance was first introduced by Frédéric Chazal et al. in 2009 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In topological data analysis, a persistence barcode, sometimes shortened to barcode, is an algebraic invariant of a persistence module that characterizes the stability of topological features throughout a growing family of spaces. Formally, a persistence barcode consists of a multiset of intervals in the extended real line, where the length of each interval corresponds to the lifetime of a topological feature in a filtration, usually built on a point cloud, a graph, a function, or, more generally, a simplicial complex or a chain complex. Generally, longer intervals in a barcode correspond to more robust features, whereas shorter intervals are more likely to be noise in the data | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
See homology for an introduction to the notation. Persistent homology is a method for computing topological features of a space at different spatial resolutions. More persistent features are detected over a wide range of spatial scales and are deemed more likely to represent true features of the underlying space rather than artifacts of sampling, noise, or particular choice of parameters | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The region connection calculus (RCC) is intended to serve for qualitative spatial representation and reasoning. RCC abstractly describes regions (in Euclidean space, or in a topological space) by their possible relations to each other. RCC8 consists of 8 basic relations that are possible between two regions:
disconnected (DC)
externally connected (EC)
equal (EQ)
partially overlapping (PO)
tangential proper part (TPP)
tangential proper part inverse (TPPi)
non-tangential proper part (NTPP)
non-tangential proper part inverse (NTPPi)From these basic relations, combinations can be built | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In algebraic topology, simplicial homology is the sequence of homology groups of a simplicial complex. It formalizes the idea of the number of holes of a given dimension in the complex. This generalizes the number of connected components (the case of dimension 0) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
SnapPea is free software designed to help mathematicians, in particular low-dimensional topologists, study hyperbolic 3-manifolds. The primary developer is Jeffrey Weeks, who created the first version as part of his doctoral thesis, supervised by William Thurston. It is not to be confused with the unrelated android malware with the same name | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes and their respective fitness for specific applications. Codes are used for data compression, cryptography, error detection and correction, data transmission and data storage. Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines—such as information theory, electrical engineering, mathematics, linguistics, and computer science—for the purpose of designing efficient and reliable data transmission methods | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In coding theory, alternant codes form a class of parameterised error-correcting codes which generalise the BCH codes.
Definition
An alternant code over GF(q) of length n is defined by a parity check matrix H of alternant form Hi,j = αjiyi, where the αj are distinct elements of the extension GF(qm), the yi are further non-zero parameters again in the extension GF(qm) and the indices range as i from 0 to δ − 1, j from 1 to n.
Properties
The parameters of this alternant code are length n, dimension ≥ n − mδ and minimum distance ≥ δ + 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In telecommunication technology, a Barker code, or Barker sequence, is a finite sequence of digital values with the ideal autocorrelation property. It is used as a synchronising pattern between sender and receiver.
Explanation
Binary digits have very little meaning unless the significance of the individual digits is known | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Belief propagation, also known as sum–product message passing, is a message-passing algorithm for performing inference on graphical models, such as Bayesian networks and Markov random fields. It calculates the marginal distribution for each unobserved node (or variable), conditional on any observed nodes (or variables). Belief propagation is commonly used in artificial intelligence and information theory, and has demonstrated empirical success in numerous applications, including low-density parity-check codes, turbo codes, free energy approximation, and satisfiability | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Berlekamp–Welch algorithm, also known as the Welch–Berlekamp algorithm, is named for Elwyn R. Berlekamp and Lloyd R. Welch | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In coding theory and information theory, a binary erasure channel (BEC) is a communications channel model. A transmitter sends a bit (a zero or a one), and the receiver either receives the bit correctly, or with some probability
P
e
{\displaystyle P_{e}}
receives a message that the bit was not received ("erased") .
Definition
A binary erasure channel with erasure probability
P
e
{\displaystyle P_{e}}
is a channel with binary input, ternary output, and probability of erasure
P
e
{\displaystyle P_{e}}
| https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A binary symmetric channel (or BSCp) is a common communications channel model used in coding theory and information theory. In this model, a transmitter wishes to send a bit (a zero or a one), and the receiver will receive a bit. The bit will be "flipped" with a "crossover probability" of p, and otherwise is received correctly | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The term Blahut–Arimoto algorithm is often used to refer to a class of algorithms for computing numerically either the information theoretic capacity of a channel, the rate-distortion function of a source or a source encoding (i. e. compression to remove the redundancy) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In coding theory, block codes are a large and important family of error-correcting codes that encode data in blocks.
There is a vast number of examples for block codes, many of which have a wide range of practical applications. The abstract definition of block codes is conceptually useful because it allows coding theorists, mathematicians, and computer scientists to study the limitations of all block codes in a unified way | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In coding theory, burst error-correcting codes employ methods of correcting burst errors, which are errors that occur in many consecutive bits rather than occurring in bits independently of each other.
Many codes have been designed to correct random errors. Sometimes, however, channels may introduce errors which are localized in a short interval | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In coding theory, telecommunications engineering and other related engineering problems, coding gain is the measure in the difference between the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels between the uncoded system and coded system required to reach the same bit error rate (BER) levels when used with the error correcting code (ECC).
Example
If the uncoded BPSK system in AWGN environment has a bit error rate (BER) of 10−2 at the SNR level 4 dB, and the corresponding coded (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A comma code is a type of prefix-free code in which a comma, a particular symbol or sequence of symbols, occurs at the end of a code word and never occurs otherwise. This is an intuitive way to express arrays.
For example, Fibonacci coding is a comma code in which the comma is 11 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In information theory, the computationally bounded adversary problem is a different way of looking at the problem of sending data over a noisy channel. In previous models the best that could be done was ensuring correct decoding for up to d/2 errors, where d was the Hamming distance of the code. The problem with doing it this way is that it does not take into consideration the actual amount of computing power available to the adversary | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In coding theory, concatenated codes form a class of error-correcting codes that are derived by combining an inner code and an outer code. They were conceived in 1966 by Dave Forney as a solution to the problem of finding a code that has both exponentially decreasing error probability with increasing block length and polynomial-time decoding complexity.
Concatenated codes became widely used in space communications in the 1970s | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In coding theory, a coset leader is a word of minimum weight in any particular coset - that is, a word with the lowest amount of non-zero entries. Sometimes there are several words of equal minimum weight in a coset, and in that case, any one of those words may be chosen to be the coset leader.
Coset leaders are used in the construction of a standard array for a linear code, which can then be used to decode received vectors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In coding theory, a cyclic code is a block code, where the circular shifts of each codeword gives another word that belongs to the code. They are error-correcting codes that have algebraic properties that are convenient for efficient error detection and correction.
Definition
Let
C
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}
be a linear code over a finite field (also called Galois field)
G
F
(
q
)
{\displaystyle GF(q)}
of block length
n
{\displaystyle n}
| https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In coding theory, decoding is the process of translating received messages into codewords of a given code. There have been many common methods of mapping messages to codewords. These are often used to recover messages sent over a noisy channel, such as a binary symmetric channel | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A deletion channel is a communications channel model used in coding theory and information theory. In this model, a transmitter sends a bit (a zero or a one), and the receiver either receives the bit (with probability
p
{\displaystyle p}
) or does not receive anything without being notified that the bit was dropped (with probability
1
−
p
{\displaystyle 1-p}
). Determining the capacity of the deletion channel is an open problem | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Delsarte–Goethals code is a type of error-correcting code.
History
The concept was introduced by mathematicians Ph. Delsarte and J | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Distributed source coding (DSC) is an important problem in information theory and communication. DSC problems regard the compression of multiple correlated information sources that do not communicate with each other. By modeling the correlation between multiple sources at the decoder side together with channel codes, DSC is able to shift the computational complexity from encoder side to decoder side, therefore provide appropriate frameworks for applications with complexity-constrained sender, such as sensor networks and video/multimedia compression (see distributed video coding) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In coding theory, the weight enumerator polynomial of a binary linear code specifies the number of words of each possible Hamming weight.
Let
C
⊂
F
2
n
{\displaystyle C\subset \mathbb {F} _{2}^{n}}
be a binary linear code length
n
{\displaystyle n}
. The weight distribution is the sequence of numbers
A
t
=
#
{
c
∈
C
∣
w
(
c
)
=
t
}
{\displaystyle A_{t}=\#\{c\in C\mid w(c)=t\}}
giving the number of codewords c in C having weight t as t ranges from 0 to n | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In coding theory, an erasure code is a forward error correction (FEC) code under the assumption of bit erasures (rather than bit errors), which transforms a message of k symbols into a longer message (code word) with n symbols such that the original message can be recovered from a subset of the n symbols. The fraction r = k/n is called the code rate. The fraction k’/k, where k’ denotes the number of symbols required for recovery, is called reception efficiency | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
bnetd is a communication app that enables users of the online game StarCraft (and StarCraft: Brood War) released on March 31, 1998 to connect and chat together. Bnetd was released on April 28, 1998 under the name StarHack and provided near-complete emulation of the original online multiplayer gaming service network. This was accomplished through reverse engineering of the corporate Blizzard Entertainment's Battle | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Box86 is an emulator for x86 userspace tools on ARM Linux systems, allowing such systems to execute video games and other programs that have been compiled for x86 Linux systems. Box86 is an alternative to QEMU for user-mode emulation. Box86 also provides dynamic recompilation as well as functionality to intercept dynamic library calls and forward them to equivalent native libraries, allowing applications to run significantly faster than if they were fully emulated | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ConEmu (short for Console emulator) is a free and open-source tabbed terminal emulator for Windows. ConEmu presents multiple consoles and simple GUI applications as one customizable GUI window with tabs and a status bar. It also provides emulation for ANSI escape codes for color, bypassing the capabilities of the standard Windows Console Host to provide 256 and 24-bit color in Windows | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DOSBox is a free and open-source emulator which runs software for MS-DOS compatible disk operating systems—primarily video games. It was first released in 2002, when DOS technology was becoming obsolete. Its adoption for running DOS games is widespread, with it being used in commercial re-releases of those games as well | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gavare's eXperimental Emulator (formerly known as mips64emul) is a computer architecture
emulator being developed by Anders Gavare. It is
available as free software under a revised BSD-style license.
In 2005, Gavare changed the name of the software project
from mips64emul to GXemul | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
JPC is an x86 emulator written in pure Java. It can run on any platform that supports the Java virtual machine. It creates a virtual PC compatible machine that can run MS-DOS and other x86 operating systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) is a free and open-source virtualization module in the Linux kernel that allows the kernel to function as a hypervisor. It was merged into the mainline Linux kernel in version 2. 6 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PvPGN (Player vs Player Gaming Network) is a free and open source software project offering emulation of various gaming network servers. It is published under the GPL and based upon bnetd.
It supports most features for Blizzard Entertainment's Battle | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
QEMU (Quick Emulator) is a free and open-source emulator. It emulates a computer's processor through dynamic binary translation and provides a set of different hardware and device models for the machine, enabling it to run a variety of guest operating systems. It can interoperate with Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) to run virtual machines at near-native speed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
RetroArch is a free and open-source, cross-platform frontend for emulators, game engines, video games, media players and other applications. It is the reference implementation of the libretro API, designed to be fast, lightweight, portable and without dependencies. It is licensed under the GNU GPLv3 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
FCEUX is an open-source Nintendo Entertainment System and Family Computer Disk System emulator. It is a merger of various forks of FCE Ultra.
Multiplayer support
The Win32 and SDL versions of FCEUX do not currently support TCP/IP network play functionality, as they do not support controllers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
fMSX is a portable MSX emulator written by Marat Fayzullin. It is one of the earliest MSX emulators, and is also the most ported. fMSX is written in C with emphasis on portability | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Amiga Forever is an Amiga preservation, emulation and support package published by Cloanto, which allows Amiga software to run on non-Amiga hardware legally and without complex configuration.
The Windows version of Amiga Forever includes a "player" software developed by Cloanto which makes use of "plugins" such as WinUAE as emulation engines, while relying on its own user interface for configuration and authoring. In addition to supporting common disk image formats, Amiga Forever can play back and author files in Cloanto's proprietary RP9 format | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Citra is a free and open-source emulator of the handheld Nintendo 3DS for Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android. Citra's name is derived from CTR, which is the model name of the original 3DS. Citra can run many homebrew games and commercial games | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Darling is a free and open-source macOS compatibility layer for Linux. It duplicates functions of macOS by providing alternative implementations of the libraries and frameworks that macOS programs call. This method of duplication differs from other methods that might also be considered emulation, where macOS programs run in a virtual machine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lutris is a free and open source game manager for Linux-based operating systems developed and maintained by Mathieu Comandon and the community, released under the GNU General Public License. For games that require using Wine, community installer scripts are available that automatically configure the Wine environment. Lutris also offers integration for software purchased from GOG, Humble Bundle, Steam, and Epic Games Store; those can be launched directly through the Lutris application | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mednafen (My Emulator Doesn't Need A Frickin' Excellent Name), formerly known as Nintencer, is an OpenGL and SDL multi-system free software wrapper that bundles various original and third-party emulation cores into a single package, and is driven by command-line input. It is distributed under the terms of the GPL-2. 0-or-later license | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Multi Emulator Super System (MESS) is an emulator for various consoles and computer systems, based on the MAME core. It used to be a standalone program (which has since been discontinued), but is now integrated into MAME (which is actively developed). MESS emulates portable and console gaming systems, computer platforms, and calculators | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mupen64Plus, formerly named Mupen64-64bit and Mupen64-amd64, is a free and open-source, cross-platform Nintendo 64 emulator, written in the programming languages C and C++. It allows users to play Nintendo 64 games on a computer by reading ROM images, either dumped from the read-only memory of a Nintendo 64 cartridge or created directly on the computer as homebrew.
History
Mupen64, the forerunner to Mupen64Plus, was released December 10, 2001 by Hacktarux | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nestopia UE - and its predecessor Nestopia - are an open-source NES/Famicom emulator designed to emulate the NES hardware as accurately as possible.
Features
The requirements for the original Nestopia were considered higher than some of its contemporaries such as Stella. In order to run an optimal emulation, the program requires a minimum 800 MHz processor | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PCSX2 is a free and open-source PlayStation 2 emulator for Windows, Linux and macOS that supports a wide range of PlayStation 2 video games with a high level of compatibility and functionality. Although PCSX2 can closely mirror the original gameplay experience on the PlayStation 2, PCSX2 supports a number of improvements over gameplay on a traditional PlayStation 2, such as the ability to use resolutions up to 8 times larger than native, anti-aliasing and texture filtering.
Background
PCSX2, like its predecessor project PCSX (a PlayStation emulator), is based on a PSEmu Pro spec plug-in architecture, separating several functions from the core emulator | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PPSSPP (an acronym for "PlayStation Portable Simulator Suitable for Playing Portably") is a free and open-source PSP emulator for Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, Android, Nintendo WiiU, Nintendo Switch, BlackBerry 10, MeeGo, Pandora, Xbox Series X/S and Symbian with an increased focus on speed and portability. It was first released to the public on November 1, 2012, licensed under the GNU GPLv2 or later. The PPSSPP project was created by Henrik Rydgård, one of the co-founders of the Dolphin emulator | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Stella is an emulator of the Atari 2600 game console, and takes its name from the console's codename. It is open-source, and runs on most major modern platforms including Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. Stella was originally written in 1996 (and known as Stella 96) by Bradford W | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A virtual appliance is a pre-configured virtual machine image, ready to run on a hypervisor; virtual appliances are a subset of the broader class of software appliances. Installation of a software appliance on a virtual machine and packaging that into an image creates a virtual appliance. Like software appliances, virtual appliances are intended to eliminate the installation, configuration and maintenance costs associated with running complex stacks of software | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Win4Lin is a discontinued proprietary software application for Linux which allowed users to run a copy of Windows 9x, Windows 2000 or Windows XP applications on their Linux desktop. Win4Lin was based on Merge software, a product which changed owners several times until it was bought by Win4Lin Inc. Citing changes in the desktop virtualization industry, the software's publisher, Virtual Bridges, has discontinued Win4Lin Pro | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Yuzu (sometimes stylized in lowercase) is a free and open-source emulator of the Nintendo Switch, developed in C++. Yuzu was announced to be in development on January 14, 2018, 10 months after the release of the Nintendo Switch. The emulator is made by the developers of the Nintendo 3DS emulator Citra, with significant code shared between the projects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ZSNES is a free software Super Nintendo Entertainment System emulator written mostly in x86 assembly with official ports for Linux, DOS, Windows, and unofficial ports for Xbox and macOS.
Background
Development of ZSNES began on 3 July 1997 and the first version was released on 14 October 1997, for DOS. Since then, official ports have been made for Windows and Linux | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Mac 68k emulator is a software emulator built into all versions of the classic Mac OS for PowerPC. This emulator enabled running applications and system code that were originally written for the 680x0-based Macintosh models. With a few exceptions, notably Connectix's RAM Doubler, the emulator ran all software with no noticeable impact other than lower performance relative to the same program when compiled for PowerPC | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In aviation, a flight director (FD) is a flight instrument that is overlaid on the attitude indicator that shows the pilot of an aircraft the attitude required to execute the desired flight path. Flight directors are mostly commonly used during approach and landing. They can be used with or without autopilot systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A flight management system (FMS) is a fundamental component of a modern airliner's avionics. An FMS is a specialized computer system that automates a wide variety of in-flight tasks, reducing the workload on the flight crew to the point that modern civilian aircraft no longer carry flight engineers or navigators. A primary function is in-flight management of the flight plan | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Garmin G1000 is an electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) typically composed of two display units, one serving as a primary flight display, and one as a multi-function display. Manufactured by Garmin Aviation, it serves as a replacement for most conventional flight instruments and avionics. Introduced in June 2004, the system has since become one of the most popular integrated glass cockpit solutions for general aviation and business aircraft | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Garmin G3000 (and G2000/G5000) is an avionics interface system designed by Garmin Aviation for light turbine aircraft. The integrated touchscreen system contains multiple glass cockpit displays for operating a synthetic vision system and a three-dimensional displayed rendering of terrain. The G3000 was unveiled at the NBAA Convention in 2009 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A grid compass known as well as grid steering compass, is a navigating instrument. It is a design of magnetic compass that facilitates steering a steady course without the risk of parallax error.
The grid compass is the simplest steering compass from the pilot's or helmsman's point of view, because he doesn't need to watch the number (or the division mark) of the wanted course | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A gyrocompass is a type of non-magnetic compass which is based on a fast-spinning disc and the rotation of the Earth (or another planetary body if used elsewhere in the universe) to find geographical direction automatically. The use of a gyrocompass is one of the seven fundamental ways to determine the heading of a vehicle. A gyroscope is an essential component of a gyrocompass, but they are different devices; a gyrocompass is built to use the effect of gyroscopic precession, which is a distinctive aspect of the general gyroscopic effect | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A head-up display, or heads-up display, also known as a HUD () or Head-up Guidance System (HGS), is any transparent display that presents data without requiring users to look away from their usual viewpoints. The origin of the name stems from a pilot being able to view information with the head positioned "up" and looking forward, instead of angled down looking at lower instruments. A HUD also has the advantage that the pilot's eyes do not need to refocus to view the outside after looking at the optically nearer instruments | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The heading indicator (HI), also known as a directional gyro (DG) or direction indicator (DI), is a flight instrument used in an aircraft to inform the pilot of the aircraft's heading.
Use
The primary means of establishing the heading in most small aircraft is the magnetic compass, which, however, suffers from several types of errors, including that created by the "dip" or downward slope of the Earth's magnetic field. Dip error causes the magnetic compass to read incorrectly whenever the aircraft is in a bank, or during acceleration or deceleration, making it difficult to use in any flight condition other than unaccelerated, perfectly straight and level | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hobbs meter is a generic trademark for devices used in aviation to measure the time that an aircraft is in use. The meters typically display hours and tenths of an hour, but there are several ways in which the meter may be activated:
It can measure the time that the electrical system is on. This maximizes the recorded time | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The horizontal situation indicator (commonly called the HSI) is an aircraft flight instrument normally mounted below the artificial horizon in place of a conventional heading indicator. It combines a heading indicator with a VHF omnidirectional range-instrument landing system (VOR-ILS) display. This reduces pilot workload by lessening the number of elements in the pilot's instrument scan to the six basic flight instruments | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A HRG gyrocompass is a compass and instrument of navigation. It is the latest generation of maintenance-free instruments.
It uses a hemispherical resonant gyroscope, accelerometers and computers to compute true north | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An ice detector is an instrument that detects the presence of ice on a surface. Ice detectors are used to identify the presence of icing conditions and are commonly used in aviation, unmanned aircraft, marine vessels, wind energy, and power lines. Ice detection can be done with direct and indirect methods | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An inertial measurement unit (IMU) is an electronic device that measures and reports a body's specific force, angular rate, and sometimes the orientation of the body, using a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and sometimes magnetometers. When the magnetometer is included, IMUs are referred to as IMMUs. IMUs are typically used to maneuver modern vehicles including motorcycles, missiles, aircraft (an attitude and heading reference system), including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), among many others, and spacecraft, including satellites and landers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An inertial navigation system (INS) is a navigation device that uses motion sensors (accelerometers), rotation sensors (gyroscopes) and a computer to continuously calculate by dead reckoning the position, the orientation, and the velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external references. Often the inertial sensors are supplemented by a barometric altimeter and sometimes by magnetic sensors (magnetometers) and/or speed measuring devices. INSs are used on mobile robots and on vehicles such as ships, aircraft, submarines, guided missiles, and spacecraft | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An inertial reference unit (IRU) is a type of inertial sensor which uses gyroscopes (electromechanical, ring laser gyro or MEMS) and accelerometers (electromechanical or MEMS) to determine a moving aircraft’s or spacecraft’s change in rotational attitude (angular orientation relative to some reference frame) and translational position (typically latitude, longitude and altitude) over a period of time. In other words, an IRU allows a device, whether airborne or submarine, to travel from one point to another without reference to external information.
Another name often used interchangeably with IRU is Inertial Measurement Unit | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Integrated modular avionics (IMA) are real-time computer network airborne systems. This network consists of a number of computing modules capable of supporting numerous applications of differing criticality levels.
In opposition to traditional federated architectures, the IMA concept proposes an integrated architecture with application software portable across an assembly of common hardware modules | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An integrated standby instrument system (ISIS) is an electronic aircraft instrument. It is intended to serve as backup in case of a failure of the standard glass cockpit instrumentation, allowing pilots to continue to receive key flight-related information. Prior to the use of ISIS, this was performed by individual redundant mechanical instrumentation instead | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The LN-3 inertial navigation system is an inertial navigation system (INS) that was developed in the 1960s by Litton Industries. It equipped the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter versions used as strike aircraft in European forces. An inertial navigation system is a system which continually determines the position of a vehicle from measurements made entirely within the vehicle using sensitive instruments | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The local-area augmentation system (LAAS) is an all-weather aircraft landing system based on real-time differential correction of the GPS signal. Local reference receivers located around the airport send data to a central location at the airport. This data is used to formulate a correction message, which is then transmitted to users via a VHF Data Link | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Localizer performance with vertical guidance (LPV) are the highest precision GPS (WAAS enabled) aviation instrument approach procedures currently available without specialized aircrew training requirements, such as required navigation performance (RNP). Landing minima are usually similar to those of a Cat I instrument landing system (ILS), that is, a decision height of 200 feet (61 m) and visibility of 800 m. Lateral guidance is equivalent to a localizer, and uses a ground-independent electronic glide path | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A localizer type directional aid (LDA) or Instrument Guidance System (IGS) is a type of localizer-based instrument approach to an airport. It is used in places where, due to terrain and other factors, the localizer antenna array is not aligned with the runway it serves. In these cases, the localizer antenna array may be offset (i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Loran-C is a hyperbolic radio navigation system that allows a receiver to determine its position by listening to low frequency radio signals that are transmitted by fixed land-based radio beacons. Loran-C combined two different techniques to provide a signal that was both long-range and highly accurate, features that had been incompatible. Its disadvantage was the expense of the equipment needed to interpret the signals, which meant that Loran-C was used primarily by militaries after it was introduced in 1957 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A magnetic chip detector is an electronic instrument that attracts ferromagnetic particles (mostly iron chips). It is mainly used in aircraft engine oil and helicopter gearbox chip detection systems. Chip detectors can provide an early warning of an impending engine failure and thus greatly reduce the cost of an engine overhaul | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The peripheral vision horizon display, also called PVHD or the Malcolm Horizon (after inventor Dr. Richard Malcolm), is an aircraft cockpit instrument which assists pilots in maintaining proper attitude.
The PVHD was developed in the mid-1970s and manufactured in the early 1980s as a cockpit instrument to assist the pilot with being better aware of the aircraft attitude at all times | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A pitot-static system is a system of pressure-sensitive instruments that is most often used in aviation to determine an aircraft's airspeed, Mach number, altitude, and altitude trend. A pitot-static system generally consists of a pitot tube, a static port, and the pitot-static instruments. Other instruments that might be connected are air data computers, flight data recorders, altitude encoders, cabin pressurization controllers, and various airspeed switches | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Position error is one of the errors affecting the systems in an aircraft for measuring airspeed and altitude. It is not practical or necessary for an aircraft to have an airspeed indicating system and an altitude indicating system that are exactly accurate. A small amount of error is tolerable | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A primary flight display or PFD is a modern aircraft instrument dedicated to flight information. Much like multi-function displays, primary flight displays are built around a Liquid-crystal display or CRT display device. Representations of older six pack or "steam gauge" instruments are combined on one compact display, simplifying pilot workflow and streamlining cockpit layouts | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PX4 autopilot is an open-source autopilot system oriented toward inexpensive autonomous aircraft. Low cost and availability enable hobbyist use in small remotely piloted aircraft. The project started in 2009 and is being further developed and used at Computer Vision and Geometry Lab of ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) and supported by the Autonomous Systems Lab and the Automatic Control Laboratory | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A quick access recorder (QAR) is an airborne flight recorder designed to provide quick and easy access to raw flight data, through means such as USB or cellular network connections and/or the use of standard flash memory cards. QARs are typically used by airlines to improve flight safety and operational efficiency, usually in the scope of their flight operational quality assurance plans. Like the aircraft's flight data recorder (FDR), a QAR receives its inputs from the Flight Data Acquisition Unit (FDAU), recording over 2000 flight parameters | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Radar is a radiolocation system that uses radio waves to determine the distance (ranging), angle (azimuth), and radial velocity of objects relative to the site. It is used to detect and track aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, and motor vehicles, and map weather formations, and terrain. A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna (often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the objects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) is a technology developed to assess the integrity of global positioning system (GPS) signals in a GPS receiver system. It is of special importance in safety-critical GPS applications, such as in aviation or marine navigation.
GPS does not include any internal information about the integrity of its signals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A reticle, or reticule also known as a graticule, is a pattern of fine lines or markings built into the eyepiece of an optical device such as a telescopic sight, spotting scope, theodolite, optical microscope or the screen of an oscilloscope, to provide measurement references during visual inspections. Today, engraved lines or embedded fibers may be replaced by a digital image superimposed on a screen or eyepiece. Both terms may be used to describe any set of patterns used for aiding visual measurements and calibrations, but in modern use reticle is most commonly used for weapon sights, while graticule is more widely used for non-weapon measuring instruments such as oscilloscope display, astronomic telescopes, microscopes and slides, surveying instruments and other similar devices | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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