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Hindsight optimisation (HOP) is a computer science technique used in artificial intelligence for analysis of actions which have stochastic results. HOP is used in combination with a deterministic planner. By creating sample results for each of the possible actions from the given state (i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Histogram of Oriented Displacements (HOD) is a 2D trajectory descriptor. The trajectory is described using a histogram of the directions between each two consecutive points. Given a trajectory T = {P1, P2, P3, | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hybrid intelligent system denotes a software system which employs, in parallel, a combination of methods and techniques from artificial intelligence subfields, such as:
Neuro-symbolic systems
Neuro-fuzzy systems
Hybrid connectionist-symbolic models
Fuzzy expert systems
Connectionist expert systems
Evolutionary neural networks
Genetic fuzzy systems
Rough fuzzy hybridization
Reinforcement learning with fuzzy, neural, or evolutionary methods as well as symbolic reasoning methods. From the cognitive science perspective, every natural intelligent system is hybrid because it performs mental operations on both the symbolic and subsymbolic levels. For the past few years, there has been an increasing discussion of the importance of A | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The IJCAI Computers and Thought Award is presented every two years by the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), recognizing outstanding young scientists in artificial intelligence. It was originally funded with royalties received from the book Computers and Thought (edited by Edward Feigenbaum and Julian Feldman), and is currently funded by IJCAI. It is considered to be "the premier award for artificial intelligence researchers under the age of 35" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Incremental heuristic search algorithms combine both incremental and heuristic search to speed up searches of sequences of similar search problems, which is important in domains that are only incompletely known or change dynamically. Incremental search has been studied at least since the late 1960s. Incremental search algorithms reuse information from previous searches to speed up the current search and solve search problems potentially much faster than solving them repeatedly from scratch | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Within the field of information science, Information space analysis is a deterministic method, enhanced by machine intelligence, for locating and assessing resources for team-centric efforts.
Organizations need to be able to quickly assemble teams backed by the support services, information, and material to do the job. To do so, these teams need to find and assess sources of services that are potential participants in the team effort | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In artificial intelligence, an intelligent agent (IA) is an agent acting in an intelligent manner; It perceives its environment, takes actions autonomously in order to achieve goals, and may improve its performance with learning or acquiring knowledge. An intelligent agent may be simple or complex: A thermostat or other control system is considered an example of an intelligent agent, as is a human being, as is any system that meets the definition, such as a firm, a state, or a biome.
Leading AI textbooks define "artificial intelligence" as the "study and design of intelligent agents", a definition that considers goal-directed behavior to be the essence of intelligence | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Intelligent control is a class of control techniques that use various artificial intelligence computing approaches like neural networks, Bayesian probability, fuzzy logic, machine learning, reinforcement learning, evolutionary computation and genetic algorithms.
Overview
Intelligent control can be divided into the following major sub-domains:
Neural network control
Machine learning control
Reinforcement learning
Bayesian control
Fuzzy control
Neuro-fuzzy control
Expert Systems
Genetic controlNew control techniques are created continuously as new models of intelligent behavior are created and computational methods developed to support them.
Neural network controller
Neural networks have been used to solve problems in almost all spheres of science and technology | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Until the 1980s, databases were viewed as computer systems that stored record-oriented and business data such as manufacturing inventories, bank records, and sales transactions. A database system was not expected to merge numeric data with text, images, or multimedia information, nor was it expected to automatically notice patterns in the data it stored. In the late 1980s the concept of an intelligent database was put forward as a system that manages information (rather than data) in a way that appears natural to users and which goes beyond simple record keeping | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An intelligent decision support system (IDSS) is a decision support system that makes extensive use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. Use of AI techniques in management information systems has a long history – indeed terms such as "Knowledge-based systems" (KBS) and "intelligent systems" have been used since the early 1980s to describe components of management systems, but the term "Intelligent decision support system" is thought to originate with Clyde Holsapple and Andrew Whinston in the late 1970s. Examples of specialized intelligent decision support systems include Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), intelligent marketing decision support systems and medical diagnosis systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Intelligent information society is a hypothetical social transformation based around communication technology infrastructure and artificial intelligence. In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the convergence of artificial intelligence, robot technology, big data and software disrupts fields such as labor, welfare, employment, education and defense. In the intelligent information society, data, knowledge and information will supplant traditional production factors (labor and capital) and spark revolutionary change across society | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Intelligent Word Recognition, or IWR, is the recognition of unconstrained handwritten words. IWR recognizes entire handwritten words or phrases instead of character-by-character, like its predecessor, optical character recognition (OCR). IWR technology matches handwritten or printed words to a user-defined dictionary, significantly reducing character errors encountered in typical character-based recognition engines | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems or AAMAS is the leading scientific conference for research in the areas of artificial intelligence, autonomous agents, and multiagent systems. It is annually organized by a non-profit organization called the International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (IFAAMAS).
History
The AAMAS conference is a merger of three major international conferences/workshops, namely International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AGENTS), International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS), and International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages (ATAL) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A K-line, or Knowledge-line, is a mental agent which represents an association of a group of other mental agents found active when a subject solves a certain problem or formulates a new idea. These were first described in Marvin Minsky's essay K-lines: A Theory of Memory, published in 1980 in the journal Cognitive Science:
When you "get an idea," or "solve a problem" . | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
KL-ONE (pronounced "kay ell won") is a knowledge representation system in the tradition of semantic networks and frames; that is, it is a frame language. The system is an attempt to overcome semantic indistinctness in semantic network representations and to explicitly represent conceptual information as a structured inheritance network.
Overview
There is a whole family of KL-ONE-like systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Knowledge compilation is a family of approaches for addressing the intractability of
a number of artificial intelligence problems.
A propositional model is compiled in an off-line phase in order to support some queries in polynomial time. Many ways of compiling a propositional models exist | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In artificial intelligence, knowledge-based agents draw on a pool of logical sentences to infer conclusions about the world. At the knowledge level, we only need to specify what the agent knows and what its goals are; a logical abstraction separate from details of implementation.
This notion of knowledge level was first introduced by Allen Newell in the 1980s, to have a way to rationalize an agent's behavior | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Knowledge-based configuration, or also referred to as product configuration or product customization, is an activity of customising a product to meet the needs of a particular customer. The product in question may consist of mechanical parts, services, and software. Knowledge-based configuration is a major application area for artificial intelligence (AI), and it is based on modelling of the configurations in a manner that allows the utilisation of AI techniques for searching for a valid configuration to meet the needs of a particular customer | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Knowledge-based recommender systems (knowledge based recommenders) are a specific type of recommender system that are based on explicit knowledge about the item assortment, user preferences, and recommendation criteria (i. e. , which item should be recommended in which context) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A knowledge-based system (KBS) is a computer program that reasons and uses a knowledge base to solve complex problems. The term is broad and refers to many different kinds of systems. The one common theme that unites all knowledge based systems is an attempt to represent knowledge explicitly and a reasoning system that allows it to derive new knowledge | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
LangChain is a framework designed to simplify the creation of applications using large language models (LLMs). As a language model integration framework, LangChain's use-cases largely overlap with those of language models in general, including document analysis and summarization, chatbots, and code analysis.
Background
LangChain was launched in October 2022 as an open source project by Harrison Chase, while working at machine learning startup Robust Intelligence | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The language/action perspective "takes language as the primary dimension of human cooperative activity," applied not just in person-to-person direct (face-to-face) interactions, but also in the design of systems mediated by information and communication technology. The perspective was developed in the joint authorship of Understanding Computers and Cognition by Fernando Flores and Terry Winograd in 1987.
Overview
As part of a reflection published in 2006, Terry Winograd describes the language-action perspective as resting on two key orienting principles:
The first is its focus on linguistic communication as the basis for understanding what occurs in information systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
LPA* or Lifelong Planning A* is an incremental heuristic search algorithm based on A*. It was first described by Sven Koenig and Maxim Likhachev in 2001.
Description
LPA* is an incremental version of A*, which can adapt to changes in the graph without recalculating the entire graph, by updating the g-values (distance from start) from the previous search during the current search to correct them when necessary | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Machine perception is the capability of a computer system to interpret data in a manner that is similar to the way humans use their senses to relate to the world around them. The basic method that the computers take in and respond to their environment is through the attached hardware. Until recently input was limited to a keyboard, or a mouse, but advances in technology, both in hardware and software, have allowed computers to take in sensory input in a way similar to humans | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Means–ends analysis (MEA) is a problem solving technique used commonly in artificial intelligence (AI) for limiting search in AI programs.
It is also a technique used at least since the 1950s as a creativity tool, most frequently mentioned in engineering books on design methods. MEA is also related to means–ends chain approach used commonly in consumer behavior analysis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mindpixel was a web-based collaborative artificial intelligence project which aimed to create a knowledgebase of millions of human validated true/false statements, or probabilistic propositions. It ran from 2000 to 2005.
Description
Participants in the project created one-line statements which aimed to be objectively true or false to 20 other anonymous participants | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Neural architecture search (NAS) is a technique for automating the design of artificial neural networks (ANN), a widely used model in the field of machine learning. NAS has been used to design networks that are on par or outperform hand-designed architectures. Methods for NAS can be categorized according to the search space, search strategy and performance estimation strategy used:
The search space defines the type(s) of ANN that can be designed and optimized | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Neural computation is the information processing performed by networks of neurons. Neural computation is affiliated with the philosophical tradition known as Computational theory of mind, also referred to as computationalism, which advances the thesis that neural computation explains cognition. The first persons to propose an account of neural activity as being computational was Warren McCullock and Walter Pitts in their seminal 1943 paper, A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Non-human (also spelled nonhuman) is any entity displaying some, but not enough, human characteristics to be considered a human. The term has been used in a variety of contexts and may refer to objects that have been developed with human intelligence, such as robots or vehicles.
Animal rights and personhood
In the animal rights movement, it is common to distinguish between "human animals" and "non-human animals" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nouvelle artificial intelligence (AI) is an approach to artificial intelligence pioneered in the 1980s by Rodney Brooks, who was then part of MIT artificial intelligence laboratory. Nouvelle AI differs from classical AI by aiming to produce robots with intelligence levels similar to insects. Researchers believe that intelligence can emerge organically from simple behaviors as these intelligences interacted with the "real world," instead of using the constructed worlds which symbolic AIs typically needed to have programmed into them | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
OpenIRIS is the open source version of IRIS, a semantic desktop that enables users to create a "personal map" across their office-related information objects. The name IRIS is an acronym for "Integrate. Relate | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Operational artificial intelligence, or operational AI, is a type of intelligent system designed for real-world applications, particularly at commercial scale. The term is used to distinguish accessible artificially intelligent (AI) systems from fundamental AI research and from industrial AI applications which are not integrated with the routine usage of a business. The definition of operational AI differs throughout the IT industry, where vendors and individual organizations often create their own custom definitions of such processes and services for the purpose of marketing their own products | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Oriented energy filters are used to grant sight to intelligent machines and sensors. The light comes in and is filtered so that it can be properly computed and analyzed by the computer allowing it to “perceive” what it is measuring. These energy measurements are then calculated to take a real time measurement of the oriented space time structure | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pattern theory, formulated by Ulf Grenander, is a mathematical formalism to describe knowledge of the world as patterns. It differs from other approaches to artificial intelligence in that it does not begin by prescribing algorithms and machinery to recognize and classify patterns; rather, it prescribes a vocabulary to articulate and recast the pattern concepts in precise language. Broad in its mathematical coverage, Pattern Theory spans algebra and statistics, as well as local topological and global entropic properties | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A pedagogical agent is a concept borrowed from computer science and artificial intelligence and applied to education, usually as part of an intelligent tutoring system (ITS). It is a simulated human-like interface between the learner and the content, in an educational environment. A pedagogical agent is designed to model the type of interactions between a student and another person | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A percept is the input that an intelligent agent is perceiving at any given moment. It is essentially the same concept as a percept in psychology, except that it is being perceived not by the brain but by the agent. A percept is detected by a sensor, often a camera, processed accordingly, and acted upon by an actuator | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Perusall is a social web annotation tool used by students at schools and universities across the world. It allows users to annotate the margins of a text in a virtual group setting that is similar to social media--with upvoting, emojis, chat functionality, and notifications--and it includes AI grading.
History
Perusall began as a research project at Harvard University | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
POP-11 is a reflective, incrementally compiled programming language with many of the features of an interpreted language. It is the core language of the Poplog programming environment developed originally by the University of Sussex, and recently in the School of Computer Science at the University of Birmingham, which hosts the main Poplog website.
POP-11 is an evolution of the language POP-2, developed in Edinburgh University, and features an open stack model (like Forth, among others) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The principle of rationality (or rationality principle) was coined by Karl R. Popper in his Harvard Lecture of 1963, and published in his book Myth of Framework. It is related to what he called the 'logic of the situation' in an Economica article of 1944/1945, published later in his book The Poverty of Historicism | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A probabilistic logic network (PLN) is a conceptual, mathematical and computational approach to uncertain inference; inspired by logic programming, but using probabilities in place of crisp (true/false) truth values, and fractional uncertainty in place of crisp known/unknown values. In order to carry out effective reasoning in real-world circumstances, artificial intelligence software must robustly handle uncertainty. However, previous approaches to uncertain inference do not have the breadth of scope required to provide an integrated treatment of the disparate forms of cognitively critical uncertainty as they manifest themselves within the various forms of pragmatic inference | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Problem solving is the process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles, a frequent part of most activities. Problems in need of solutions range from simple personal tasks (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Progress in Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the advances, milestones, and breakthroughs that have been achieved in the field of artificial intelligence over time. AI is a multidisciplinary branch of computer science that aims to create machines and systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. Artificial intelligence applications have been used in a wide range of fields including medical diagnosis, economic-financial applications, robot control, law, scientific discovery, video games, and toys | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Prompt engineering is the process of structuring text that can be interpreted and understood by a generative AI model. A prompt is natural language text describing the task that an AI should perform. The ability to understand and respond to prompts, called in-context learning, is an emergent ability of large language models | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The psychology of reasoning (also known as the cognitive science of reasoning) is the study of how people reason, often broadly defined as the process of drawing conclusions to inform how people solve problems and make decisions. It overlaps with psychology, philosophy, linguistics, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, logic, and probability theory.
Psychological experiments on how humans and other animals reason have been carried out for over 100 years | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In machine learning, reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) or reinforcement learning from human preferences is a technique that trains a "reward model" directly from human feedback and uses the model as a reward function to optimize an agent's policy using reinforcement learning (RL) through an optimization algorithm like Proximal Policy Optimization. The reward model is trained in advance to the policy being optimized to predict if a given output is good (high reward) or bad (low reward). RLHF can improve the robustness and exploration of RL agents, especially when the reward function is sparse or noisy | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Schema-agnostic databases or vocabulary-independent databases aim at supporting users to be abstracted from the representation of the data, supporting the automatic semantic matching between queries and databases. Schema-agnosticism is the property of a database of mapping a query issued with the user terminology and structure, automatically mapping it to the dataset vocabulary.
The increase in the size and in the semantic heterogeneity of database schemas bring new requirements for users querying and searching structured data | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Self-management is the process by which computer systems manage their own operation without human intervention. Self-management technologies are expected to pervade the next generation of network management systems. The growing complexity of modern networked computer systems is a limiting factor in their expansion | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In artificial intelligence and cognitive science, the term situated refers to an agent which is embedded in an environment. The term situated is commonly used to refer to robots, but some researchers argue that software agents can also be situated if:
they exist in a dynamic (rapidly changing) environment, which
they can manipulate or change through their actions, and which
they can sense or perceive. Examples might include web-based agents, which can alter data or trigger processes (such as purchases) over the internet, or virtual-reality bots which inhabit and change virtual worlds, such as Second Life | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In artificial intelligence research, the situated approach builds agents that are designed to behave effectively successfully in their environment. This requires designing AI "from the bottom-up" by focussing on the basic perceptual and motor skills required to survive. The situated approach gives a much lower priority to abstract reasoning or problem-solving skills | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computer science, a software agent or software AI is a computer program that acts for a user or other program in a relationship of agency, which derives from the Latin agere (to do): an agreement to act on one's behalf. Such "action on behalf of" implies the authority to decide which, if any, action is appropriate. Some agents are colloquially known as bots, from robot | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Spreading activation is a method for searching associative networks, biological and artificial neural networks, or semantic networks. The search process is initiated by labeling a set of source nodes (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In knowledge-based systems, agents choose actions based on the principle of rationality to move closer to a desired goal. The agent is able to make decisions based on knowledge it has about the world (see knowledge level). But for the agent to actually change its state, it must use whatever means it has available | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Synthetic media (also known as AI-generated media, media produced by generative AI, personalized media, and colloquially as deepfakes) is a catch-all term for the artificial production, manipulation, and modification of data and media by automated means, especially through the use of artificial intelligence algorithms, such as for the purpose of misleading people or changing an original meaning. Synthetic media as a field has grown rapidly since the creation of generative adversarial networks, primarily through the rise of deepfakes as well as music synthesis, text generation, human image synthesis, speech synthesis, and more. Though experts use the term "synthetic media," individual methods such as deepfakes and text synthesis are sometimes not referred to as such by the media but instead by their respective terminology (and often use "deepfakes" as a euphemism, e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A text-to-video model is a machine learning model which takes as input a natural language description and produces a video matching that description. Video prediction on making objects realistic in a stable background is performed by using recurrent neural network for a sequence to sequence model with a connector convolutional neural network encoding and decoding each frame pixel by pixel, creating video using deep learning.
Methodology
Data collection and data set preparation using clear video from kinetic human action video | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Thompson sampling, named after William R. Thompson, is a heuristic for choosing actions that addresses the exploration-exploitation dilemma in the multi-armed bandit problem. It consists of choosing the action that maximizes the expected reward with respect to a randomly drawn belief | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Universal psychometrics encompasses psychometrics instruments that could measure the psychological properties of any intelligent agent. Up until the early 21st century, psychometrics relied heavily on psychological tests that require the subject to corporate and answer questions, the most famous example being an intelligence test. Such methods are only applicable to the measurement of human psychological properties | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Virtual intelligence (VI) is the term given to artificial intelligence that exists within a virtual world. Many virtual worlds have options for persistent avatars that provide information, training, role playing, and social interactions.
The immersion of virtual worlds provides a unique platform for VI beyond the traditional paradigm of past user interfaces (UIs) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wadhwani AI, based in Mumbai, Maharashtra, is an independent, non-profit institute. Founded in 2018, it is dedicated to developing Artificial intelligence solutions for social good. Their mission is to build AI-based innovations and solutions for underserved communities in developing countries, for a wide range of domains including agriculture, education, financial inclusion, healthcare, and infrastructure | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Weak artificial intelligence (weak AI) is artificial intelligence that implements a limited part of mind, or, as narrow AI, is focused on one narrow task. In John Searle's terms it “would be useful for testing hypotheses about minds, but would not actually be minds”. Weak artificial intelligence focuses on mimicking how humans perform basic actions such as remembering things, perceiving things, and solving simple problems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Web intelligence is the area of scientific research and development that explores the roles and makes use of artificial intelligence and information technology for new products, services and frameworks that are empowered by the World Wide Web. The term was coined in a paper written by Ning Zhong, Jiming Liu Yao and Y. Y | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wetware is a term drawn from the computer-related idea of hardware or software, but applied to biological life forms.
Usage
The prefix "wet" is a reference to the water found in living creatures. Wetware is used to describe the elements equivalent to hardware and software found in a person, especially the central nervous system (CNS) and the human mind | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A wetware computer is an organic computer (which can also be known as an artificial organic brain or a neurocomputer) composed of organic material "wetware" such as "living" neurons. Wetware computers composed of neurons are different than conventional computers because they use biological materials, and offer the possibility of substantially more energy-efficient computing. While a wetware computer is still largely conceptual, there has been limited success with construction and prototyping, which has acted as a proof of the concept's realistic application to computing in the future | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Winner-take-all is a computer science concept that has been widely applied in behavior-based robotics as a method of action selection for intelligent agents. Winner-take-all systems work by connecting modules (task-designated areas) in such a way that when one action is performed it stops all other actions from being performed, so only one action is occurring at a time. The name comes from the idea that the "winner" action takes all of the motor system's power | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The impact of artificial intelligence on workers includes both applications to improve worker safety and health, and potential hazards that must be controlled.
One potential application is using AI to eliminate hazards by removing humans from hazardous situations that involve risk of stress, overwork, or musculoskeletal injuries. Predictive analytics may also be used to identify conditions that may lead to hazards such as fatigue, repetitive strain injuries, or toxic substance exposure, leading to earlier interventions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Zeuthen strategy in cognitive science is a negotiation strategy used by some artificial agents. Its purpose is to measure the willingness to risk conflict. An agent will be more willing to risk conflict if it does not have much to lose in case that the negotiation fails | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Computational geometry is a branch of computer science devoted to the study of algorithms which can be stated in terms of geometry. Some purely geometrical problems arise out of the study of computational geometric algorithms, and such problems are also considered to be part of computational geometry. While modern computational geometry is a recent development, it is one of the oldest fields of computing with a history stretching back to antiquity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computational complexity theory, the 3SUM problem asks if a given set of
n
{\displaystyle n}
real numbers contains three elements that sum to zero. A generalized version, k-SUM, asks the same question on k numbers. 3SUM can be easily solved in
O
(
n
2
)
{\displaystyle O(n^{2})}
time, and matching
Ω
(
n
⌈
k
/
2
⌉
)
{\displaystyle \Omega (n^{\lceil k/2\rceil })}
lower bounds are known in some specialized models of computation (Erickson 1999) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computational geometry, an alpha shape, or α-shape, is a family of piecewise linear simple curves in the Euclidean plane associated with the shape of a finite set of points. They were first defined by Edelsbrunner, Kirkpatrick & Seidel (1983). The alpha-shape associated with a set of points is a generalization of the concept of the convex hull, i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Barrier resilience is an algorithmic optimization problem in computational geometry motivated by the design of wireless sensor networks, in which one seeks a path through a collection of barriers (often modeled as unit disks) that passes through as few barriers as possible.
Definitions
The barrier resilience problem was introduced by Kumar, Lai & Arora (2005) (using different terminology) to model the ability of wireless sensor networks to detect intruders robustly when some sensors may become faulty.
In this problem, the region under surveillance from each sensor is modeled as a unit disk in the Euclidean plane | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computational geometry, a CC system or counterclockwise system is a ternary relation pqr introduced by Donald Knuth to model the clockwise ordering of triples of points in general position in the Euclidean plane.
Axioms
A CC system is required to satisfy the following axioms, for all distinct points p, q, r, s, and t:
Cyclic symmetry: If pqr then qrp.
Antisymmetry: If pqr then not prq | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Microcracks in rock, also known as microfractures and cracks, are spaces in rock with the longest length of 1000 μm and the other two dimensions of 10 μm. In general, the ratio of width to length of microcracks is between 10−3 to 10−5. Due to the scale, microcracks are observed using microscope to obtain their basic characteristics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Microvoid coalescence (MVC) is a high energy microscopic fracture mechanism observed in the majority of metallic alloys and in some engineering plastics.
Fracture process
MVC proceeds in three stages: nucleation, growth, and coalescence of microvoids. The nucleation of microvoids can be caused by particle cracking or interfacial failure between precipitate particles and the matrix | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Moldable wood is a strong and flexible cellulose-based material. Moldable wood can be folded into different shapes without breaking or snapping. The patented synthesis is based on the deconstruction and softening of the wood's lignin, then re-swelling the material in a rapid "water-shock" process that produces a wrinkled cell wall structure | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In mechanical engineering and materials science, a notch refers to a V-shaped, U-shaped, or semi-circular defect deliberately introduced into a planar material. In structural components, a notch causes a stress concentration which can result in the initiation and growth of fatigue cracks. Notches are used in materials characterization to determine fracture mechanics related properties such as fracture toughness and rates of fatigue crack growth | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Palmqvist method, or the Palmqvist toughness test, (after Sven Robert Palmqvist) is a common method to determine the fracture toughness for cemented carbides. In this case, the material's fracture toughness is given by the critical stress intensity factor KIc.
Approach
The Palmqvist-method uses the lengths of the cracks from a number of Vickers indentions to determine the fracture toughness | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Peridynamics is a non-local formulation of continuum mechanics that is oriented toward deformations with discontinuities, especially fractures. Originally, bond-based peridynamic has been introduced, wherein, internal interactions forces between a material point and all the other ones with which it can interact, are modeled as a central forces field. This type of forces field can be imagined as a mesh of bonds connecting each point of the body with every other interacting points within a certain distance which depends on material property, called peridynamic horizon | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rising Step Load Testing (or RSL testing) is a testing system that can apply loads in tension or bending to evaluate hydrogen-induced cracking (also called hydrogen embrittlement). It was specifically designed to conduct the accelerated ASTM F1624 step-modified, slow strain rate tests on a variety of test coupons or structural components. It can also function to conduct conventional ASTM E8 tensile tests; ASTM F519 200-hr Sustained Load Tests with subsequent programmable step loads to rupture for increased reliability; and ASTM G129 Slow Strain Rate Tensile tests | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A mechanical or physical shock is a sudden acceleration caused, for example, by impact, drop, kick, earthquake, or explosion. Shock is a transient physical excitation.
Shock describes matter subject to extreme rates of force with respect to time | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
According to the classical theories of elastic or plastic structures made from a material with non-random strength (ft), the nominal strength (σN) of a structure is independent of the structure size (D) when geometrically similar structures are considered. Any deviation from this property is called the size effect. For example, conventional strength of materials predicts that a large beam and a tiny beam will fail at the same stress if they are made of the same material | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Slow strain rate testing (SSRT), also called constant extension rate tensile testing (CERT), is a popular test used by research scientists to study stress corrosion cracking. It involves a slow (compared to conventional tensile tests) dynamic strain applied at a constant extension rate in the environment of interest. These test results are compared to those for similar tests in a, known to be inert, environment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Solder fatigue is the mechanical degradation of solder due to deformation under cyclic loading. This can often occur at stress levels below the yield stress of solder as a result of repeated temperature fluctuations, mechanical vibrations, or mechanical loads. Techniques to evaluate solder fatigue behavior include finite element analysis and semi-analytical closed-form equations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Static fatigue describes how prolonged and constant cyclic stress weakens a material until it breaks apart, which is called failure. It is sometimes called "delayed fracture". This damage happens at a smaller stress level than the stress level needed to create a normal tensile fracture | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In fracture mechanics, the stress intensity factor (K) is used to predict the stress state ("stress intensity") near the tip of a crack or notch caused by a remote load or residual stresses. It is a theoretical construct usually applied to a homogeneous, linear elastic material and is useful for providing a failure criterion for brittle materials, and is a critical technique in the discipline of damage tolerance. The concept can also be applied to materials that exhibit small-scale yielding at a crack tip | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Structural fracture mechanics is the field of structural engineering concerned with the study of load-carrying structures that includes one or several failed or damaged components. It uses methods of analytical solid mechanics, structural engineering, safety engineering, probability theory, and catastrophe theory to calculate the load and stress in the structural components and analyze the safety of a damaged structure.
There is a direct analogy between fracture mechanics of solid and structural fracture mechanics:
There are different causes of the first component failure:
mechanical overload, fatigue (material), unpredicted scenario, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Thermo-mechanical fatigue (short TMF) is the overlay of a cyclical mechanical loading, that leads to fatigue of a material, with a cyclical thermal loading. Thermo-mechanical fatigue is an important point that needs to be considered, when constructing turbine engines or gas turbines.
Failure mechanisms
There are three mechanisms acting in thermo-mechanical fatigue
Creep is the flow of material at high temperatures
Fatigue is crack growth and propagation due to repeated loading
Oxidation is a change in the chemical composition of the material due to environmental factors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tin cry is the characteristic sound heard when a bar made of tin is bent. Variously described as a "screaming" or "crackling" sound, the effect is caused by the crystal twinning in the metal. The sound is not particularly loud, despite terms like "crying" and "screaming" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In materials science, toughening refers to the process of making a material more resistant to the propagation of cracks. When a crack propagates, the associated irreversible work in different materials classes is different. Thus, the most effective toughening mechanisms differ among different materials classes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
== Definition ==
Transgranular fracture is a type of fracture that occurs through the grains or crystals of a material. In contrast to intergranular fractures, which occur when a fracture passes across grain borders, this type of fracture traverses the material's microstructure directly through individual grains. This type of fracture typically results from a combination of high stresses and material defects, such as voids or inclusions, that create a path for crack propagation through the grains | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Vibration fatigue is a mechanical engineering term describing material fatigue, caused by forced vibration of random nature. An excited structure responds according to its natural-dynamics modes, which results in a dynamic stress load in the material points. The process of material fatigue is thus governed largely by the shape of the excitation profile and the response it produces | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Widespread fatigue damage (WFD) in a structure is characterised by the simultaneous presence of fatigue cracks at multiple points that are of sufficient size and density that while individually they may be acceptable, link-up of the cracks could suddenly occur and the structure could fail. For example, small fatigue cracks developing along a row of fastener holes can coalesce increasing the stress on adjacent cracked sites increasing the rate of growth of those cracks. The objective of a designer is to determine when large numbers of small cracks could degrade the joint strength to an unacceptable level | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hysteresis is the dependence of the state of a system on its history. For example, a magnet may have more than one possible magnetic moment in a given magnetic field, depending on how the field changed in the past. Plots of a single component of the moment often form a loop or hysteresis curve, where there are different values of one variable depending on the direction of change of another variable | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In structural engineering, the Bouc–Wen model of hysteresis is one of the most used hysteretic models typically employed to describe non-linear hysteretic systems. It was introduced by Robert Bouc and extended by Yi-Kwei Wen, who demonstrated its versatility by producing a variety of hysteretic patterns.
This model is able to capture, in analytical form, a range of hysteretic cycle shapes matching the behaviour of a wide class of hysteretical systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The contact angle (symbol θC) is the angle between a liquid surface and a solid surface where they meet. More specifically, it is the angle between the surface tangent on the liquid–vapor interface and the tangent on the solid–liquid interface at their intersection.
It quantifies the wettability of a solid surface by a liquid via the Young equation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ferroelasticity is a phenomenon in which a material may exhibit a spontaneous strain. Usually, a crystal has two or more stable orientational states in the absence of mechanical stress or electric field, i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In physics, ferroics is the generic name given to the study of ferromagnets, ferroelectrics, and ferroelastics.
Overview
The basis of ferroics is to understand the large changes in physical characteristics that occur over a very narrow temperature range. The changes in physical characteristics occur when phase transitions take place around some critical temperature value, normally denoted by
T
c
{\displaystyle T_{c}}
| https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hysteretic models are mathematical models capable of simulating the complex nonlinear behavior characterizing mechanical systems and materials used in different fields of engineering, such as aerospace, civil, and mechanical engineering. Some examples of mechanical systems and materials having hysteretic behavior are:
materials, such as steel, reinforced concrete, wood;
structural elements, such as steel, reinforced concrete, or wood joints;
devices, such as seismic isolators and dampers. Hysteretic models may have a generalized displacement
u
{\displaystyle u}
as input variable and a generalized force
f
{\displaystyle f}
as output variable, or vice versa | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Mpemba effect is the name given to the observation that a liquid (typically water) which is initially hot can freeze faster than the same liquid which begins cold, under otherwise similar conditions. There is disagreement about its theoretical basis and the parameters required to produce the effect. The Mpemba effect is named after Tanzanian scientist Erasto Bartholomeo Mpemba, who described it in 1963 as a secondary school student | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Multiferroics are defined as materials that exhibit more than one of the primary ferroic properties in the same phase:
ferromagnetism – a magnetisation that is switchable by an applied magnetic field
ferroelectricity – an electric polarisation that is switchable by an applied electric field
ferroelasticity – a deformation that is switchable by an applied stressWhile ferroelectric ferroelastics and ferromagnetic ferroelastics are formally multiferroics, these days the term is usually used to describe the magnetoelectric multiferroics that are simultaneously ferromagnetic and ferroelectric. Sometimes the definition is expanded to include nonprimary order parameters, such as antiferromagnetism or ferrimagnetism. In addition, other types of primary order, such as ferroic arrangements of magnetoelectric multipoles of which ferrotoroidicity is an example, have also been recently proposed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In electronics, a Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit with hysteresis implemented by applying positive feedback to the noninverting input of a comparator or differential amplifier. It is an active circuit which converts an analog input signal to a digital output signal. The circuit is named a trigger because the output retains its value until the input changes sufficiently to trigger a change | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Water retention curve is the relationship between the water content, θ, and the soil water potential, ψ. This curve is characteristic for different types of soil, and is also called the soil moisture characteristic.
It is used to predict the soil water storage, water supply to the plants (field capacity) and soil aggregate stability | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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