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A ternary complex is a protein complex containing three different molecules that are bound together. In structural biology, ternary complex can also be used to describe a crystal containing a protein with two small molecules bound, for example cofactor and substrate; or a complex formed between two proteins and a single substrate. In Immunology, ternary complex can refer to the MHC–peptide–T-cell-receptor complex formed when T cells recognize epitopes of an antigen | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tetraloops are a type of four-base hairpin loop motifs in RNA secondary structure that cap many double helices. There are many variants of the tetraloop. The published ones include ANYA,
CUYG,
GNRA,
UNAC
and UNCG | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In molecular biology, P73 antisense RNA 1T (non-protein coding), also known as TP73-AS1 or PDAM, is a long non-coding RNA. It may regulate apoptosis via regulation of p53-dependent anti-apoptotic genes. It may play a role in the development of oligodendroglial tumours | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Transient expression, more frequently referred to "transient gene expression", is the temporary expression of genes that are expressed for a short time after nucleic acid, most frequently plasmid DNA encoding an expression cassette, has been introduced into eukaryotic cells with a chemical delivery agent like calcium phosphate (CaPi) or polyethyleneimine (PEI). However, unlike "stable expression," the foreign DNA does not fuse with the host cell DNA, resulting in the inevitable loss of the vector after several cell replication cycles. The majority of transient gene expressions are done with cultivated animal cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Transposase-2 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. These RNAs are usually located nearby to genes that encode transposases, which are the main component of transposons. Many kinds of transposon are found adjacent to inverted repeats, which could be mistaken for simple RNA secondary structures | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In the field of molecular biology, transrepression is a process whereby one protein represses (i. e. , inhibits) the activity of a second protein through a protein-protein interaction | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Transversion, in molecular biology, refers to a point mutation in DNA in which a single (two ring) purine (A or G) is changed for a (one ring) pyrimidine (T or C), or vice versa. A transversion can be spontaneous, or it can be caused by ionizing radiation or alkylating agents. It can only be reversed by a spontaneous reversion | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
tRNA (cytidine56-2'-O)-methyltransferase (EC 2. 1. 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In molecular biology and genetics, upstream and downstream both refer to relative positions of genetic code in DNA or RNA. Each strand of DNA or RNA has a 5' end and a 3' end, so named for the carbon position on the deoxyribose (or ribose) ring. By convention, upstream and downstream relate to the 5' to 3' direction respectively in which RNA transcription takes place | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus (WHV) Posttranscriptional Regulatory Element (WPRE) is a DNA sequence that, when transcribed, creates a tertiary structure enhancing expression. The sequence is commonly used in molecular biology to increase expression of genes delivered by viral vectors. WPRE is a tripartite regulatory element with gamma, alpha, and beta components | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Yfr2 (cYanobacterial functional RNA-2 later published as Cyano-1 RNA motif) is a family of non-coding RNAs. Members of the Yrf2 family have been identified in almost all studied species of cyanobacteria. The family was identified through a bioinformatics screen of published cyanobacterial genomes, having previously been grouped in a family of Yfr2–5 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fungi – "Fungi" is plural for "fungus". A fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms. Biologists classify these organisms as a kingdom, Fungi, the second highest taxonomic rank of living organism beneath the Eukaryota domain; other kingdoms include plants, animals, protists, and bacteria | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Calcarisporiellaceae is a family of fungi within the subkingdom Mucoromycota. It is the only family in the order Calcarisporiellales, class Calcarisporiellomycetes, subphylum Calcarisporiellomycotina and phylum Calcarisporiellomycota. It contains two known genera, Calcarisporiella and Echinochlamydosporium | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Circinella is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Syncephalastraceae. It was first described by Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem & (Alexandre Alexis) George Le Monnier in 1873. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dichotomocladium is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Syncephalastraceae. Species:
Dichotomocladium elegans Benny & R. K | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fungi diverged from other life around 1. 5 billion years ago, with the glomaleans branching from the "higher fungi" (dikaryans) at ~570 million years ago, according to DNA analysis. (Schüssler et al | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fennellomyces is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Syncephalastraceae. Species:
Fennellomyces gigacellularis J. H | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In life sciences, funga is a recent term for the kingdom fungi similar to the longstanding fauna for animals and flora for plants. The term was considered to be needed in order to simplify projects oriented toward implementation of educational and conservation goals. An informal meeting held during the IX Congreso Latinoamericano de Micología resulted in a proposal for the term in 2018; alternative terms were also proposed and discussed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gongronella is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Cunninghamellaceae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species
Species:
Gongronella brasiliensis C | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lichtheimia is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Lichtheimiaceae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species
Species:
Lichtheimia blakesleeana (Lendn | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Microfungi or micromycetes are fungi—eukaryotic organisms such as molds, mildews and rusts—which have microscopic spore-producing structures. They exhibit tube tip-growth and have cell walls composed of chitin, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine. Microfungi are a paraphyletic group, distinguished from macrofungi only by the absence of a large, multicellular fruiting body | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Monoblepharis is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Monoblepharidaceae. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species
Species:
Monoblepharis bullata Perrott
Monoblepharis fasciculata Thaxt | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rhizomucor pusillus is a species of Rhizomucor. It can cause disease in humans. R | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sporoplasm is an infectious material present in the cytoplasm of various fungi-like organisms, such as members of class Microsporidia. Sporoplasm is defined as a mass of protoplasm that gives rise to or forms a spore. The protoplasmic body that is released as an infective amoebula from a cnidosporidian cyst | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Winfrenatia is a genus that contains the oldest-known terrestrial lichen, occurring in fossils preserved in the lower Devonian Rhynie chert. The genus contains the single species Winfrenatia reticulata, named for the texture of its surface. Both the species and the genus were described in 1997 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fungal infection, also known as mycosis, is a disease caused by fungi. Different types are traditionally divided according to the part of the body affected; superficial, subcutaneous, and systemic. Superficial fungal infections include common tinea of the skin, such as tinea of the body, groin, hands, feet and beard, and yeast infections such as pityriasis versicolor | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pathogenic fungi are fungi that cause disease in humans or other organisms. Although fungi are eukaryotic, many pathogenic fungi are microorganisms. Approximately 300 fungi are known to be pathogenic to humans; their study is called "medical mycology" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Aspergillosis is a fungal infection of usually the lungs, caused by the genus Aspergillus, a common mould that is breathed in frequently from the air around, but does not usually affect most people. It generally occurs in people with lung diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis or tuberculosis, or those who have had a stem cell or organ transplant, and those who cannot fight infection because of medications they take such as steroids and some cancer treatments. Rarely, it can affect skin | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Basidiobolomycosis is a fungal disease caused by Basidiobolus ranarum. It may appear as one or more painless firm nodules in the skin which becomes purplish with an edge that appears to be slowly growing outwards. A serious but less common type affects the stomach and intestine, which usually presents with abdominal pain, fever and a mass | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Blastomycosis, also known as Gilchrist's disease, is a fungal infection, typically of the lungs, which can spread to brain, stomach, intestine and skin, where it appears as crusting purplish warty plaques with a roundish bumpy edge and central depression. Only about half of people with the disease have symptoms, which can include fever, cough, night sweats, muscle pains, weight loss, chest pain, and feeling tired. Symptoms usually develop between three weeks and three months after breathing in the spores | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Candidiasis is a fungal infection due to any type of Candida (a type of yeast). When it affects the mouth, in some countries it is commonly called thrush. Signs and symptoms include white patches on the tongue or other areas of the mouth and throat | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chromoblastomycosis is a long-term fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (a chronic subcutaneous mycosis). It can be caused by many different types of fungi which become implanted under the skin, often by thorns or splinters. Chromoblastomycosis spreads very slowly | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis is a long-term fungal infection caused by members of the genus Aspergillus—most commonly Aspergillus fumigatus. The term describes several disease presentations with considerable overlap, ranging from an aspergilloma—a clump of Aspergillus mold in the lungs—through to a subacute, invasive form known as chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis which affects people whose immune system is weakened. Many people affected by chronic pulmonary aspergillosis have an underlying lung disease, most commonly tuberculosis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, asthma, or lung cancer | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Conidiobolomycosis is a rare long-term fungal infection that is typically found just under the skin of the nose, sinuses, cheeks and upper lips. It may present with a nose bleed or a blocked or runny nose. Typically there is a firm painless swelling which can slowly extend to the nasal bridge and eyes, sometimes causing facial disfigurement | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cryptococcosis is a potentially fatal fungal infection of mainly the lungs, presenting as a pneumonia, and brain, where it appears as a meningitis. Cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain and fever are seen when the lungs are infected. When the brain is infected, symptoms include headache, fever, neck pain, nausea and vomiting, light sensitivity and confusion or changes in behavior | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cystobasidium is a genus of fungi in the order Cystobasidiales. The type species is a fungal parasite forming small gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) on various ascomycetous fungi (including Lasiobolus and Thelebolus spp) on dung. Microscopically, it has auricularioid (laterally septate) basidia producing basidiospores that germinate by budding off yeast cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Emmonsiosis, also known as emergomycosis, is a systemic fungal infection that can affect the lungs, generally always affects the skin and can become widespread. The lesions in the skin look like small red bumps and patches with a dip, ulcer and dead tissue in the centre. It is caused by the Emergomyces species, a novel dimorphic fungus, previously classified under the genus Emmonsia | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fungal pneumonia is an infection of the lungs by fungi. It can be caused by either endemic or opportunistic fungi or a combination of both. Case mortality in fungal pneumonias can be as high as 90% in immunocompromised patients, though immunocompetent patients generally respond well to anti-fungal therapy | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Global Action For Fungal Infections (GAFFI), is an international foundation focussed on raising awareness of and collecting worldwide data on fungal disease. Its aim is to make reliable and inexpensive diagnostic tests widely available.
In 2015, GAFFI proposed action to make affordable fungal diagnostic tests and antifungal treatments available to 95% of the world's population by 2025 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hemibiotrophs are the spectrum of plant pathogens, including bacteria, oomycete and a group of plant pathogenic fungi that keep its host alive while establishing itself within the host tissue, taking up the nutrients with brief biotrophic-like phase. It then, in later stages of infection switches to a necrotrophic life-style, where it rampantly kills the host cells, deriving its nutrients from the dead tissues. This mode of interaction, in which initial biotrophy followed by a switch to necrotrophy, has been observed in the fungal model Magnaporthe oryzae (rice blast fungus) and other pathogens such as many Colletotrichum spp | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. Symptoms of this infection vary greatly, but the disease affects primarily the lungs. Occasionally, other organs are affected; called disseminated histoplasmosis, it can be fatal if left untreated | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mucormycosis, also known as black fungus, is a serious fungal infection that comes under fulminant fungal sinusitis, usually in people who are immunocompromised. It is curable only when diagnosed early. Symptoms depend on where in the body the infection occurs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mycetoma is a chronic infection in the skin caused by either bacteria (actinomycetoma) or fungi (eumycetoma), typically resulting in a triad of painless firm skin lumps, the formation of weeping sinuses, and a discharge that contains grains. 80% occur in feet. Most eumycetoma is caused by M | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Oral candidiasis, also known as oral thrush among other names, is candidiasis that occurs in the mouth. That is, oral candidiasis is a mycosis (yeast/fungal infection) of Candida species on the mucous membranes of the mouth.
Candida albicans is the most commonly implicated organism in this condition | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phoma wilt is a disease of the common hop plant caused by several species of fungal plant pathogens in the genus Phoma. These include Phoma herbarum and Phoma exigua, and possibly other as yet unidentified species. Phoma infection may cause decreased yields, but Phoma wilt is not considered to be a very common or destructive disease of the hop plant | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), also known as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), is a form of pneumonia that is caused by the yeast-like fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii. Pneumocystis specimens are commonly found in the lungs of healthy people although it is usually not a cause for disease. However, they are a source of opportunistic infection and can cause lung infections in people with a weak immune system or other predisposing health conditions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pneumocystosis is a fungal infection that most often presents as Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS or poor immunity. It usually causes cough, difficulty breathing and fever, and can lead to respiratory failure. Involvement outside the lungs is rare but, can occur as a disseminated type affecting lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, eyes, kidneys, thyroid, gastrointestinal tract or other organs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Scedosporiosis is the general name for any mycosis - i. e. , fungal infection - caused by a fungus from the genus Scedosporium | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
White Sands Test Facility (WSTF) is a U. S. government rocket engine test facility and a resource for testing and evaluating potentially hazardous materials, space flight components, and rocket propulsion systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ariane Next—also known as SALTO (reusable strategic space launcher technologies and operations)—is the code name for a future European Space Agency rocket being developed in the 2020s by ArianeGroup. This partially reusable launcher is planned to succeed Ariane 6, with an entry into service in the 2030s. The objective of the new launcher is to halve the launch costs compared with Ariane 6 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In rocketry, range safety or flight safety is ensured by monitoring the flight paths of missiles and launch vehicles. Various measures are implemented to protect nearby people, buildings and infrastructure from the dangers of a rocket launch. Ranges issue out closely guarded exclusion zones for air and sea traffic prior to launch, and close off certain areas to the public | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Autonomous Landing Hazard Avoidance Technology (ALHAT) is technology NASA is developing to autonomously land spacecraft on the Moon, Mars or even an asteroid. According to the NASA web page on the project, it will provide state-of-the-art automated descent and landing system for planetary lander craft. A surface-tracking sensor suite with real-time hazard avoidance capabilities will assess altitude and velocity of the descending vehicle and the topography of the landing site to permit precision landing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Delta-Differential One-Way Ranging (or Delta-DOR, Δ-DOR for short) is an interplanetary radio-tracking and navigation technique.
How it is done
Radio signals from the spacecraft are received by two widely separated deep-space ground stations on Earth and the difference in the times of signal arrival is precisely measured (and used to calculate a bearing). This is corrected using information about the current delays due to Earth's atmosphere, obtained by simultaneously tracking (from each ground location) radio signals from a quasar (within 10 degrees of the same direction) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A floating launch vehicle operations platform is a marine vessel used for launch or landing operations of an orbital launch vehicle by a launch service provider: putting satellites into orbit around Earth or another celestial body, or recovering first-stage boosters from orbital-class flights by making a propulsive landing on the platform.
In the early decades of spaceflight technology, all orbital launch vehicle operations were exclusively from land, and all booster stages were expended after a single use for nearly 60 years after the first orbital spaceflight, Sputnik 1.
After the late 1990s and into the 2010s, new marine options for launch were built | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A fractionated spacecraft is a satellite architecture where the functional capabilities of a conventional monolithic spacecraft are distributed across multiple modules which interact through wireless links. Unlike other aggregations of spacecraft, such as constellations and clusters, the modules of a fractionated spacecraft are largely heterogeneous and perform distinct functions corresponding, for instance, to the various subsystem elements of a traditional satellite.
History
The term "fractionated spacecraft" appears to have been coined by Owen Brown and Paul Eremenko in a series of 2006 papers,
which argue that a fractionated architecture offers more flexibility and robustness than traditional satellite design during mission operations, and during the design and procurement | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
G-jitter references forms of periodic or quasisteady residual acceleration encountered in a spacecraft floating through the micro-gravity confines of space. Such variations slightly change the orientation and magnitude of a body force in a low-gravity testing environment, which can either marginally or gravely affect the result of precision-heavy dependent experiments conducted on board a space station. These accelerations are often the result of routine crew activity and equipment operation and the aerodynamic and aeromechanical forces on the spacecraft itself | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A ground segment consists of all the ground-based elements of a space system used by operators and support personnel, as opposed to the space segment and user segment. : 1 The ground segment enables management of a spacecraft, and distribution of payload data and telemetry among interested parties on the ground. The primary elements of a ground segment are:
Ground (or Earth) stations, which provide radio interfaces with spacecraft: 142
Mission control (or operations) centers, from which spacecraft are managed: 20
Remote terminals, used by support personnel: 142
Spacecraft integration and test facilities
Launch facilities: 21
Ground networks, which allow for communication between the other ground elements: 142 These elements are present in nearly all space missions, whether commercial, military, or scientific | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A hypercone is a mechanism for atmospheric reentry deceleration proposed for use by future Mars landing missions. It is an inflatable structure combining characteristics of both heat shields and parachutes.
The hypercone is intended to supplement other deceleration mechanisms, bridging a gap in capability between conventional heat shields (which are useful for taking a spacecraft from orbital velocity down to several times the speed of sound) and conventional parachutes or landing rockets (which are only useful below the speed of sound) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ICER is a wavelet-based image compression file format used by the NASA Mars rovers. ICER has both lossy and lossless compression modes.
The Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity both used ICER | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Landing gear is the undercarriage of an aircraft or spacecraft that is used for takeoff or landing. For aircraft it is generally needed for both. It was also formerly called alighting gear by some manufacturers, such as the Glenn L | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator or LDSD is a reentry vehicle designed to test techniques for atmospheric entry on Mars. The disc-shaped LDSD uses an inflatable structure called the Supersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator (SIAD), which is essentially a donut-shaped balloon, to create atmospheric drag in order to decelerate the vehicle before deploying a large supersonic parachute. The goal of the $230 m project is to develop a reentry system capable of landing 2- to 3-ton payloads on Mars, as opposed to the 1-ton limit of the currently used systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Low-Earth Orbit Flight Test of an Inflatable Decelerator (LOFTID) was a NASA mission to test inflatable reentry systems. It was the first such test of an inflatable decelerator from Earth-orbital speed.
LOFTID was launched on an Atlas V 401 in November 2022 as a secondary payload, along with the JPSS-2 weather satellite | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Marman clamp is a type of heavy-duty band clamp; it allows two cylindrical objects to be clamped together end-to-end with a ring clamp. It is sometimes also known as a "Marman ring". It consists of a circular strap with an interior V-shaped groove | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A mass catcher is a theoretical device envisioned to decelerate a mass of material, usually in the context of outer space transport. A large object placed in space with a conical shape would stop other objects hurtling towards the center of the back of it. These other objects would not bounce back into space because small debris from previous impacts with the mass catcher would form a coating similar to regolith, which would absorb the impact and decelerate the object to the velocity of the mass catcher | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A mission control center (MCC, sometimes called a flight control center or operations center) is a facility that manages space flights, usually from the point of launch until landing or the end of the mission. It is part of the ground segment of spacecraft operations. A staff of flight controllers and other support personnel monitor all aspects of the mission using telemetry, and send commands to the vehicle using ground stations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The NanoSat MO Framework (NMF) is an open-source software framework for small satellites based on CCSDS Mission Operations services.
The framework supports the development of space software in form of Apps that can be operated from ground. The NanoSat MO Framework supports missions by facilitating the development, distribution, and deployment of Apps on satellite missions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Non-rocket spacelaunch refers to theoretical concepts for launch into space where much of the speed and altitude needed to achieve orbit is provided by a propulsion technique that is not subject to the limits of the rocket equation. Although all space launches to date have been rockets, a number of alternatives to rockets have been proposed. In some systems, such as a combination launch system, skyhook, rocket sled launch, rockoon, or air launch, a portion of the total delta-v may be provided, either directly or indirectly, by using rocket propulsion | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Orbit determination is the estimation of orbits of objects such as moons, planets, and spacecraft. One major application is to allow tracking newly observed asteroids and verify that they have not been previously discovered. The basic methods were discovered in the 17th century and have been continuously refined | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A rebreather is a breathing apparatus that absorbs the carbon dioxide of a user's exhaled breath to permit the rebreathing (recycling) of the substantially unused oxygen content, and unused inert content when present, of each breath. Oxygen is added to replenish the amount metabolised by the user. This differs from open-circuit breathing apparatus, where the exhaled gas is discharged directly into the environment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Silicone Impregnated Refractory Ceramic Ablator, or SIRCA, is a lightweight ceramic ablative material, often used in thermal protection systems to protect parts of launch vehicles and spacecraft from very high temperature heat sources. SIRCA was used for ceramic substrates on both the Viking spacecraft and the Space Shuttle, and was also used on the aeroshells for Mars Pathfinder and the Mars Exploration Rovers. It was developed at NASA Ames Research Center in the 1980s and 1990s | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A space fountain is a proposed form of an extremely tall tower extending into space. As known materials cannot support a static tower with this height, a space fountain has to be an active structure: A stream of pellets is accelerated upwards from a ground station. At the top it is deflected downwards | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A space gun, sometimes called a Verne gun because of its appearance in From the Earth to the Moon by Jules Verne, is a method of launching an object into space using a large gun- or cannon-like structure. Space guns could thus potentially provide a method of non-rocket spacelaunch. It has been conjectured that space guns could place satellites into Earth's orbit (although after-launch propulsion of the satellite would be necessary to achieve a stable orbit), and could also launch spacecraft beyond Earth's gravitational pull and into other parts of the Solar System by exceeding Earth's escape velocity of about 11 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Spacecraft propulsion is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. In-space propulsion exclusively deals with propulsion systems used in the vacuum of space and should not be confused with space launch or atmospheric entry.
Several methods of pragmatic spacecraft propulsion have been developed, each having its own drawbacks and advantages | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In aerospace engineering, spin stabilization is a method of stabilizing a satellite or launch vehicle by means of spin, i. e. rotation along the longitudinal axis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mars atmospheric entry is the entry into the atmosphere of Mars. High velocity entry into Martian air creates a CO2-N2 plasma, as opposed to O2-N2 for Earth air. Mars entry is affected by the radiative effects of hot CO2 gas and Martian dust suspended in the air | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Themis programme is a European Space Agency programme, that is taking the first steps towards a European government-funded demonstration flights of a prototype reusable rocket first stage. The prototype rocket will also be called Themis, with flights slated to begin as early as 2023.
Context
Themis is expected to provide valuable information on the economic value of reusability for the European government space program and develop technologies for potential use on future European launch vehicles | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Transpiration cooling is a thermodynamic process where cooling is achieved by a process of moving a liquid or a gas through the wall of a structure to absorb some portion of the heat energy from the structure while simultaneously actively reducing the convective and radiative heat flux coming into the structure from the surrounding space. One approach to transpiration cooling is to move liquid through small pores in the outer wall of a body leading to evaporation of the liquid to a gas via the physical mechanism of evaporative cooling. Other approaches are possible | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A space vehicle is the combination of a spacecraft and its launch vehicle which carries it into space. The earliest space vehicles were expendable launch systems, using a single or multistage rocket to carry a relatively small spacecraft in proportion to the total vehicle size and mass. An early exception to this, the Space Shuttle, consisted of a reusable orbital vehicle carrying crew and payload, supported by an expendable external propellant tank and two reusable solid-fuel booster rockets | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Astroland was a 3. 1-acre (1. 3 ha) amusement park in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City that first opened in 1962 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Enterprise is an amusement ride, manufactured primarily by HUSS Park Attractions and Anton Schwarzkopf beginning in 1972. The HUSS ride was an adaptation and improvement of a design produced earlier that year by Schwarzkopf, with an increased passenger capacity. Despite not owning the original incarnation of the ride, HUSS was issued the patent | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Flying Fish is a powered steel roller coaster located at Thorpe Park in Surrey. The ride was known as Space Station Zero upon opening in 1984, until being moved outdoors in 1990. It was removed in 2005 to make way for Stealth, but reinstalled in a different location two years later | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex is the visitor center at NASA's Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida. It features exhibits and displays, historic spacecraft and memorabilia, shows, two IMAX theaters, and a range of bus tours of the spaceport. The "Space Shuttle Atlantis" exhibit contains the Atlantis orbiter and the Shuttle Launch Experience, a simulated ride into space | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Men in Black: Alien Attack is a shooting interactive dark ride located at Universal Studios Florida in Orlando, Florida, based on the film, Men in Black, itself based on the original comic book of the same name created by Lowell Cunningham. The ride opened in 2000 after a five-year development process. The ride has generally been well received, winning an Outstanding Achievement award from the Themed Entertainment Association | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rocket Jets was an attraction in Disneyland at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California. This attraction opened in 1967 with the new Tomorrowland and closed in 1997 for the New Tomorrowland update in 1998. It was the third spinning rocket attraction in Tomorrowland and stood three stories above the ground | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Space City USA was a planned theme park near Huntsville, Alabama. Located adjacent to Lady Ann Lake between Huntsville and Decatur, the $5 million (at the time) project was planned starting in 1959 as "Time World". Construction began in 1963 but the project was abandoned three years later, before the park could be opened | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tour of the Universe was a Space Shuttle simulation ride located in the basement level of the CN Tower. Operating between 1985 and 1992, it was the world's first flight simulator ride. The ride was the idea of Moses Znaimer and designed by SimEx | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fiske Planetarium and Science Center is a public museum dedicated to educating the public on astronomy and astrophysics. It is a constituent of the Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder, located in Boulder, Colorado. Fiske was founded in 1975, by a donation from Wallace Franz Fiske | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Herschel Museum of Astronomy at 19 New King Street, Bath, England, is a museum that was inaugurated in 1981. It is located in a town house that was formerly the home of William Herschel and his sister Caroline.
Location
The museum is situated in the former home of the Herschels at 19 New King Street (south side) in Bath, England | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The National Space Centre is a museum and educational resource covering the fields of space science and astronomy, along with a space research programme in partnership with the University of Leicester. It is located on the north side of the city in Belgrave, Leicester, England, next to the River Soar. Many of the exhibits, including upright rockets, are housed in a tower with minimal steel supports and a semi-transparent cladding of ETFE 'pillows' which has become one of Leicester's most recognisable landmarks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Enduro Racer (エンデューロレーサー) is an arcade racing game from Sega. It was released in 1986 with two arcade cabinet versions, a stand-up cabinet with handlebars and a full-sized dirt bike cabinet. It is often seen as a dirt racing version of Hang-On, as it uses a similar engine and PCB | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Exolon is a run and gun game programmed by Raffaele Cecco and published by Hewson in 1987 for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, and Amstrad CPC. It was later converted to the Enterprise 128, Amiga, and Atari ST.
Gameplay
The player takes control of a futuristic soldier named Vitorc across several flip-screen levels of gameplay | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Famous Five is a series of children's adventure novels and short stories written by English author Enid Blyton. The first book, Five on a Treasure Island, was published in 1942. The novels feature the adventures of a group of young children – Julian, Dick, Anne, George and their dog Timmy | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fat Worm Blows a Sparky is action game written by Julian Todd for the ZX Spectrum and published by Durell Software in 1986. Todd wrote the game in the five months before going to university. It was not ported to other systems, and it is the only published game he developed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Friday the 13th: The Computer Game (often shortened to Friday the 13th) is the first game adaptation based on the films of the same name. It was released in 1986 by Domark for the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, and ZX Spectrum. The game was released on floppy diskette and cassette tape | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The art of Mesopotamia has survived in the record from early hunter-gatherer societies (8th millennium BC) on to the Bronze Age cultures of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires. These empires were later replaced in the Iron Age by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization, Mesopotamia brought significant cultural developments, including the oldest examples of writing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük (also Çatal Höyük) is a baked-clay, nude female form, seated between feline-headed arm-rests. It is generally thought to depict a corpulent and fertile Mother goddess in the process of giving birth while seated on her throne, which has two hand rests in the form of feline (lioness, leopard, or panther) heads in a Mistress of Animals motif. The statuette, one of several iconographically similar ones found at the site, is associated to other corpulent prehistoric goddess figures, of which the most famous is the Venus of Willendorf | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The art of Urartu refers to a historical and regional type of art from Urartu (Ararat), the ancient state of Western Asia which existed in the period from the 13th to the 6th centuries BC in the Armenian Highland. The art of Urartu was strongly influenced by nearby Assyria, the most prominent state of that period in the region. It peaked around the 8th century BC but was mostly looted, scattered and destroyed with the fall of Urartu about a century later | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great established a new Roman capital in Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard line between the Byzantine and Roman Empires, and early Byzantine architecture is stylistically and structurally distinguishable from earlier Roman architecture | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The city of Byzantium in the Byzantine Empire occupies an important place in the history of garden design between eras and cultures (c. 4th century – 10th century CE). The city, later renamed Constantinople (present day Istanbul), was capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and survived for a thousand years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
New Classical architecture, New Classicism or Contemporary Classical architecture is a contemporary movement in architecture that continues the practice of Classical architecture. It is sometimes considered the modern continuation of Neoclassical architecture, even though other styles might be cited as well, such as Gothic, Baroque, Renaissance or even non-Western styles – often referenced and recreated from a postmodern perspective as opposed to being strict revival styles. The design and construction of buildings in ever-evolving classical styles continued throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, even as modernist and other non-classical theories broke with the classical language of architecture | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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