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The Miracle Piano Teaching System is educational software which uses a MIDI keyboard to teach how to play the piano. It was published in 1990 by The Software Toolworks for the Nintendo Entertainment System, Super NES, Macintosh, Amiga, Sega Genesis, and MS-DOS compatible operating systems.
Description
The Miracle Piano Teaching System consists of a keyboard, connecting cables, power supply, soft foot pedals, and software | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge is an adventure game developed and published by LucasArts in 1991. A sequel to 1990's The Secret of Monkey Island, it is the second game in the Monkey Island series. It was the sixth LucasArts game to use the SCUMM engine, and the first game to use the iMUSE sound system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Monty Python & the Quest for the Holy Grail is an adventure game created by 7th Level in 1996 for Windows. The game is based on the 1975 film Monty Python and the Holy Grail and was the second of three Monty Python games created by 7th Level.
The game's aesthetics are a mixture of photo realistic rendering and the comic style of Terry Gilliam | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Monty Python's Complete Waste of Time is a collection of minigames, screensavers, desktop wallpaper and icons for Mac OS System 7 and Windows released in 1994 by 7th Level, Inc. It was brought on board the Mir Space Station by astronaut Andy Thomas.
Reception
In 1995, it won the Codie award for "Best Strategy Program" from the Software Publishers Association | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Muppet Kids is a franchise created by Jim Henson, that ran throughout the 1989 to the 2000s. Like Muppet Babies, the series featured child/pre-teen versions of the Muppets consisting of: Kermit, Miss Piggy, Animal, Gonzo, Fozzie, Bean Bunny, Rolf, Janice, Skeeter and Scooter.
Books
Muppet Kids initially produced as a children’s book series from 1989 to 1996, published by Golden Books and Muppet Press | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Orion Burger is an adventure game developed by Sanctuary Woods and published by Eidos Interactive for MS-DOS and Macintosh. It follows a young man saving the Earth from an interstellar fast food chain through a time loop.
The game was developed using M4, Sanctuary Woods' title for the MicroProse Adventure Development System | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ozzie is a series of children's educational games developed by Tulsa, Oklahoma studio Digital Impact. They all star Ozzie S. Otter (voiced by Danny Harwell), a curious and imaginative young 7-year-old orphaned sea otter pup who serves as the series' main protagonist | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pac-In-Time is a platform game developed by Kalisto and published by Namco, featuring the arcade character Pac-Man. It was released in 1995 for MS-DOS, Macintosh, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and Game Boy.
This game was an offshoot from the normal variety of Pac-Man games, in that it does not confine Pac-Man to a maze-like board | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Styrax officinalis is a species of shrub in the family Styracaceae.
Description
Styrax officinalis is a deciduous shrub reaching a height of 2–5 metres (6 ft 7 in – 16 ft 5 in). It has a simple, relaxed form, with very thin elliptical leaves 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long and 3 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tamarix aphylla is the largest known species of Tamarix, with heights up to 18 metres (59 ft). The species has a variety of common names, including Athel tamarisk, Athel tree, and Athel pine. It is an evergreen tree, native across North, East, and Central Africa, through the Middle East, and into parts of Western and Southern Asia | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tetraena simplex, commonly known as hureim or simple-leaved bean caper, is a halophytic flowering plant that is distributed in arid regions of the Western Asia and Africa. It is an annual and has a history of being used in Arabic folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory.
Description
Tetraena simplex is a highly branched succulent plant that stands from 8 to 20 cm tall | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Verbascum sinuatum, commonly known as the scallop-leaved mullein, the wavyleaf mullein, or Candela regia, is a species of perennial herbaceous plants in the genus Verbascum (mullein), growing in heavy soils in Central Asia and the Mediterranean region. It grows to 1. 2–1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Adriatic or Apulian Plate is a small tectonic plate carrying primarily continental crust that broke away from the African Plate along a large transform fault in the Cretaceous period. The name Adriatic Plate is usually used when referring to the northern part of the plate. This part of the plate was deformed during the Alpine orogeny, when the Adriatic/Apulian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Alkapeca, also called Mesomediterranean terrane, is the name given to the terrane located 10 million years ago inside the Tethyan domain, between the Iberian plates and Europe to the north, Apulia to the east and Africa to the south.
Van Dijk & Scheepers place it in parallel with Sardinia and Corsica, on the edge of the European continent, inside the "Trans Mediterranean Bridge".
The Alkapeca terrane was made up of present-day Kabylia, Sicily, and Sardinia | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bassanite is a calcium sulfate mineral with formula CaSO4·1/2H2O or 2CaSO4·H2O. In other words it has half a water molecule per CaSO4 unit, hence its synonym calcium sulfate hemihydrate.
Bassanite was first described in 1910 for an occurrence on Mount Vesuvius | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Southern Alps are a geological subdivision of Alps that are found south of the Periadriatic Seam, a major geological faultzone across the Alps. The southern Alps contain almost the same area as the Southern Limestone Alps. The rocks of the southern Alps gradually go over in the Dinarides or Dinaric Alps to the south-east | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Vesuvianite, also known as idocrase, is a green, brown, yellow, or blue silicate mineral. Vesuvianite occurs as tetragonal crystals in skarn deposits and limestones that have been subjected to contact metamorphism. It was first discovered within included blocks or adjacent to lavas on Mount Vesuvius, hence its name | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In surface science, surface free energy (also interfacial free energy or surface energy) quantifies the disruption of intermolecular bonds that occurs when a surface is created. In solid-state physics, surfaces must be intrinsically less energetically favorable than the bulk of the material (the atoms on the surface have more energy compared with the atoms in the bulk), otherwise there would be a driving force for surfaces to be created, removing the bulk of the material (see sublimation). The surface energy may therefore be defined as the excess energy at the surface of a material compared to the bulk, or it is the work required to build an area of a particular surface | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In mathematics and physics, surface growth refers to models used in the dynamical study of the growth of a surface, usually by means of a stochastic differential equation of a field.
Examples
Popular growth models include:
KPZ equation
Dimer model
Eden growth model
SOS model
Self-avoiding walk
Abelian sandpile model
Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation (or the flame equation, for studying the surface of a flame front)They are studied for their fractal properties, scaling behavior, critical exponents, universality classes, and relations to chaos theory, dynamical system, non-equilibrium / disordered / complex systems.
Popular tools include statistical mechanics, renormalization group, rough path theory, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Transition metal oxides are compounds composed of oxygen atoms bound to transition metals. They are commonly utilized for their catalytic activity and semiconductive properties. Transition metal oxides are also frequently used as pigments in paints and plastics, most notably titanium dioxide | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy or surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a surface-sensitive technique that enhances Raman scattering by molecules adsorbed on rough metal surfaces or by nanostructures such as plasmonic-magnetic silica nanotubes. The enhancement factor can be as much as 1010 to 1011, which means the technique may detect single molecules.
History
SERS from pyridine adsorbed on electrochemically roughened silver was first observed by Martin Fleischmann, Patrick J | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Szyszkowski Equation has been used by Meissner and Michaels to describe the decrease in surface tension of aqueous solutions of carboxylic acids, alcohols and esters at varying mole fractions. It describes the exponential decrease of the surface tension at low concentrations reasonably but should be used only at concentrations below 1 mole%.
Equation
σ
m
=
σ
w
(
1
−
0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In surface science, a tensiometer is a measuring instrument used to measure the surface tension (γ) of liquids or surfaces. Tensiometers are used in research and development laboratories to determine the surface tension of liquids like coatings, lacquers or adhesives. A further application field of tensiometers is the monitoring of industrial production processes like parts cleaning or electroplating | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) is the method of observing desorbed molecules from a surface when the surface temperature is increased. When experiments are performed using well-defined surfaces of single-crystalline samples in a continuously pumped ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber, then this experimental technique is often also referred to as thermal desorption spectroscopy or thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS).
Desorption
When molecules or atoms come in contact with a surface, they adsorb onto it, minimizing their energy by forming a bond with the surface | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The U. S. Bureau of Mines (USBM), developed by Donaldson et al | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A wetting transition (Cassie–Wenzel transition) may occur during the process of wetting of a solid (or liquid) surface with a liquid. The transition corresponds to a certain change in contact angle, the macroscopic parameter characterizing wetting. Various contact angles can co-exist on the same solid substrate | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique based on the photoelectric effect that can identify the elements that exist within a material (elemental composition) or are covering its surface, as well as their chemical state, and the overall electronic structure and density of the electronic states in the material. XPS is a powerful measurement technique because it not only shows what elements are present, but also what other elements they are bonded to. The technique can be used in line profiling of the elemental composition across the surface, or in depth profiling when paired with ion-beam etching | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The ab initio multiple spawning, or AIMS, method is a time-dependent formulation of quantum chemistry.
In AIMS, nuclear dynamics and electronic structure problems are solved simultaneously. Quantum mechanical effects in the nuclear dynamics are included, especially the nonadiabatic effects which are crucial in modeling dynamics on multiple electronic states | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ab initio quantum chemistry methods are computational chemistry methods based on quantum chemistry. The term ab initio was first used in quantum chemistry by Robert Parr and coworkers, including David Craig in a semiempirical study on the excited states of benzene. The background is described by Parr | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An alternant hydrocarbon is any conjugated hydrocarbon system which does not possess an odd-membered ring. For such systems it is possible to undertake a starring process, in which the carbon atoms are divided into two sets: all the carbons in one set are marked with a star such that no two starred or unstarred atoms are bonded to each other. Here the starred set contains the highest number of atoms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Americium hexafluoride is an inorganic chemical compound of americium metal and fluorine with the chemical formula AmF6. It is still a hypothetical compound. Synthesis by fluorination of americium tetrafluoride was unsuccessfully attempted in 1990 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The amidicity scale is a computational method for calculating the strength of an amide bond in an organic compound on a linear scale. It is analogous to aromaticity. It is based on the computed enthalpy of hydrogenation when compared to the reference compounds dimethylacetamide and azaadamantane-2-one | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In chemistry, the cage effect (also known as geminate recombination) describes how the properties of a molecule are affected by its surroundings. First introduced by James Franck and Eugene Rabinowitch in 1934, the cage effect suggests that instead of acting as an individual particle, molecules in solvent are more accurately described as an encapsulated particle. The encapsulated molecules or radicals are called cage pairs or geminate pairs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CHELPG (CHarges from ELectrostatic Potentials using a Grid-based method) is an atomic charge calculation scheme developed by Breneman and Wiberg, in which atomic charges are fitted to reproduce the molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) at a number of points around the molecule. The charge calculation methods based on fitting of MESP (including CHELPG) are not well-suitable for the treatment of larger systems, where some of the innermost atoms are located far away from the points at which the MESP is computed. In such a situation, variations of the innermost atomic charges will not lead to significant changes of the MESP outside of the molecule, which means accurate values for the innermost atomic charges are not well-determined by the MESP outside of the molecule | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chemical graph theory is the topology branch of mathematical chemistry which applies graph theory to mathematical modelling of chemical phenomena.
The pioneers of chemical graph theory are Alexandru Balaban, Ante Graovac, Iván Gutman, Haruo Hosoya, Milan Randić and Nenad Trinajstić (also Harry Wiener and others).
In 1988, it was reported that several hundred researchers worked in this area, producing about 500 articles annually | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Computational chemical methods in solid-state physics follow the same approach as they do for molecules, but with two differences. First, the translational symmetry of the solid has to be utilised, and second, it is possible to use completely delocalised basis functions such as plane waves as an alternative to the molecular atom-centered basis functions. The electronic structure of a crystal is in general described by a band structure, which defines the energies of electron orbitals for each point in the Brillouin zone | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In theoretical chemistry and molecular physics, Coulson–Fischer theory provides a quantum mechanical description of the electronic structure of molecules. The 1949 seminal work of Coulson and Fischer established a theory of molecular electronic structure which combines the strengths of the two rival theories which emerged soon after the advent of quantum chemistry - valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory, whilst avoiding many of their weaknesses. For example, unlike the widely used Hartree–Fock molecular orbital method, Coulson–Fischer theory provides a qualitatively correct description of molecular dissociative processes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Crystal structure prediction (CSP) is the calculation of the crystal structures of solids from first principles. Reliable methods of predicting the crystal structure of a compound, based only on its composition, has been a goal of the physical sciences since the 1950s. Computational methods employed include simulated annealing, evolutionary algorithms, distributed multipole analysis, random sampling, basin-hopping, data mining, density functional theory and molecular mechanics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cubane is a synthetic hydrocarbon compound with the formula C8H8, and that consists of eight carbon atoms arranged at the corners of a cube, with one hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom. A solid crystalline substance, cubane is one of the Platonic hydrocarbons and a member of the prismanes. It was first synthesized in 1964 by Philip Eaton and Thomas Cole | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In Hückel theory, a Dewar reactivity number, also known as Dewar number, is a measure of the reactivity in aromatic systems. It is used to quantify the difference in energy between the π-system of the original molecule and the intermediate having the incoming electrophile or nucleophile attached. It can be used to study important transformations such as the nitration of conjugated systems from a theoretical perspective | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Density Functional Based Tight Binding method is an approximation to density functional theory, which reduces the Kohn-Sham equations to a form of tight binding related to the Harris functional. The original approximation limits interactions to a non-self-consistent two center hamiltonian between confined atomic states. In the late 1990s a second-order expansion of the Kohn-Sham energy enabled a charge self-consistent treatment of systems where Mulliken charges of the atoms are solved self-consistently | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computational chemistry, distributed multipole analysis (DMA) is a compact and accurate way of describing the spatial distribution of electric charge within a molecule.
Multipole expansion
The DMA method was devised by Prof. Anthony Stone of Cambridge University to describe the charge distribution of a molecule in terms of a multipole expansion around a number of centers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ewald summation, named after Paul Peter Ewald, is a method for computing long-range interactions (e. g. electrostatic interactions) in periodic systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Full configuration interaction (or full CI) is a linear variational approach which provides numerically exact solutions (within the infinitely flexible complete basis set) to the electronic time-independent, non-relativistic Schrödinger equation.
Explanation
It is a special case of the configuration interaction method in which all Slater determinants (or configuration state functions, CSFs) of the proper symmetry are included in the variational procedure (i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gold hexafluoride is a hypothetical binary inorganic chemical compound of gold and fluorine with the chemical formula AuF6. As of 2023, it is still a hypothetical compound that has never been prepared or observed. In 1999, Neil Bartlett stated, "It should exist, if made at low temperature and kept cold | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Graphical unitary group approach (GUGA) is a technique used to construct Configuration state functions (CSFs) in computational quantum chemistry. As reflected in its name, the method uses the mathematical properties of the unitary group.
The foundation of the unitary group approach (UGA) can be traced to the work of Moshinsky | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hypercubane is a hypothetical polycyclic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C40H24. It is a molecular analog of the four-dimensional hypercube or tesseract. Hypercubane possesses an unconventional geometry of the carbon framework | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A hypothetical chemical compound is a chemical compound that has been conceived of, but is not known to have been synthesized, observed, or isolated (identified or shown to exist). Some hypothetical compounds cannot form at all, due to steric effects (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In quantum and theoretical chemistry, an intruder state is a particular situation arising in perturbative evaluations, where the energy of the perturbers is comparable in magnitude to the energy associated to the zero order wavefunction. In this case, a divergent behavior occurs, due to the nearly zero denominator in the expression of the perturbative correction.
Multi-reference wavefunction methods are not immune | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Isoelectronicity is a phenomenon observed when two or more molecules have the same structure (positions and connectivities among atoms) and the same electronic configurations, but differ by what specific elements are at certain locations in the structure.
For example, CO, NO+, and N2 are isoelectronic, while CH3COCH3 and CH3N=NCH3 are not. This definition is sometimes termed valence isoelectronicity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Classical Isosteres are molecules or ions with similar shape and often electronic properties. Many definitions are available. but the term is usually employed in the context of bioactivity and drug development | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In chemistry, molecular symmetry describes the symmetry present in molecules and the classification of these molecules according to their symmetry. Molecular symmetry is a fundamental concept in chemistry, as it can be used to predict or explain many of a molecule's chemical properties, such as whether or not it has a dipole moment, as well as its allowed spectroscopic transitions. To do this it is necessary to use group theory | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Massively Parallel Monte Carlo (MPMC) is a Monte Carlo method package primarily designed to simulate liquids, molecular interfaces, and functionalized nanoscale materials. It was developed originally by Jon Belof and is now maintained by a group of researchers in the Department of Chemistry and SMMARTT Materials Research Center at the University of South Florida. MPMC has been applied to the scientific research challenges of nanomaterials for clean energy, carbon sequestration, and molecular detection | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Multipole Density Formalism (also referred to as Hansen-Coppens Formalism) is an X-ray crystallography method of electron density modelling proposed by Niels K. Hansen and Philip Coppens in 1978. Unlike the commonly used Independent Atom Model, the Hansen-Coppens Formalism presents an aspherical approach, allowing one to model the electron distribution around a nucleus separately in different directions and therefore describe numerous chemical features of a molecule inside the unit cell of an examined crystal in detail | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Octafluorocubane or perfluorocubane is an organofluorine compound with the formula C8F8, consisting of eight carbon atoms joined into a cube, with a fluorine bonded to each carbon corner. It is a colorless, sublimable solid at room temperature. It has been of longstanding theoretical interest, but was not synthesised until 2022, when it was prepared in several steps from a cubane carboxylic ester beginning with its heptafluorination | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Palladium hexafluoride is an inorganic chemical compound of palladium metal and fluorine with the chemical formula PdF6. It is reported to be a still hypothetical compound. This is one of many palladium fluorides | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory (PTCL) is a major chemistry laboratory at the University of Oxford, England. It is located in the main Science Area of the university on South Parks Road. Previously it was known as the Physical Chemistry Laboratory | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The rule of mutual exclusion in molecular spectroscopy relates the observation of molecular vibrations to molecular symmetry. It states that no normal modes can be both Infrared and Raman active in a molecule that possesses a centre of symmetry. This is a powerful application of group theory to vibrational spectroscopy, and allows one to easily detect the presence of this symmetry element by comparison of the IR and Raman spectra generated by the same molecule | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Stockmayer potential is a mathematical model for representing the interactions between pairs of atoms or molecules. It is defined as a Lennard-Jones potential with a point electric dipole moment.
A Stockmayer liquid consists of a collection of spheres with point dipoles embedded at the centre of each | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Molecular symmetry in physics and chemistry describes the symmetry present in molecules and the classification of molecules according to their symmetry. Molecular symmetry is a fundamental concept in the application of Quantum Mechanics in physics and chemistry, for example it can be used to predict or explain many of a molecule's properties, such as its dipole moment and its allowed spectroscopic transitions (based on selection rules), without doing the exact rigorous calculations (which, in some cases, may not even be possible). To do this it is necessary to classify the states of the molecule using the irreducible representations from the character table of the symmetry group of the molecule | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In atomic physics, a term symbol is an abbreviated description of the total spin and orbital angular momentum quantum numbers of the electrons in a multi-electron atom. So while the word symbol suggests otherwise, it represents an actual value of a physical quantity.
For a given electron configuration of an atom, its state depends also on its total angular momentum, including spin and orbital components, which are specified by the term symbol | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Microshock refers to the risk that patients undergoing medical procedures involving externally protruding intracardiac electrical conductors, such as external pacemaker electrodes, or saline filled catheters, could suffer an electric shock causing ventricular fibrillation (VF) due to currents entering the body via these parts.
Some definitions related to micro-shock
It is important to note that microshock (or micro-shock) are not IEV defined terms and are not used in any international standard.
"Micro-shock" is an otherwise imperceptible electric current applied directly, or in very close proximity, to the heart muscle of sufficient strength, frequency, and duration to cause disruption of normal cardiac function | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A needle remover is a device used to physically remove a needle from a syringe. In developing countries, there is still a need for improvements in needle safety in hospital settings as most of the needle removal processes are done manually and under severe risk of hazard from needles puncturing skin risking infection. These countries cannot afford needles with individual safety devices attached, so needle-removers must be used to remove the needle from the syringe | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
NeuroArm is an engineering research surgical robot specifically designed for neurosurgery. It is the first image-guided, MR-compatible surgical robot that has the capability to perform both microsurgery and stereotaxy. IMRIS, Inc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An artificial cardiac pacemaker (artificial pacemaker, and sometimes just pacemaker, although the term is also used to refer to the body's natural cardiac pacemaker) is a medical device, nowadays always implanted, that generates electrical pulses delivered by electrodes to one or more of the chambers of the heart, the upper atria or lower ventricles. Each pulse causes the targeted chamber(s) to contract and pump blood, thus regulating the function of the electrical conduction system of the heart.
The primary purpose of a pacemaker is to maintain an adequate heart rate, either because the heart's natural pacemaker is not fast enough, or because there is a block in the heart's electrical conduction system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Photoacoustic flow cytometry or PAFC is a biomedical imaging modality that utilizes photoacoustic imaging to perform flow cytometry. A flow of cells passes a photoacoustic system producing individual signal response. Each signal is counted to produce a quantitative evaluation of the input sample | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Porous silicon (abbreviated as "PS" or "pSi") is a form of the chemical element silicon that has introduced nanopores in its microstructure, rendering a large surface to volume ratio in the order of 500 m2/cm3.
History
Porous silicon was discovered by accident in 1956 by Arthur Uhlir Jr. and Ingeborg Uhlir at the Bell Labs in the U | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Synopsys Simpleware ScanIP is a 3D image processing and model generation software program developed by Synopsys Inc. to visualise, analyse, quantify, segment and export 3D image data from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), microtomography and other modalities for computer-aided design (CAD), finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and 3D printing. The software is used in the life sciences, materials science, nondestructive testing, reverse engineering and petrophysics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sensory substitution is a change of the characteristics of one sensory modality into stimuli of another sensory modality.
A sensory substitution system consists of three parts: a sensor, a coupling system, and a stimulator. The sensor records stimuli and gives them to a coupling system which interprets these signals and transmits them to a stimulator | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Six degrees of freedom (6DOF) refers to the six mechanical degrees of freedom of movement of a rigid body in three-dimensional space. Specifically, the body is free to change position as forward/backward (surge), up/down (heave), left/right (sway) translation in three perpendicular axes, combined with changes in orientation through rotation about three perpendicular axes, often termed yaw (normal axis), pitch (transverse axis), and roll (longitudinal axis).
Three degrees of freedom (3DOF), a term often used in the context of virtual reality, typically refers to tracking of rotational motion only: pitch, yaw, and roll | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Starling resistor was invented by English physiologist Ernest Starling and used in an isolated-heart preparation during work which would later lead to the "Frank–Starling law of the heart".
The device consisted of an elastic fluid-filled collapsible-tube mounted inside a chamber filled with air. The static pressure inside the chamber was used to control the degree of collapse of the tube, so providing a variable resistor | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Stentrode (Stent-electrode recording array) is a small stent-mounted electrode array permanently implanted into a blood vessel in the brain, without the need for open brain surgery. It is in clinical trials as a brain–computer interface (BCI) for people with paralyzed or missing limbs, who will use their neural signals or thoughts to control external devices, which currently include computer operating systems. The device may ultimately be used to control powered exoskeletons, robotic prosthesis, computers or other devices | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on tissue scaffolds in the formation of new viable tissue for a medical purpose but is not limited to applications involving cells and tissue scaffolds. While it was once categorized as a sub-field of biomaterials, having grown in scope and importance it can be considered as a field of its own | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A totally implantable cochlear implant (TICI) is a new type of cochlear implant and is currently in development. Unlike a conventional cochlear implant, which has both an internal component (the implant) and an external component (the audio processor), all the components of the TICI - including the microphone and battery - are implanted under the skin. This makes the TICI completely invisible from the outside | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Whitaker Foundation was based in Arlington, Virginia and was an organization that primarily supported biomedical engineering education and research, but also supported other forms of medical research. It was founded and funded by U. A | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A bioreactor refers to any manufactured device or system that supports a biologically active environment. In one case, a bioreactor is a vessel in which a chemical process is carried out which involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms. This process can either be aerobic or anaerobic | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A 3D cell culture is an artificially created environment in which biological cells are permitted to grow or interact with their surroundings in all three dimensions. Unlike 2D environments (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An algae bioreactor is used for cultivating micro or macroalgae. Algae may be cultivated for the purposes of biomass production (as in a seaweed cultivator), wastewater treatment, CO2 fixation, or aquarium/pond filtration in the form of an algae scrubber. Algae bioreactors vary widely in design, falling broadly into two categories: open reactors and enclosed reactors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Algae fuel, algal biofuel, or algal oil is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils. Also, algae fuels are an alternative to commonly known biofuel sources, such as corn and sugarcane. When made from seaweed (macroalgae) it can be known as seaweed fuel or seaweed oil | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Anaerobic membrane bioreactor or AnMBR is the name of a technology utilized in wastewater treatment. It is a new technology in membrane filtration for biomass retention. AnMBR works by using a membrane bioreactor (MBR) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Bioelectrochemical reactor is a type of bioreactor where bioelectrochemical processes are used to degrade/produce organic materials using microorganisms. This bioreactor has two compartments: The anode, where the oxidation reaction takes place; And the cathode, where the reduction occurs. At these sites, electrons are passed to and from microbes to power reduction of protons, breakdown of organic waste, or other desired processes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biofiltration is a pollution control technique using a bioreactor containing living material to capture and biologically degrade pollutants. Common uses include processing waste water, capturing harmful chemicals or silt from surface runoff, and microbiotic oxidation of contaminants in air. Industrial biofiltration can be classified as the process of utilizing biological oxidation to remove volatile organic compounds, odors, and hydrocarbons | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A chemostat (from chemical environment is static) is a bioreactor to which fresh medium is continuously added, while culture liquid containing left over nutrients, metabolic end products and microorganisms is continuously removed at the same rate to keep the culture volume constant. By changing the rate with which medium is added to the bioreactor the specific growth rate of the microorganism can be easily controlled within limits.
Operation
Steady state
One of the most important features of chemostats is that microorganisms can be grown in a physiological steady state under constant environmental conditions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fed-batch culture is, in the broadest sense, defined as an operational technique in biotechnological processes where one or more nutrients (substrates) are fed (supplied) to the bioreactor during cultivation and in which the product(s) remain in the bioreactor until the end of the run. An alternative description of the method is that of a culture in which "a base medium supports initial cell culture and a feed medium is added to prevent nutrient depletion". It is also a type of semi-batch culture | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Hollow fiber bioreactor is a 3 dimensional cell culturing system based on hollow fibers, which are small, semi-permeable capillary membranes arranged in parallel array with a typical molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) range of 10-30 kDa. These hollow fiber membranes are often bundled and housed within tubular polycarbonate shells to create hollow fiber bioreactor cartridges. Within the cartridges, which are also fitted with inlet and outlet ports, are two compartments: the intracapillary (IC) space within the hollow fibers, and the extracapillary (EC) space surrounding the hollow fibers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Liquid 3 is an urban photobioreactor tank full of water and micro-algae installed as way to produce oxygen in cities that have high CO2 in the air. They also have sitting benches and solar energy panel next to them and can be used to fill urban pockets.
They may replace function of an adult tree | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Membrane bioreactors are combinations of some membrane processes like microfiltration or ultrafiltration with a biological wastewater treatment process, the activated sludge process. These technologies are now widely used for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. The two basic membrane bioreactor configurations are the submerged membrane bioreactor and the side stream membrane bioreactor | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A moss bioreactor is a photobioreactor used for the cultivation and propagation of mosses. It is usually used in molecular farming for the production of recombinant protein using transgenic moss. In environmental science moss bioreactors are used to multiply peat mosses e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Continuous Oscillatory Baffled Reactor (COBR) is a specially designed chemical reactor to achieve plug flow under laminar flow conditions. Achieving plug flow has previously been limited to either a large number of continuous stir tank reactors (CSTR) in series or conditions with high turbulent flow. The technology incorporates annular baffles to a tubular reactor framework to create eddies when liquid is pushed up through the tube | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A photobioreactor (PBR) refers to any cultivation system designed for growing photoautotrophic organisms using artificial light sources or solar light to facilitate photosynthesis. PBRs are typically used to cultivate microalgae, cyanobacteria, and some mosses. PBRs can be open systems, such as raceway ponds, which rely upon natural sources of light and carbon dioxide | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A single-use bioreactor or disposable bioreactor is a bioreactor with a disposable bag instead of a culture vessel. Typically, this refers to a bioreactor in which the lining in contact with the cell culture will be plastic, and this lining is encased within a more permanent structure (typically, either a rocker or a cuboid or cylindrical steel support). Commercial single-use bioreactors have been available since the end of the 1990s and are now made by several well-known producers (See below) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Substrate inhibition in bioreactors occurs when the concentration of substrate (such as glucose, salts, or phenols) exceeds the optimal parameters and reduces the growth rate of the cells within the bioreactor. This is often confused with substrate limitation, which describes environments in which cell growth is limited due to of low substrate. Limited conditions can be modeled with the Monod equation; however, the Monod equation is no longer suitable in substrate inhibiting conditions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A turbidostat is a continuous microbiological culture device, similar to a chemostat or an auxostat, which has feedback between the turbidity of the culture vessel and the dilution rate. The theoretical relationship between growth in a chemostat and growth in a turbidostat is somewhat complex, in part because they are similar. A chemostat has a fixed volume and flow rate, and thus a fixed dilution rate | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cellular agriculture focuses on the production of agricultural products from cell cultures using a combination of biotechnology, tissue engineering, molecular biology, and synthetic biology to create and design new methods of producing proteins, fats, and tissues that would otherwise come from traditional agriculture. Most of the industry is focused on animal products such as meat, milk, and eggs, produced in cell culture rather than raising and slaughtering farmed livestock which is associated with substantial global problems of detrimental environmental impacts (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cellular Agriculture Society (or CAS) is a lobby organization. It is an international 501(c)(3) organization based in Miami, created in 2017 to research, fund and advance cellular agriculture.
Cellular Agriculture is the emerging science of producing animal products from cells instead of from live animals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cultured meat (also known as cultivated meat among other names) is a form of cellular agriculture where meat is produced by culturing animal cells in vitro. Cultured meat is produced using tissue engineering techniques pioneered in regenerative medicine. Jason Matheny popularized the concept in the early 2000s after he co-authored a paper on cultured meat production and created New Harvest, the world's first nonprofit organization dedicated to in-vitro meat research | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Entomoculture is the subfield of cellular agriculture which specifically deals with the production of insect tissue in vitro. It draws on principles more generally used in tissue engineering and has scientific similarities to Baculovirus Expression Vectors or soft robotics. The field has mainly been proposed because of its potential technical advantages over mammalian cells in generating cultivated meat | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
New Harvest is a donor-funded research institute dedicated to the field of cellular agriculture, focusing on advances in scientific research efforts surrounding cultured animal products. Its research aims to resolve growing environmental and ethical concerns associated with industrial livestock production. The 501(c)(3) nonprofit was established in 2004 and is the longest running cellular agriculture-based organization | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. New DNA is obtained by either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesising the DNA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DNA‐templated organic synthesis (DTS) is a way to control the reactivity of synthetic molecules by using nature's molarity‐based approach. Historically, DTS was used as a model of prebiotic nucleic acid replication. Now however, it is capable of translating DNA sequences into complex small‐molecule and polymer products of multistep organic synthesis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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