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VMEBus Switched Serial, commonly known as VXS, is an ANSI standard (ANSI/VITA 41) that improves the performance of standard parallel VMEbus by enhancing it to support newer switched serial fabrics. The base specification (ANSI 41) defines all common elements of the standard, while "dot"-specifications (ANSI 41. n) define extensions which use specific serial fabrics (such as PCI Express, RapidIO, StarFabric from Dolphin Interconnect Solutions and InfiniBand) or additional functionality | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Wishbone Bus is an open source hardware computer bus intended to let the parts of an integrated circuit communicate with each other. The aim is to allow the connection of differing cores to each other inside of a chip. The Wishbone Bus is used by many designs in the OpenCores project | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Write combining (WC) is a computer bus technique for allowing data to be combined and temporarily stored in a buffer – the write combine buffer (WCB) – to be released together later in burst mode instead of writing (immediately) as single bits or small chunks.
Technique
Write combining cannot be used for general memory access (data or code regions) due to the weak ordering. Write-combining does not guarantee that the combination of writes and reads is done in the expected order | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
XCP (or) "Universal Measurement and Calibration Protocol" is a network protocol originating from ASAM for connecting calibration systems to electronic control units, ECUs. It enables read and write access to variables and memory contents of microcontroller systems at runtime. Entire datasets can be acquired or stimulated synchronous to events triggered by timers or operating conditions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
XIO is a packet-based, high-performance computer bus employed by the SGI Origin 2000, Octane, Altix, Fuel and Tezro machines. The XIO forms a bus between high-performance system devices and the memory controller.
XIO is usually used in a star topology, using a router ASIC called Crossbow (Xbow) to connect up to eight fully symmetrical devices in a system (one of them is usually the memory controller / CPU bridge, called HEART in Octane or Hub in Origin) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rankism is "abusive, discriminatory, and/or exploitative behavior towards people because of their rank in a particular hierarchy".
Rank-based abuse underlies many other phenomena such as bullying, racism, xenophobia, hazing, ageism, sexism, ableism, mentalism, antisemitism, homophobia and transphobia. The term "rankism" was popularized by physicist, educator, and citizen diplomat Robert W | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Relational aggression, alternative aggression, or relational bullying is a type of aggression in which harm is caused by damaging someone's relationships or social status. Although it can be used in many contexts and among different age groups, relational aggression among adolescents in particular, has received a lot of attention.
The attention relational aggression has received has been augmented by the help of popular media, including movies like Mean Girls and books like Odd Girl Out by Rachel Simmons (2002), Nesthäkchen and the World War by Else Ury (1916), and Queen Bees and Wannabes by R | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rudeness (also called effrontery) is a display of actual or perceived disrespect by not complying with the social norms or etiquette of a group or culture. These norms have been established as the essential boundaries of normally accepted behavior. To be unable or unwilling to align one's behavior with these norms known to the general population of what is socially acceptable is to be rude and are enforced as though they were a sort of social law, with social repercussions or rewards for violators or advocates, respectively | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sack Slap is a slang term for a "game" where a participant attacks, by slapping, tapping, punching, kicking, elbowing, twisting, or backhanding a victim's testicles. The term derived from 'sack', slang that refers to the scrotum, and the activity is a form of groin attack. This sociological manifestation of bullying can result in severe testicular injury that may require amputation as the only form of treatment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Self-esteem is confidence in one's own worth, abilities or morals. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs about oneself (for example, "I am loved", "I am worthy") as well as emotional states, such as triumph, despair, pride, and shame. Smith and Mackie (2007) defined it by saying "The self-concept is what we think about the self; self-esteem, is the positive or negative evaluations of the self, as in how we feel about it (see Self) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on one's sex or gender. Sexism can affect anyone, but it primarily affects women and girls. It has been linked to gender roles and stereotypes, and may include the belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sexual bullying is a form of bullying or harassment in connection with a person's sex, body, sexual orientation or with sexual activity. It can be physical, verbal or emotional in nature, and occurs in various settings, including schools, workplaces, and online platforms. Sexual bullying can have serious and lasting effects on the mental and emotional well-being of victims | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sexual harassment is a type of harassment involving the use of explicit or implicit sexual overtones, including the unwelcome and inappropriate promises of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. Sexual harassment can either be physical or verbal,maybe even both. Sexual harassment includes a range of actions from verbal transgressions to sexual abuse or assault | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
"Shut up" is a direct command with a meaning very similar to "be quiet", but which is commonly perceived as a more forceful command to stop making noise or otherwise communicating, such as talking. The phrase is probably a shortened form of "shut up your mouth" or "shut your mouth up". Its use is generally considered rude and impolite, and may also be considered a form of profanity by some | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Slapping or smacking is striking a person with the open palm of the hand, in a movement known as a slap or smack. A backhand uses the back of the hand instead of the palm.
Etymology and definitions
The word slap was first recorded in 1632, probably as a form of onomatopoeia | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Slut-shaming is the practice of criticizing people, especially women and girls, who are perceived to violate expectations of behavior and appearance regarding issues related to sexuality. The term is used to reclaim the word slut and empower women and girls to have agency over their own sexuality. Gender-based violence can be a result of slut-shaming primarily affecting women | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Social dominance orientation (SDO) is a personality trait measuring an individual's support for social hierarchy and the extent to which they desire their in-group be superior to out-groups. SDO is conceptualized under social dominance theory as a measure of individual differences in levels of group-based discrimination; that is, it is a measure of an individual's preference for hierarchy within any social system and the domination over lower-status groups. It is a predisposition toward anti-egalitarianism within and between groups | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Social undermining is the expression of negative emotions directed towards a particular person or negative evaluations of the person as a way to prevent the person from achieving their goals.
This behavior can often be attributed to certain feelings, such as dislike or anger. The negative evaluation of the person may involve criticizing their actions, efforts or characteristics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Spanking is a form of corporal punishment involving the act of striking, with either the palm of the hand or an implement, the buttocks of a person to cause physical pain. The term spanking broadly encompasses the use of either the hand or implement, the use of implements can also refer to the administration of more specific types of corporal punishment such as caning, paddling and slippering.
Some parents spank children in response to undesired behavior | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
School teachers are commonly the instigators of bullying within a school environment, and are often the subject of bullying themselves.
Incidence
While teacher bullying is recognized as serious and harmful, there are no statistics on either teachers bullying others or teachers being bullied. However, according to an article, a high percentage of teachers admit that they bully their students | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In modern English, sycophant denotes an "insincere flatterer" and is used to refer to someone practising sycophancy (i. e. , insincere flattery to gain advantage) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Victimization refers to a person being made into a victim by someone else and can take on psychological as well as physical forms, both of which are damaging to victims. Forms of victimization include (but are not limited to) bullying or peer victimization, physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal abuse, robbery, and assault. Some of these forms of victimization are commonly associated with certain populations, but they can happen to others as well | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Teasing has multiple meanings and uses. In human interactions, teasing exists in three major forms: playful, hurtful, and educative. Teasing can have a variety of effects, depending on how it is used and its intended effect | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A threat is a communication of intent to inflict harm or loss on another person. Intimidation is a tactic used between conflicting parties to make the other timid or psychologically insecure for coercion or control. The act of intimidation for coercion is considered as a threat | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
"To This Day" is a 2011 spoken word poem written by Shane Koyczan. In the poem, Koyczan talks about bullying he and others received during their lives and its deep, long-term impact. Koyczan first came to international notice when he read his poetry at the 2010 Vancouver Olympics' Opening Ceremony | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Transphobia consists of negative attitudes, feelings, or actions towards transgender people or transness in general. Transphobia can include fear, aversion, hatred, violence or anger towards people who do not conform to social gender expectations. It is often expressed alongside homophobic views and hence is often considered an aspect of homophobia | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Verbal abuse (also known as verbal aggression, verbal attack, verbal violence, verbal assault, psychic aggression, or psychic violence) is a type of psychological/mental abuse that involves the use of oral, gestured, and written language directed to a victim. Verbal abuse can include the act of harassing, labeling, insulting, scolding, rebuking, or excessive yelling towards an individual. It can also include the use of derogatory terms, the delivery of statements intended to frighten, humiliate, denigrate, or belittle a person | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Victim blaming occurs when the victim of a crime or any wrongful act is held entirely or partially at fault for the harm that befell them. There is historical and current prejudice against the victims of domestic violence and sex crimes, such as the greater tendency to blame victims of rape than victims of robbery if victims and perpetrators knew each other prior to the commission of the crime.
Coining of the phrase
Psychologist William Ryan coined the phrase "blaming the victim" in his 1971 book of that title | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Victim mentality is an acquired personality trait in which a person tends to recognize or consider themselves a victim of the negative actions of others, and to behave as if this were the case in the face of contrary evidence of such circumstances. Victim mentality depends on clear thought processes and attribution. In some cases, those with a victim mentality have in fact been the victim of wrongdoing by others or have otherwise suffered misfortune through no fault of their own | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Playing the victim (also known as victim playing, victim card, or self-victimization) is the fabrication or exaggeration of victimhood for a variety of reasons such as to justify abuse to others, to manipulate others, a coping strategy, attention seeking or diffusion of responsibility. A person who repeatedly does this is known as a professional victim.
For abuse
Victim playing by abusers is either:
Dehumanization, diverting attention away from acts of abuse by claiming that the abuse was justified based on another person's bad behavior (typically the victim) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Violence is the use of physical force to cause harm to people, animals, or property, such as pain, injury, death, damage, or destruction. Some definitions are somewhat broader, such as the World Health Organization's definition of violence as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation. "Internationally, violence resulted in deaths of an estimated 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A wedgie is the act of forcibly pulling a person's underpants upwards from the back. The act is often performed as a school prank or a form of bullying.
Wedgies are commonly featured in popular works, either as a form of low comedy or as a behaviour representative of bullying | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
It is common experience that the social evil of eve- teasing is often ignored in our society. The orthodox views about gender relations, poor institutional support to victims and lack of self confidence amongst women are some of the key reasons as to why eve-teasing continues to haunt women in public as well as private spaces.
Eve teasing, when left unchecked, emboldens criminality in the society and leads to creating greater sense of impunity amongst perpetrators | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bullying in academia is a form of workplace bullying which takes place at institutions of higher education, such as colleges and universities in a wide range of actions. It is believed to be common, although has not received as much attention from researchers as bullying in some other contexts. Academia is highly competitive and has a well defined hierarchy, with junior staff being particularly vulnerable | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A conflict is a struggle and a clash of interest, opinion, or even principles. Conflict will always be found in society; as the basis of conflict may vary to be personal, racial, class, caste, political and international. Conflict may also be emotional, intellectual, and theoretical, in which case academic recognition may, or may not be, a significant motive | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The concept of armed violence reduction (AVR) has gained significant in importance after the 2006 Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development. According to OECD, more than 740,000 people die each year as a result of the violence associated with armed conflicts and large- and small-scale criminality. Furthermore, armed violence impedes humanitarian and socio-economic development and, hence, it is an obstruction to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A complaint system (also known as a conflict management system, internal conflict management system, integrated conflict management system, or dispute resolution system) is a set of procedures used in organizations to address complaints and resolve disputes. Complaint systems in the US have undergone significant innovation especially since about 1970 with the advent of extensive workplace regulation. Notably in many countries, conflict management channels and systems have evolved from a major focus on labor-management relations to a much wider purview that includes unionized workers and also managers, non-union employees, professional staff, students, trainees, vendors, donors, customers, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Conflict analysis or conflict assessment, a concept within peace and conflict studies, is an initial stage of conflict resolution in which parties seek to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics in their relationship. When there is a disagreement in the methods used to achieve an end result, and there is a disparity between a unified vision and direction, opposing sides are subject to conflict. If these sides consistently misinterpret one another, a problematic situation can spiral out of control rapidly | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Conflict avoidance is a person's method of reacting to conflict, which attempts to avoid directly confronting the issue at hand. Methods of doing this can include changing the subject, putting off a discussion until later, or simply not bringing up the subject of contention. Conflict prevention can be used as a temporary measure to buy time or as permanent means of disposing of a matter | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The field of conflict early warning seeks to forecast the outbreak of armed conflict, or, at minimum, to detect the early escalation of violence, with the objective of preventing the outbreak or the further escalation of violence in order to save lives. Initial conceptions of conflict early warning materialized in the 1970s and 1980s but the field really emerged on the international policy agenda after the end of the Cold War. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches have been developed for conflict forecasting and conflict monitoring | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Conflict escalation is the process by which conflicts grow in severity or scale over time. That may refer to conflicts between individuals or groups in interpersonal relationships, or it may refer to the escalation of hostilities in a political or military context. In systems theory, the process of conflict escalation is modeled by positive feedback | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Conflict management is the process of limiting the negative aspects of conflict while increasing the positive aspects of conflict. The aim of conflict management is to enhance learning and group outcomes, including effectiveness or performance in an organizational setting. Properly managed conflict can improve group outcomes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Conflict resolution is conceptualized as the methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict and retribution. Committed group members attempt to resolve group conflicts by actively communicating information about their conflicting motives or ideologies to the rest of group (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Conflict resolution is any reduction in the severity of a conflict. It may involve conflict management, in which the parties continue the conflict but adopt less extreme tactics; settlement, in which they reach agreement on enough issues that the conflict stops; or removal of the underlying causes of the conflict. The latter is sometimes called "resolution", in a narrower sense of the term that will not be used in this article | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Conflict trap is a term to describe the pattern when civil wars repeat themselves.
Description
Scholars have offered a few reasons for it, after Paul Collier and Nicholas Sambanis (2002) noticed a pattern and coined the term ‘conflict trap’. Firstly, a civil war can aggravate the causal political and economic conditions which lead to a repeat civil war | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Copenhagen Peace Research Institute (COPRI) was a Danish research institute established in 1985 by the Danish Parliament. Its aim was to support and strengthen multidisciplinary research on peace and security. Established as an independent institute, in 1996 it became a government research institute under the Ministry of Research and Information Technology | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Counterplanning in conflict resolution is the process through which an actor reaches his or her goals by formulating plans that account for the plans and goals of others (e. g. enemies, neutrals, or friends) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cultural conflict is a type of conflict that occurs when different cultural values and beliefs clash. Broad and narrow definitions exist for the concept, both of which have been used to explain violence (including war) and crime, on either a micro or macro scale.
Conflicting values
Jonathan H | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
De-escalation is a human behavior that is intended to prevent the escalation of conflicts. It may also refer to approaches in conflict resolution. People may become committed to behaviors that tend to escalate conflict, so specific measures must be taken to avoid such escalation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Divide and rule policy (Latin: divide et impera), or divide and conquer, in politics and sociology is gaining and maintaining power divisively. Historically, this strategy was used in many different ways by empires seeking to expand their territories. However, it has been hard to distinguish between the exploitation of pre-existing divisions by opponents, and the deliberate creation or strengthening of these divisions implied by "divide and rule" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The escalation archetype is one of possible types of system behaviour that are known as system archetypes.
The escalation archetype is common for situations of non-cooperative games where each player can make own decisions and these decisions lead to the outcome for the player. However, when both player try to maximize their output (at the expense of the other one) they can get into a loop where each player will try harder and harder to surpass the opponent | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Escalation of commitment is a human behavior pattern in which an individual or group facing increasingly negative outcomes from a decision, action, or investment nevertheless continue the behavior instead of altering course. The actor maintains behaviors that are irrational, but align with previous decisions and actions. Economists and behavioral scientists use a related term, sunk-cost fallacy, to describe the justification of increased investment of money or effort in a decision, based on the cumulative prior investment ("sunk cost") despite new evidence suggesting that the future cost of continuing the behavior outweighs the expected benefit | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An ethnic conflict is a conflict between two or more ethnic groups. While the source of the conflict may be political, social, economic or religious, the individuals in conflict must expressly fight for their ethnic group's position within society. This criterion differentiates ethnic conflict from other forms of struggle | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (HIIK) is an independent and interdisciplinary registered association located at the Department of Political Science at the University of Heidelberg. Since 1991, the HIIK has been committed to the distribution of knowledge about the emergence, course and settlement of interstate and intrastate political conflicts. The Conflict Barometer is published annually and contains the current research results | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Hobbesian trap (or Schelling's dilemma) is a theory that explains why preemptive strikes occur between two groups, out of bilateral fear of an imminent attack. Without outside influences this situation will lead to a fear spiral (catch-22, vicious circle, Nash equilibrium) in which fear will lead to an arms race which in turn will lead to increasing fear. The Hobbesian trap can be explained in terms of game theory | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hoʻoponopono (Hawaiian pronunciation: [ho. ʔo. po | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Horizontal escalation is the process by which conflicts are heightened through geographical expansion with reasoning including diplomatic, economic, informational, and military components. This also includes international intervention as well as the geographical widening of combat operations. Horizontal escalation is a direct contrast to vertical escalation which employs types of weapons not previously used in the conflict | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Latin phrase odium theologicum (literally 'theological hatred') is the name originally given to the often intense anger and hatred generated by disputes over theology. It has also been adopted to describe non-theological disputes of a rancorous nature.
John Stuart Mill, discussing the fallibility of the moral consensus in his essay "On Liberty" (1859) refers scornfully to the odium theologicum, saying that, in a sincere bigot, it is one of the most unequivocal cases of moral feeling | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Organizational conflict, or workplace conflict, is a state of discord caused by the actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and interests between people working together. Conflict takes many forms in organizations. There is the inevitable clash between formal authority and power and those individuals and groups affected | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A process consultant is a highly qualified professional that has insights into and understands the psychological and social dynamics of working with various client systems such as whole organizations, groups, and individuals. Part of the field called Human Systems Intervention, process consultation is a philosophy of helping, a general theory and methodology of intervening (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Program on Negotiation (PON) is a university consortium dedicated to developing the theory and practice of negotiation and dispute resolution. As a community of scholars and practitioners, PON serves a unique role in the world negotiation community. Founded in 1983 as a special research project at Harvard Law School, PON includes faculty, students, and staff from Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tufts University, and Brandeis University | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Protracted social conflict is a technical term that generally refers to conflicts described by other researchers as protracted or intractable: complex, severe, commonly enduring, and often violent. The term was presented in a theory developed by Edward Azar.
Protracted social conflict as Edward Azar termed it, denotes hostile interactions between communal groups that are based in deep-seated racial, ethnic, religious and cultural hatreds, and that persist over long periods of time with sporadic outbreaks of violence; when a group's identity is threatened or frustrated, intractable conflict is almost inevitable | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Realistic conflict theory (RCT), also known as realistic group conflict theory (RGCT), is a social psychological model of intergroup conflict. The theory explains how intergroup hostility can arise as a result of conflicting goals and competition over limited resources, and it also offers an explanation for the feelings of prejudice and discrimination toward the outgroup that accompany the intergroup hostility. Groups may be in competition for a real or perceived scarcity of resources such as money, political power, military protection, or social status | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Role conflict occurs when there are incompatible demands placed upon a person relating to their job or position. People experience role conflict when they find themselves pulled in various directions as they try to respond to the many statuses they hold. Role conflict can be something that can be for either a short period of time, or a long period of time, and it can also be connected to situational experiences | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Verbal self-defense or verbal aikido is the art of using one's words to prevent, de-escalate, or end an attempted assault. It is a way of using words to maintain mental and emotional safety. This kind of "conflict management" involves using posture and body language, tone of voice, and choice of words as a means for calming a potentially volatile situation before it can manifest into physical violence | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) is a leading Regional Peacebuilding organisation founded in 1998 in response to civil wars that plagued West Africa in the 1990s. Over the years, WANEP has succeeded in establishing strong national networks in every Member State of ECOWAS with over 550 member organisations across West Africa. WANEP places special focus on collaborative approaches to conflict prevention, and peacebuilding, working with diverse actors from civil society, governments, intergovernmental bodies, women groups and other partners in a bid to establish a platform for dialogue, experience sharing and learning, thereby complementing efforts at ensuring sustainable peace and development in West Africa and beyond | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Work–family conflict occurs when an individual experiences incompatible demands between work and family roles, causing participation in both roles to become more difficult. This imbalance creates conflict at the work-life interface.
It is important for organizations and individuals to understand the implications linked to work-family conflict | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cruelty is the pleasure in inflicting suffering or the inaction towards another's suffering when a clear remedy is readily available. Sadism can also be related to this form of action or concept. Cruel ways of inflicting suffering may involve violence, but affirmative violence is not necessary for an act to be cruel | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Carthaginian peace is the imposition of a very brutal "peace" intended to permanently cripple the losing side. The term derives from the peace terms imposed on the Carthaginian Empire by the Roman Republic following the Punic Wars. After the Second Punic War, Carthage lost all its colonies, was forced to demilitarize, paid a constant tribute to Rome and was barred from waging war without Rome's permission | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cruel jokes is a joke cycle dealing with cruelty and macabre topics. They belong to the category of sick humor. Typical examples:
- Mommy, why is daddy still sleeping?
- Shut up and keep digging | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Little Willie rhymes are light verses including an indifferent or cheerfully inappropriate response to a gruesome act of violence in a quatrain form attributed to Harry Graham (1874-1936). The earliest was included among the Ruthless Rhymes for Heartless Homes published in 1898 under Graham's pen name Col. D | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children was founded in 1874 (and incorporated in 1875). It is the world's first child protective agency. It is sometimes called the Gerry Society after one of its co-founders, Elbridge Thomas Gerry | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sadomasochism ( SAY-doh-MASS-ə-kiz-əm) is the giving and receiving of pleasure from acts involving the receipt or infliction of pain or humiliation. Practitioners of sadomasochism may seek sexual pleasure from their acts. While the terms sadist and masochist refer respectively to one who enjoys giving and receiving pain, some practitioners of sadomasochism may switch between activity and passivity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Discrimination is the act of making unfair or prejudicial distinctions between people based on the groups, classes, or other categories to which they belong or are perceived to belong, such as race, gender, age, religion, or sexual orientation. Discrimination especially occurs when individuals or groups are unfairly treated in a way which is worse than other people are treated, on the basis of their actual or perceived membership in certain groups or social categories. It involves restricting members of one group from opportunities or privileges that are available to members of another group | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A type of study used in economics, sociology, political science, and psychology, an audit study is one in which trained employees of the researcher ("auditors") are matched on all characteristics except the one being tested for discrimination. These auditors then apply for a service, be it a job, financial advice regarding their stock portfolio, housing, or a credit card, to test for discrimination.
Applications
Audit studies have been conducted to test the existence of discrimination in numerous occupations and services and in regards to multiple characteristics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bashing is a harsh, gratuitous, prejudicial attack on a person, group, or subject. Literally, bashing is a term meaning to hit or assault, but when it is used as a suffix, or in conjunction with a noun indicating the subject being attacked, it is normally used to imply that the act is motivated by bigotry.
The term is also used metaphorically, to describe verbal or critical assaults | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Blacklisting is the action of a group or authority compiling a blacklist of people, countries or other entities to be avoided or distrusted as being deemed unacceptable to those making the list; if people are on a blacklist, then they are considered to have done something wrong, or they are considered to be untrustworthy. As a verb, blacklist can mean to put an individual or entity on such a list.
Origins of the term
The English dramatist Philip Massinger used the phrase "black list" in his 1639 tragedy The Unnatural Combat | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The caste system among South Asian Christians often reflects stratification by sect, location, and the caste of their predecessors. There exists evidence to show that Christian individuals have mobility within their respective castes. But, in some cases, social inertia caused by their old traditions and biases against other castes remain, causing caste system to persist among South Asian Christians, to some extent | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Defamation, at a first approximation, is any form of communication that can injure a third party's reputation. This can include all modes of human-understandable communications: gestures, images, signs, words. It is not necessarily restricted to making assertions that are falsifiable, and can extend to concepts that are more abstract than reputation – like dignity and honour | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Discrimination based on nationality is discriminating against a person based on their nationality, country of citizenship, or national origin. Although many countries' non-discrimination laws contain exceptions for nationality and immigration status, nationality is related to race and religion, so direct discrimination on the basis of nationality may be indirect discrimination on racial or religious grounds. Discrimination "against any particular nationality" is prohibited by the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Discrimination in education is the act of discriminating against people belonging to certain categories in enjoying full right to education. It is considered a violation of human rights. Education discrimination can be on the basis of ethnicity, nationality, age, gender, race, economic condition, disability and religion | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Jewels of Darkness is a trilogy of text adventure games by Level 9. The individual games were initially released separately in 1982. They featured some themes and names inspired by the books of J | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Knight Tyme is a computer game released for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64 and MSX compatibles in 1986. It was published by Mastertronic as part of their Mastertronic Added Dimension label. Two versions of the ZX Spectrum release were published: a full version for the 128K Spectrum (which was published first) and a cut-down version for the 48K Spectrum that removed the music, some graphics and some locations (which was published later) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Marksman Shooting & Trap Shooting is a light gun shooter compilation game released for Master System in North America in 1986. A third game, Safari Hunt, was included in the European version, retitled Marksman Shooting / Trap Shooting / Safari Hunt. Safari Hunt was also bundled with Hang-On as part of another multicart and also as a built-in game in Version 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mermaid Madness is an action-adventure game developed by Soft Design and published by Electric Dreams Software for the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, and ZX Spectrum in 1986.
Gameplay
The player takes on the role of a 112 year old mermaid called Myrtle. Myrtle is on a quest to rescue Gordon, a deep sea diver who she has taken a romantic interest in | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mugsy's Revenge is a strategy and management computer game for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64 and Amstrad CPC that was released in 1986. It is effectively a sequel to the earlier Mugsy by the same publisher, and has many of the same features, in both design, and setting.
Gameplay
The player takes the role of 'Mugsy', a gangster who has just been released from prison | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Penguin Adventure (夢大陸アドベンチャー, Yume Tairiku Adobenchā, lit. "Dream Continent Adventure") is a racing platform game released by Konami in 1986, and a sequel to 1983's Antarctic Adventure. The game marks the professional debut of game designer Hideo Kojima, who was assistant designer on the project | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phantom of the Asteroid is a side-scrolling action-adventure game released for the Commodore 64 in 1986. The cover art reads Phantom of the Asteroids, but the loading screen says Phantom of the Asteroid, while the title screen says Phantoms of the Asteroid. Sources variously use all three titles to refer to the game | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Price of Magik is the third game in the Time and Magik trilogy.
Gameplay
Sequel to the previous game; Myglar the Magician, guardian of the Crystal, has become insane and is draining its energy for his own use; he must be defeated before it is exhausted.
Reception
John Sweeney for Page 6 said "this adventure is excellent value for money | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A gene co-expression network (GCN) is an undirected graph, where each node corresponds to a gene, and a pair of nodes is connected with an edge if there is a significant co-expression relationship between them. Having gene expression profiles of a number of genes for several samples or experimental conditions, a gene co-expression network can be constructed by looking for pairs of genes which show a similar expression pattern across samples, since the transcript levels of two co-expressed genes rise and fall together across samples. Gene co-expression networks are of biological interest since co-expressed genes are controlled by the same transcriptional regulatory program, functionally related, or members of the same pathway or protein complex | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gene nomenclature is the scientific naming of genes, the units of heredity in living organisms. It is also closely associated with protein nomenclature, as genes and the proteins they code for usually have similar nomenclature. An international committee published recommendations for genetic symbols and nomenclature in 1957 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment is a technique for interpreting sets of genes making use of the Gene Ontology system of classification, in which genes are assigned to a set of predefined bins depending on their functional characteristics. For example, the gene FasR is categorized as being a receptor, involved in apoptosis and located on the plasma membrane.
Researchers performing high-throughput experiments that yield sets of genes (for example, genes that are differentially expressed under different conditions) often want to retrieve a functional profile of that gene set, in order to better understand the underlying biological processes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computational biology, gene prediction or gene finding refers to the process of identifying the regions of genomic DNA that encode genes. This includes protein-coding genes as well as RNA genes, but may also include prediction of other functional elements such as regulatory regions. Gene finding is one of the first and most important steps in understanding the genome of a species once it has been sequenced | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) (also called functional enrichment analysis or pathway enrichment analysis) is a method to identify classes of genes or proteins that are over-represented in a large set of genes or proteins, and may have an association with different phenotypes (e. g. different organism growth patterns or diseases) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Gene transfer format (GTF) is a file format used to hold information about gene structure. It is a tab-delimited text format based on the general feature format (GFF), but contains some additional conventions specific to gene information. A significant feature of the GTF that can be validated: given a sequence and a GTF file, one can check that the format is correct | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The General Data Format for Biomedical Signals is a scientific and medical data file format. The aim of GDF is to combine and integrate the best features of all biosignal file formats into a single file format. The original GDF specification was introduced in 2005 as a new data format to overcome some of the limitations of the European Data Format for Biosignals (EDF) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In bioinformatics, the general feature format (gene-finding format, generic feature format, GFF) is a file format used for describing genes and other features of DNA, RNA and protein sequences.
GFF Versions
The following versions of GFF exist:
General Feature Format Version 2, generally deprecated
Gene Transfer Format 2. 2, a derivative used by Ensembl
Generic Feature Format Version 3
Genome Variation Format, with additional pragmas and attributes for sequence_alteration featuresGFF2/GTF had a number of deficiencies, notably that it can only represent two-level feature hierarchies and thus cannot handle the three-level hierarchy of gene → transcript → exon | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A GeneRIF or Gene Reference Into Function is a short (255 characters or fewer) statement about the function of a gene. GeneRIFs provide a simple mechanism for allowing scientists to add to the functional annotation of genes described in the Entrez Gene database. In practice, function is constructed quite broadly | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Genome@home was a volunteer computing project run by Stefan Larson of Stanford University, and a sister project to Folding@home. Its goal was protein design and its applications, which had implications in many fields including medicine. Genome@home was run by the Pande Lab | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Genome Informatics (also genoinformatics or genetic information processing) is a scientific study of information processing in genomes.
Introduction
Information processing and information flow occur in the course of an organism's development and throughout its lifespan. The essence of computation is information processing, and the essence of biological information processing is control of the molecular events inside a cell | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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