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Algophagy is a feeding behaviour whereby an animal eats algae as a food source. Algae is a group of photosynthetic organisms that mostly rely on aquatic environments. They grow low to the ground as they lack vascular tissue, an adaptation postdating their origin | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Allofeeding is a type of food sharing behaviour observed in cooperatively breeding species of birds. Allofeeding refers to a parent, sibling or unrelated adult bird feeding altricial hatchlings, which are dependent on parental care for their survival. Allofeeding also refers to food sharing between adults of the same species | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Appetite is the desire to eat food items, usually due to hunger. Appealing foods can stimulate appetite even when hunger is absent, although appetite can be greatly reduced by satiety. Appetite exists in all higher life-forms, and serves to regulate adequate energy intake to maintain metabolic needs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bubble-net feeding is a feeding behavior engaged in by humpback whales and Bryde's whales. It is one of the few surface feeding behaviors that humpback whales are known to engage in. This type of feeding can be done alone or in groups with as many as twenty whales participating at once | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Calabash chalk is a geophagic material popularly consumed in West African countries for pleasure, and by pregnant women as a cure for nausea.
Geophagia is the practice of eating the earth, including soil and chalk. This practice is neither new nor outdated and can be associated with religious beliefs, medication or as part of a regular diet | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Calorie restriction (caloric restriction or energy restriction) is a dietary regimen that reduces the energy intake from foods and beverages without incurring malnutrition. The possible effect of calorie restriction on body weight management, longevity, and aging-associated diseases has been an active area of research.
Dietary guidelines
Caloric intake control, and reduction for overweight individuals, is recommended by US dietary guidelines and science-based societies | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Manly-Chesson's Index (or Manly's alpha, or Chesson's index) refers to an index to determine selective feeding on discrete food items. It was described separately by Bryan F. J | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Conditioned taste aversion occurs when an animal acquires an aversion to the taste of a food that was paired with aversive stimuli. The Garcia effect explains that the aversion develops more strongly for stimuli that cause nausea than other stimuli. This is considered an adaptive trait or survival mechanism that enables the organism to avoid poisonous substances (e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Consumer–resource interactions are the core motif of ecological food chains or food webs, and are an umbrella term for a variety of more specialized types of biological species interactions including prey-predator (see predation), host-parasite (see parasitism), plant-herbivore and victim-exploiter systems. These kinds of interactions have been studied and modeled by population ecologists for nearly a century. Species at the bottom of the food chain, such as algae and other autotrophs, consume non-biological resources, such as minerals and nutrients of various kinds, and they derive their energy from light (photons) or chemical sources | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The CRON-diet (Calorie Restriction with Optimal Nutrition) is a nutrient-rich, reduced calorie diet developed by Roy Walford, Lisa Walford, and Brian M. Delaney. The CRON-diet involves calorie restriction in the hope that the practice will improve health and retard aging, while still attempting to provide the recommended daily amounts of various nutrients | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Detritivores (also known as detrivores, detritophages, detritus feeders or detritus eaters) are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing plant and animal parts as well as feces). There are many kinds of invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants that carry out coprophagy. By doing so, all these detritivores contribute to decomposition and the nutrient cycles | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is one of the most omnivorous animals in the world and has been recorded to consume the greatest variety of foods of any bear. Throughout life, this species is regularly curious about the potential of eating virtually any organism or object that they encounter. Certainly no other animal in their given ecosystems, short perhaps of other bear species and humans, can claim to feed on as broad a range of dietary opportunities | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is one of the most powerful predators in the avian world. One author described it as "the pre-eminent diurnal predator of medium-sized birds and mammals in open country throughout the Northern Hemisphere". Golden eagles usually hunt during daylight hours, but were recorded hunting from one hour before sunrise to one hour after sunset during the breeding season in southwestern Idaho | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nile crocodiles are apex predators throughout their range. In the water, this species is an agile and rapid hunter relying on both movement and pressure sensors to catch any prey that presents itself inside or near the waterfront. Out of the water, however, the Nile crocodile can only rely on its limbs, as it gallops on solid ground, to chase prey | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The tawny owl (Strix aluco) is an opportunistic and generalized predator. Peak hunting activity tends to occur largely between dusk to midnight, with owls often following an erratic hunting pattern, perhaps to sites where previous hunts were successful. When feeding young, hunting may need to be prolonged into daylight in the early morning | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dietary indiscretion is the tendency for certain animals to feed on unusual items, or undergo drastic changes in feeding behaviour. The unusual items can include non-foodstuffs, such as garbage or foreign objects, or foodstuffs that are not normally consumed by the animal. The changes in feeding behaviour can include the ingestion of spoiled or raw food, or consuming abnormally large quantities of food | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The digestive rate model (DRM) (of foraging) is related to optimal foraging theory in that the model describes the diet selection that animals should perform in order to maximize the energy (or nutrients) available to them. It differs from the main body of Optimal Foraging Theory in stating that animals can select food in order to make optimal use of their digestive tract (maximize digestion rate) rather than the maximization of the food ingestion rate, which is the base of Optimal foraging theory.
The basic tenet of the DRM is that the intake of energy by an animal passes through two consecutive processes, food ingestion or foraging, and food digestion | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The prohibition "do not feed the animals" reflects a policy forbidding the artificial feeding of wild or feral animals. Signs displaying this message are commonly found in zoos, circuses, animal theme parks, aquariums, national parks, parks, public spaces, farms, and other places where people come into contact with wildlife. In some cases there are laws to enforce such no-feeding policies | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Insects are among the most diverse groups of animals on the planet, including more than a million described species and representing more than half of all known living organisms. The number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million, found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species occur in the oceans. This large extant means that the dietary habits of taxa include a large variety of behaviors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Emotional eating, also known as stress eating and emotional overeating, is defined as the "propensity to eat in response to positive and negative emotions". While the term commonly refers to eating as a means of coping with negative emotions, it sometimes include eating for positive emotions, such as overeating when celebrating an event or to enhance an already good mood.
Background
Emotional eating includes eating in response to any emotion, whether that be positive or negative | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Endocannibalism is a practice of cannibalism in one's own locality or community. Endocannibalism has also been used to describe the consumption of relics in a mortuary context.
As a cultural practice
Herodotus (3 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Evolutionary biologists have developed various theoretical models to explain the evolution of food-sharing behavior—"[d]efined as the unresisted transfer of food" from one food-motivated individual to another—among humans and other animals. Models of food-sharing are based upon general evolutionary theory. When applied to human behavior, these models are considered a branch of human behavioral ecology | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Extracellular phototropic digestion is a process in which saprobionts feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food. The enzymes catalyze the digestion of the food ie diffusion, transport, osmotrophy or phagocytosis. Since digestion occurs outside the cell, it is said to be extracellular | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fasting is the abstention from eating and sometimes drinking. From a purely physiological context, "fasting" may refer to the metabolic status of a person who has not eaten overnight (see "Breakfast"), or to the metabolic state achieved after complete digestion and absorption of a meal. Metabolic changes in the fasting state begin after absorption of a meal (typically 3–5 hours after eating) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In ecology, a feeding frenzy occurs when predators are overwhelmed by the amount of prey available. The term is also used as an idiom in the English language.
Examples in nature
For example, a large school of fish can cause nearby sharks, such as the lemon shark, to enter into a feeding frenzy | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Foraging is searching for wild food resources. It affects an animal's fitness because it plays an important role in an animal's ability to survive and reproduce. Foraging theory is a branch of behavioral ecology that studies the foraging behavior of animals in response to the environment where the animal lives | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hadrosaurids, also commonly referred to as duck-billed dinosaurs or hadrosaurs, were large terrestrial herbivores. The diet of hadrosaurid dinosaurs remains a subject of debate among paleontologists, especially regarding whether hadrosaurids were grazers who fed on vegetation close to the ground, or browsers who ate higher-growing leaves and twigs. Preserved stomach content findings have indicated they may have been browsers, whereas other studies into jaw movements indicate they may have been grazers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The angular incisure (or angular notch) is a small notch on the stomach. It is located on the lesser curvature of the stomach near the pyloric end. Its location varies depending on how distended the stomach is | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anocutaneous line, also called the Hilton white line or intersphincteric groove, is a boundary in the anal canal. Below the anocutaneous line, lymphatic drainage is to the superficial inguinal nodes. The anocutaneous line is slightly below the pectinate line and a landmark for the intermuscular border between internal and external anal sphincter muscles | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bile canaliculus (plural:bile canaliculi; also called bile capillaries) is a thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes. The bile canaliculi empty into a series of progressively larger bile ductules and ducts, which eventually become common hepatic duct. The bile canaliculi empty directly into the canals of Hering | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Colonic ulcer can occur at any age, in children however they are rare. Most common symptoms are abdominal pain and hematochezia.
See also
Large intestine
References
Further reading
Maire, F | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Delta cells (δ-cells or D cells) are somatostatin-producing cells. They can be found in the stomach, intestine and the pancreatic islets. Delta cells comprise ca 5% of the cells in the islets but may interact with many more islet cells than suggested by their low numbers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An esophageal motility disorder (EMD) is any medical disorder causing difficulty in swallowing, regurgitation of food and a spasm-type pain which can be brought on by an allergic reaction to certain foods. The most prominent one is dysphagia.
Esophageal motility disorder may be a result of CREST syndrome, referring to the five main features: calcinosis, Raynaud syndrome, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The fimbriated fold of tongue, also plica fimbriata is a slight fold of the mucous membrane on the underside of the tongue which runs laterally on either side of the frenulum. The free edge of the fimbriated fold occasionally exhibits a series of fringe-like processes. (Fimbria is Latin for fringe) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The inferior labial frenulum, or frenulum labii inferioris (Latin, meaning "little bridle of the lower lip"). is the frenulum connecting the lower gums with the lower lip.
Function
The inferior labial frenulum, alongside the superior labial frenulum, provides stability to the upper and lower lip | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The gastric folds (or gastric rugae) are coiled sections of tissue that exist in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the stomach. They provide elasticity by allowing the stomach to expand when a bolus enters it. These folds stretch outward through the action of mechanoreceptors, which respond to the increase in pressure | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The gastrocolic reflex or gastrocolic response is a physiological reflex that controls the motility, or peristalsis, of the gastrointestinal tract following a meal. It involves an increase in motility of the colon consisting primarily of giant migrating contractions, or migrating motor complexes, in response to stretch in the stomach following ingestion and byproducts of digestion entering the small intestine. Thus, this reflex is responsible for the urge to defecate following a meal | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gastroptosis is the abnormal downward displacement of the stomach. It is not a life-threatening condition. The condition frequently causes digestive symptoms and constipation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
High-altitude flatus expulsion (HAFE) is a gastrointestinal syndrome which involves the spontaneous passage of increased quantities of rectal gases at high altitudes.
Syndrome
First described by Joseph Hamel in c. 1820 and occasionally described afterward | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The ileocecal fold (or ileocaecal fold) is an anatomical structure of the human abdomen formed by a layer of peritoneum between the ileum and cecum. The upper border of the ileocecal fold is fixed to the ileum opposite its mesenteric attachment, and the lower border passes over the ileocecal junction to join the mesentery of the appendix (and sometimes the appendix itself as well). Behind the ileocecal fold is the inferior ileocecal fossa | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The iliac colon is the portion of the descending colon which is situated within the left iliac fossa (between the crest of the left ilium, and the pelvic brim). It is about 12 to 15 cm long. It curves inferior-ward and medial-ward anterior of the iliacus and psoas muscles | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The incisive papilla is an oval midline mucosal prominence of the anterior hard palate overlying the incisive fossa. It is situated posteriorly to the central incisors, and represents the anterior extremity of the palatine raphe. The incisive papilla marks the position of the foetal nasopalatine canal | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A keyhole defect is a term used in medicine and in the forensic sciences to refer to the shape of an anomalous feature or traumatic lesion caused by a gunshot wound.
Forensic investigation
A keyhole defect is characteristic of a type of entrance wound caused by a bullet striking the surface of a flat bone (typically the cranium) at a shallow angle. The defect is characterized by a rounded portion with a clean margin where the bullet first perforates bone, and a wider area with external beveling on the opposite end | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The excretory ducts of the sublingual gland are from eight to twenty in number. Of the smaller sublingual ducts (ducts of Rivinus), some join the submandibular duct; others open separately into the mouth, on the elevated crest of mucous membrane (plica sublingualis), caused by the projection of the gland, on either side of the frenulum linguae. One or more join to form the major sublingual duct (larger sublingual duct, duct of Bartholin), which opens into the submandibular duct | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mercapturic acid is a condensation product formed from the coupling of cysteine with aromatic compounds. It is formed as a conjugate in the liver and is excreted in the urine. Glutathione adducts lose glutamate and glycine portions, and are acetylated to form mercapturic acids, which are excreted | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds (or pancreatic diverticula) are outgrowths of the duodenum during human embryogenesis. They join to form the adult pancreas.
The proximal portion of the dorsal pancreatic bud gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct, while the distal portion of the dorsal pancreatic bud and ventral pancreatic bud give rise to the major pancreatic duct | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Peritoneal fluid is a serous fluid made by the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity which lubricates the surface of tissue that lines the abdominal wall and pelvic cavity. It covers most of the organs in the abdomen. An increased volume of peritoneal fluid is called ascites | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In medicine, a Phrygian cap is the folded portion of some gallbladders that resembles the Phrygian cap (a soft conical cap with the top pulled forward, associated in antiquity with the inhabitants of Phrygia, a region of central Anatolia). It is a normal anatomical variant seen in 1-6% of patients. It is caused by a fold in the gallbladder where the gallbladder fundus joins the gallbladder body | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In human anatomy, the presacral space is inside the pelvis, behind the rectum and in front of the coccyx and sacrum. Normally it is empty, or it contains a pocket of fat.
It is usually covered by sigmoid colon | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A secretagogue is a substance that causes another substance to be secreted. The word contains the suffix -agogue, which refers to something that leads to something else; a secretagogue thus leads to secretion.
One example is gastrin, which stimulates the H/K ATPase in the parietal cells (increased gastric acid production by the stomach) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Solitary lymphatic nodules (or solitary follicles) are structures found in the small intestine and large intestine.
Small intestine
The solitary lymphatic nodules are found scattered throughout the mucous membrane of the small intestine, but are most numerous in the lower part of the ileum.
Their free surfaces are covered with rudimentary villi, except at the summits, and each gland is surrounded by the openings of the intestinal glands | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Spiral folds of cystic duct (also known as the spiral mucosal folds, spiral valves of Cina, Amussat valve, or Cina valves) are a series of crescenteric, spirally arranged mucosal folds in the proximal part of the cystic duct.
Anatomy
The folds are 2-10 in number. They project into the lumen of the duct | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The sublingual papilla or sublingual fold is a small fold of soft tissue located on each side of the lingual frenulum binding the lips to the gums within the mouth. The sublingual papilla marks the site of the sublingual gland with its major sublingual duct and its minor sublingual ducts opening upon the papilla.
Clinical significance
In cases of pathology, papillotomy procedures are undertaken for cases of obstructive salivary gland diseases | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hormone Research in Paediatrics is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering paediatric endocrinology published by Karger Publishers and the editor-in-chief is S. Cianfarani, Rome. It is an official journal of the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology, the Pediatric Endocrine Society and the Sociedade Latino-Americana de Endocrinologia Pediátrica | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering pediatric endocrinology and published by Walter de Gruyter. The editor-in-chief is Zvi Zadik (Hebrew University of Jerusalem).
References
"Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The accessory visual structures (or adnexa of eye, ocular adnexa, etc. ) are the protecting and supporting structures (adnexa) of the eye, including the eyebrow, eyelids, and lacrimal apparatus. The eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes, lacrimal gland and drainage apparatus all play a crucial role with regards to globe protection, lubrication, and minimizing the risk of ocular infection | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Accommodative convergence is that portion of the range of inward rotation of both eyes (i. e. convergence) that occurs in response to an increase in optical power for focusing by the crystalline lens (i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Accommodative infacility also known as accommodative inertia is the inability to change the accommodation of the eye with enough speed and accuracy to achieve normal function. This can result in visual fatigue, headaches, and difficulty reading. The delay in accurate accommodation also makes vision blurry for a moment when switching between distant and near objects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Accommodative insufficiency (AI) involves the inability of the eye to focus properly on an object. Accommodation is the adjustment of the curvature of the lens to focus on objects near and far.
In this condition, amplitude of accommodation of a person is lesser compared to physiological limits for his age | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ametropic amblyopia is a medical condition in which the retina cannot focus on the image of a distant object, a condition often described as reduced visual acuity. This is due to large uncorrected refractive errors in the patient's optic system of the eyes. Astigmatism is one of the most frequent causes of ametropic amblyopia | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Angioid streaks, also called Knapp streaks or Knapp striae, are small breaks in Bruch's membrane, an elastic tissue containing membrane of the retina that may become calcified and crack. Up to 50% of angioid streak cases are idiopathic. It may occur secondary to blunt trauma, or it may be associated with many systemic diseases | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anterior segment or anterior cavity is the front third of the eye that includes the structures in front of the vitreous humour: the cornea, iris, ciliary body, and lens. Within the anterior segment are two fluid-filled spaces:
the anterior chamber between the posterior surface of the cornea (i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bell's phenomenon (also known as the palpebral oculogyric reflex) is a medical sign that allows observers to notice an upward and outward movement of the eye, when an attempt is made to close the eyes. The upward movement of the eye is present in the majority of the population, and is a defensive mechanism. The phenomenon is named after the Scottish anatomist, surgeon, and physiologist Charles Bell | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Berlin's edema (commotio retinae) a common condition caused by blunt injury to the eye. It is characterized by decreased vision in the injured eye a few hours after the injury. Under examination the retina appears opaque and white in colour in the periphery but the blood vessels are normally seen along with "cherry red spot" in the foveal region | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bioptics, also known as a bioptic in the singular, and sometimes more formally termed a bioptic telescope, is a term for a pair of vision-enhancement lenses. They magnify between two and six times, and are used to improve distance vision for those with severely impaired eyesight, especially those with albinism. They can either be a combination of head-mounted eyeglasses (termed the "carrier") and binoculars, or be designed to attach to existing glasses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bitot's spots are the buildup of keratin located superficially in the conjunctiva of human's eyes. They can be oval, triangular or irregular in shape. The spots are a sign of vitamin A deficiency and associated with drying of the cornea | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bjerrum's area is the central 25° of the visual field from the fixation point, popularized scientifically by the Danish ophthalmologist Jannik Petersen Bjerrum.
Bjerrum believed that this central portion of the visual field was of far more often use than the perimeter of the visual field, since he had observed 90% of the early glaucomatous changes were within these 25°.
Multiple types of scotomas form inside Bjerrum's area, typically in patients with open-angle glaucoma | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Blepharophimosis is a congenital anomaly in which the eyelids are underdeveloped such that they cannot open as far as usual and permanently cover part of the eyes. Both the vertical and horizontal palpebral fissures (eyelid openings) are shortened; the eyes also appear spaced more widely apart as a result, known as telecanthus.
Presentation
In addition to small palpebral fissures, features can include epicanthus inversus (fold curving in the mediolateral direction, inferior to the inner canthus), low nasal bridge, ptosis of the eyelids and telecanthus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bullous keratopathy, also known as pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK), is a pathological condition in which small vesicles, or bullae, are formed in the cornea due to endothelial dysfunction.
In a healthy cornea, endothelial cells keeps the tissue from excess fluid absorption, pumping it back into the aqueous humor. When affected by some reason, such as Fuchs' dystrophy or a trauma during cataract removal, endothelial cells suffer mortality or damage | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The canthus (pl. canthi, palpebral commissures) is either corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet. More specifically, the inner and outer canthi are, respectively, the medial and lateral ends/angles of the palpebral fissure | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The capillary lamina of choroid or choriocapillaris is a part of the choroid of the eye. It is a layer of capillaries immediately adjacent to Bruch's membrane of the choroid. The choriocapillaris consists of a dense network of freely anastomosing highly permeable fenestrated large-calibre capillaries | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Center-surround antagonism refers to antagonistic interactions between center and surround regions of the receptive fields of photoreceptor cells in the retina. Center surround antagonism enables edge detection and contrast enhancement within the visual cortex.
References
Westheimer, Gerald (2004) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chemical eye injury are due to either an acidic or alkali substance getting in the eye. Alkalis are typically worse than acidic burns. Mild burns will produce conjunctivitis while more severe burns may cause the cornea to turn white | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ciaccio's glands or Wolfring's glands are small tubular accessory lacrimal glands (glandulae lacrimales accessoriae) found in the lacrimal caruncle of the eyelid. These accessory lacrimal glands are located in the upper border of the tarsus, approximately in the middle between the extremities of the tarsal glands. Sometimes they are situated slightly above the tarsus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Congenital cystic eye (also known as CCE or cystic eyeball) is an extremely rare ocular malformation where the eye fails to develop correctly in utero and is replaced by benign, fluid-filled tissue. Its incidence is unknown, due to the very small number of cases reported. An audit by Duke-Elder of the medical literature from 1880 to 1963 discovered only 28 cases | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cryptophthalmos is a rare congenital anomaly in which the skin is continuous over the eyeball with absence of palpebral fissures and presence of eyelashes. It is classified into three types: complete, incomplete and abortive. Failure of eyelid separation can be associated with maldevelopment of the underlying cornea and microphthalmia | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Crypts of Henle are microscopic pockets found in scattered sections of the conjunctiva around the eyeball. They are responsible for secreting mucin, a proteinous substance that makes up the inner layer of tears. It coats the cornea to provide a hydrophilic layer that allows for even distribution of the tear film | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cyclospasm is the contraction of the ciliary muscle in the eye, in the accommodation of focus for near vision. Cyclospasm may also exert tensions on the trabecular meshwork, opening the pores and facilitating outflow of the aqueous humour into the canal of Schlemm. The increase in aqueous humour outflow is desirable for patients with glaucoma | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A deviated gaze is an abnormal movement of the eyes. It is often found as a symptom for subdural hematoma or some people may have it from birth.
Cause
A deviated gaze can result from several complications | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A duplex retina is a retina consisting of both rod cells and cone cells, which are the photoreceptor cells for two parallel but mostly separate visual systems. The rods enable the scotopic visual system, which is active in dim light. The cones enable the photopic visual system, which is active in bright light | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Exophoria is a form of heterophoria in which there is a tendency of the eyes to deviate outward. During examination, when the eyes are dissociated, the visual axes will appear to diverge away from one another. The axis deviation in exophoria is usually mild compared with that of exotropia | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The external limiting membrane (or outer limiting membrane) is one of the ten distinct layers of the retina of the eye. It has a network-like structure and is situated at the bases of the rods and cones.
Additional images
See also
Retina
External links
Histology image: 07902loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University
https://web | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The eye–hand span is the distance across part of a text, usually a linguistic text that is being copied via typing or a piece of notated music that is being performed, defined as the distance between the position of the eyes acquiring that information and the hand(s) typing or performing it. Specifically, the eye–hand span is typically measured from the location of central visual input, and stretches between the syllable or chord currently being typed or performed, and the lateral location of the simultaneous fixation. This distance may be measured either in units of linear measurement or in characters or other "bits" of data | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Eyewash is a fluid, commonly salineus, used to physically wash the eyes in the case that they may be contaminated by foreign materials or substances.
Eyewashes may be beneficial to those with sensitive eyes and can provide relief to the painful side effects of sensitivity. However, prolonged usage of such products will cause mild side effects, such as the reddening of the eye and/or pupil and cause itchiness | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The foveola is located within a region called the macula, a yellowish, cone photoreceptor filled portion of the human retina. Approximately 0. 35 mm in diameter, the foveola lies in the center of the fovea and contains only cone cells and a cone-shaped zone of Müller cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy, also known as amyloid corneal dystrophy, is a rare form of corneal dystrophy. The disease was described by Nakaizumi as early as 1914.
Presentation
The main pathological features in this dystrophy are mulberry-shaped gelatinous masses beneath the corneal epithelium | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Giant retinal ganglion cells are photosensitive ganglion cells with large dendritic trees discovered in the human and macaque retina by Dacey et al. (2005).
Giant retinal ganglion cells contain a photo-pigment, melanopsin, allowing them to respond directly to light | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hutchinson's patch (or salmon patch of Hutchinson) is a dull orangish-pink area (generally without clear boundaries) on the cornea, most often found at the periphery of the cornea. The sign is an indication of interstitial (or parenchymatous) keratitis, causing corneal neovascularisation.
Blood vessels derived from the ciliary vessels are thickly set in the layers of the cornea and produce a dull red color—"the salmon patch of Hutchinson | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The hyaloid artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which is itself a branch of the internal carotid artery. It is contained within the optic stalk of the eye and extends from the optic disc through the vitreous humor to the lens. Usually fully regressed before birth, its purpose is to supply nutrients to the developing lens in the growing fetus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An imperforate lacrimal punctum is a congenital disorder of dogs involving the lack of an opening to the nasolacrimal duct (tear duct) in the conjunctiva. Dogs normally have two lacrimal puncta, the superior and inferior. This condition can affect either or both | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Infiltrative ophthalmopathy is found in 5-10% of patients with Graves disease and resembles exophthalmos, except that the blurry or double vision is acquired because of weakness in the ocular muscles of the eye. In addition, there is no known correlation with the patient's thyroid levels. Exophthalmos associated with Grave's disease disappears when the thyrotoxicosis is corrected | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA) are abnormalities of the blood vessels that supply the retina of the eye, a sign of diabetic retinopathy. IRMA can be difficult to distinguish from and is likely a precursor to retinal neovascularization. One way to distinguish IRMA from retinal neovascularization is to perform fluorescein angiography | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Keratic precipitate (KP) is an inflammatory cellular deposit seen on corneal endothelium. Acute KPs are white and round in shape whereas old KPs are faded and irregular in shape. Mutton-fat KPs are large in shape and are greasy-white in color and are formed from macrophages and epithelioid cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Keratoconjunctivitis is inflammation ("-itis") of the cornea and conjunctiva.
When only the cornea is inflamed, it is called keratitis; when only the conjunctiva is inflamed, it is called conjunctivitis.
Causes
There are several potential causes of the inflammation:
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is used when the inflammation is due to dryness | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Khodadoust line or chronic focal transplant reaction is a medical sign that indicates a complication of corneal graft surgery on the eye.
This method is called Khodadoust line because of many years research about this by Professor Ali Asghar Khodadoust. This medical condition is similar to organ rejection after an organ transplant, except that it involves immunological rejection of a transplanted cornea rather than an internal organ | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Köllner's Rule is a term used in ophthalmology and optometry that pertains to the progressive nature of color vision loss that is secondary to eye disease. This rule states that outer retinal diseases and media changes result in blue-yellow color defects, while diseases of the inner retina, optic nerve, visual pathway, and visual cortex will result in red-green defects. This is possibly related to the increased susceptibility of S-cones and rods to ischaemia and oxidative damage, although S-cone loss is more noticeable due to their lower density and their higher metabolic rate | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Krause's glands or Krause glands are small, mucous accessory lacrimal glands that are found underneath the eyelid where the upper and lower conjunctivae meet. Their ducts unite into a rather long sinus which open into the fornix conjunctiva. There are approximately forty Krause glands in the region of the upper eyelid, and around 6 to 8 in the region of the lower lid | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The lacrimal apparatus is the physiological system containing the orbital structures for tear production and drainage. It consists of:
The lacrimal gland, which secretes the tears, and its excretory ducts, which convey the fluid to the surface of the human eye; it is a j-shaped serous gland located in lacrimal fossa.
The lacrimal canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal duct, by which the fluid is conveyed into the cavity of the nose, emptying anterioinferiorly to the inferior nasal conchae from the nasolacrimal duct | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The lacrimal papilla is the small rise in the bottom (inferior) and top (superior) eyelid just before it ends at the corner of the eye closest to the nose. At the medial edge of it is the lacrimal punctum, a small hole that lets tears drain into the inside of the nose through the lacrimal canaliculi.
In medical terms, the lacrimal papilla is a small conical elevation on the margin of each eyelid at the basal angles of the lacrimal lake | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In the fields of optometry and ophthalmology, the Lancaster red-green test is a binocular, dissociative, subjective cover test that measures strabismus in the nine diagnostic positions of gaze.
The test is named after Walter Brackett Lancaster, who introduced it in 1939.
Test procedure
The patient wears red-green glasses, and two lights (one red, one green) are used, so that the patient thus sees each light with a different eye | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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