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Representational difference analysis (RDA) is a technique used in biological research to find sequence differences in two genomic or cDNA samples. Genomes or cDNA sequences from two samples (i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The resistome has been used to describe to two similar yet separate concepts:
All the antibiotic resistance genes in communities of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria.
All of the resistance genes in an organism, how they are inherited, and how their transcription levels vary to defend against pathogens like viruses and bacteria.
Discovery and Current Data
The resistome was first used to describe the resistance capabilities of bacteria preventing the effectiveness of antibiotics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) is a genome analysis method for rapid simultaneous visualization of thousands of landmarks, or restriction sites. Using a combination of restriction enzymes some of which are specific to DNA modifications, the technique can be used to visualize differences in methylation levels across the genome of a given organism. RLGS employs direct labeling of DNA, which is first cut by a specific series of restriction enzymes, and then labeled by a radioactive isotope (usually phosphorus-32) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ribonomics is the study of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) associated with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). The term was introduced by Robert Cedergren and colleagues who used a bioinformatic search tool to discover novel ribozymes and RNA motifs originally found in HIV.
Ribonomics, like genomics or proteomics, is the large-scale, high-throughput approach to identifying subsets of RNAs by their association with proteins in cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Scripps Genomic Health Initiative (SGHI) is a large scale study aimed at understanding how personal genetic testing influences and improves health. Led by Dr. Eric Topol, director of the San Diego-based Scripps Translational Science Institute, the 20-year initiative will determine whether patients make an effort to improve their lifestyle and get regular checkups after learning their genetic predisposition for many common diseases | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sequence graph, also called an alignment graph, breakpoint graph, or adjacency graph, are bidirected graphs used in comparative genomics. The structure consists of multiple graphs or genomes with a series of edges and vertices represented as adjacencies between segments in a genome and DNA segments respectively. Traversing a connected component of segments and adjacency edges (called a thread) yields a sequence, which typically represents a genome or a section of a genome | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing is a parallelized single molecule DNA sequencing method. Single-molecule real-time sequencing utilizes a zero-mode waveguide (ZMW). A single DNA polymerase enzyme is affixed at the bottom of a ZMW with a single molecule of DNA as a template | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Within genetics, post-genomic research has rendered bacterial small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) as major players in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in response to environmental stimuli. The Alphaproteobacteria includes Gram-negative microorganisms with diverse life styles; frequently involving long-term interactions with higher eukaryotes.
Sinorhizobium meliloti
Sinorhizobium meliloti is an agronomically relevant α-proteobacterium able to induce the formation of new specialized organs, the so-called nodules, in the roots of its cognate legume hosts (i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Single nucleotide polymorphism annotation (SNP annotation) is the process of predicting the effect or function of an individual SNP using SNP annotation tools. In SNP annotation the biological information is extracted, collected and displayed in a clear form amenable to query. SNP functional annotation is typically performed based on the available information on nucleic acid and protein sequences | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sociogenomics, also known as social genomics, is the field of research that examines why and how different social factors and processes (e. g. , social stress, conflict, isolation, attachment, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The genome of most cells of eukaryotes remains mainly constant during life. However, there are cases of genome being altered in specific cells or in different life cycle stages during development. For example, not every human cell has the same genetic content as red blood cells which are devoid of nucleus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In bioinformatics, a spaced seed is a pattern of relevant and irrelevant positions in a biosequence and a method of approximate string matching that allows for substitutions. They are a straightforward modification to the earliest heuristic-based alignment efforts that allow for minor differences between the sequences of interest. Spaced seeds have been used in homology search | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The split gene theory is a theory of the origin of introns, long non-coding sequences in eukaryotic genes between the exons. The theory holds that the randomness of primordial DNA sequences would only permit small (< 600bp) open reading frames (ORFs), and that important intron structures and regulatory sequences are derived from stop codons. In this introns-first framework, the spliceosomal machinery and the nucleus evolved due to the necessity to join these ORFs (now "exons") into larger proteins, and that intronless bacterial genes are less ancestral than the split eukaryotic genes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Structural genomics seeks to describe the 3-dimensional structure of every protein encoded by a given genome. This genome-based approach allows for a high-throughput method of structure determination by a combination of experimental and modeling approaches. The principal difference between structural genomics and traditional structural prediction is that structural genomics attempts to determine the structure of every protein encoded by the genome, rather than focusing on one particular protein | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Subfunctionalization was proposed by Stoltzfus (1999) and Force et al. (1999) as one of the possible outcomes of functional divergence that occurs after a gene duplication event, in which pairs of genes that originate from duplication, or paralogs, take on separate functions. Subfunctionalization is a neutral mutation process of constructive neutral evolution; meaning that no new adaptations are formed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A tag SNP is a representative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in a region of the genome with high linkage disequilibrium that represents a group of SNPs called a haplotype. It is possible to identify genetic variation and association to phenotypes without genotyping every SNP in a chromosomal region. This reduces the expense and time of mapping genome areas associated with disease, since it eliminates the need to study every individual SNP | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The thanatotranscriptome denotes all RNA transcripts produced from the portions of the genome still active or awakened in the internal organs of a body following its death. It is relevant to the study of the biochemistry, microbiology, and biophysics of thanatology, in particular within forensic science. Some genes may continue to be expressed in cells for up to 48 hours after death, producing new mRNA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Toxgnostics is part of personalized medicine as it describes the guiding principles for the discovery of pharmacogenomic biomarker tests, also referred to as companion diagnostic tests, which identify if an individual patient is likely to suffer severe drug toxicity from treatment with a specific therapeutic agent. Once at-risk individuals are identified, drug toxicity can be prevented using elective dose reduction or prescription of a different medication.
Background
The majority of toxgnostic studies have been candidate gene studies restricted to the known Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion genes (ADME) of drug treated patients | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Toxicogenomics is a subdiscipline of pharmacology that deals with the collection, interpretation, and storage of information about gene and protein activity within a particular cell or tissue of an organism in response to exposure to toxic substances. Toxicogenomics combines toxicology with genomics or other high-throughput molecular profiling technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Toxicogenomics endeavors to elucidate the molecular mechanisms evolved in the expression of toxicity, and to derive molecular expression patterns (i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Translatomics is the study of all open reading frames (ORFs) that are being actively translated in a cell or organism. This collection of ORFs is called the translatome. Characterizing a cell's translatome can give insight into the array of biological pathways that are active in the cell | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The TB Structural Genomics Consortium (TBSGC) is a worldwide consortium of scientists developing a foundation for tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment by determining the three-dimensional structures of proteins from M. tuberculosis founded in 2000 as a part of the Protein Structure Initiative. The consortium seeks to solve structures of proteins that are of great interest to the TB biology community | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Personalized genomics is the human genetics-derived study of analyzing and interpreting individualized genetic information by genome sequencing to identify genetic variations compared to the library of known sequences. International genetics communities have spared no effort from the past and have gradually cooperated to prosecute research projects to determine DNA sequences of the human genome using DNA sequencing techniques. The methods that are the most commonly used are whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP) is a project which aims to generate high-quality, complete reference genomes of all 66,000 vertebrate species. It is an international cooperation project with members from more than 50 separate institutions and was launched in February 2017. In October 2021, VGP partnered with Colossal Biosciences to sequence and assemble elephant genomes for preservation purposes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Glycomics is the comprehensive study of glycomes (the entire complement of sugars, whether free or present in more complex molecules of an organism), including genetic, physiologic, pathologic, and other aspects. Glycomics "is the systematic study of all glycan structures of a given cell type or organism" and is a subset of glycobiology. The term glycomics is derived from the chemical prefix for sweetness or a sugar, "glyco-", and was formed to follow the omics naming convention established by genomics (which deals with genes) and proteomics (which deals with proteins) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Consortium for Functional Glycomics (CFG) is a large research initiative funded in 2001 by a glue grant from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) to “define paradigms by which protein-carbohydrate interactions mediate cell communication”. To achieve this goal, the CFG studies the functions of:
the three major classes of mammalian glycan-binding proteins (GBPs): C-type lectin, galectin, and SIGLEC
immune receptors that bind carbohydrates: CD1, T cell receptor, and anti-carbohydrate antibodies
GBPs of microorganisms that bind to host cell glycans as receptors. The CFG comprises eight core facilities and 500+ participating investigators that work together to develop resources and services and make them available to the scientific community free of charge | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The terms glycans and polysaccharides are defined by IUPAC as synonyms meaning "compounds consisting of a large number of monosaccharides linked glycosidically". However, in practice the term glycan may also be used to refer to the carbohydrate portion of a glycoconjugate, such as a glycoprotein, glycolipid, or a proteoglycan, even if the carbohydrate is only an oligosaccharide. Glycans usually consist solely of O-glycosidic linkages of monosaccharides | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Glycan arrays, like that offered by the Consortium for Functional Glycomics (CFG), National Center for Functional Glycomics (NCFG) and Z Biotech, LLC, contain carbohydrate compounds that can be screened with lectins, antibodies or cell receptors to define carbohydrate specificity and identify ligands. Glycan array screening works in much the same way as other microarray that is used for instance to study gene expression DNA microarrays or protein interaction Protein microarrays.
Glycan arrays are composed of various oligosaccharides and/or polysaccharides immobilised on a solid support in a spatially-defined arrangement | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Glycan nomenclature is the systematic naming of glycans, which are carbohydrate-based polymers made by all living organisms. In general glycans can be represented in: (i) text formats: These includes commonly used CarbBank, IUPAC name, and several other types and (ii) symbol formats: These are consisting of Symbol Nomenclature For Glycans and Oxford Notations.
History
In the beginning of the nineteenth century, names of sugar molecules were derived from their source | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Defined in the narrowest sense, glycobiology is the study of the structure, biosynthesis, and biology of saccharides (sugar chains or glycans) that are widely distributed in nature. Sugars or saccharides are essential components of all living things and aspects of the various roles they play in biology are researched in various medical, biochemical and biotechnological fields.
History
According to Oxford English Dictionary the specific term glycobiology was coined in 1988 by Prof | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Translational glycobiology or applied glycobiology is the branch of glycobiology and glycochemistry that focuses on developing new pharmaceuticals through glycomics and glycoengineering. Although research in this field presents many difficulties, translational glycobiology presents applications with therapeutic glycoconjugates, with treating various bone diseases, and developing therapeutic cancer vaccines and other targeted therapies. Some mechanisms of action include using the glycan for drug targeting, engineering protein glycosylation for better efficacy, and glycans as drugs themselves | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The glycome is the entire complement of sugars, whether free or present in more complex molecules, of an organism. An alternative definition is the entirety of carbohydrates in a cell. The glycome may in fact be one of the most complex entities in nature | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The National Center for Functional Glycomics is an organization that is focused on the development of technology development in glycosciences. They are specifically focused on glycan analysis and molecular mechanisms of glycan recognition by proteins important in human biology and disease. The center was established at Emory University in 2013 with $5 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
UniCarb-DB is a structural and mass spectrometric database used in glycomics. UniCarb-DB provides over 1000 LC-MS/MS spectra for N- and O-linked glycans released from glycoproteins that were manually annotated. Each entry contains reference to published work, information about structure, GlyToucan Accession Number, MS/MS fragmentation with complete peak lists, biological contexts and experimental metadata | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phenomics is the systematic study of traits that make up a phenotype. It was coined by UC Berkeley and LBNL scientist Steven A. Garan | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PhenomicDB is a free phenotype oriented database. It contains data for some of the main model organisms such as Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Drosophila melanogaster, and others. PhenomicDB merges and structures phenotypic data from various public sources: WormBase, FlyBase, NCBI Gene, MGI, and ZFIN using clustering algorithms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The phenotype microarray approach is a technology for high-throughput phenotyping of cells.
A phenotype microarray system enables one to monitor simultaneously the phenotypic reaction of cells to environmental challenges or exogenous compounds in a high-throughput manner.
The phenotypic reactions are recorded as either end-point measurements or respiration kinetics similar to growth curves | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Activity-based proteomics, or activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a functional proteomic technology that uses chemical probes that react with mechanistically related classes of enzymes.
Description
The basic unit of ABPP is the probe, which typically consists of two elements: a reactive group (RG, sometimes called a "warhead") and a tag. Additionally, some probes may contain a binding group which enhances selectivity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ancient proteins are complex mixtures and the term palaeoproteomics is used to characterise the study of proteomes in the past. Ancients proteins have been recovered from a wide range of archaeological materials, including bones, teeth, eggshells, leathers, parchments, ceramics, painting binders and well-preserved soft tissues like gut intestines. These preserved proteins have provided valuable information about taxonomic identification, evolution history (phylogeny), diet, health, disease, technology and social dynamics in the past | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In molecular biology, biochips are engineered substrates ("miniaturized laboratories") that can host large numbers of simultaneous biochemical reactions. One of the goals of biochip technology is to efficiently screen large numbers of biological analytes, with potential applications ranging from disease diagnosis to detection of bioterrorism agents. For example, digital microfluidic biochips are under investigation for applications in biomedical fields | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biomarker discovery is a medical term describing the process by which biomarkers are discovered.
Many commonly used blood tests in medicine are biomarkers. There is interest in biomarker discovery on the part of the pharmaceutical industry; blood-test or other biomarkers could serve as intermediate markers of disease in clinical trials, and as possible drug targets | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bottom-up proteomics is a common method to identify proteins and characterize their amino acid sequences and post-translational modifications by proteolytic digestion of proteins prior to analysis by mass spectrometry.
The major alternative workflow used in proteomics is called top-down proteomics where intact proteins are purified prior to digestion and/or fragmentation either within the mass spectrometer or by 2D electrophoresis. Essentially, bottom-up proteomics is a relatively simple and reliable means of determining the protein make-up of a given sample of cells, tissues, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cleavable detergents, also known as cleavable surfactants, are special surfactants (detergents) that are used in biochemistry and especially in proteomics to enhance protein denaturation and solubility. The detergent is rendered inactive by cleavage, usually under acidic conditions, in order to make the sample compatible with a following procedure or in order to selectively remove the cleavage products.
Applications for cleavable detergents include protease digestion of proteins such as in-gel digestion with trypsin after SDS PAGE and peptide extractions from electrophoresis gels | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Computer Atlas of Surface Topography of Proteins (CASTp) aims to provide comprehensive and detailed quantitative characterization of topographic features of protein, is now updated to version 3. 0. Since its release in 2006, the CASTp server has ~ 45 000 visits and fulfills ~ 33 000 calculation requests annually | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) is a protein produced by the cyanobacterium Nostoc ellipsosporum that displays virucidal activity against several viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A cyanobacterial protein called cyanovirin-N (CV-N) has strong anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) neutralizing properties. The virucidal activity of CV-N is mediated through specific high-affinity interactions with the viral surface envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41, as well as to high-mannose oligosaccharides found on the HIV envelope | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The dark proteome is defined as proteins with no defined three-dimensional structure. It can not be detected or analyzed with the use of homologous modeling or analytical quantification for the molecular conformation is unknown. Dark proteins are mostly composed of unknown unknowns
History and Origin
It estimated to be about 14% of the proteome in archaea and bacteria, and as much as 44–54% of the proteome in eukaryotes and viruses, is dark | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In mass spectrometry, data-independent acquisition (DIA) is a method of molecular structure determination in which all ions within a selected m/z range are fragmented and analyzed in a second stage of tandem mass spectrometry. Tandem mass spectra are acquired either by fragmenting all ions that enter the mass spectrometer at a given time (called broadband DIA) or by sequentially isolating and fragmenting ranges of m/z. DIA is an alternative to data-dependent acquisition (DDA) where a fixed number of precursor ions are selected and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Degradomics is a sub-discipline of biology encompassing all the genomic and proteomic approaches devoted to the study of proteases, their inhibitors, and their substrates on a system-wide scale. This includes the analysis of the protease and protease-substrate repertoires, also called "protease degradomes". The scope of these degradomes can range from cell, tissue, and organism-wide scales | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Edman degradation, developed by Pehr Edman, is a method of sequencing amino acids in a peptide. In this method, the amino-terminal residue is labeled and cleaved from the peptide without disrupting the peptide bonds between other amino acid residues.
Mechanism
Phenyl isothiocyanate is reacted with an uncharged N-terminal amino group, under mildly alkaline conditions, to form a cyclical phenylthiocarbamoyl derivative | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
esyN (Easy Networks) is a bioinformatics web-tool for visualizing, building and analysing molecular interaction networks. esyN is based on cytoscape. js and its aim is to make it easy for everybody to perform network analysis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chaperones, also called molecular chaperones, are proteins that assist other proteins in assuming their three-dimensional fold, which is necessary for protein function. However, the fold of a protein is sensitive to environmental conditions, such as temperature and pH, and thus chaperones are needed to keep proteins in their functional fold across various environmental conditions. Chaperones are an integral part of a cell's protein quality control network by assisting in protein folding and are ubiquitous across diverse biological taxa | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fast parallel proteolysis (FASTpp) is a method to determine the thermostability of proteins by measuring which fraction of protein resists rapid proteolytic digestion.
History and background
Proteolysis is widely used in biochemistry and cell biology to probe protein structure. In "limited trypsin proteolysis", low amounts of protease digest both folded and unfolded protein but at largely different rates: unstructured proteins are cut more rapidly, while structured proteins are cut at a slower rate (sometimes by orders of magnitude) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In molecular biology, fibrous proteins or scleroproteins are one of the three main classifications of protein structure (alongside globular and membrane proteins). Fibrous proteins are made up of elongated or fibrous polypeptide chains which form filamentous and sheet-like structures. These kind of protein can be distinguished from globular protein by its low solubility in water | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Glycoproteomics is a branch of proteomics that identifies, catalogs, and characterizes proteins containing carbohydrates as a result of post-translational modifications. Glycosylation is the most common post-translational modification of proteins, but continues to be the least studied on the proteome level. Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique used to improve the study of these proteins on the proteome level | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In proteomics, GPM stands for "Global Proteome Machine". It is a web-based, open source user interface for analyzing and displaying protein identification data. It was originally designed by Rob Craig and Ron Beavis and first released in 2003 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Heat stabilization is an additive-free preservation technology for tissue samples which stops degradation and changes immediately and permanently. Heat stabilization uses rapid conductive heating, under controlled pressure, to generate a fast, homogeneous and irreversible thermal denaturation of proteins, resulting in a complete and permanent elimination of all enzymatic activity that would otherwise cause further biological changes to the tissue sample ex vivo. Due to the permanent inactivation of enzymes, heat stabilization overcomes the drawbacks of conventional tissue sample preservation techniques, such as snap-freezing followed by inhibitors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Human Biomolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP) is a program funded by the US National Institutes of Health to characterize the human body at single cell resolution, integrated to other efforts such as the Human Cell Atlas. Among the products of the program is the Azimuth reference datasets for single-cell RNA seq data and the ASCT+B Reporter, a visualization tool for anatomical structures, cell types and biomarkers. Millitomes are used to create uniformly sized tissue blocks that match the shape and size of organs from HuBMAP's 3D Reference Object Library | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Human Proteome Folding Project (HPF) is a collaborative effort between New York University (Bonneau Lab), the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) and the University of Washington (Baker Lab), using the Rosetta software developed by the Rosetta Commons.
HPF Phase 1 applied Rosetta v4. 2x software on the human genome and 89 others, starting in November 2004 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CalyxOS is an operating system for smartphones based on Android with mostly free and open-source software. It is produced by the Calyx Institute as part of its mission to "defend online privacy, security and accessibility. "CalyxOS preserves the Android security model, using Android's Verified Boot system of cryptographic signing of the operating system, and running with a locked bootloader, partly thanks to an installer that guides the user through the process of unlocking and then re-locking the bootloader | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chess. com is an internet chess server and social networking website. The site has a freemium model in which some features are available for free, and others are available for accounts with subscriptions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Conversations is a free software, instant messaging client application software for Android. It is largely based on recognized open standards such as the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) and Transport Layer Security (TLS).
The development focus is on secure communication and implementation of XMPP extensions that are important for mobile use | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Day One is a personal journaling app available for Android, macOS and iOS devices. Some features include: data syncing with multiple devices; end-to-end encryption, Markdown authoring of entries; location, weather, date, time, and other automatic metadata; quick entry menu bar (Mac only); and reminders. The application has been reviewed by Macworld, The Verge, Lifehacker and other tech websites | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DeaDBeeF is an audio player software available for Linux, Android and other Unix-like operating systems. DeaDBeeF is free and open-source software, except on Android.
History
The player was first published in August 2009 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DeepL Translator is a neural machine translation service that was launched in August 2017 and is owned by Cologne-based DeepL SE. The translating system was first developed within Linguee and launched as entity DeepL. It initially offered translations between seven European languages and has since gradually expanded to support 31 languages | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DI. FM (formerly known as Digitally Imported) is an Internet radio broadcaster consisting of over 90 channels dedicated to electronic music, such as house, trance, techno, drum and bass, and dubstep. DI | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Disconnect is a partly open source browser extension and mobile app designed to stop non-consensual third party trackers, and providing private web search and private web browsing. On mobile, it is available for Android and iPhone. It was developed by Brian Kennish and Casey Oppenheim | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Doddle is a mobile app (available for iPhone and Android) that provides a mobile production guide to the video, film and audio production industries. The application is available for download from the App Store and Doddle's website.
History
Doddle is a product founded by Mobile Imagination, LLC | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Doodle Kids is an application for iPhone, iPad, and Android devices. It allows the user to draw shapes and colors on-screen. The application was written by Lim Ding Wen when he was 9 years old | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The following tables detail e-book reader software for the Android operating system. Each section corresponds to a major area of functionality in an e-book reader software. The comparisons are based on the latest released version | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Electrosmart is an Android application which measures the radio frequency electromagnetic waves emitting from various sources like mobile phones (cellular networks i. e. , 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G), WiFi access points, Bluetooth devices, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CTA 102, also known by its B1950 coordinates as 2230+114 (QSR B2230+114) and its J2000 coordinates as J2232+1143 (QSO J2232+1143), is a blazar-type quasar discovered in the early 1960s by a radio survey carried out by the California Institute of Technology. It has been observed by a large range of instruments since its discovery, including WMAP, EGRET, GALEX, VSOP and Parkes, and has been regularly imaged by the Very Long Baseline Array since 1995. It has also been detected in gamma rays, and a gamma-ray flare has been detected from it | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The dark forest hypothesis is the conjecture that many alien civilizations exist throughout the universe, but they are both silent and paranoid. In this framing, it is presumed that any space-faring civilization would view any other intelligent life as an inevitable threat, and thus destroy any nascent life that makes itself known. As a result, the electromagnetic spectrum would be relatively quiet, without evidence of any intelligent alien life, as in a "dark forest" filled with "armed hunter(s) stalking through the trees like ghosts" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Drake equation is a probabilistic argument used to estimate the number of active, communicative extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy. The equation was formulated in 1961 by Frank Drake, not for purposes of quantifying the number of civilizations, but as a way to stimulate scientific dialogue at the first scientific meeting on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). The equation summarizes the main concepts which scientists must contemplate when considering the question of other radio-communicative life | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a planet outside the Solar System. The first possible evidence of an exoplanet was noted in 1917 but was not recognized as such. The first confirmation of detection occurred in 1992 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
These are lists of exoplanets. As of 11 August 2023, there are 5,496 confirmed exoplanets in 4,091 planetary systems, with 927 systems having more than one planet. Most of these were discovered by the Kepler space telescope | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Extraterrestrial life or alien life is life which may occur outside Earth and which did not originate on Earth. No extraterrestrial life has yet been conclusively detected. Such life might range from simple forms such as prokaryotes to intelligent beings, possibly bringing forth civilizations that might be far more advanced than humanity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In radio astronomy, a fast radio burst (FRB) is a transient radio pulse of length ranging from a fraction of a millisecond to 3 seconds, caused by some high-energy astrophysical process not yet understood. Astronomers estimate the average FRB releases as much energy in a millisecond as the Sun puts out in three days. While extremely energetic at their source, the strength of the signal reaching Earth has been described as 1,000 times less than from a mobile phone on the Moon | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The firstborn hypothesis is a proposed solution to the Fermi paradox which states that no extraterrestrial intelligent life has been discovered because humanity is the first form of intelligent life in the universe.
Background
There is no reliable or reproducible evidence that aliens have visited Earth. No transmissions or evidence of intelligent extraterrestrial life have been observed anywhere other than Earth in the universe | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Hart–Tipler conjecture is the idea that an absence of detectable Von Neumann probes is contrapositive evidence that no intelligent life exists outside of the Solar System. This idea was first proposed in opposition to the Drake equation in a 1975 paper by Michael H. Hart titled "Explanation for the Absence of Extraterrestrials on Earth" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
HD 164595 is a G-type star located in the constellation of Hercules, 28. 28 parsecs (92. 2 light-years) from Earth that is notably similar to the Sun | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Information panspermia is the concept of life forms travelling across the universe by means of transmission of compressed information representing said life forms e. g. via genome coding, which can then enable the recovery of intelligent life | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An isotropic beacon is a hypothetical type of transmission beacon that emits a uniform EM signal in all directions for the purposes of communication with extraterrestrial intelligence.
Isotropic beacons and their relation to SETI
An isotropic beacon can be any transmitter that emits a uniform electromagnetic field. However, the term is most commonly used to describe a transmitter used by a civilization to call attention to itself over interstellar distances to extraterrestrial creatures | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Laser SETI is an instrument that could continuously survey the entire night sky for brief laser pulses. The instrument can look everywhere simultaneously. The technology, which consists of a robust assembly of straightforward optical and mechanical components, has been prototyped and subjected to preliminary tests | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PSR B1919+21 is a pulsar with a period of 1. 3373 seconds and a pulse width of 0. 04 seconds | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lone Signal was a crowdfunded active SETI project designed to send interstellar messages from Earth to a possible extraterrestrial civilization. Founded by businessman Pierre Fabre and supported by several entrepreneurs, Lone Signal was based at the Jamesburg Earth Station in Carmel, California. The project's beacon, which commenced continuous operations on June 17, 2013, transmitted short, 144-character messages by citizens of Earth to the red dwarf star Gliese 526, located 17 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Jean-Luc Margot (born 1969) is a Belgian-born astronomer and a UCLA professor with expertise in planetary sciences and SETI.
Career
Margot has discovered and studied several binary asteroids with radar and optical telescopes. His discoveries include (87) Sylvia I Romulus, (22) Kalliope I Linus, S/2003 (379) 1, (702) Alauda I Pichi üñëm, and the binary nature of (69230) Hermes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The mediocrity principle is the philosophical notion that "if an item is drawn at random from one of several sets or categories, it's more likely to come from the most numerous category than from any one of the less numerous categories". The principle has been taken to suggest that there is nothing very unusual about the evolution of the Solar System, Earth's history, the evolution of biological complexity, human evolution, or any one nation. It is a heuristic in the vein of the Copernican principle, and is sometimes used as a philosophical statement about the place of humanity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MERMOZ (also, MERMOZ project and Monitoring planEtary suRfaces with Modern pOlarimetric characteriZation) is an astrobiology project designed to remotely detect biosignatures of life. Detection is based on molecular homochirality, a characteristic property of the biochemicals of life. The aim of the project is to remotely identify and characterize life on the planet Earth from space, and to extend this technology to other solar system bodies and exoplanets | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Metalaw is “the entire sum of legal rules regulating relationships between different races in the universe. ” It is a concept of space law closely related to the scientific Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI). The idea is an elaboration of Immanuel Kant's Categorical imperative "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
METI International, known simply as METI, is a non-profit research organization founded in July 2015 by Douglas Vakoch that creates and transmits interstellar messages to attempt to communicate with extraterrestrial civilizations. It is based in San Francisco, California.
Overview
METI targets nearby stars and researches the nature of the messages to send | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The NIROSETI (Near-InfraRed Optical Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) is an astronomical program to search for artificial signals in the optical (visible) and near infrared (NIR) wavebands of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is the first dedicated near-infrared SETI experiment. The instrument was created by a collaboration of scientists from the University of California, San Diego, Berkeley SETI Research Center at the University of California, Berkeley, University of Toronto, and the SETI Institute | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Ohio State University Radio Observatory was a Kraus-type (after its inventor John D. Kraus) radio telescope located on the grounds of the Perkins Observatory at Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio from 1963 to 1998. Known as Big Ear, the observatory was part of Ohio State University's Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) project | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Open SonATA stands for Open SETI on the Allen Telescope Array and is the open source version of the software are used for signal detection by the SETI Institute on the Allen Telescope Array (ATA). The software currently runs on Linux and macOS operating systems and is intended to be ported to multiple platforms. The Allen Telescope Array uses the OpenSUSE operating system on the SonATA computers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Pioneer plaques are a pair of gold-anodized aluminum plaques that were placed on board the 1972 Pioneer 10 and 1973 Pioneer 11 spacecraft, featuring a pictorial message, in case either Pioneer 10 or 11 is intercepted by intelligent extraterrestrial life. The plaques show the nude figures of a human male and female along with several symbols that are designed to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft. The Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft were the first human-built objects to achieve escape velocity from the Solar System | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The planetarium hypothesis, conceived in 2001 by Stephen Baxter, attempts to provide a solution to the Fermi paradox by holding that our astronomical observations represent an illusion, created by a Type III civilization capable of manipulating matter and energy on galactic scales. He postulates that we do not see evidence of extraterrestrial life because the universe has been engineered so that it appears empty of other life.
Background
There is no reliable or reproducible evidence that aliens have visited Earth | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact is the corpus of changes to terrestrial science, technology, religion, politics, and ecosystems resulting from contact with an extraterrestrial civilization. This concept is closely related to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), which attempts to locate intelligent life as opposed to analyzing the implications of contact with that life.
The potential changes from extraterrestrial contact could vary greatly in magnitude and type, based on the extraterrestrial civilization's level of technological advancement, degree of benevolence or malevolence, and level of mutual comprehension between itself and humanity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Project Cyclops is a 1971 NASA project that investigated how SETI should be conducted. As a NASA product the report is in the public domain. The project team created a design for coordinating large numbers of radio telescopes to search for Earth-like radio signals at a distance of up to 1,000 light-years to find intelligent life | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Project Ozma was a search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) experiment started in 1960 by Cornell University astronomer Frank Drake, at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank at Green Bank, West Virginia. The object of the experiment was to search for signs of life in distant planetary systems through interstellar radio waves. The program was named after Princess Ozma, ruler of the fictional land of Oz, inspired by L | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Project Phoenix was a SETI project to search for extraterrestrial intelligence by analyzing patterns in radio signals. It was run by the independently funded SETI Institute of Mountain View, California, U. S | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Rio scale was proposed in 2000 as a means of quantifying the significance of a SETI detection. The scale was designed by Iván Almár and Jill Tarter to help tell policy-makers how likely, from 0 to 10, it is that an extraterrestrial radio signal has been produced by an intelligent civilization. The scale is inspired by the Torino scale, which is used to determine the impact risk associated with near-Earth objects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
SERENDIP (Search for Extraterrestrial Radio Emissions from Nearby Developed Intelligent Populations) is a Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI) program originated by the Berkeley SETI Research Center at the University of California, Berkeley. SERENDIP takes advantage of ongoing "mainstream" radio telescope observations as a "piggy-back" or "commensal" program. Rather than having its own observation program, SERENDIP analyzes deep space radio telescope data that it obtains while other astronomers are using the telescope | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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