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Rosetta was a space probe built by the European Space Agency launched on 2 March 2004. Along with Philae, its lander module, Rosetta performed a detailed study of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P). During its journey to the comet, the spacecraft performed flybys of Earth, Mars, and the asteroids 21 Lutetia and 2867 Šteins | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Vegetable Production System (Veggie) is a plant growth system developed and used by NASA in outer space environments. The purpose of Veggie is to provide a self-sufficient and sustainable food source for astronauts as well as a means of recreation and relaxation through therapeutic gardening. Veggie was designed in conjunction with ORBITEC and is currently being used aboard the International Space Station, with another Veggie module planned to be delivered to the ISS in 2017 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In 1976 two identical Viking program landers each carried four types of biological experiments to the surface of Mars. The first successful Mars landers, Viking 1 and Viking 2, then carried out experiments to look for biosignatures of microbial life on Mars. The landers each used a robotic arm to pick up and place soil samples into sealed test containers on the craft | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A microDataCenter contains compute, storage, power, cooling and networking in a very small volume, sometimes also called a "DataCenter-in-a-box". The term has been used to describe various incarnations of this idea over the past 20 years. Late 2017 a very tightly integrated version was shown at SuperComputing conference 2017: the DOME microDataCenter | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Evolutionary Map of the Universe, or EMU, is a large project which will use the new ASKAP telescope to make a census of radio sources in the sky. EMU is expected to detect about 70 million radio sources.
Most of these radio sources will be galaxies millions of light years away, many containing massive black holes, and some of the signals detected will have been sent less than half a billion years after the Big Bang, which created the universe 13 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics at the University of Manchester, is among the largest astrophysics groups in the UK. It includes the Jodrell Bank Observatory, the MERLIN/VLBI National Facility, and the Jodrell Bank Visitor Centre. The centre was formed after the merger of the Victoria University of Manchester and UMIST which brought two astronomy groups together | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Jodrell Bank Observatory ( JOD-rəl) in Cheshire, England, hosts a number of radio telescopes as part of the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics at the University of Manchester. The observatory was established in 1945 by Bernard Lovell, a radio astronomer at the university, to investigate cosmic rays after his work on radar in the Second World War. It has since played an important role in the research of meteoroids, quasars, pulsars, masers and gravitational lenses, and was heavily involved with the tracking of space probes at the start of the Space Age | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems (HabCat) is a catalogue of star systems which conceivably have habitable planets. The list was developed by scientists Jill Tarter and Margaret Turnbull under the auspices of Project Phoenix, a part of SETI.
The list was based upon the Hipparcos Catalogue (which has 118,218 stars) by filtering on a wide range of star system features | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CI1 fossils refer to alleged morphological evidence of microfossils found in five CI1 carbonaceous chondrite meteorite fall: Alais, Orgueil, Ivuna, Tonk and Revelstoke. The research was published in March 2011 in the fringe Journal of Cosmology by Richard B. Hoover, an engineer | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Colorado Ultraviolet Transit Experiment (CUTE) is a small UV space telescope to study selected exoplanets. It was launched as a rideshare on the Atlas V that launched Landsat 9 on September 27, 2021. It should operate for at least 7 months and study 10 exoplanets | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Contact is an annual interdisciplinary conference that brings together renowned social and space scientists, science fiction writers and artists to exchange ideas, stimulate new perspectives, and encourage serious, creative speculation about humanity's future. The intent of Contact is to promote the integration of human factors into space research and policy, to explore the intersection of science and art, and to develop ethical approaches to cross-cultural contact. Since its beginnings, the Contact conference has fostered interdisciplinary inquiries into art, literature, exploration and scientific investigation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Extraterrestrial Civilizations is a 1979 book by Isaac Asimov, in which the author estimates the probability of there being intelligent extraterrestrial civilizations within the Milky Way galaxy. This estimation is approached by progressively analyzing the requirements for life to exist.
Overview
The term "Earth-like world" is prominent, in that the assumption is made that any world where life could evolve would have certain similarities to Earth, such as temperature ranges and gravity sufficient for an atmosphere to exist | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
GeneLab is an open-access, collaborative analysis platform for space bioscience research. GeneLab aims to maximize the research resulting from experiments aboard the International Space Station (ISS) by collecting and providing access to data from genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomics studies aboard ISS. The Space Biosciences Division at NASA's Ames Research Center runs GeneLab | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The habitability of neutron star systems means assessing and surveying whether life is possible on planets and moons orbiting a neutron star. A habitable planet orbiting a neutron star must be between one and 10 times the mass of the Earth. If the planet were lighter, its atmosphere would be lost | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The International Journal of Astrobiology (IJA) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 2002 and published by Cambridge University Press that covers research on the prebiotic chemistry, origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life on Earth and beyond, SETI (Search for extraterrestrial intelligence), societal and educational aspects of astrobiology. It also contains papers in astronomy, space science, planetary science, and biology that have a strong connection to astrobiology. Occasional issues are dedicated to research papers from international astrobiology meetings | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
K2-72c is a small exoplanet orbiting around the red dwarf star K2-72 approximately 227. 7 light-years away. It is located in the inner edge of the habitable zone | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Kepler-283c is an exoplanet orbiting the K-type star Kepler-283 every 93 days in the circumstellar habitable zone, discovered by the Kepler space telescope in 2014.
Characteristics
Mass, radius and temperature
It has a surface equilibrium temperature of 238. 5 K (−34 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Life Sciences in Space Research is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering astrobiology, origins of life, life in extreme environments, habitability, effects of spaceflight on the human body, radiation risks, and other aspects of life sciences relevant in space research. It was established in 2014 and is published by Elsevier. It is an official journal of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), publishing papers in the areas that were previously covered by the Life Sciences section of Advances in Space Research, another official journal of COSPAR | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Mars jar or Mars simulation chamber is a container that simulates the atmosphere of the planet Mars. It is used in astrobiology experiments to determine what kind of life on Mars might be viable.
Features
Mars jars have evolved from simple glass containers that resembled kitchen jars in the 1950s to sophisticated temperature-controlled pressure vessels that are now more commonly called "Mars environmental simulation chamber" or "Mars atmosphere simulation chamber" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Mars Plant Experiment (MPX) was an experiment proposed but not selected for the Mars 2020 rover. It would have tried to germinate and grow 200 Arabidopsis seeds in a small heated greenhouse using an earth-like atmosphere.
History
The Mars Plant Experiment Started way back in 2000 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Okayama Planet Search Program (OPSP) was started in 2001 with the goal of spectroscopically searching for planetary systems around stars. It reported on the detection of 3 new extrasolar planets: (18 Delphini b, xi Aql b, and 41 Lyncis b), around intermediate-mass G and K giants 18 Delphini, Xi Aquilae, and HD 81688. Also, it updated the orbital parameters of HD 104985 b, the first planet discovered around the G giants from the survey, by using the data collected during the past six years | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Richtersius is a monospecific genus of tardigrades in the family Richtersiidae; its sole species is Richtersius coronifer. R. coronifer is one of two species of tardigrade that have been shown to survive and continue reproducing after exposure to outer space, specifically in the thermosphere at 258–281 km above sea level with ionizing solar and galactic cosmic radiation for 10 days | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Suffering risks, known as s-risks for short, are future events with the potential capacity to produce a huge amount of suffering. These events may generate more suffering than has ever existed on Earth, in the entirety of its existence. In contrast to existential risks, suffering risks don't necessarily involve death | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In ecology, habitat refers to the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species habitat can be seen as the physical manifestation of its ecological niche. Thus "habitat" is a species-specific term, fundamentally different from concepts such as environment or vegetation assemblages, for which the term "habitat-type" is more appropriate | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Abiotic stress is the negative impact of non-living factors on the living organisms in a specific environment. The non-living variable must influence the environment beyond its normal range of variation to adversely affect the population performance or individual physiology of the organism in a significant way. Whereas a biotic stress would include living disturbances such as fungi or harmful insects, abiotic stress factors, or stressors, are naturally occurring, often intangible and inanimate factors such as intense sunlight, temperature or wind that may cause harm to the plants and animals in the area affected | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Adventive plants or adventitious plants are plants that have established themselves in a place that does not correspond to their area of origin due to anthropogenic influence and, therefore, are all wild species that have only been established with the help of humans, in contrast to the native species.
The term "adventive" is used to describe species that are not self-sufficient, but need an episodic population assistance from their homeland. If, however, an adventive species becomes self-sustaining in its new geographic area, it is then naturalized | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biodiversity in agriculture is the measure of biodiversity found on agricultural land. Biodiversity is the total diversity of species present in an area at all levels of biological organization. It is characterized by heterogeneous habitats that support the diverse ecological structure | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally, but others are exclusively arboreal | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In phytosociology and community ecology an association is a type of ecological community with a predictable species composition and consistent physiognomy (structural appearance) which occurs in a particular habitat type. : 181 The term was first coined by Alexander von Humboldt: 16 and formalised by the International Botanical Congress in 1910. : 182 An association can be viewed as a real, integrated entity shaped either by species interactions or by similar habitat requirements, or it can be viewed as merely a common point along a continuum | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Astroecology concerns the interactions of biota with space environments. It studies resources for life on planets, asteroids and comets, around various stars, in galaxies, and in the universe. The results allow estimating the future prospects for life, from planetary to galactic and cosmological scales | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A biogeographic realm is the broadest biogeographic division of Earth's land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms. They are subdivided into bioregions, which are further subdivided into ecoregions.
A biogeographic realm is also known as "ecozone", although that term may also refer to ecoregions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area. Phytogeography is the branch of biogeography that studies the distribution of plants | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biotic stress is stress that occurs as a result of damage done to an organism by other living organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, beneficial and harmful insects, weeds, and cultivated or native plants. It is different from abiotic stress, which is the negative impact of non-living factors on the organisms such as temperature, sunlight, wind, salinity, flooding and drought. The types of biotic stresses imposed on an organism depend the climate where it lives as well as the species' ability to resist particular stresses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Brett's hypothesis also known as the heat-invariant hypothesis or Brett's heat-invariant hypothesis proposes that upper thermal tolerance limits are less variable geographically than lower thermal tolerance limits. This hypothesis was originally proposed for fish but lately has been supported by studies with reptiles, amphibians, and aquatic insects. Three different mechanisms are proposed for the existence of this large-scale pattern of thermal tolerance limits variation:
A constrained evolutionary potential of upper thermal tolerance limits
The buffering effects of thermoregulatory behaviour has greater potential to face heat rather than cold stress
Resolution of thermal data used
Global versus local scales in Brett's hypothesis
While Brett's hypothesis has been strongly supported at global scales, heat tolerance seems to respond differently to smaller-scale climatic and habitat factors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A buffer strip is an area of land maintained in permanent vegetation that helps to control air quality, soil quality, and water quality, along with other environmental problems, dealing primarily on land that is used in agriculture. Buffer strips trap sediment, and enhance filtration of nutrients and pesticides by slowing down surface runoff that could enter the local surface waters. The root systems of the planted vegetation in these buffers hold soil particles together which alleviate the soil of wind erosion and stabilize stream banks providing protection against substantial erosion and landslides | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biology, the canopy is the aboveground portion of a plant cropping or crop, formed by the collection of individual plant crowns. In forest ecology, canopy refers to the upper layer or habitat zone, formed by mature tree crowns and including other biological organisms (epiphytes, lianas, arboreal animals, etc. ) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Climax species, also called late seral, late-successional, K-selected or equilibrium species, are plant species that can germinate and grow with limited resources; e. g. , they need heat exposure or low water availability | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Coarse woody debris (CWD) or coarse woody habitat (CWH) refers to fallen dead trees and the remains of large branches on the ground in forests and in rivers or wetlands. A dead standing tree – known as a snag – provides many of the same functions as coarse woody debris. The minimum size required for woody debris to be defined as "coarse" varies by author, ranging from 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biology, coevolution occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution through the process of natural selection. The term sometimes is used for two traits in the same species affecting each other's evolution, as well as gene-culture coevolution.
Charles Darwin mentioned evolutionary interactions between flowering plants and insects in On the Origin of Species (1859) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biology, a colony is composed of two or more conspecific individuals living in close association with, or connected to, one another. This association is usually for mutual benefit such as stronger defense or the ability to attack bigger prey. Colonies can form in various shapes and ways depending on the organism involved | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In ecology, a community is a group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time, also known as a biocoenosis, biotic community, biological community, ecological community, or life assemblage. The term community has a variety of uses. In its simplest form it refers to groups of organisms in a specific place or time, for example, "the fish community of Lake Ontario before industrialization" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Conservation biology is the study of the conservation of nature and of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions. It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on natural and social sciences, and the practice of natural resource management. : 478 The conservation ethic is based on the findings of conservation biology | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Conservation-reliant species are animal or plant species that require continuing species-specific wildlife management intervention such as predator control, habitat management and parasite control to survive, even when a self-sustainable recovery in population is achieved.
History
The term "conservation-reliant species" grew out of the conservation biology undertaken by The Endangered Species Act at Thirty Project (launched 2001) and its popularization by project leader J. Michael Scott | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Coppicing is a traditional method of woodland management which exploits the capacity of many species of trees to put out new shoots from their stump or roots if cut down. In a coppiced wood, which is called a copse, young tree stems are repeatedly cut down to near ground level, resulting in a stool. New growth emerges, and after a number of years, the coppiced tree is harvested, and the cycle begins anew | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Critical habitat is a habitat area essential to the conservation of a listed species, though the area need not actually be occupied by the species at the time it is designated. This is a specific term and designation within the U. S | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dark diversity is the set of species that are absent from a study site but present in the surrounding region and potentially able to inhabit particular ecological conditions. It can be determined based on species distribution, dispersal potential and ecological needs. The term was introduced in 2011 by three researchers from the University of Tartu and was inspired by the idea of dark matter in physics since dark diversity too cannot be directly observed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Daylighting can be defined as "opening up buried watercourses and restoring them to more natural conditions". An alternative definition refers to "the practice of removing streams from buried conditions and exposing them to the Earth's surface in order to directly or indirectly enhance the ecological, economic and/or socio-cultural well-being of a region and its inhabitants". The term is used to refer to the restoration of an originally open-air watercourse, which had at some point been diverted below ground, back into an above-ground channel | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biology, a taxon with a disjunct distribution is one that has two or more groups that are related but considerably separated from each other geographically. The causes are varied and might demonstrate either the expansion or contraction of a species' range.
Range fragmentation
Also called range fragmentation, disjunct distributions may be caused by changes in the environment, such as mountain building and continental drift or rising sea levels; it may also be due to an organism expanding its range into new areas, by such means as rafting, or other animals transporting an organism to a new location (plant seeds consumed by birds and animals can be moved to new locations during bird or animal migrations, and those seeds can be deposited in new locations in fecal matter) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In ecology, a disturbance is a temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem. Disturbances often act quickly and with great effect, to alter the physical structure or arrangement of biotic and abiotic elements. A disturbance can also occur over a long period of time and can impact the biodiversity within an ecosystem | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The diversity of species and genes in ecological communities affects the functioning of these communities. These ecological effects of biodiversity in turn are affected by both climate change through enhanced greenhouse gases, aerosols and loss of land cover, and biological diversity, causing a rapid loss of biodiversity and extinctions of species and local populations. The current rate of extinction is sometimes considered a mass extinction, with current species extinction rates on the order of 100 to 1000 times as high as in the past | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In ecology, a niche is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition. It describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (for example, by growing when resources are abundant, and when predators, parasites and pathogens are scarce) and how it in turn alters those same factors (for example, limiting access to resources by other organisms, acting as a food source for predators and a consumer of prey). "The type and number of variables comprising the dimensions of an environmental niche vary from one species to another [and] the relative importance of particular environmental variables for a species may vary according to the geographic and biotic contexts" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ecological thinning is a silvicultural technique used in forest management that involves cutting trees to improve functions of a forest other than timber production.
Although thinning originated as a man-made forest management tool, aimed at increasing timber yields, the shift from production forests to multifunctional forests brought with it the cutting of trees to manipulate an ecosystem for various reasons, ranging from removing non-native species from a plot to removing poplars growing on a riverside beach aimed at recreational use.
Since the 1970s, leaving the thinned trees on the forest floor has become an increasingly common policy: wood can be decomposed in a more natural fashion, playing an important role in increasing biodiversity by providing habitat to various invertebrates, birds and small mammals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ecosystem decay is a term coined by Thomas Lovejoy to define the process of which species become extinct locally based on habitat fragmentation. This process is what led to the extinction of several species, including the Irish Elk. Ecosystem decay can be mainly attributed to population isolation, leading to inbreeding, leading to a decrease in the population of local species | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cryopreservation or cryoconservation is a process where biological material - cells, tissues, or organs - are frozen to preserve the material for an extended period of time. At low temperatures (typically −80 °C (−112 °F) or −196 °C (−321 °F) using liquid nitrogen) any cell metabolism which might cause damage to the biological material in question is effectively stopped. Cryopreservation is an effective way to transport biological samples over long distances, store samples for prolonged periods of time, and create a bank of samples for users | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An ultra low temperature (ULT) freezer is a refrigerator that stores contents at −40 to −86 °C (−40 to −123 °F). An ultra low temperature freezer is commonly referred to as a "minus 80 freezer" or a "negative 80 freezer", referring to the most common temperature standard. ULT freezers come in upright and chest freezer formats | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cryopreservation of testicular tissue is an experimental method being used to preserve fertility in pre-pubescent males, or males who cannot produce sperm, to allow them the option of having biological children. Current first line treatment for fertility maintenance in men undergoing treatment which damages testicular tissue is cryopreservation of sperm. In boys yet to start producing sperm this is not possible, so cryopreservation of testicular tissue has been proposed as alternative therapy | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cryopreservation of embryos is the process of preserving an embryo at sub-zero temperatures, generally at an embryogenesis stage corresponding to pre-implantation, that is, from fertilisation to the blastocyst stage.
Indications
Embryo cryopreservation is useful for leftover embryos after a cycle of in vitro fertilisation, as patients who fail to conceive may become pregnant using such embryos without having to go through a full IVF cycle. Or, if pregnancy occurred, they could return later for another pregnancy | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Oocyte cryopreservation is a procedure to preserve a woman's eggs (oocytes). This technique has been used to enable women to postpone pregnancy to a later date – whether for medical or social reasons. Several studies have shown that most infertility problems are due to germ cell deterioration related to aging | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ovarian tissue cryopreservation is cryopreservation of tissue of the ovary of a female.
Indications
Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue is of interest to women who want fertility preservation beyond the natural limit, or whose reproductive potential is threatened by cancer therapy, for example in hematologic malignancies or breast cancer. It can be performed on prepubertal girls at risk for premature ovarian failure, and this procedure is as feasible and safe as comparable operative procedures in children | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Plant cryopreservation is a genetic resource conservation strategy that allows plant material, such as seeds, pollen, shoot tips or dormant buds to be stored indefinitely in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, these genetic resources can be regenerated into plants and used on the field. While this cryopreservation conservation strategy can be used on all plants, it is often only used under certain circumstances: 1) crops with recalcitrant seeds e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Semen cryopreservation (commonly called sperm banking or sperm freezing) is a procedure to preserve sperm cells. Semen can be used successfully indefinitely after cryopreservation. It can be used for sperm donation where the recipient wants the treatment in a different time or place, or as a means of preserving fertility for men undergoing vasectomy or treatments that may compromise their fertility, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgery | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The side effects of radiotherapy on fertility are a growing concern to patients undergoing radiotherapy as cancer treatments. Radiotherapy is essential for certain cancer treatments and often is the first point of call for patients. Radiation can be divided into two categories: ionising radiation (IR) and non-ionising radiation (NIR) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Acholeplasma are wall-less bacteria in the Mollicutes class. They include saprotrophic or pathogenic species. There are 15 recognised species | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mycoplasma mycoides is a bacterial species of the genus Mycoplasma in the class Mollicutes.
This microorganism is a parasite that lives in ruminants. Mycoplasma mycoides comprises two subspecies, mycoides and capri, which infect cattle and small ruminants such as goats respectively | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lithobates sylvaticus or Rana sylvatica, commonly known as the wood frog, is a frog species that has a broad distribution over North America, extending from the boreal forest of the north to the southern Appalachians, with several notable disjunct populations including lowland eastern North Carolina. The wood frog has garnered attention from biologists because of its freeze tolerance, relatively great degree of terrestrialism (for a ranid), interesting habitat associations (peat bogs, vernal pools, uplands), and relatively long-range movements.
The ecology and conservation of the wood frog has attracted research attention in recent years because they are often considered "obligate" breeders in ephemeral wetlands (sometimes called "vernal pools"), which are themselves more imperiled than the species that breed in them | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
CAZy is a database of Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes (CAZymes). The database contains a classification and associated information about enzymes involved in the synthesis, metabolism, and recognition of complex carbohydrates, i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PRIAM enzyme-specific profiles (PRofils pour l'Identification Automatique du Métabolisme) is a method for the automatic detection of likely enzymes in protein sequences. PRIAM uses position-specific scoring matrices (also known as profiles) automatically generated for each enzyme entry.
References
External links
Claudel-Renard C, Chevalet C, Faraut T, Kahn D | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nihamanchï is a beer brewed from manioc (Manihot esculenta) by indigenous peoples of South America. It is also known as nihamanci, nijimanche, or nijiamanchi, and is related to chicha. Jívaro women make it by chewing manioc tubers, placing them in large jars, and allowing them to ferment in their saliva | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
BeerXML is a free, fully defined XML data description standard designed for the exchange of beer brewing recipes and other brewing data. Tables of recipes as well as other records such as hop schedules and malt bills can be represented using BeerXML for use by brewing software.
BeerXML is an open standard and as a subset of Extensible Markup Language (XML) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cheese ripening, alternatively cheese maturation or affinage, is a process in cheesemaking. It is responsible for the distinct flavour of cheese, and through the modification of "ripening agents", determines the features that define many different varieties of cheeses, such as taste, texture, and body. The process is "characterized by a series of complex physical, chemical and microbiological changes" that incorporates the agents of "bacteria and enzymes of the milk, lactic culture, rennet, lipases, added moulds or yeasts, and environmental contaminants" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Co-fermentation is the practice in winemaking of fermenting two or more grape varieties at the same time when producing a wine. This differs from the more common practice of blending separate wine components into a cuvée after fermentation. While co-fermentation in principle could be practiced for any mixture of grape varieties, it is today more common for red wines produced from a mixture of red grape varieties and a smaller proportion of white grape varieties | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A fermentation starter (called simply starter within the corresponding context, sometimes called a mother) is a preparation to assist the beginning of the fermentation process in preparation of various foods and alcoholic drinks. Food groups where they are used include breads, especially sourdough bread, and cheese. A starter culture is a microbiological culture which actually performs fermentation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In cooking, a leavening agent () or raising agent, also called a leaven () or leavener, is any one of a number of substances used in doughs and batters that cause a foaming action (gas bubbles) that lightens and softens the mixture. An alternative or supplement to leavening agents is mechanical action by which air is incorporated (i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lees are deposits of dead yeast or residual yeast and other particles that precipitate, or are carried by the action of "fining", to the bottom of a vat of wine after fermentation and aging. The same while brewing beer at a brewery is known as trub – the same from secondary fermentation of wine and beer are the lees or equally, as to beer only, dregs. This material is the source for most commercial tartaric acid, which is used in cooking and in organic chemistry | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Microbial food cultures are live bacteria, yeasts or moulds used in food production. Microbial food cultures carry out the fermentation process in foodstuffs. Used by humans since the Neolithic period (around 10 000 years BC) fermentation helps to preserve perishable foods and to improve their nutritional and organoleptic qualities (in this case, taste, sight, smell, touch) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pores are the air pockets found in leavened bread, where carbon dioxide from the fermentation process creates a network of primarily interconnected void structures. The degree to which pores form are a major determiner in the texture ("crumb") of the bread. Pore size varies between varieties of bread | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Souring is a food preparation technique that causes a physical and chemical change in food by exposing it to an acid. This acid can be added explicitly (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A souring bag (also called émesesley, agiwir, or tanwart) is a hide or leather bag used for fermenting milk. It is used by Berbers, especially Touareg.
Nicolaisen (1963) describes the method of souring milk in the Ahaggar (Hoggar Mountains): "Milk of the morning yield is put into a skin bag ("émesesley") | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The process of fermentation in winemaking turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage. During fermentation, yeasts transform sugars present in the juice into ethanol and carbon dioxide (as a by-product). In winemaking, the temperature and speed of fermentation are important considerations as well as the levels of oxygen present in the must at the start of the fermentation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Winemaking (also wine making) or vinification is the production of wine, starting with the selection of the fruit, its fermentation into alcohol, and the bottling of the finished liquid. The history of wine-making stretches over millennia. The science of wine and winemaking is known as oenology | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Women have been active in brewing since ancient times. From the earliest evidence of brewing in 7000 BCE, until the commercialization of brewing during industrialization, women were the primary brewers on all inhabited continents. In many cultures, the deities, goddesses and protectors of brewers were female entities who were associated with fertility | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom. The first yeast originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and at least 1,500 species are currently recognized. They are estimated to constitute 1% of all described fungal species | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
On February 1, 2005, the Emergency Alert System was activated in portions of Connecticut calling for the immediate evacuation of the entire state. The activation was in error. Later studies showed that residents did not evacuate, and that the most common response was to 'change the channel' or seek other confirmation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In the morning of January 13, 2018, an alert was accidentally issued via the Emergency Alert System and Wireless Emergency Alert System over television, radio, and cellphones in the U. S. state of Hawaii, instructing citizens to seek out shelter due to an incoming ballistic missile | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dam safety systems are used to monitor the state of dams, including external physical threats to the dams, and issuing emergency warnings at various degrees of automation. This includes the use of differential GPS and SAR remote sensing to monitor the risks imposed by landslides and subsidence. For large dams, seismographs are used to detect reservoir-induced seismicity that could threaten the stability of the dam | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Digital Emergency Alert System (DEAS) was a system managed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and designed to alert first-responders and civilians in the event of a national emergency. It was based upon and supplemented the Emergency Alert System (EAS) by sending out text, voice, video, and other digital messages to mobile phones, pagers, radios, and televisions.
Although the Emergency Alert System and its predecessor, the Emergency Broadcast System and an even earlier predecessor CONELRAD, have always allowed the transmission of both video and audio, there have been limitations that would be eliminated by the DEAS | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In telecommunications, radio silence or Emissions Control (EMCON) is a status in which all fixed or mobile radio stations in an area are asked to stop transmitting for safety or security reasons.
The term "radio station" may include anything capable of transmitting a radio signal. A single ship, aircraft, spacecraft, or group of them may also maintain radio silence | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Reverse 1-1-2 is a public safety communications technology used by public safety organizations throughout the world to communicate with groups of people in a defined geographic area. Reverse 112 allows authorities to rapidly warn those in danger, directly through their mobile phones. Two European countries already have implemented an efficient Reverse 112 system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A weather radio is a specialized radio receiver that is designed to receive a public broadcast service, typically from government-owned radio stations, dedicated to broadcasting weather forecasts and reports on a continual basis, with the routine weather reports being interrupted by emergency weather reports whenever needed. Weather radios are typically equipped with a standby alerting function—if the radio is muted or tuned to another band and a severe weather bulletin is transmitted, it can automatically sound an alarm and/or switch to a pre-tuned weather channel for emergency weather information. Weather radio services may also occasionally broadcast non-weather-related emergency information, such as in the event of a natural disaster, a child abduction alert, or a terrorist attack | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Bob (contraction of Blitter object) is a graphical element (GEL) used by the Amiga computer. Bobs are hardware sprite-like objects, movable on the screen with the help of the blitter coprocessor.
The AmigaOS GEL system consists of VSprites, Bobs, AnimComps (animation components) and AnimObs (animation objects), each extending the preceding with additional functionality | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computer graphics, clamping is the process of limiting a position to an area. Unlike wrapping, clamping merely moves the point to the nearest available value.
To put clamping into perspective, pseudocode (in Python) for clamping is as follows:
Uses
In general, clamping is used to restrict a value to a given range | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The clip coordinate system is a homogeneous coordinate system in the graphics pipeline that is used for clipping. In OpenGL, clip coordinates are positioned in the pipeline just after view coordinates and just before normalized device coordinates (NDC). Objects' coordinates are transformed via a projection transformation into clip coordinates, at which point it may be efficiently determined on an object-by-object basis which portions of the objects will be visible to the user | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Color cycling, also known as palette shifting or palette animation, is a technique used in computer graphics in which colors are changed in order to give the impression of animation. This technique was used in early video games, as storing one image and changing its palette requires less memory and processor power than storing multiple frames of animation.
Examples of use
The Windows 9x boot screen used color cycling to provide animation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computer graphics, constriction is a method of decreasing the resolution of a video. The video quality is decreased to allow non authorized users to see video with lower degree of detail in cases where extra costs or licensing is required to view the full resolution source.
Examples
Some videos, such as films, require that a person has a license in order to view or share the content | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computer graphics, the Cyrus–Beck algorithm is a generalized algorithm for line clipping. It was designed to be more efficient than the Cohen–Sutherland algorithm, which uses repetitive clipping. Cyrus–Beck is a general algorithm and can be used with a convex polygon clipping window, unlike Cohen-Sutherland, which can be used only on a rectangular clipping area | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Depth peeling is a method of order-independent transparency. Depth peeling has the advantage of being able to generate correct results even for complex images containing intersecting transparent objects.
Method
Depth peeling works by rendering the image multiple times | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A device-independent pixel (also: density-independent pixel, dip, dp) is a unit of length.
A typical use is to allow mobile device software to scale the display of information and user interaction to different screen sizes. The abstraction allows an application to work in pixels as a measurement, while the underlying graphics system converts the abstract pixel measurements of the application into real pixel measurements appropriate to the particular device | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Digital Effects Inc. was an early and innovative computer animation studio at 321 West 44th street in New York City. It was the first computer graphics house in New York City when it opened in 1978, and operated until 1986 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Eurographics is a Europe-wide professional computer graphics association. The association supports its members in advancing the state of the art in computer graphics and related fields such as multimedia, scientific visualization and human–computer interaction.
Overview
Eurographics organizes many events and services, which are open to everyone | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computer graphics, a video card's pixel fillrate refers to the number of pixels that can be rendered on the screen and written to video memory in one second. Pixel fillrates are given in megapixels per second or in gigapixels per second (in the case of newer cards), and are obtained by multiplying the number of render output units (ROPs) by the clock frequency of the graphics processing unit (GPU) of a video card.
A similar concept, texture fillrate, refers to the number of texture map elements (texels) the GPU can map to pixels in one second | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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