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Forth is a procedural, stack-oriented programming language and interactive environment designed by Charles H. "Chuck" Moore and first used by other programmers in 1970. Although not an acronym, the language's name in its early years was often spelled in all capital letters as FORTH | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Futhark is a functional data parallel array programming language originally developed at DIKU as part of the HIPERFIT project. It focuses on enabling data parallel programs written in a functional style to be executed with high performance on massively parallel hardware, in particular on GPUs. Futhark is strongly inspired by NESL, and its implementation uses a variant of the flattening transformation, but imposes constraints on how parallelism can be expressed in order to enable more aggressive compiler optimisations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
FX-87 is a polymorphic typed functional language based on a system for static program analysis in which every expression has two static properties: a type and an effect. In a study done by MIT, FX-87 yields similar performance results as functional languages on programs that do not contain side effects (Fibonacci, Factorial). FX-87 did yield a great performance increase when matching DNA sequences | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computer software, a general-purpose programming language (GPL) is a programming language for building software in a wide variety of application domains. Conversely, a domain-specific programming language (DSL) is used within a specific area. For example, Python is a GPL, while SQL is a DSL for querying relational databases | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
GOLOG is a high-level logic programming language for the specification and execution of complex actions in dynamical domains. It is based on the situation calculus. It is a first-order logical language for reasoning about action and change | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gosu is a statically typed general-purpose programming language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine. Its influences include Java, C#, and ECMAScript. Development of Gosu began in 2002 internally for Guidewire Software, and the language saw its first community release in 2010 under the Apache 2 license | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Haggis is a high-level reference programming language used primarily to examine computing science for Scottish pupils taking SQA courses on the subject. Haggis is used as a tool to bridge the gap between pseudocode and typical computer programming. Haggis is not based on any one language but a mixture that is intended to allow a pupil familiar with any of the many languages used in classrooms to easily understand the syntactic construct being used in an example | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Haxe is a high-level cross-platform programming language and compiler that can produce applications and source code for many different computing platforms from one code-base. It is free and open-source software, released under the MIT License. The compiler, written in OCaml, is released under the GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Io is a pure object-oriented programming language inspired by Smalltalk, Self, Lua, Lisp, Act1, and NewtonScript. Io has a prototype-based object model similar to the ones in Self and NewtonScript, eliminating the distinction between instance and class. Like Smalltalk, everything is an object and it uses dynamic typing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Janus is a time-reversible programming language written at Caltech in 1982. The operational semantics of the language were formally specified, together with a program inverter and an invertible self-interpreter, in 2007 by Tetsuo Yokoyama and Robert Glück. A Janus inverter and interpreter is made freely available by the TOPPS research group at DIKU | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
K is a proprietary array processing programming language developed by Arthur Whitney and commercialized by Kx Systems. The language serves as the foundation for kdb+, an in-memory, column-based database, and other related financial products. The language, originally developed in 1993, is a variant of APL and contains elements of Scheme | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Kinetic Rule Language (KRL) is a rule-based programming language for creating applications on the Live Web. KRL programs, or rulesets, comprise a number of rules that respond to particular events. KRL has been promoted as language for building personal clouds | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Kotlin () is a cross-platform, statically typed, general-purpose high-level programming language with type inference. Kotlin is designed to interoperate fully with Java, and the JVM version of Kotlin's standard library depends on the Java Class Library,
but type inference allows its syntax to be more concise. Kotlin mainly targets the JVM, but also compiles to JavaScript (e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Language interoperability is the capability of two different programming languages to natively interact as part of the same system and operate on the same kind of data structures. There are many ways programming languages are interoperable with one another. HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are interoperable as they are used in tandem in webpages | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lisp Flavored Erlang (LFE) is a functional, concurrent, garbage collected, general-purpose programming language and Lisp dialect built on Core Erlang and the Erlang virtual machine (BEAM). LFE builds on Erlang to provide a Lisp syntax for writing distributed, fault-tolerant, soft real-time, non-stop applications. LFE also extends Erlang to support metaprogramming with Lisp macros and an improved developer experience with a feature-rich read–eval–print loop (REPL) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Queens Directories – of New York City – were, before 1898, an assortment of village directories, Queens County directories, Long Island Directories, and add-ins or partial inclusions to New York City directories. In 1898, 30% of the western part of the old Queens County was absorbed into New York City. Before 1898, Nassau County covered the eastern 70% of the old Queens County | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A telephone directory, commonly called a telephone book, telephone address book, phonebook, or the white and yellow pages, is a listing of telephone subscribers in a geographical area or subscribers to services provided by the organization that publishes the directory. Its purpose is to allow the telephone number of a subscriber identified by name and address to be found.
The advent of the Internet, search engines, and smartphones in the 21st century greatly reduced the need for a paper phone book | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
White's Directories were a series of directory publications issued by William White of Sheffield, England, beginning in the 1820s. White began his career in publishing by working for Edward Baines.
Notes
References
Further reading
1820s–1830s
History, directory, and gazetteer, of the counties of Durham and Northumberland, and the towns and counties of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Berwick-upon-Tweed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Women Eco Artists Dialog (WEAD) is 501(c)(3) non-profit arts organization focused on environmental and social justice art by female identified artists and researchers.
History
WEAD (originally called Women Environmental Artists Directory) was founded in 1996 by Jo Hanson, Estelle Akamine, and Susan Leibovitz Steinman as a printed reference directory for entities interested in finding artists working with environmental issues. Currently the directory takes form as a website with member-managed portfolios | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The World Radio TV Handbook, also known as WRTH, is a directory of virtually every radio and TV station on Earth, published yearly. The importance of the book has greatly diminished with the online availability of up-to-date frequency informations.
It was started in 1947 by Oluf Lund Johansen (1891–1975) as the World Radio Handbook (WRH) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Writer's Market (WM) is an annual resource book for writers who wish to sell their work. The publication is released by Writer's Digest Books and usually hits bookstores around the summertime of each year. Writer's Market was first published in 1921 and is often called "The Bible for writers" or "the freelancer's Bible | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Writers' & Artists' Yearbook is an annual directory for writers and illustrators which offers creative and practical advice on how to give your work the best chance at success. It is published in the UK each July, alongside the Children's Writers' & Artists' Yearbook. The Yearbook contains 100 articles covering every aspect of the publishing world and the paths which creatives can follow to gain entry into it, and over 4,500 named industry contacts including agents, publishers, media companies and societies | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Yalwa is a worldwide business directory where companies can list their business and advertise within their local neighborhoods. The Yalwa Business Directory is available in over 50 countries worldwide, covering 5 major languages. Klaus P | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A document-oriented database, or document store, is a computer program and data storage system designed for storing, retrieving and managing document-oriented information, also known as semi-structured data. Document-oriented databases are one of the main categories of NoSQL databases, and the popularity of the term "document-oriented database" has grown with the use of the term NoSQL itself. XML databases are a subclass of document-oriented databases that are optimized to work with XML documents | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Eldis is a database and email service of information sources on international development. It aims to share the best knowledge on development, policy, practice and research.
Background
"Eldis" was originally an acronym for "Electronic Development and Environment Information System" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MarkLogic Server is a document-oriented database developed by MarkLogic. It is a NoSQL multi-model database that evolved from an XML database to natively store JSON documents and RDF triples, the data model for semantics. MarkLogic is designed to be a data hub for operational and analytical data | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MongoDB is a source-available cross-platform document-oriented database program. Classified as a NoSQL database program, MongoDB uses JSON-like documents with optional schemas. MongoDB is developed by MongoDB Inc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
NebulaGraph is an open-source distributed graph database built for super large-scale graphs with milliseconds of latency. NebulaGraph adopts the Apache 2. 0 license and also comes with a wide range of data visualization tools | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
OrientDB is an open source NoSQL database management system written in Java. It is a Multi-model database, supporting graph, document, key/value, and object models, but the relationships are managed as in graph databases with direct connections between records. It supports schema-less, schema-full and schema-mixed modes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
RavenDB is an open-source fully ACID document-oriented database written in C#, developed by Hibernating Rhinos Ltd. It is cross-platform, supported on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS. RavenDB stores data as JSON documents and can be deployed in distributed clusters with master-master replication | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Virtuoso Universal Server is a middleware and database engine hybrid that combines the functionality of a traditional relational database management system (RDBMS), object–relational database (ORDBMS), virtual database, RDF, XML, free-text, web application server and file server functionality in a single system. Rather than have dedicated servers for each of the aforementioned functionality realms, Virtuoso is a "universal server"; it enables a single multithreaded server process that implements multiple protocols. The free and open source edition of Virtuoso Universal Server is also known as OpenLink Virtuoso | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computing, extract, transform, load (ETL) is a three-phase process where data is extracted, transformed (cleaned, sanitized, scrubbed) and loaded into an output data container. The data can be collated from one or more sources and it can also be output to one or more destinations. ETL processing is typically executed using software applications but it can also be done manually by system operators | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An expense and cost recovery system (ECRS) is a specialized subset of "extract, transform, load" (ETL) functioning as a powerful and flexible set of applications, including programs, scripts and databases designed to improve the cash flow of businesses and organizations by automating the movement of data between cost recovery systems, electronic billing from vendors, and accounting systems.
Expense and cost recovery system
ECRS is an area of ETL most applicable to consulting businesses, accounting agencies, and law firms, companies that bill back clients for time and costs. As such, the terms "disbursement", "expense", "cost", and "charge" may be synonymous and can be industry-specific | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
OpenRefine is an open-source desktop application for data cleanup and transformation to other formats, an activity commonly known as data wrangling. It is similar to spreadsheet applications, and can handle spreadsheet file formats such as CSV, but it behaves more like a database.
It operates on rows of data which have cells under columns, similar to the manner in which relational database tables operate | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pentaho is business intelligence (BI) software that provides data integration, OLAP services, reporting, information dashboards, data mining and extract, transform, load (ETL) capabilities. Its headquarters are in Orlando, Florida. Pentaho was acquired by Hitachi Data Systems in 2015 and in 2017 became part of Hitachi Vantara | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pipeline Pilot is a desktop software program sold by Dassault Systèmes for processing and analyzing data. Originally used in the natural sciences, the product's basic ETL (Extract, transform, load) and analytics capabilities have broadened over time. The product is now used for data science, ETL, reporting, prediction, and analytics in a number of sectors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
SAS (previously "Statistical Analysis System") is a statistical software suite developed by SAS Institute for data management, advanced analytics, multivariate analysis, business intelligence, criminal investigation, and predictive analytics.
SAS was developed at North Carolina State University from 1966 until 1976, when SAS Institute was incorporated. SAS was further developed in the 1980s and 1990s with the addition of new statistical procedures, additional components and the introduction of JMP | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Spatial extract, transform, load (spatial ETL), also known as geospatial transformation and load (GTL), provides the data processing functionality of traditional extract, transform, load (ETL) software, but with a primary focus on the ability to manage spatial data (which may also be called GIS, geographic, or map data). A spatial ETL system may translate data directly from one format to another, or via an intermediate format; the latter being more common when transformation of the data is to be carried out.
Transform
The transformation phase of a spatial ETL process allows a variety of functions; some of these are similar to standard ETL, but some are unique to spatial data | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Stata (, STAY-ta, alternatively , occasionally stylized as STATA) is a general-purpose statistical software package developed by StataCorp for data manipulation, visualization, statistics, and automated reporting. It is used by researchers in many fields, including biomedicine, economics, epidemiology, and sociology. Stata was initially developed by Computing Resource Center in California and the first version was released in 1985 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In microfabrication, thermal oxidation is a way to produce a thin layer of oxide (usually silicon dioxide) on the surface of a wafer. The technique forces an oxidizing agent to diffuse into the wafer at high temperature and react with it. The rate of oxide growth is often predicted by the Deal–Grove model | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) is a MOS (metal-oxide semiconductor) integrated circuit (IC) manufactured by stacking as many as 16 or more ICs and interconnecting them vertically using, for instance, through-silicon vias (TSVs) or Cu-Cu connections, so that they behave as a single device to achieve performance improvements at reduced power and smaller footprint than conventional two dimensional processes. The 3D IC is one of several 3D integration schemes that exploit the z-direction to achieve electrical performance benefits in microelectronics and nanoelectronics.
3D integrated circuits can be classified by their level of interconnect hierarchy at the global (package), intermediate (bond pad) and local (transistor) level | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The threshold voltage, commonly abbreviated as Vth or VGS(th), of a field-effect transistor (FET) is the minimum gate-to-source voltage (VGS) that is needed to create a conducting path between the source and drain terminals. It is an important scaling factor to maintain power efficiency.
When referring to a junction field-effect transistor (JFET), the threshold voltage is often called pinch-off voltage instead | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An MOS-controlled thyristor (MCT) is a voltage-controlled fully controllable thyristor, controlled by MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors). It was invented by V. A | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The transistor count is the number of transistors in an electronic device (typically on a single substrate or "chip"). It is the most common measure of integrated circuit complexity (although the majority of transistors in modern microprocessors are contained in the cache memories, which consist mostly of the same memory cell circuits replicated many times). The rate at which MOS transistor counts have increased generally follows Moore's law, which observed that the transistor count doubles approximately every two years | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is a scientific model in solid-state physics. It is an electron gas that is free to move in two dimensions, but tightly confined in the third. This tight confinement leads to quantized energy levels for motion in the third direction, which can then be ignored for most problems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Very large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining millions or billions of MOS transistors onto a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when MOS integrated circuit (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) chips were developed and then widely adopted, enabling complex semiconductor and telecommunication technologies. The microprocessor and memory chips are VLSI devices | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A VMOS () transistor is a type of MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor). VMOS is also used for describing the V-groove shape vertically cut into the substrate material. VMOS is an acronym for "vertical metal oxide semiconductor", or "V-groove MOS" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A voltage regulator module (VRM), sometimes called processor power module (PPM), is a buck converter that provides microprocessor and chipset the appropriate supply voltage, converting +3. 3 V, +5 V or +12 V to lower voltages required by the devices, allowing devices with different supply voltages be mounted on the same motherboard. On personal computer (PC) systems, the VRM is typically made up of power MOSFET devices | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Photodetectors, also called photosensors, are sensors of light or other electromagnetic radiation. There is a wide variety of photodetectors which may be classified by mechanism of detection, such as photoelectric or photochemical effects, or by various performance metrics, such as spectral response. Semiconductor-based photodetectors typically
photo detector have a p–n junction that converts light photons into current | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An ambient light sensor is a component in smartphones, notebooks, other mobile devices, automotive displays and LCD TVs. It is a photodetector that is used to sense the amount of ambient light present, and appropriately dim the device's screen to match it. This avoids having the screen be too bright when the user's pupils are adapted for vision in a dark room, or too dim when the device is used outdoors in the daytime | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Golay cell is a type of opto-acoustic detector mainly used for infrared spectroscopy. It consists of a gas-filled enclosure with an infrared absorbing material and a flexible diaphragm or membrane. When infrared radiation is absorbed, it heats the gas, causing it to expand | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A photodiode is a light-sensitive semiconductor diode. It produces current when it absorbs photons.
The package of a photodiode allows light (or infrared or ultraviolet radiation, or X-rays) to reach the sensitive part of the device | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Photomultiplier tubes (photomultipliers or PMTs for short) are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. They are members of the class of vacuum tubes, more specifically vacuum phototubes. These detectors multiply the current produced by incident light by as much as 100 million times or 108 (i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The term quantum efficiency (QE) may apply to incident photon to converted electron (IPCE) ratio of a photosensitive device, or it may refer to the TMR effect of a Magnetic Tunnel Junction.
This article deals with the term as a measurement of a device's electrical sensitivity to light. In a charge-coupled device (CCD) or other photodetector, it is the ratio between the number of charge carriers collected at either terminal and the number of photons hitting the device's photoreactive surface | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a solid-state photodetector within the same family as photodiodes and avalanche photodiodes (APDs), while also being fundamentally linked with basic diode behaviours. As with photodiodes and APDs, a SPAD is based around a semi-conductor p-n junction that can be illuminated with ionizing radiation such as gamma, x-rays, beta and alpha particles along with a wide portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from ultraviolet (UV) through the visible wavelengths and into the infrared (IR).
In a photodiode, with a low reverse bias voltage, the leakage current changes linearly with absorption of photons, i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Visible Light Photon Counter (VLPC) is a photon counting photodetector based on impurity-band conduction in arsenic-doped silicon. They have high quantum efficiency and are able to detect single photons in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The ability to count the exact number of photons detected is extremely important for quantum key distribution | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Eddy current sensors uses the principle of eddy current formation to sense displacement. These sensors measure shaft displacement in rotating machinery and have been around for many years as they offer manufacturers high-linearity, high-speed measurements, and high resolution.
Eddy currents are formed when a moving or changing magnetic field intersects a conductor or vice versa | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An incremental encoder is a linear or rotary electromechanical device that has two output signals, A and B, which issue pulses when the device is moved. Together, the A and B signals indicate both the occurrence of and direction of movement. Many incremental encoders have an additional output signal, typically designated index or Z, which indicates the encoder is located at a particular reference position | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An inductive sensor is a device that uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to detect or measure objects. An inductor develops a magnetic field when an electric current flows through it; alternatively, a current will flow through a circuit containing an inductor when the magnetic field through it changes. This effect can be used to detect metallic objects that interact with a magnetic field | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A linear encoder is a sensor, transducer or readhead paired with a scale that encodes position. The sensor reads the scale in order to convert the encoded position into an analog or digital signal, which can then be decoded into position by a digital readout (DRO) or motion controller.
The encoder can be either incremental or absolute | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) (also called linear variable displacement transformer, linear variable displacement transducer, or simply differential transformer) is a type of electrical transformer used for measuring linear displacement (position). A counterpart to this device that is used for measuring rotary displacement is called a rotary variable differential transformer (RVDT).
Introduction
LVDTs are robust, absolute linear position/displacement transducers; inherently frictionless, they have a virtually infinite cycle life when properly used | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A position sensitive device and/or position sensitive detector (PSD) is an optical position sensor (OPS) that can measure a position of a light spot in one or two-dimensions on a sensor surface.
Principles
PSDs can be divided into two classes which work according to different principles: In the first class, the sensors have an isotropic sensor surface that supplies continuous position data. The second class has discrete sensors in an raster-like structure on the sensor surface that supply local discrete data | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A rotary encoder, also called a shaft encoder, is an electro-mechanical device that converts the angular position or motion of a shaft or axle to analog or digital output signals. There are two main types of rotary encoder: absolute and incremental. The output of an absolute encoder indicates the current shaft position, making it an angle transducer | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A rotary variable differential transformer (RVDT) is a type of electrical transformer used for measuring angular displacement. The transformer has a rotor which can be turned by an external force. The transformer acts as an electromechanical transducer that outputs an alternating current (AC) voltage proportional to the angular displacement of its rotor shaft | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A string potentiometer is a transducer used to detect and measure linear position and velocity using a flexible cable and spring-loaded spool. Other common names include string pot, cable-extension transducer, draw wire sensor, and yo-yo sensor.
Components
String potentiometers are composed of four main parts: a measuring cable, spool, spring, and rotational sensor | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Baroreceptors (or archaically, pressoreceptors) are sensors located in the carotid sinus (at the bifurcation of common carotid artery into external and internal carotids) and in the aortic arch. They sense the blood pressure and relay the information to the brain, so that a proper blood pressure can be maintained.
Baroreceptors are a type of mechanoreceptor sensory neuron that are excited by a stretch of the blood vessel | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The evolution of bitter taste receptors has been one of the most dynamic evolutionary adaptations to arise in multiple species. This phenomenon has been widely studied in the field of evolutionary biology because of its role in the identification of toxins often found on the leaves of inedible plants. A palate more sensitive to these bitter tastes would, theoretically, have an advantage over members of the population less sensitive to these poisonous substances because they would be much less likely to ingest toxic plants | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bristle sensilla (sometimes also called tactile hairs) are a class of mechanoreceptors found in insects and other arthropods that respond to mechanical stimuli generated by the external world. As a result, they are considered exteroceptors. Bristle sensilla can be divided into two main types, macrochaete and microchaete, based on their size and physiology | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Bulbous corpuscle or Ruffini ending or Ruffini corpuscle is a slowly adapting mechanoreceptor located in the cutaneous tissue between the dermal papillae and the hypodermis. It is named after Angelo Ruffini.
Structure
Ruffini corpuscles are enlarged dendritic endings with elongated capsules | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Campaniform sensilla are a class of mechanoreceptors found in insects, which respond to local stress and strain within the animal's cuticle. Campaniform sensilla function as proprioceptors that detect mechanical load as resistance to muscle contraction, similar to mammalian Golgi tendon organs. Sensory feedback from campaniform sensilla is integrated in the control of posture and locomotion | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Central chemoreceptors of the central nervous system, located on the ventrolateral medullary surface in the vicinity of the exit of the 9th and 10th cranial nerves, are sensitive to the pH of their environment.
These act to detect the changes in pH of nearby cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that are indicative of altered oxygen or carbon dioxide concentrations available to brain tissues. An increase in carbon dioxide causes tension of the arteries, often resulting from decreased CO2 output (hypercapnia), indirectly causes the blood to become more acidic; the cerebrospinal fluid pH is closely comparable to plasma, as carbon dioxide easily diffuses across the blood–brain barrier | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A cutaneous receptor is the type of sensory receptor found in the skin ( the dermis or epidermis). They are a part of the somatosensory system. Cutaneous receptors include mechanoreceptors (pressure or distortion), nociceptors (pain), and thermoreceptors (temperature) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The diffuse chemosensory system (DCS) is an anatomical structure composed of solitary chemosensory cells and chemosensory clusters. The concept of DCS has been advanced in 2005, after the discovery that cells similar to gustatory elements are present in several organs of the respiratory and digestive apparatuses.
The elements forming the DCS share common morphological and biochemical characteristics with the taste cells located in taste buds of the oropharyngeal cavity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The history of electrovibration goes back to 1954. It was first discovered by accident and E. Mallinckrodt, A | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The eyespot apparatus (or stigma) is a photoreceptive organelle found in the flagellate or (motile) cells of green algae and other unicellular photosynthetic organisms such as euglenids. It allows the cells to sense light direction and intensity and respond to it, prompting the organism to either swim towards the light (positive phototaxis), or away from it (negative phototaxis). A related response ("photoshock" or photophobic response) occurs when cells are briefly exposed to high light intensity, causing the cell to stop, briefly swim backwards, then change swimming direction | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hair-plates are a type of proprioceptor found in the folds of insect joints. They consist of a cluster of hairs, in which each hair is innervated by a single mechanosensory neuron. Functionally, hair-plates operate as "limit-detectors" by signaling the extreme ranges of motion of a joint | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
High pressure receptors are the baroreceptors found within the aortic arch and carotid sinus. They are only sensitive to blood pressures above 60 mmHg.
When these receptors are activated they elicit a depressor response; which decreases the heart rate and causes a general vasodilation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Insect olfactory receptors (also known as odorant receptors, ORs) are expressed in the cell membranes of the olfactory sensory neurons of insects. Similarly to mammalian olfactory receptors, in insects each olfactory sensory neuron expresses one type of OR, allowing the specific detection of a volatile chemical. Differently to mammalian ORs, insect ORs form a heteromer with a fixed monomer, Orco, and a variable OR monomer, which confers the odour specificity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Juxtacapillary receptors, J-receptors, or pulmonary C-fiber receptors are sensory nerve endings located within the alveolar walls in juxtaposition to the pulmonary capillaries of the lung, and are innervated by fibers of the vagus nerve. Although their functional role is unclear, J-receptors respond to events such as pulmonary edema, pulmonary emboli, pneumonia, congestive heart failure and barotrauma, which cause a decrease in oxygenation and thus lead to an increase in respiration. They may be also stimulated by hyperinflation of the lung as well as intravenous or intracardiac administration of chemicals such as capsaicin | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domain (LOV domain) is a protein sensor used by a large variety of higher plants, microalgae, fungi and bacteria to sense environmental conditions. In higher plants, they are used to control phototropism, chloroplast relocation, and stomatal opening, whereas in fungal organisms, they are used for adjusting the circadian temporal organization of the cells to the daily and seasonal periods. They are a subset of PAS domains | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Low pressure baroreceptors are baroreceptors that relay information derived from blood pressure within the autonomic nervous system. They are stimulated by stretching of the vessel wall. They are located in large systemic veins and in the walls of the atria of the heart, and pulmonary vasculature | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Malleolus (plural: malleoli) is a fan-shaped chemoreceptor or racquet organ, an array of which are carried in pairs on the ventral or undersides of Solpugidae. They are the counterpart of pectines in scorpions, and modified walking limbs in the uropygids and amblypygids as well as the pedipalps in spiders and other arachnids. Most species have 5 pairs of malleoli on the ventral surface of the fourth pair of legs of both sexes, while juveniles and other species have 2-3 pairs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A mechanoreceptor, also called mechanoceptor, is a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion. Mechanoreceptors are innervated by sensory neurons that convert mechanical pressure into electrical signals that, in animals, are sent to the central nervous system.
Vertebrate mechanoreceptors
Cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Cutaneous mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical stimuli that result from physical interaction, including pressure and vibration | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Merkel nerve endings are mechanoreceptors, a type of sensory receptor, that are found in the basal epidermis and hair follicles. They are nerve endings and provide information on mechanical pressure, position, and deep static touch features, such as shapes and edges.
Merkel cells in the basal epidermis of the skin store serotonin which they release to associated nerve endings in response to pressure | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Microbial rhodopsins, also known as bacterial rhodopsins, are retinal-binding proteins that provide light-dependent ion transport and sensory functions in halophilic and other bacteria. They are integral membrane proteins with seven transmembrane helices, the last of which contains the attachment point (a conserved lysine) for retinal.
This protein family includes light-driven proton pumps, ion pumps and ion channels, as well as light sensors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A nociceptor ("pain receptor" from Latin nocere 'to harm or hurt') is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending "possible threat" signals to the spinal cord and the brain. The brain creates the sensation of pain to direct attention to the body part, so the threat can be mitigated; this process is called nociception.
History
Nociceptors were discovered by Charles Scott Sherrington in 1906 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An ocelloid is a subcellular structure found in the family Warnowiaceae (warnowiids), which are members of a group of unicellular organisms known as dinoflagellates. The ocelloid is analogous in structure and function to the eyes of multicellular organisms, which focus, process and detect light. The ocelloid is much more complex than the eyespot, a light-sensitive structure also found in unicellular organisms, and is in fact one of the most complex known subcellular structures | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Olfactory receptors (ORs), also known as odorant receptors, are chemoreceptors expressed in the cell membranes of olfactory receptor neurons and are responsible for the detection of odorants (for example, compounds that have an odor) which give rise to the sense of smell. Activated olfactory receptors trigger nerve impulses which transmit information about odor to the brain. These receptors are members of the class A rhodopsin-like family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An osmoreceptor is a sensory receptor primarily found in the hypothalamus of most homeothermic organisms that detects changes in osmotic pressure. Osmoreceptors can be found in several structures, including two of the circumventricular organs – the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, and the subfornical organ. They contribute to osmoregulation, controlling fluid balance in the body | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Pacinian corpuscle, lamellar corpuscle or Vater-Pacini corpuscle is one of the four major types of mechanoreceptors (specialized nerve ending with adventitious tissue for mechanical sensation) found in mammalian skin. This type of mechanoreceptor is found in both hairy, and hairless skin, viscera, joints, and attached to periosteum of bone, primarily responsible for sensitivity to vibration. Few of them are also sensitive to quasi-static or low frequency pressure stimulus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A pecten (PL: pectens or pectines) is a comb-like structure, widely found in the biological world. Although pectens in various animals look similar, they have a varied range of uses, from grooming and filtering to sensory adaptations.
Etymology
The adjective, pectinate, means supplied with a comb-like structure | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Peripheral chemoreceptors (of the carotid and aortic bodies) are so named because they are sensory extensions of the peripheral nervous system into blood vessels where they detect changes in chemical concentrations. As transducers of patterns of variability in the surrounding environment, carotid and aortic bodies count as chemosensors in a similar way as taste buds and photoreceptors. However, because carotid and aortic bodies detect variation within the body's internal organs, they are considered interoceptors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Photopigments are unstable pigments that undergo a chemical change when they absorb light. The term is generally applied to the non-protein chromophore moiety of photosensitive chromoproteins, such as the pigments involved in photosynthesis and photoreception. In medical terminology, "photopigment" commonly refers to the photoreceptor proteins of the retina | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Vertebrate visual opsins are a subclass of ciliary opsins and mediate vision in vertebrates. They include the opsins in human rod and cone cells. They are often abbreviated to opsin, as they were the first opsins discovered and are still the most widely studied opsins | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Photoreceptor proteins are light-sensitive proteins involved in the sensing and response to light in a variety of organisms. Some examples are rhodopsin in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebrate retina, phytochrome in plants, and bacteriorhodopsin and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria. They mediate light responses as varied as visual perception, phototropism and phototaxis, as well as responses to light-dark cycles such as circadian rhythm and other photoperiodisms including control of flowering times in plants and mating seasons in animals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phototropins are photoreceptor proteins (more specifically, flavoproteins) that mediate phototropism responses in various species of algae, fungi and higher plants. Phototropins can be found throughout the leaves of a plant. Along with cryptochromes and phytochromes they allow plants to respond and alter their growth in response to the light environment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phytochromes are a class of photoreceptor in plants, bacteria and fungi used to detect light. They are sensitive to light in the red and far-red region of the visible spectrum and can be classed as either Type I, which are activated by far-red light, or Type II that are activated by red light. Recent advances have suggested that phytochromes also act as temperature sensors, as warmer temperatures enhance their de-activation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Receptor theory is the application of receptor models to explain drug behavior. Pharmacological receptor models preceded accurate knowledge of receptors by many years. John Newport Langley and Paul Ehrlich introduced the concept that receptors can mediate drug action at the beginning of the 20th century | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a protein encoded by the RHO gene and a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). It is the opsin of the rod cells in the retina and a light-sensitive receptor protein that triggers visual phototransduction in rods. Rhodopsin mediates dim light vision and thus is extremely sensitive to light | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The slit sensilla, also known as the slit sense organ, is a small mechanoreceptory organ or group of organs in the exoskeleton of arachnids which detects physical deformation or strain due to forces experienced by the animal. The organ appears in the vast majority of discovered arachnids, and is "remarkably consistent" in location and direction within each order. The arachnid slit sensilla corresponds to the campaniform sensilla found in insects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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