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Solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) (also called solitary chemoreceptor cells) are isolated elements located in epithelia of the apparatuses of endodermic origin (such as respiratory and digestive apparatuses). In the aquatic vertebrates, SCCs are also present in the skin. In oral cavity, SCCs precedes the development of taste buds | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tactile corpuscles or Meissner's corpuscles are a type of mechanoreceptor discovered by anatomist Georg Meissner (1829–1905) and Rudolf Wagner. This corpuscle is a type of nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to pressure. In particular, they have their highest sensitivity (lowest threshold) when sensing vibrations between 10 and 50 hertz | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A thermoreceptor is a non-specialised sense receptor, or more accurately the receptive portion of a sensory neuron, that codes absolute and relative changes in temperature, primarily within the innocuous range. In the mammalian peripheral nervous system, warmth receptors are thought to be unmyelinated C-fibres (low conduction velocity), while those responding to cold have both C-fibers and thinly myelinated A delta fibers (faster conduction velocity). The adequate stimulus for a warm receptor is warming, which results in an increase in their action potential discharge rate | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The visual cycle is a process in the retina that replenishes the molecule retinal for its use in vision. Retinal is the chromophore of most visual opsins, meaning it captures the photons to begin the phototransduction cascade. When the photon is absorbed, the 11-cis retinal photoisomerizes into all-trans retinal as it is ejected from the opsin protein | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Visual phototransduction is the sensory transduction process of the visual system by which light is detected to yield nerve impulses in the rod cells and cone cells in the retina of the eye in humans and other vertebrates. It relies on the visual cycle, a sequence of biochemical reactions in which a molecule of retinal bound to opsin undergoes photoisomerization, initiates a cascade that signals detection of the photon, and is indirectly restored to its photosensitive isomer for reuse. Phototransduction in some invertebrates such as fruit flies relies on similar processes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The airspeed indicator (ASI) or airspeed gauge is a flight instrument indicating the airspeed of an aircraft in kilometres per hour (km/h), knots (kn), miles per hour (MPH) and/or metres per second (m/s). The recommendation by ICAO is to use km/h, however knots is currently the most used unit. The ASI measures the pressure differential between static pressure from the static port, and total pressure from the pitot tube | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Doppler velocity sensor (DVS) is a specialized Doppler radar that uses the Doppler effect to measure the three orthogonal velocity components referenced to the aircraft. When aircraft true heading, pitch and roll are provided by other aircraft systems, it can function as a navigation sensor to perform stand-alone dead reckoning navigation calculations as a Doppler Navigation Set (DNS).
Doppler navigation systems are independent of surrounding conditions, perform with high accuracy over land and sea anywhere in the world, and are independent of ground-based aids and space-based satellite navigation systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An Electromagnetic Log, sometimes called an "EM log", is an electronic sensor which measures the speed of a vessel through sea water. Like many other technologies, its name derives from the traditional chip log. It makes use of Faraday's law of induction by measuring the EMF induced in water moving through a magnetic field generated by the sensor | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pitometer logs (also known as pit logs) are devices used to measure a ship's speed relative to the water. They are used on both surface ships and submarines. Data from the pitometer log is usually fed directly into the ship's navigation system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Twine was an online, social web service for information storage, authoring and discovery, located at twine. com, that existed from 2007 to 2010. It was created and run by Radar Networks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wall. fm is an online service for people to build and host social networking services, powered by Oxwall software. Wall | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
WebID is a method for internet services and members to know who they are communicating with. The WebID specifications define a set of editor's drafts to prepare the process of standardization for identity, identification and authentication on HTTP-based networks. WebID-based protocols (Solid OIDC, WebID-TLS, WebID-TLS+Delegation) offer a new way to log into internet services | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
WhosHere is a social proximity networking app created by WhosHere founders Bryant Harris and Stephen Smith launched in July 2008. WhosHere utilizes GPS location capabilities combined with a social networking platform that allows users to interact with other people based on compatible geographical location. The app allows users to find other users with similar interests and connect with them real-time via free text, image messages and free VoIP calls without disclosing any personal information | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A worknet is the term coined to describe a group of online participants and applications to collaborate a certain cause or purpose. It is an area that is concerned with the intersection of organizational behavior and computer science. The activity is called worknetting and was described in 2007 as a new trend for 2008 in the bulletin for marketeers and was further discussed and developed at the Web 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
XHTML Friends Network (XFN) is an HTML microformat developed by Global Multimedia Protocols Group that provides a simple way to represent human relationships using links. XFN enables web authors to indicate relationships to the people in their blogrolls by adding one or more keywords as the rel attribute to their links. XFN was the first microformat, introduced in December 2003 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In FOSS development communities, a forge is a web-based collaborative software platform for both developing and sharing computer applications. The term forge refers to a common prefix or suffix adopted by various platforms created after the example of SourceForge. This usage of the word stems from the metalworking forge, used for shaping metal parts | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Kune was a free/open source distributed social network focused on collaboration rather than just on communication. That is, it focused on online real-time collaborative editing, decentralized social networking and web publishing, while focusing on workgroups rather than just on individuals. It aimed to allow for the creation of online spaces for collaborative work where organizations and individuals can build projects online, coordinate common agendas, set up virtual meetings, publish on the web, and join organizations with similar interests | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
mozdev. org was a website that offered free project hosting, and software development tools to the Mozilla community. Site hosted extensions for Firefox, Thunderbird and SeaMonkey and stand-alone Mozilla-based applications | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Synapse. org is an open source platform for collaborative scientific data analysis. It can store data, code, results, and descriptions research work | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
TeamForge (formerly SourceForge Enterprise Edition or SFEE) is a proprietary collaborative application lifecycle management forge supporting version control and a software development management system.
Background
TeamForge provides a front-end to a range of software development lifecycle services and integrates with a number of free software / open source software applications (such as PostgreSQL and Subversion).
Its predecessor, SourceForge, started as open source software, but a version of it (based on the v2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
BitClout is an open source blockchain-based social media platform. On the platform, users can post short-form writings and photos, award money to posts they particularly like by clicking a diamond icon, as well as buy and sell "creator coins" (personalized tokens whose value depends on people's reputations). BitClout runs on a custom proof of work blockchain, and is a prototype of what can be built on DeSo (short for "Decentralized Social") | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Influenster is a product discovery and reviews platform for consumers. Influenster uses social media analytics to measure its users’ influence on social media. Influenster launched in 2010 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Klout was a website and mobile app that used social media analytics to rate its users according to online social influence via the "Klout Score", which was a numerical value between 1 and 100. In determining the user score, Klout measured the size of a user's social media network and correlated the content created to measure how other users interact with that content. Klout launched in 2008 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Viralheat was a subscription-based software service for social media management that helps clients monitor and analyze consumer-created content. It was first released in beta in May 2009. Viralheat raised $75,000 in seed capital in December 2009 and $4 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An online community, also called an internet community or web community, is a community whose members interact with each other primarily via the Internet. Members of the community usually share common interests. For many, online communities may feel like home, consisting of a "family of invisible friends" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A virtual community is a social network of individuals who connect through specific social media, potentially crossing geographical and political boundaries in order to pursue mutual interests or goals. Some of the most pervasive virtual communities are online communities operating under social networking services.
Howard Rheingold discussed virtual communities in his book, The Virtual Community, published in 1993 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Club Quarantine (Club Q) is a virtual gay club based in Toronto that began hosting URL (online) parties in early 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Created by four friends, recording artist Ceréna Sierra, DJ Casey MQ, comedian Brad Allen, and digital creative Mingus New, Club Q began by hosting parties on Zoom in March 2020. In Ontario, full closures of all non-essential businesses were recommended by the province on March 16 2020 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cottagecore is an internet aesthetic popularised by adolescents and young adults celebrating an idealized rural life. Originally based on a rural European life, it was developed throughout the 2010s and was first named cottagecore on Tumblr in 2018. The aesthetic centres on traditional rural clothing, interior design, and crafts such as drawing, baking, and pottery, and is related to similar aesthetic movements such as grandmacore, farmcore, goblincore, and fairycore | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Empathy has been studied in the context of online communities as it pertains to enablers of interpersonal communication, anonymity, as well as barriers to online relationships, such as ambiguity, cyberbullying and internet trolling. The importance of this topic can not be underestimated as the landscape of online use drastically changed or evolved following the Covid-19 Pandemic of 2020 which forced many in the workplace, schools and even novice tech users into new and uncomfortable situations. This forced much more time spent and reliance on the virtual world, through our computers, phones, and tablets | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Front Porch Forum (FPF) is a social network founded in 2000 and based in Burlington, Vermont. It is a Vermont public benefit corporation. Users interact with the site either through a web page, mobile application, or via email | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A group (often termed as a community, e-group or club) is a feature in many social networking services which allows users to create, post, comment to and read from their own interest- and niche-specific forums, often within the realm of virtual communities. Groups, which may allow for open or closed access, invitation and/or joining by other users outside the group, are formed to provide mini-networks within the larger, more diverse social network service. Much like electronic mailing lists, they are also owned and maintained by owners, moderators, or managers, who can edit posts to discussion threads and regulate member behavior within the group | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An Internet band, also called an online band, is a musical group whose members collaborate online through broadband by utilizing a content management system and local digital audio workstations. The work is sometimes released under a Creative Commons license, so musicians can share their "samples" to create collaborative musical expressions for noncommercial purposes without ever meeting face to face.
History
Cathedral
In March 1996, Nora Farrell and William Duckworth began to develop Cathedral, one of the first interactive works of music and art on the World Wide Web | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The terms internet church, online church, cyberchurch, and digital church refer to a wide variety of ways that Christian religious groups can use the internet to facilitate their religious activities, particularly prayer, discussion, preaching and worship services. The internet has become a site for religious experience which has raised questions related to ecclesiology. Some Christian denominations insist that an online gathering is not a real substitute for meeting in person, for example, the Roman Catholic Pontifical Council for Social Communications declared in 2002 that "the virtual reality of cyberspace cannot substitute for real interpersonal community, the incarnational reality of the sacraments and the liturgy, or the immediate and direct proclamation of the gospel", while acknowledging that the internet can still "enrich the religious lives of users" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a text-based chat system for instant messaging. IRC is designed for group communication in discussion forums, called channels, but also allows one-on-one communication via private messages as well as chat and data transfer, including file sharing. Internet Relay Chat is implemented as an application layer protocol to facilitate communication in the form of text | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lichess (; LEE-ches) is a free and open-source Internet chess server run by a non-profit organization of the same name. Users of the site can play online chess anonymously and optionally register an account to play rated games. Lichess is ad-free and all the features are available for free, as the site is funded by donations from patrons | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Luupe is a global online platform and community of women and non-binary photographers who collaborate to provide diverse content for brands. The Luupe was founded in 2019 by Keren Sachs and is headquartered in New York City.
History
Before creating The Luupe, Keren Sachs was the Director of Content Development at Shutterstock, where she helped create Offset, Shutterstock's premier content library | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The term netizen is a portmanteau of the English words internet and citizen, as in a "citizen of the net" or "net citizen". It describes a person actively involved in online communities or the Internet in general. The term commonly also implies an interest and active engagement in improving the internet, making it an intellectual and a social resource, or its surrounding political structures, especially in regard to open access, net neutrality and free speech | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Online deliberation is a broad term used to describe many forms of non-institutional, institutional and experimental online discussions. The term also describes the emerging field of practice and research related to the design, implementation and study of deliberative processes that rely on the use of electronic information and communications technologies (ICT).
Although the Internet and social media have fostered discursive participation and deliberation online through computer-mediated communication, the academic study of online deliberation started in the early 2000s | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Online participation is used to describe the interaction between users and online communities on the web. Online communities often involve members to provide content to the website and/or contribute in some way. Examples of such include wikis, blogs, online multiplayer games, and other types of social platforms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An online research community (part of Research 2. 0) is a part of an emerging and developing area in market research making use of developments in Web 2. 0 technologies and online communities | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Peace Revolution is an online meditation platform aimed at young adults. The platform's primary focus is on the teaching of Samatha meditation but is also involved in other activities and events related to mindfulness and peace-building. Although the platform has a secular orientation, it does draw on principles of Buddhism | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The cephalic index of a vertebrate is the ratio between the width (side to side) and length (front to back) of its cranium (skull). This ratio does not concern the muzzle or face, and thus is distinct from the craniofacial ratio, which compares the size of the cranium to the length of the muzzle. The two measures are often confused in descriptions of dog breeds | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chelev (Hebrew: חֵלֶב, kheylev or ẖelev), "suet", is the animal fats that the Torah prohibits Jews and Israelites from eating. Only the chelev of animals that are of the sort from which offerings can be brought in the Tabernacle or Temple are prohibited (Leviticus 7:25). The prohibition of eating chelev is also, in addition to the Torah, one of the 613 commandments that, according to the Talmud, were given to Moses on Mount Sinai | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biology, a cirrus SIRR-əs, PL: cirri, SIRR-eye, (from the Latin cirrus meaning a curl-like tuft or fringe) is a long, thin structure in an animal similar to a tentacle but generally lacking the tentacle's strength, flexibility, thickness, and sensitivity.
In the sheep liver fluke, for example, the cirrus is the worm's muscular penis and when not in use is retained within a cirrus sac or pouch near the animal's head. The same structure exists in the various Taenia species of tapeworm | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A claw is a curved, pointed appendage found at the end of a toe or finger in most amniotes (mammals, reptiles, birds). Some invertebrates such as beetles and spiders have somewhat similar fine, hooked structures at the end of the leg or tarsus for gripping a surface as they walk. The pincers of crabs, lobsters and scorpions, more formally known as their chelae, are sometimes called claws | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In non-human animal anatomy, a cloaca ( kloh-AY-kə), PL: cloacae ( kloh-AY-see or kloh-AY-kee), is the posterior orifice that serves as the only opening for the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts (if present) of many vertebrate animals. All amphibians, reptiles, birds, and a few mammals (monotremes, tenrecs, golden moles, and marsupial moles), have this orifice, from which they excrete both urine and feces; this is in contrast to most placental mammals, which have two or three separate orifices for evacuation. Excretory openings with analogous purpose in some invertebrates are also sometimes referred to as cloacae | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A cloven paw is a congenital anomaly (birth defect) that affects some animals such as dogs. The condition occurs when the animal's paws do not separate properly during development.
Cloven paw (conjoined paw pad) in dogs
Though more common in the front paws, any of the paws can be affected and whilst usually cause the animal no discomfort, there have been cases where the condition has caused issues but is easily resolved with a small operation to separate the pads | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The coelom (or celom) is the main body cavity in most animals and is positioned inside the body to surround and contain the digestive tract and other organs. In some animals, it is lined with mesothelium. In other animals, such as molluscs, it remains undifferentiated | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Corneous is a biological and medical term meaning horny, in other words made out of a substance similar to that of horns and hooves in some mammals.
The word is generally used to describe natural or pathological anatomical structures made out of a hard layer of protein. In mammals this protein would usually be keratin | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Corniculate, an Anglicisation of the Latin diminutives corniculata, corniculatum, and corniculatus, describes an object possessing hornlike extensions. The root is Latin cornu = "horn". The term is used to describe the shape of the corniculate cartilages of the larynx | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some chemical, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other. The flowing bodies can be liquids, gases, or even solid powders, or any combination of those. For example, in a distillation column, the vapors bubble up through the downward flowing liquid while exchanging both heat and mass | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A cuticle (), or cuticula, is any of a variety of tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Various types of "cuticle" are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure, function, and chemical composition.
Human anatomy
In human anatomy, "cuticle" can refer to several structures, but it is used in general parlance, and even by medical professionals, to refer to the thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails (the eponychium), and to refer to the superficial layer of overlapping cells covering the hair shaft (cuticula pili), consisting of dead cells, that locks the hair into its follicle | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Some strains of animals, such as white cats, have a tendency to congenital deafness. Some known chemicals and elements can also affect deafness in animals. Deafness can occur in almost any breed of cat or dog | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Digital Morphology (DigiMorph), part of the National Science Foundation Digital Libraries Initiative, creates and shares 2D and 3D visualizations of the internal and external structure of living and extinct vertebrates, and a growing number of 'invertebrates. '
The information core for the DigiMorph library is generated using a high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (X-ray CT) scanner at the University of Texas at Austin. This instrument is comparable to a conventional medical diagnostic CAT scanner, but with greater resolution and penetrating power | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Direct development is a concept in biology. It refers to forms of growth to adulthood that do not involve metamorphosis. An animal undergoes direct development if the immature organism resembles a small adult rather than having a distinct larval form | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The eagle eye is among the sharpest in the animal kingdom, with an eyesight estimated at 4 to 8 times stronger than that of the average human. Although an eagle may only weigh 10 pounds (4. 5 kg), its eyes are roughly the same size as those of a human | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An egg tooth is a temporary, sharp projection present on the bill or snout of an oviparous animal at hatching. It allows the hatchling to penetrate the eggshell from inside and break free. Birds, reptiles, and monotremes possess egg teeth as hatchlings | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An endocast is the internal cast of a hollow object, often referring to the cranial vault in the study of brain development in humans and other organisms. Endocasts can be artificially made for examining the properties of a hollow, inaccessible space, or they may occur naturally through fossilization.
Cranial endocasts
Artificial casts
Endocasts of the inside of the neurocranium (braincase) are often made in paleoanthropology to study brain structures and hemispheric specialization in extinct human ancestors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Enteral respiration, also referred to as cloacal respiration or intestinal respiration, is a form of respiration in which gas exchange occurs in the posterior cavity of the enteral system. This is used in various species as an accessory respiration mechanism in hypoxic environments as a means to supplement blood oxygen.
Turtles
Some turtles, especially those specialized in diving, are highly reliant on cloacal respiration during dives | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In zoology, the epidermis is an epithelium (sheet of cells) that covers the body of a eumetazoan (animal more complex than a sponge). Eumetazoa have a cavity lined with a similar epithelium, the gastrodermis, which forms a boundary with the epidermis at the mouth. Sponges have no epithelium, and therefore no epidermis or gastrodermis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Epimorphosis is defined as the regeneration of a specific part of an organism in a way that involves extensive cell proliferation of somatic stem cells, dedifferentiation, and reformation, as well as blastema formation. Epimorphosis can be considered a simple model for development, though it only occurs in tissues surrounding the site of injury rather than occurring system-wide. Epimorphosis restores the anatomy of the organism and the original polarity that existed before the destruction of the tissue and/or a structure of the organism | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An eyespot (sometimes ocellus) is an eye-like marking. They are found in butterflies, reptiles, cats, birds and fish.
Eyespots could be explained in at least three different ways | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In anatomy, an eyestalk (sometimes spelled eye stalk and also known as an ommatophore) is a protrusion that extends an eye away from the body, giving the eye a better field of view. It is a common feature in nature and frequently appears in fiction.
In nature
Eyestalks are a specialized type of tentacle | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The fasciculus retroflexus (FR) is a bundle of fibers located at the base of the midbrain in vertebrates. Connected to the habenula (Hbn) and the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), the fasciculus retroflexus is involved in a variety of bodily phenomena, some being sleep retention. and drug addiction | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The fauces, isthmus of fauces, or the oropharyngeal isthmus, is the opening at the back of the mouth into the throat. It is a narrow passage between the velum and the base of the tongue. The fauces is a part of the oropharynx directly behind the oral cavity as a subdivision, bounded superiorly by the soft palate, laterally by the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches, and inferiorly by the tongue | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A fin is a thin component or appendage attached to a larger body or structure. Fins typically function as foils that produce lift or thrust, or provide the ability to steer or stabilize motion while traveling in water, air, or other fluids. Fins are also used to increase surface areas for heat transfer purposes, or simply as ornamentation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A fistula (plural: fistulas or fistulae ; from Latin fistula, "tube, pipe") in anatomy is an abnormal connection between two hollow spaces (technically, two epithelialized surfaces), such as blood vessels, intestines, or other hollow organs. Types of fistula can be described by their location. Anal fistulas connect the anal canal and the perianal skin | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A flipper is a broad, flattened limb adapted for aquatic locomotion. It refers to the fully webbed, swimming appendages of aquatic vertebrates that are not fish.
In animals with two flippers, such as whales, the flipper refers solely to the forelimbs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In anatomy and osteology, a foramen (; PL: foramina, or foramens ) is an open hole that is present in extant or extinct amniotes. Foramina inside the body of animals typically allow nerves, arteries, veins, or other structures to connect one part of the body with another.
Skull
The skulls of vertebrates have foramina through which nerves, arteries, veins, and other structures pass | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In vertebrates, the gallbladder, also known as the cholecyst, is a small hollow organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine. In humans, the pear-shaped gallbladder lies beneath the liver, although the structure and position of the gallbladder can vary significantly among animal species. It receives and stores bile, produced by the liver, via the common hepatic duct, and releases it via the common bile duct into the duodenum, where the bile helps in the digestion of fats | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The gizzard, also referred to as the ventriculus, gastric mill, and gigerium, is an organ found in the digestive tract of some animals, including archosaurs (birds and other dinosaurs, crocodiles, alligators, pterosaurs), earthworms, some gastropods, some fish, and some crustaceans. This specialized stomach constructed of thick muscular walls is used for grinding up food, often aided by particles of stone or grit. In certain insects and molluscs, the gizzard features chitinous plates or teeth | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gracility is slenderness, the condition of being gracile, which means slender. It derives from the Latin adjective gracilis (masculine or feminine), or gracile (neuter), which in either form means slender, and when transferred for example to discourse takes the sense of "without ornament", "simple" or various similar connotations. In Glossary of Botanic Terms, B | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gular skin (throat skin), in ornithology, is an area of featherless skin on birds that joins the lower mandible of the beak (or bill) to the bird's neck. Other vertebrate taxa may have a comparable anatomical structure that is referred to as either a gular sac, throat sac, vocal sac or gular fold.
In birds
Gular skin can be very prominent, for example in members of the order Phalacrocoraciformes as well as in pelicans (which likely share a common ancestor) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A hindlimb or back limb is one of the paired articulated appendages (limbs) attached on the caudal (posterior) end of a terrestrial tetrapod vertebrate's torso. With reference to quadrupeds, the term hindleg or back leg is often used instead. In bipedal animals with an upright posture (e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Holochroal eyes are compound eyes with many tiny lenses (sometimes more than 15,000, each 30-100μm, rarely larger). They are the oldest and most common type of trilobite eye, and found in all orders of trilobite from the Cambrian to the Permian periods. Lenses (composed of calcite) covered a curved, kidney-shaped visual surface in a hexagonal close packing system, with a single corneal membrane covering all lenses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A horn is a permanent pointed projection on the head of various animals that consists of a covering of keratin and other proteins surrounding a core of live bone. Horns are distinct from antlers, which are not permanent.
In mammals, true horns are found mainly among the ruminant artiodactyls, in the families Antilocapridae (pronghorn) and Bovidae (cattle, goats, antelope etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In surface anatomy, a lamella is a thin plate-like structure, often one amongst many lamellae very close to one another, with open space between. Aside from respiratory organs, they appear in other biological roles including filter feeding and the traction surfaces of geckos.
In fish, gill lamellae are used to increase the surface area in contact with the environment to maximize gas exchange (both to attain oxygen and to expel carbon dioxide) between the water and the blood | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The largest body part is either the largest given body part across all living and extinct organisms or the largest example of a body part within an existing species. The largest animals on the planet are not the only ones to have large body parts, with some smaller animals actually having one particularly enlarged area of the body.
Living animals
Blue whale
As the largest animal that has existed, the blue whale has the largest instance of several body parts | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Left-right asymmetry (LR asymmetry) is the process in early embryonic development that breaks the normal symmetry in the bilateral embryo. In vertebrates, left-right asymmetry is established early in development at a structure called the left-right organizer (the name of which varies between species) and leads to activation of different signalling pathways on the left and right of the embryo. This in turn cause several organs in adults to develop LR asymmetry, such as the tilt of the heart, the different number lung lobes on each side of the body and the position of the stomach and spleen on the right side of the body | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A leg is a weight-bearing and locomotive anatomical structure, usually having a columnar shape. During locomotion, legs function as "extensible struts". The combination of movements at all joints can be modeled as a single, linear element capable of changing length and rotating about an omnidirectional "hip" joint | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The lymphatic system, or lymphoid system, is an organ system in vertebrates that is part of the immune system, and complementary to the circulatory system. It consists of a large network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs, lymphoid tissues and lymph. Lymph is a clear fluid carried by the lymphatic vessels back to the heart for re-circulation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The manus (Latin for hand, plural manus) is the zoological term for the distal portion of the forelimb of an animal. In tetrapods, it is the part of the pentadactyl limb that includes the metacarpals and digits (phalanges). During evolution, it has taken many forms and served a variety of functions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The medial compartment of thigh is one of the fascial compartments of the thigh and contains the hip adductor muscles and the gracilis muscle.
The obturator nerve is the primary nerve supplying this compartment. The obturator artery is the blood supply to the medial thigh | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops including birth transformation or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and differentiation. Some insects, fish, amphibians, mollusks, crustaceans, cnidarians, echinoderms, and tunicates undergo metamorphosis, which is often accompanied by a change of nutrition source or behavior. Animals can be divided into species that undergo complete metamorphosis ("holometaboly"), incomplete metamorphosis ("hemimetaboly"), or no metamorphosis ("ametaboly") | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In animal anatomy, the mouth, also known as the oral cavity, or in Latin cavum oris, is the opening through which many animals take in food and issue vocal sounds. It is also the cavity lying at the upper end of the alimentary canal, bounded on the outside by the lips and inside by the pharynx. In tetrapods, it contains the tongue and, except for some like birds, teeth | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (often abbreviated as NAV) is an standardized nomenclature. It is made by World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (WAVA). It is used as the standard reference for anatomical (zootomical) terminology in the field of Veterinary Science regarding domestic mammals (domestic birds are regarded in the Nomina Anatomica Avium) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Odontodes, or dermal teeth, are hard structures found on the external surfaces of animals or near internal openings. They consist of a soft pulp surrounded by dentine and covered by a mineralized substance such as enamel, a structure similar to that of teeth. They generally do not have the same function as teeth, and are not replaced the same way teeth are in most fish | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Osteosclerosis is a disorder that is characterized by abnormal hardening of bone and an elevation in bone density. It may predominantly affect the medullary portion and/or cortex of bone. Plain radiographs are a valuable tool for detecting and classifying osteosclerotic disorders | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pachyosteosclerosis is a combination of thickening (pachyostosis) and densification (osteosclerosis) of bones. It makes bones more heavy, but also more fragile. The condition often occurs in aquatic vertebrates, especially those living in shallow waters, creating ballast as an adaptation for maintaining neutral buoyancy and horizontal trim | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pachyostosis is a non-pathological condition in vertebrate animals in which the bones experience a thickening, generally caused by extra layers of lamellar bone. It often occurs together with bone densification (osteosclerosis), reducing inner cavities. This joint occurrence is called pachyosteosclerosis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The pharynx (PL: pharynges) is the part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the esophagus and trachea (the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs respectively). It is found in vertebrates and invertebrates, though its structure varies across species. The pharynx carries food to the esophagus and air to the larynx | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polar capsules are structures found in the valves of Myxosporean parasites, which contain the polar filament. The polar capsule is constructed of a proteinaceous and a polysaccharide layer, both layers of which continue into the polar filament.
The mouth of the capsule is covered with a cap-like structure | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The term polar filament may refer to either of two analogous structures used for host invasion by different groups of parasites: Myxozoa (Metazoa) and Microsporidia (Fungi), respectively.
In Myxozoa
The polar filament is a structure found in the polar capsule of myxosporean organisms. It is homologous to the "penetrant" structure found in cnidocytes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A polyphyodont is any animal whose teeth are continually replaced. In contrast, diphyodonts are characterized by having only two successive sets of teeth. Polyphyodonts include most toothed fishes, many reptiles such as crocodiles and geckos, and most other vertebrates, mammals being the main exception | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Prehensility is the quality of an appendage or organ that has adapted for grasping or holding. The word is derived from the Latin term prehendere, meaning "to grasp". The ability to grasp is likely derived from a number of different origins | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In biology, robustness is used to describe a taxon with a stronger and heavier build (morphology) when compared to a related gracile taxon. The terms are used in contrast to one another. The term is used by physical anthropologists and paleoanthropologists to refer to a big-boned and muscular body | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rostrum (from Latin rostrum, meaning beak) is a term used in anatomy for a number of phylogenetically unrelated structures in different groups of animals.
Invertebrates
In crustaceans, the rostrum is the forward extension of the carapace in front of the eyes. It is generally a rigid structure, but can be connected by a hinged joint, as seen in Leptostraca | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rumpless chickens are characterised by caudal dysplasia, the absence of the pygostyle or caudal appendage – the "parson's nose". This is the result of inheritance of an autosomal dominant trait. The mutation which causes it is unknown; two candidates have been proposed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The savannah hypothesis (or savanna hypothesis) is a hypothesis that human bipedalism evolved as a direct result of human ancestors' transition from an arboreal lifestyle to one on the savannas. According to the hypothesis, hominins left the woodlands that had previously been their natural habitat millions of years ago and adapted to their new habitat by walking upright.
The idea that a climate-driven retraction of tropical forests forced early hominini into bipedalism has been around for a long time, often implicitly | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A scur is an incompletely developed horn growth. In cattle, scurs are not attached to the skull, whereas horns are attached and have blood vessels and nerves.
Scurs may also occur in sheep | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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