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Reverse mathematics is a program in mathematical logic that seeks to determine which axioms are required to prove theorems of mathematics. Its defining method can briefly be described as "going backwards from the theorems to the axioms", in contrast to the ordinary mathematical practice of deriving theorems from axioms. It can be conceptualized as sculpting out necessary conditions from sufficient ones | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Reverse Mathematics: Proofs from the Inside Out is a book by John Stillwell on reverse mathematics, the process of examining proofs in mathematics to determine which axioms are required by the proof. It was published in 2018 by the Princeton University Press (ISBN 978-0-691-17717-5).
Topics
The book begins with a historical overview of the long struggles with the parallel postulate in Euclidean geometry, and of the foundational crisis of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Then, after reviewing background material in real analysis and computability theory, the book concentrates on the reverse mathematics of theorems in real analysis, including the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem, the Heine–Borel theorem, the intermediate value theorem and extreme value theorem, the Heine–Cantor theorem on uniform continuity, the Hahn–Banach theorem, and the Riemann mapping theorem | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In mathematics, computer science, and logic, rewriting covers a wide range of methods of replacing subterms of a formula with other terms. Such methods may be achieved by rewriting systems (also known as rewrite systems, rewrite engines, or reduction systems). In their most basic form, they consist of a set of objects, plus relations on how to transform those objects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In mathematical logic, Rosser's trick is a method for proving Gödel's incompleteness theorems without the assumption that the theory being considered is ω-consistent (Smorynski 1977, p. 840; Mendelson 1977, p. 160) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In mathematical logic, the rules of passage govern how quantifiers distribute over the basic logical connectives of first-order logic. The rules of passage govern the "passage" (translation) from any formula of first-order logic to the equivalent formula in prenex normal form, and vice versa.
The rules
See Quine (1982: 119, chpt | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In mathematics, S2S is the monadic second order theory with two successors. It is one of the most expressive natural decidable theories known, with many decidable theories interpretable in S2S. Its decidability was proved by Rabin in 1969 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Schröder–Bernstein property is any mathematical property that matches the following pattern
If, for some mathematical objects X and Y, both X is similar to a part of Y and Y is similar to a part of X then X and Y are similar (to each other). The name Schröder–Bernstein (or Cantor–Schröder–Bernstein, or Cantor–Bernstein) property is in analogy to the theorem of the same name (from set theory).
Schröder–Bernstein properties
In order to define a specific Schröder–Bernstein property one should decide
what kind of mathematical objects are X and Y,
what is meant by "a part",
what is meant by "similar" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In logic, the semantics of logic or formal semantics is the study of the semantics, or interpretations, of formal and (idealizations of) natural languages usually trying to capture the pre-theoretic notion of entailment.
Overview
The truth conditions of various sentences we may encounter in arguments will depend upon their meaning, and so logicians cannot completely avoid the need to provide some treatment of the meaning of these sentences. The semantics of logic refers to the approaches that logicians have introduced to understand and determine that part of meaning in which they are interested; the logician traditionally is not interested in the sentence as uttered but in the proposition, an idealised sentence suitable for logical manipulation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In logic, especially mathematical logic, a signature lists and describes the non-logical symbols of a formal language. In universal algebra, a signature lists the operations that characterize an algebraic structure. In model theory, signatures are used for both purposes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In formal semantics and philosophical logic, simplification of disjunctive antecedents (SDA) is the phenomenon whereby a disjunction in the antecedent of a conditional appears to distribute over the conditional as a whole. This inference is shown schematically below:
(
A
∨
B
)
⇒
C
⊨
(
A
⇒
C
)
∧
(
B
⇒
C
)
{\displaystyle (A\lor B)\Rightarrow C\models (A\Rightarrow C)\land (B\Rightarrow C)}
This inference has been argued to be valid on the basis of sentence pairs such as that below, since Sentence 1 seems to imply Sentence 2.
If Yde or Dani had come to the party, it would have been fun | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In mathematics, Solèr's theorem is a result concerning certain infinite-dimensional vector spaces. It states that any orthomodular form that has an infinite orthonormal sequence is a Hilbert space over the real numbers, complex numbers or quaternions. Originally proved by Maria Pia Solèr, the result is significant for quantum logic and the foundations of quantum mechanics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In logic, especially as applied in mathematics, concept A is a special case or specialization of concept B precisely if every instance of A is also an instance of B but not vice versa, or equivalently, if B is a generalization of A. A limiting case is a type of special case which is arrived at by taking some aspect of the concept to the extreme of what is permitted in the general case. A degenerate case is a special case which is in some way qualitatively different from almost all of the cases allowed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Structural induction is a proof method that is used in mathematical logic (e. g. , in the proof of Łoś' theorem), computer science, graph theory, and some other mathematical fields | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Structuralism is a theory in the philosophy of mathematics that holds that mathematical theories describe structures of mathematical objects. Mathematical objects are exhaustively defined by their place in such structures. Consequently, structuralism maintains that mathematical objects do not possess any intrinsic properties but are defined by their external relations in a system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In universal algebra and in model theory, a structure consists of a set along with a collection of finitary operations and relations that are defined on it.
Universal algebra studies structures that generalize the algebraic structures such as groups, rings, fields and vector spaces. The term universal algebra is used for structures of first-order theories with no relation symbols | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Subitizing is the rapid, accurate, and confident judgments of numbers performed for small numbers of items. The term was coined in 1949 by E. L | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In mathematics, the successor function or successor operation sends a natural number to the next one. The successor function is denoted by S, so S(n) = n + 1. For example, S(1) = 2 and S(2) = 3 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The superposition calculus is a calculus for reasoning in equational logic. It was developed in the early 1990s and combines concepts from first-order resolution with ordering-based equality handling as developed in the context of (unfailing) Knuth–Bendix completion. It can be seen as a generalization of either resolution (to equational logic) or unfailing completion (to full clausal logic) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In mathematics, the surreal number system is a totally ordered proper class containing not only the real numbers but also infinite and infinitesimal numbers, respectively larger or smaller in absolute value than any positive real number. Research on the Go endgame by John Horton Conway led to the original definition and construction of surreal numbers. Conway's construction was introduced in Donald Knuth's 1974 book Surreal Numbers: How Two Ex-Students Turned On to Pure Mathematics and Found Total Happiness | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The T-schema ("truth schema", not to be confused with "Convention T") is used to check if an inductive definition of truth is valid, which lies at the heart of any realisation of Alfred Tarski's semantic theory of truth. Some authors refer to it as the "Equivalence Schema", a synonym introduced by Michael Dummett. The T-schema is often expressed in natural language, but it can be formalized in many-sorted predicate logic or modal logic; such a formalisation is called a "T-theory | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In mathematical logic, a term denotes a mathematical object while a formula denotes a mathematical fact. In particular, terms appear as components of a formula. This is analogous to natural language, where a noun phrase refers to an object and a whole sentence refers to a fact | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In logic and formal semantics, term logic, also known as traditional logic, syllogistic logic or Aristotelian logic, is a loose name for an approach to formal logic that began with Aristotle and was developed further in ancient history mostly by his followers, the Peripatetics. It was revived after the third century CE by Porphyry's Isagoge.
Term logic revived in medieval times, first in Islamic logic by Alpharabius in the tenth century, and later in Christian Europe in the twelfth century with the advent of new logic, remaining dominant until the advent of predicate logic in the late nineteenth century | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A timeline of mathematical logic; see also history of logic.
19th century
1847 – George Boole proposes symbolic logic in The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, defining what is now called Boolean algebra.
1854 – George Boole perfects his ideas, with the publication of An Investigation of the Laws of Thought | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Truth is the property of being in accord with fact or reality. In everyday language, truth is typically ascribed to things that aim to represent reality or otherwise correspond to it, such as beliefs, propositions, and declarative sentences. Truth is usually held to be the opposite of falsehood | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In logic, a truth function is a function that accepts truth values as input and produces a unique truth value as output. In other words: The input and output of a truth function are all truth values; a truth function will always output exactly one truth value; and inputting the same truth value(s) will always output the same truth value. The typical example is in propositional logic, wherein a compound statement is constructed using individual statements connected by logical connectives; if the truth value of the compound statement is entirely determined by the truth value(s) of the constituent statement(s), the compound statement is called a truth function, and any logical connectives used are said to be truth functional | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In formal theories of truth, a truth predicate is a fundamental concept based on the sentences of a formal language as interpreted logically. That is, it formalizes the concept that is normally expressed by saying that a sentence, statement or idea "is true. "
Languages which allow a truth predicate
Based on "Chomsky Definition", a language is assumed to be a countable set of sentences, each of finite length, and constructed out of a countable set of symbols | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Scooby-Doo! Classic Creep Capers is an adventure game published by THQ for the Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color, based on the Hanna-Barbera cartoon Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!. The Nintendo 64 version, developed by Terraglyph Interactive Studios, was released in November 2000, while the Game Boy Color version was developed by Digital Eclipse Software, and released in February 2001. A PlayStation version, identical to the Nintendo 64 version, had been in development by Terraglyph Interactive Studios but was later cancelled | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Scorched 3D is a free and open source artillery game modeled after the MS-DOS game Scorched Earth. Scorched 3D is licensed under the GNU GPL-2. 0-or-later, and supports numerous platforms: Windows, Unix-like systems (Linux, FreeBSD, OS X, and Solaris) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sea-Doo Hydrocross is a driving game developed by Vicarious Visions and published by Vatical Entertainment. It was released on June 6, 2001 on the PlayStation after many delays, though the planned Nintendo 64, Dreamcast and Game Boy Color releases never came to fruition. Project lead was Bill Armintrout and game designer was Mitch Booker | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Shenmue II is a 2001 action-adventure game developed by Sega AM2 and published by Sega for the Dreamcast. It was directed, produced and written by Yu Suzuki. Like the original Shenmue (1999), Shenmue II consists of open-world environments, brawler battles and quick-time events | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Silent Hill 2 is a 2001 survival horror game developed by Team Silent, a group in Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo, and published by Konami. The game was released from September to November, originally for the PlayStation 2. The second installment in the Silent Hill series, Silent Hill 2 centres on James Sunderland, a widower who journeys to the town of Silent Hill after receiving a letter from his dead wife informing him that she is waiting there for him | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Silfade (シルフェイド, Shirufēdo) series is the collection of video games made by an amateur game developer known as SmokingWOLF. Using RPG Tsukūru programs and Simulation RPG Tsukūru 95, SmokingWOLF so far has created and published several noted freeware and shareware games as well as upcoming games created with Wolf RPG Editor, a game engine which he himself programmed.
When using this term, it usually suggests his widely known accomplishments, namely Silfade Kembunroku, Silfade Gensōtan, and Silhouette Note | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
SpongeBob SquarePants: SuperSponge is a 2001 2. 5D platform game developed by Climax Development and published by THQ. The game is based on the Nickelodeon cartoon series of the same name | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Star Wars Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader is an action game co-developed by Factor 5 and LucasArts and is the second of the Rogue Squadron series. It was published by LucasArts and released as a launch title for the GameCube in North America on November 18, 2001, and Europe on May 3, 2002. Set in the fictional Star Wars galaxy, the game spans all three original trilogy Star Wars films | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Star Wraith 2 (2000–2002) is the second game in the Starwraith 3D Games series. It expanded on Star Wraith in several ways including better graphics, a training course for beginners, and more combat modes.
Star Wraith 2 has been discontinued | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Stepmother's Sin (義母, Gibo, lit. Stepmother) is a 2001 eroge developed by Guilty. Peach Princess published the game in North America | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tech Deck Skateboarding is a Game Boy Color game developed by Handheld Games and released in 2001, based upon the Tech Deck brand of fingerboard skateboard toys.
Gameplay
Tech Deck Skateboarding features over 40 levels, consisting of 10 unique skate parks each with 4 courses. The player is required to collect 50 Tech Deck skateboards, featuring designs from brands such as Birdhouse and Zero | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Off the Wall is Atari 2600 game developed by Axlon and published by Atari Corporation in 1989. It is a clone of Breakout with an Asian theme. Axlon was a game development studio owned by Atari founder Nolan Bushnell | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Olli & Lissa is a series of three action video games: Olli & Lissa: The Ghost of Shilmore Castle (1987), Olli & Lissa II: Halloween (1987), and Olli & Lissa 3: The Candlelight Adventure (1989).
Plot and gameplay
The games see the protagonist duo Olli & Lissa solve a mystery. The titles play as flick-screen games | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Overrun! is a 1989 computer wargame designed by Gary Grigsby and published by Strategic Simulations.
Gameplay
Overrun! is a computer wargame that simulates historical and hypothetical conflicts from 1973 onward.
Development
Overrun! was designed by Gary Grigsby and released in 1989 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Planet of Lust is a 1989 erotic text adventure game developed and self-published by Free Spirit Software, and released for Commodore 64, DOS, Atari ST, and Amiga. The Amiga version of Planet of Lust was released in Europe in April 1989. Planet of Lust is the second game in the Brad Stallion series; it is preceded by Sex Vixens from Space (1988), and succeeded by Bride of the Robot (1989) and Sex Olympics (1991) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Project Firestart is a cinematic survival horror game for the Commodore 64 computer system. It was designed by Jeff Tunnell and Damon Slye and published by Electronic Arts in 1989. Taking place in the 21st century, the game follows a government agent dispatched to a research station in orbit around Saturn's moon, Titan, to learn why the scientists there abruptly cut off communication with Earth | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Prophecy I: The Fall of Trinadon is an action role-playing game created in 1989 by Activision.
Plot
The game takes place in the Gendorian empire, ruled by a tyrant named Krellane. The unnamed hero's father was part of a resistance movement called the "Jedists," but he ran afoul of Krellane's forces and was forced to flee into the forests, where he founded a hidden town called CrissCross | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Quest for Glory: So You Want to Be a Hero (originally known as Hero's Quest: So You Want to Be a Hero) is a 1989 adventure game/role-playing game hybrid, designed by Lori Ann Cole and published by Sierra On-Line for MS-DOS. It is the first game in the Quest for Glory series, and has been credited for being a genre-defining game, as it tried to mix graphical adventure gaming with role-playing-like elements such as statistic building (strength, intelligence, health) that would actually affect the ability to accomplish certain parts of the game. The game has a satirical and silly tone | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
R-Type II is a horizontally scrolling shooter developed and published by Irem. It was released in arcades in 1989. It is the sequel to R-Type, and the second game in the R-Type series | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Racing Hero is a 1989 arcade racing game from Sega which runs on the Sega X Board hardware (the same hardware used for games such as After Burner and Power Drift). In Racing Hero, the player takes part in an international race aboard a motorcycle and races against time and other vehicles. It draws much inspiration from Sega's successful Hang-On and Out Run series | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Revenge of the Killer Robots from Hell is a turn-based puzzle game for MS-DOS, programmed by William R. Voss. The full title is displayed in the help screen, but everywhere else is simply referred to as Robots from Hell | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tenseiryuu: Saint Dragon (天聖龍 SAINT DRAGON) is a horizontally scrolling shooter released as a coin-op by Jaleco in 1989. Ports to several home computer systems were published by Storm Entertainment in 1990. On February 6, 2020, Saint Dragon was released as part of Hamster's Arcade Archives lineup for the Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Secret Quest is an action-adventure game developed by Axlon for the Atari 2600 and published by Atari Corporation in 1989. The player controls a humanoid character that fights monsters and gathers items on a series of space stations. It was one of the last cartridges released for the console and has a larger ROM capacity than most 2600 games plus a small amount of RAM | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Silent Assault is an unlicensed game created for the NES by Joy Van and published by Color Dreams. Players control the only human who was unaffected by an alien power, as the Earth's military forces are under control from the deadly alien force.
Gameplay
Developed by Joy Van/Sachen and published by Color Dreams in NA and Sachen in AS | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Sleeping Gods Lie was a first-person adventure game released on the Amiga, DOS and Atari ST, published by Empire Interactive in 1989.
Gameplay
It was set in the world of Tessera, a land created by the Gods, which had fallen into the control of an evil Archmage who terrorised the populace with the aid of evil demons. The player took the role of an adventurer, with a quest through eight kingdoms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Little Big Adventure 2 is a 1997 adventure game developed by Adeline Software International and published by Electronic Arts.
It was later re-released by Activision in June 1997 in North America under the name Twinsen's Odyssey. In July 1997, both Electronic Arts and Virgin Interactive Software re-released LBA 2 - Virgin Interactive Software doing so under the name of "Twinsen's Odyssey" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Netrek is an Internet game for up to 16 players, written almost entirely in cross-platform open-source software. It combines features of multi-directional shooters and team-based real-time strategy games. Players attempt to disable or destroy their opponents' ships in real-time combat, while taking over enemy planets by bombing them and dropping off armies they pick up on friendly planets | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
One Hour One Life is a 2018 survival massively multiplayer online game developed and published by Jason Rohrer. Each player lives for, at most, 60 minutes in a large, persistent world, with each minute representing a year of life. They must gather and grow food, craft tools and build societies in order to survive | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Orbiter is a space flight simulator program developed to simulate spaceflight using realistic Newtonian physics. The simulator was released on 27 November 2000; the latest edition, labeled "Orbiter 2016", was released on 30 August 2016, the first new version of the simulator since 2010. On 27 July 2021, Dr Schweiger announced to the Orbiter Community that Orbiter is being published under open source MIT license | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PokerTH is an open-source Texas hold 'em simulator that runs on Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and Android. PokerTH is written in C++ using the Qt framework and allows for up to ten human players, with computer-controlled players filling in if there are not enough humans. Players can also play against other PokerTH users online | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Powder Toy is a falling-sand game originally created by Stanislaw K. Skowronek (also known as Skylark). It is now developed and maintained by LBPHacker along with various other contributors on GitHub | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
RARS is an acronym for Robot Auto Racing Simulator. It is an open source 3D racing simulator. RARS is designed to enable pre-programmed AI drivers to race against one another | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Red Eclipse is an open-source first-person shooter that is forked from Cube 2: Sauerbraten. Like the original Cube 2, it features multiplayer gameplay as well as in-game level editing, but with improved graphics and a focus on parkour movement. The game is free and open-source software, released under the zlib license, and developed by an open community of contributors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rigs of Rods (RoR) is a free and open source vehicle-simulation game which uses soft-body physics to simulate the motion destruction and deformation of vehicles. The game uses a soft-body physics engine to simulate a network of interconnected nodes (forming the chassis and the wheels) and gives the ability to simulate deformable objects. With this engine, vehicles and their loads flex and deform as stresses are applied | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Simutrans is a cross-platform simulation game in which the player strives to run a successful transport system by constructing and managing transportation systems for passengers, mail and goods by land (rail, road, tram, monorail, maglev), air (airplanes) and water (ship) between places. Like OpenTTD, Simutrans is an open-source transportation game based on the Transport Tycoon idea.
Development history
Simutrans was originally written by Hansjörg Malthaner in 1997 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Slash'EM (Super Lotsa Added Stuff Hack – Extended Magic) is a variant of the roguelike game NetHack that offers extra features, monsters, and items. Several of its novel features, such as the Monk class, "conducts" (voluntary challenges), and the Sokoban levels, have been reincorporated into NetHack.
The main dungeon in Slash'EM is much larger than in NetHack, introducing special levels such as the Sunless Sea, where a magic lamp lies, and the Guild of Disgruntled Adventurers, populated by "player monsters" (archaeologists, barbarians, and other playable Slash'EM classes) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Stratagus is a free and open-source cross-platform game engine used to build real-time strategy video games. Licensed under the GNU GPL-2. 0-only, it is written mostly in C++ with the configuration language being Lua | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
TetriNET is a multiplayer online Tetris game for up to six people that supports team play.
History
Tetrinet was originally developed by St0rmCat in 1997.
The last official version is 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Thousand Parsec (TP) is a free and open source project with the goal of creating a framework for turn-based space empire building games.
Thousand Parsec is a framework for creating a specific group of games, which are often called 4X games, from the main phases of gameplay that arise: eXplore, eXpand, eXploit and eXterminate. Some examples of games from which Thousand Parsec draws ideas are Reach for the Stars, Stars!, VGA Planets, Master of Orion and Galactic Civilizations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tux Paint is a free and open source raster graphics editor geared towards young children. The project was started in 2002 by Bill Kendrick who continues to maintain and improve it, with help from numerous volunteers. Tux Paint is seen by many as a free software alternative to Kid Pix, a similar proprietary educational software product | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Road Riot 4WD is an arcade racing game developed by Atari Games and originally released in 1991. In the game, players control weapon-equipped dune buggies and attempt to win races around the globe. A port of the game was released for the Super NES | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Robotron: 2084 (also referred to as Robotron) is a multidirectional shooter developed by Eugene Jarvis and Larry DeMar of Vid Kidz and released in arcades by Williams Electronics in 1982. The game is set in the year 2084 in a fictional world where robots have turned against humans in a cybernetic revolt. The aim is to defeat endless waves of robots, rescue surviving humans, and earn as many points as possible | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Rumble Fish 2 (ザ・ランブルフィッシュ2) is a 2D fighting game for the Atomiswave arcade platform. It was produced by Dimps and published by Sammy. It is the sequel to The Rumble Fish, bringing in several new additions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Shienryū (紫炎龍) ("purple flame dragon") is a vertical scrolling shooter created by Warashi for the arcade which was released in 1997, later followed by a Sega Saturn console release in 1997 and PlayStation release in 1999 (JP) and 2002 (US).
Story
Taking place in the distant future, Earth's people starts their search for new planets to colonize, specifically those similar to it. The colony ships, known as the Caravans, travel deep into space until Caravan 7861 discovers a suitable fourth planet from an alien sun | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Shining Force Cross is an action role-playing game developed by Sega AM2 and published by Sega on the Sega RingEdge arcade platform. It is part of the Shining series from Sega. It is developed by the same development team as Quest of D | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Shooting Love. 200X is a compilation of Shooting Love. 2007 (itself, an arcade compilation including Exzeal and Shmups Skill Test), Trizeal Remix, and Minus Zero | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Jaguar V12 engine is a family of internal combustion V12 engines with a common block design, that were mass-produced by Jaguar Cars for a quarter of a century, from 1971 through 1997, mostly as 5. 3‑litres, but later also as 6‑litres, and 7‑litre versions were deployed in racing. Except for a few low-volume exotic sports car makers, Jaguar's V12 engine was the world's first V12 engine in mass-production | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Jaguar XK is an inline 6-cylinder dual overhead camshaft (DOHC) engine produced by Jaguar Cars between 1949 and 1992. Introduced as a 3. 4-litre, it earned fame on both the road and track, being produced in five displacements between 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Buick V8 is a family of V8 engines produced by the Buick division of General Motors between 1953 and 1981. The first version replaced the Buick straight-eight. Displacements vary from 215 cu in (3 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Jeep Tornado engine was the first post-World War II U. S. -designed mass-produced overhead cam (OHC) automobile engine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
This is a list of engines produced by Mitsubishi Motors since 1964, and its predecessors prior to this.
Explanation of codes
The Mitsubishi zaibatsu had been broken up into three companies by the US occupying forces. Automobile and truck engines were mainly built by three branches of one of these companies, Central Heavy Industries (Shin-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries from 1952) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
10 of the World's best engines is an annual list of the ten "best" automobile engines available in the U. S. market, that are selected by Ward's AutoWorld magazine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Lotus 907 is an inline-4 automobile engine designed and manufactured by Lotus Cars. Displacing 1,973 cubic centimetres (120. 4 cu in), it is all-alloy, and features dual overhead camshafts (DOHC) and 16 valves | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Mazda B-series engine - not to be confused with the Mazda B-Series truck - is a small-sized, iron-block, inline four-cylinder with belt-driven SOHC and DOHC valvetrain ranging in displacement from 1. 1 to 1. 8 litres | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The C family was Mazda's first large piston engine design. It is not certain whether Mazda has a name for this collection of engines, and it is uncertain precisely which ones are related.
PC
The 985 cc (1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The storm glass or chemical weather glass was an instrument claimed to help predict weather. It consists of a special liquid placed inside a sealed transparent glass. The state of crystallization within the liquid was believed to be related to the weather | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A temperature data logger, also called temperature monitor, is a portable measurement instrument that is capable of autonomously recording temperature over a defined period of time. The digital data can be retrieved, viewed and evaluated after it has been recorded. A data logger is commonly used to monitor shipments in a cold chain and to gather temperature data from diverse field conditions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The tempest prognosticator, also known as the leech barometer, is a 19th-century invention by George Merryweather in which leeches are used in a barometer. The twelve leeches are kept in small bottles inside the device; when they become agitated by an approaching storm, they attempt to climb out of the bottles and trigger a small hammer which strikes a bell. The likelihood of a storm is indicated by the number of times the bell is struck | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A thermo-hygrograph or hygrothermograph is a chart recorder that measures and records both temperature and humidity (or dew point). Similar devices that record only one parameter are a thermograph for temperature and hygrograph for humidity.
Thermographs where the variations are recorded using photography were described by several scientists as early as 1845, including Francis Ronalds who was Honorary Director of the Kew Observatory | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient (the degree of hotness or coldness of an object). A thermometer has two important elements: (1) a temperature sensor (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The alcohol thermometer or spirit thermometer is an alternative to the mercury-in-glass thermometer and has similar functions. Unlike the mercury-in-glass thermometer, the contents of an alcohol thermometer are less toxic and will evaporate quickly. The ethanol version is the most widely used due to the low cost and relatively low hazard posed by the liquid in case of breakage | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A thermoscope is a device that shows changes in temperature. A typical design is a tube in which a liquid rises and falls as the temperature changes. The modern thermometer gradually evolved from it with the addition of a scale in the early 17th century and standardisation throughout the 17th and 18th centuries | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The US Climate Reference Network (USCRN) is a network of climate stations developed and maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), completed in 2008. . It has the long-term commitment of the Department of Commerce and the NOAA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A weather balloon, also known as sounding balloon, is a balloon (specifically a type of high-altitude balloon) that carries instruments aloft to send back information on atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity and wind speed by means of a small, expendable measuring device called a radiosonde. To obtain wind data, they can be tracked by radar, radio direction finding, or navigation systems (such as the satellite-based Global Positioning System, GPS). Balloons meant to stay at a constant altitude for long periods of time are known as transosondes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A weather drone, or weather-sensing uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV), – is a remotely piloted aircraft weighing less than 25 kg and carrying sensors that collect thermodynamic and kinematic data from the mid and lower atmosphere (e. g. up to 6 km) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Weather radar, also called weather surveillance radar (WSR) and Doppler weather radar, is a type of radar used to locate precipitation, calculate its motion, and estimate its type (rain, snow, hail etc. ). Modern weather radars are mostly pulse-Doppler radars, capable of detecting the motion of rain droplets in addition to the intensity of the precipitation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A weather station is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate. The measurements taken include temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation amounts. Wind measurements are taken with as few other obstructions as possible, while temperature and humidity measurements are kept free from direct solar radiation, or insolation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A wind vane, weather vane, or weathercock is an instrument used for showing the direction of the wind. It is typically used as an architectural ornament to the highest point of a building. The word vane comes from the Old English word fana, meaning "flag" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A whole sky camera is a specialized camera used in meteorology and astronomy for capturing a photograph of the entire sky. Another application is that of hemispherical photography to study plant canopy geometry and to calculate near-ground solar radiation.
Development
Whole sky cameras typically use a fisheye lens that takes in an extremely wide, hemispherical image | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A wind profiler is a type of weather observing equipment that uses radar or sound waves (SODAR) to detect the wind speed and direction at various elevations above the ground. Readings are made at each kilometer above sea level, up to the extent of the troposphere (i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A windsock (a wind cone or wind sleeve) is a conical textile tube that resembles a giant sock. It can be used as a basic indicator of wind speed and direction, or as decoration. Windsocks are typically used at airports to show the direction and strength of the wind to pilots, and at chemical plants where there is risk of gaseous leakage | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A 4Pi microscope is a laser scanning fluorescence microscope with an improved axial resolution. With it the typical range of the axial resolution of 500–700 nm can be improved to 100–150 nm, which corresponds to an almost spherical focal spot with 5–7 times less volume than that of standard confocal microscopy.
Working principle
The improvement in resolution is achieved by using two opposing objective lenses, which both are focused to the same geometrical location | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Abbe sine condition is a condition that must be fulfilled by a lens or other optical system in order for it to produce sharp images of off-axis as well as on-axis objects. It was formulated by Ernst Abbe in the context of microscopes. The Abbe sine condition says that
the sine of the object-space angle
α
o
{\textstyle \alpha _{o}}
should be proportional to the sine of the image space angle
α
i
{\textstyle \alpha _{i}}
Furthermore, the ratio equals the magnification of the system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The atom probe was introduced at the 14th Field Emission Symposium in 1967 by Erwin Wilhelm Müller and J. A. Panitz | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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