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Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is a class of molecules found on the surface of some eukaryotes, in particular protozoa. Each is made up of two parts, lipid and polysaccharide (also called glycan). They are bonded by a phosphodiester, hence the name lipo-phospho-glycan | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lipotropic compounds are those that help catalyse the breakdown of fat during metabolism in the body. A lipotropic nutrient promotes or encourages the export of fat from the liver. Lipotropics are necessary for maintenance of a healthy liver, and for burning the exported fat for additional energy | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Regarding biological membranes, the liquid ordered phase is a liquid crystalline phase of a lipid bilayer, and is of significant biological importance. It occurs in many lipid mixtures combining cholesterol with a phospholipid and/or sphingolipids e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lysophosphatidylserine is a lysophospholipid which triggers TLR 2. A recent study showed that it does not stimulate normal leukocytes. It also enhances glucose transport, lowering blood glucose levels while leaving secretion of insulin unaffected | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lysosomal lipase is a form of lipase which functions intracellularly, in the lysosomes.
Biochemical significance
The primary function of lysosomal lipase is to hydrolyze lipids such as triglycerides and cholesterol. These fats are transported and degraded into free fatty acids | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A macromonomer is a macromolecule with one end-group that enables it to act as a monomer. Macromonomers will contribute a single monomeric unit to a chain of the completed macromolecule. Several macromonomers have been successfully synthesized utilizing various methods such as controlled radical polymerization (CRP) and copper-catalyzed "click" coupling | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAD1L1 gene. MAD1L1 is also known as Human Accelerated Region 3. It may have played a key role in the evolution of humans from apes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MGAM gene. Maltase-glucoamylase is an alpha-glucosidase digestive enzyme. It consists of two subunits with differing substrate specificity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Manoalide is a calcium channel blocker. It has antibiotic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and is found in some sponges, including the West Pacific species Luffariella variabilis.
Its functions are made possible by the permanent blockage of phospholipase A2 and C with lysine residues | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Marmesin (nodakenetin) is a chemical compound precursor in psoralen and linear furanocoumarins biosynthesis. Marmesin plays a central role in the biosynthesis of furocoumarins in the plant ruta graveolens, more commonly known as rue. It acts as the natural intermediate in the formation of the furan ring that leads to a 4’,5’-dihydro furocoumarin-derivative | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (MMPI) inhibits matrix metalloproteinases. As they inhibit cell migration they have antiangiogenic effects. They may be both endogenous and exogenous | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Muscleblind Like Splicing Regulator 1 (MBNL1) is an RNA splicing protein that in humans is encoded by the MBNL1 gene. It has a well characterized role in Myotonic dystrophy where impaired splicing disrupts muscle development and function. In addition to regulating mRNA maturation of hundreds of genes MBNL1 (along with its paralogs MBNL2 & MBNL3) autoregulate alternative splicing of the MBNL1 pre-mRNA transcript | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MCEF or Major Cdk9-interacting elongation factor is a transcription factor related to Af4. It is the fourth member of the Af4 family (AFF) of transcription factors, involved in numerous pathologies, including Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), abnormal CNS development, breast cancer and azoospermia.
Because it apparently interacts with the species-specific human co-factor (P-TEFb) for HIV-1 transcription, and because it can repress HIV-1 replication, MCEF (also known as AFF4 or AF5q31) may have future therapeutic uses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mucolipin-1 also known as TRPML1 (transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin subfamily, member 1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MCOLN1 gene. It is a member of the small family of the TRPML channels, a subgroup of the large protein family of TRP ion channels.
TRPML1 is a 65 kDa protein associated with mucolipidosis type IV | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mediated transport refers to transport mediated by a membrane transport protein. Substances in the human body may be hydrophobic, electrophilic, contain a positively or negatively charge, or have another property. As such there are times when those substances may not be able to pass over the cell membrane using protein-independent movement | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The melanocortins are a family of neuropeptide hormones which are the ligands of the melanocortin receptors The melanocortin system consists of melanocortin receptors, ligands, and accessory proteins. The genes of the melanocortin system are found in chordates. Melanocortins were originally named so because their earliest known function was in melanogenesis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
β-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (β-MSH) is an endogenous peptide hormone and neuropeptide. It is a melanocortin, specifically, one of the three types of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and is produced from proopiomelanocortin (POMC). It is an agonist of the MC1, MC3, MC4, and MC5 receptors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
γ-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (γ-MSH) is an endogenous peptide hormone and neuropeptide. It is a melanocortin, specifically, one of the three types of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and is produced from proopiomelanocortin (POMC). It is an agonist of the MC1, MC3, MC4, and MC5 receptors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Within molecular and cell biology membrane ruffling (also known as cell ruffling) is the formation of a motile cell surface that contains a meshwork of newly polymerized actin filaments. It can also be regarded as one of the earliest structural changes observed in the cell. The GTP-binding protein Rac is the regulator of this membrane ruffling | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Memory transfer was a biological process proposed by James V. McConnell and others in the 1960s. Memory transfer proposes a chemical basis for memory termed memory RNA which can be passed down through flesh instead of an intact nervous system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
3-Mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol, also known as MMB, is a common odorant found in food and cat urine. The aromas ascribed to MMB include catty, roasty, broth-like, meaty, and savory, or similar to cooked leeks. MMB is an organosulfur compound with the formula C5H12OS | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Meromyosin is a part of myosin (mero meaning "part of"). With regards to human anatomy myosin and actin constitute the basic functional unit of a muscle fiber, called sarcomere, playing a role in muscle contraction.
Biochemically viewed meromyosin form subunits of the actin-associated motor protein, myosin, which is formed by trypsin proteolysis (protein breakdown) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Methionine sulfoximine (MSO, also known as MetSox) is an irreversible glutamine synthetase inhibitor. It is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine with convulsant effects. Methionine sulfoximine is composed of two different diastereomers, which are L-S-Methionine sulfoximine and L-R-Methionine sulfoximine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Methyl green (CI 42585) is a cationic or positive charged stain, related to Ethyl Green, that has been used for staining DNA since the 19th century. It has been used for staining cell nuclei either as a part of the classical Unna-Pappenheim stain, or as a nuclear counterstain ever since.
In recent years, its fluorescent properties when bound to DNA have positioned it useful for far-red imaging of live cell nuclei | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Methyllysine is derivative of the amino acid residue lysine where the sidechain ammonium group has been methylated one or more times. Such methylated lysines play an important role in epigenetics; the methylation of specific lysines of certain histones in a nucleosome alters the binding of the surrounding DNA to those histones, which in turn affects the expression of genes on that DNA. The binding is affected because the effective radius of the positive charge is increased (methyl groups are larger than the hydrogen atoms they replace), reducing the strongest potential electrostatic attraction with the negatively charged DNA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Micro-incineration or microincineration is a technique to determine the manner and distribution of mineral elements in biological cells, biological tissues and organs. Slide preparation of tissues can be used. Examples include calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and silicon (Si) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A microfibril is a very fine fibril, or fiber-like strand, consisting of glycoproteins and cellulose. It is usually, but not always, used as a general term in describing the structure of protein fiber, e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In plants and animals, mineral absorption, also called mineral uptake is the way in which minerals enter the cellular material, typically following the same pathway as water. In plants, the entrance portal for mineral uptake is usually through the roots. Some mineral ions diffuse in-between the cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Minigastrin (also mini gastrin) is a form of gastrin. Its sequence is H-Leu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2. Minigastrin is a potential therapeutic agent for thyroid carcinoma by targeting cancer-promoting cholecystokinin receptors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A mitotoxin is a cytotoxic molecule targeted to specific cells by a mitogen. Generally found in snake venom. Mitotoxins are responsible for mediating cell death by interfering with protein or DNA synthesis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mixed-function oxidase is the name of a family of oxidase enzymes that catalyze a reaction in which each of the two atoms of oxygen in O2 is used for a different function in the reaction. Oxidase is a general name for enzymes that catalyze oxidations in which molecular oxygen is the electron acceptor but oxygen atoms do not appear in the oxidized product. Often, oxygen is reduced to either water (cytochrome oxidase of the mitochondrial electron transfer chain) or hydrogen peroxide (dehydrogenation of fatty acyl-CoA in peroxisomes) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A molecular probe is a group of atoms or molecules used in molecular biology or chemistry to study the properties of other molecules or structures. If some measurable property of the molecular probe used changes when it interacts with the analyte (such as a change in absorbance), the interactions between the probe and the analyte can be studied. This makes it possible to indirectly study the properties of compounds and structures which may be hard to study directly | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Molecular weight cut-off or MWCO refers to the lowest molecular weight solute (in daltons) in which 90% of the solute is retained by the membrane, or the molecular weight of the molecule (e. g. globular protein) that is 90% retained by the membrane | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Momordicilin or 24-[1′-hydroxy,1′-methyl-2′-pentenyloxyl]-ursan-3-one is a chemical compound, a triterpenoid with formula C36H60O3, found in the fresh fruit of the bitter melon (Momordica charantia). The compound is soluble in ethyl acetate and chloroform but not in petrol. It crystallizes as needles that melt at 170−171 °C | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Monoamine precursors are precursors of monoamines and monoamine neurotransmitters in the body. The amino acids L-tryptophan and L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP; oxitriptan) are precursors of serotonin and melatonin, while the amino acids L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-DOPA (levodopa) are precursors of dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Administration of monoamine precursors can increase the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the body and brain | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MRC is a file format that has become an industry standard in cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) and electron tomography (ET), where the result of the technique is a three-dimensional grid of voxels each with a value corresponding to electron density or electric potential. It was developed by the MRC (Medical Research Council, UK) Laboratory of Molecular Biology. In 2014, the format was standardised | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The muscle-type nicotinic receptor is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor consisting of the subunit combination (α1)2β1δε (adult receptor) or (α1)2β1δγ (fetal receptor). These receptors are found in neuromuscular junctions, where activation leads to an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), mainly by increased Na+ and K+ permeability.
Activation
Tetraethylammonium (TEA) is a molecule found to be a weak agonist of the muscle‐type nicotinic receptor | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mutacin 1140 is a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus mutans. It has activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria. It is a member of the class of compounds known as lantibiotics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mycoestrogens are xenoestrogens produced by fungi. They are sometimes referred to as mycotoxins. Among important mycoestrogens are zearalenone, zearalenol and zearalanol | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In enzymology, a NAD+ glycohydrolase (EC 3. 2. 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In protein folding, a native contact is a contact between the side chains of two amino acids that are not neighboring in the amino acid sequence (i. e. , they are more than four residues apart in the primary sequence in order to remove trivial i to i+4 contacts along alpha helices) but are spatially close in the protein's native state tertiary structure | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
NBQX (2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo[f]quinoxaline) is an antagonist of the AMPA receptor.
NBQX blocks AMPA receptors in micromolar concentrations (~10–20 μM) and also blocks kainate receptors. In experiments, it is used to counter glutamate excitotoxicity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tekken 3 (鉄拳3) is a fighting game, the third entry in the Tekken series after Tekken and Tekken 2. It was released to the arcades in 1997, before being ported to the PlayStation in 1998. The arcade version of the game was released in 2005 for the PlayStation 2 as part of Tekken 5's Arcade History mode | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tekken 5 (鉄拳5) is a fighting game developed and published by Namco for the arcades in 2004, and for the PlayStation 2 in 2005. It is the fifth main and sixth installment, in the Tekken series, marking the tenth anniversary of the series. The game is set shortly after the events of Tekken 4 showing a new person named Jinpachi taking over the zaibatsu special forces while a sidestory focuses on the protagonist Jin Kazama as he faces several enemies from the G Corporation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tekken 7 (鉄拳7) is a fighting game developed and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment. It is the seventh main and ninth overall installment in the Tekken series. Tekken 7 was released to arcades in March 2015 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tekken Tag Tournament 2 is the eighth installment in the Tekken fighting game series and the sequel to Tekken Tag Tournament. It was released for the arcades in September 2011. It received an update, subtitled Unlimited, in March 2012 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Thundercade, also known as Twin Formation and 特殊部隊UAG (Tokushu Butai U. A. G | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Time Crisis 3 is a rail shooter, released for the arcade in 2002 (JP) and 2003 (NA), the third instalment of the Time Crisis series. Like its predecessor, Time Crisis II, it allows for two players to cooperate in a link play environment and has the Time Crisis signature pedal system for hiding and advancing and the first in the series to change or select weapons. It was later ported to the PlayStation 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Time Pilot '84: Further Into Unknown World is a scrolling multidirectional shooter released in arcades in 1984 by Konami. The different time periods of 1982's Time Pilot are replaced by a top-down view of a science fiction landscape that varies in color and type of enemies. It adds the ability for the player to launch guided missiles | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Top Hunter: Roddy & Cathy is a side scrolling arcade beat 'em up platform game developed by SNK for the Neo Geo in 1994. It was also released on the Neo Geo CD, and the Wii Virtual Console. The game has been re-released as part of SNK Arcade Classics Vol | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Trio The Punch: Never Forget Me. . | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nucleic Acids Research is an open-access peer-reviewed scientific journal published since 1974 by the Oxford University Press. The journal covers research on nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, and related work. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal's 2021 impact factor is 19 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of organic chemistry, including organic aspects of chemical biology, medicinal chemistry, natural product chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, macromolecular chemistry, theoretical chemistry, and catalysis. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. Its predecessor journals were Perkin Transactions I and Perkin Transactions II | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Process Biochemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the study of biochemical processes and their applications in industries, such as food, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology. The journal was established in 1966 and is published by Elsevier. The editor-in-chief is Joseph Boudrant (University of Lorraine) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Protein Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the structure, function, and biochemical significance of proteins, their role in molecular and cell biology, genetics, and evolution, and their regulation and mechanisms of action. It is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The Protein Society. The 2021 impact factor of the journal is 6 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry (RCM) is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published since 1987 by John Wiley & Sons. It covers research on all aspects of mass spectrometry. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
RNA is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers research on all aspects of RNA molecules, including their structures, metabolism, functions, and evolution. The journal was established in 1995 and originally published by Cambridge University Press. Since 2003 it is published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press on behalf of the RNA Society | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Structure is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal established in September 1993 by Wayne Hendrickson, Carl-Ivar Brändén, and Alan R. Fersht. It focuses on structural biology, studies of macromolecular structure, and related issues | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Annals of Clinical Biochemistry is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of clinical biochemistry. The editor-in-chief is Michael J Murphy (University of Dundee). It was established 1960 and is published by SAGE Publications on behalf of The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the disciplines of medicinal chemistry and drug design relating to chemotherapeutic agents in cancer. It is published by Bentham Science Publishers and the editor-in-chief is Simone Carradori ("G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The applicability domain (AD) (for both chemistry and machine learning) of a QSAR model is the physico-chemical, structural or biological space, knowledge or information on which the training set of the model has been developed, and for which it is applicable to make predictions for new compounds.
The purpose of AD is to state whether the model's assumptions are met, and for which chemicals the model can be reliably applicable. In general, this is the case for interpolation rather than for extrapolation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In medicinal chemistry and pharmacology, a binding coefficient is a quantity representing the extent to which a chemical compound will bind to a macromolecule. The preferential binding coefficient can be derived from the Kirkwood-Buff solution theory of solutions. Preferential binding is defined as a thermodynamic expression that describes the binding of the cosolvent over the solvent | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ChemMedChem is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering medicinal chemistry. It is published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of Chemistry Europe. In addition to original research in the form of full papers and shorter communications, the journal contains review-type articles (reviews, minireviews, patent reviews, essays, highlights) as well as occasional book reviews and conference reports | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Clinical pharmaceutical chemistry is a specialty branch of chemical sciences, which consists of medicinal chemistry with additional training in clinical aspects of translational sciences and medicine. Typically this involves similar principal training as in general medicine, where inspection of and interaction with the patients are a vital part of the training. Typically students in clinical pharmaceutical chemistry use the same curriculum as medical students, but specialize in medicinal and organic chemistry after and during the theoretical/early clinical studies | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry is a biweekly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Bentham Science Publishers. It includes review articles on all aspects of medicinal chemistry, including drug design. The current editor-in-chief is Jia Zhou (University of Texas, Medical Branch) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In pharmacology, an endogenous agonist for a particular receptor is a compound naturally produced by the body which binds to and activates that receptor. For example, the primary endogenous agonist for serotonin receptors is serotonin, and the primary endogenous agonist for dopamine receptors is dopamine. In general, receptors for small molecule neurotransmitters such as serotonin will have only one endogenous agonist, but often have many different receptor subtypes (e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The first pass effect (also known as first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism) is a phenomenon of drug metabolism at a specific location in the body which leads to a reduction in the concentration of the active drug, specifically when administered orally, before it reaches the site of action or systemic circulation. It is the fraction of drug lost during the process of absorption which is generally related to the liver and gut wall. The liver is the major site of first pass effect; it can also occur in the lungs, vasculature or other metabolically active tissues in the body | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Future Medicinal Chemistry is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of medicinal chemistry, including drug discovery, pharmacology, in silico drug design, structural characterization techniques, ADME-Tox investigations, and science policy, economic and intellectual property issues. It was established in 2009 and is published by Future Science. The editors-in-chief are Iwao Ojima (The State University of New York at Stony Brook) and Jonathan Baell (Monash University) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Grimm's Hydride Displacement Law is an early hypothesis, formulated in 1925, to describe bioisosterism, the ability of certain chemical groups to function as or mimic other chemical groups. [1][2]
“Atoms anywhere up to four places in the periodic system before an inert gas change their properties by uniting with one to four hydrogen atoms, in such a manner that the resulting combinations behave like pseudoatoms, which are similar to elements in the groups one to four places respectively, to their right. ”[3]According to Grimm, each vertical column (of Table below) would represent a group of isosteres | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering the roles played by trace elements in medical and biological systems. It was established in 1987 as the Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease, obtaining its current title in 1995. It is published by Elsevier on behalf of the Federation of European Societies on Trace Elements and Minerals (FESTEM), of which it is the official journal | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Ligand efficiency is a measurement of the binding energy per atom of a ligand to its binding partner, such as a receptor or enzyme. Ligand efficiency is used in drug discovery research programs to assist in narrowing focus to lead compounds with optimal combinations of physicochemical properties and pharmacological properties. Mathematically, ligand efficiency (LE) can be defined as the ratio of Gibbs free energy (ΔG) to the number of non-hydrogen atoms of the compound:
LE = -(ΔG)/Nwhere ΔG = −RTlnKi and N is the number of non-hydrogen atoms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Matrix-M adjuvant is a saponin-based adjuvant, which stimulates humoral and cellular immune responses to vaccines. It was patented in 2020 by Novavax. It is composed of nanoparticles from saponins extracted from Quillaja saponaria (soapbark) trees, cholesterol, and phospholipids | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Medicinal Chemistry Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of medicinal chemistry emphasizing the structure-activity relationships of biologically active compounds. It was founded in 1991 by Alfred Burger (University of Virginia), who also founded the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. The journal is currently edited by Longqin Hu | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Medicinal Research Reviews is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes reviews on topics related to medicinal research. It is published by Wiley and was established in 1980. The editor-in-chief is Amanda E | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of medicinal chemistry. It is published by Bentham Science Publishers and the editors-in-chief are Atta-ur-Rahman (University of Cambridge), M. Iqbal Choudhary (University of Karachi), and George Perry (University of Texas at San Antonio) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A new chemical entity (NCE) is, according to the U. S. Food and Drug Administration, a novel, small, chemical molecule drug that is undergoing clinical trials or has received a first approval (not a new use) by the FDA in any other application submitted under section 505(b) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In medicinal chemistry, parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) is a method which determines the permeability of substances from a donor compartment, through a lipid-infused artificial membrane into an acceptor compartment. A multi-well microtitre plate is used for the donor and a membrane/acceptor compartment is placed on top; the whole assembly is commonly referred to as a “sandwich”. At the beginning of the test, the drug is added to the donor compartment, and the acceptor compartment is drug-free | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Toxicokinetics (often abbreviated as 'TK') is the description of both what rate a chemical will enter the body and what occurs to excrete and metabolize the compound once it is in the body.
Relation to Pharmacokinetics
It is an application of pharmacokinetics to determine the relationship between the systemic exposure of a compound and its toxicity. It is used primarily for establishing relationships between exposures in toxicology experiments in animals and the corresponding exposures in humans | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In organic chemistry, a vinyl sulfone is a functional group consisting of a vinyl group bonded to a sulfone group. Specific compounds containing this functional group are divinyl sulfone, phenyl vinyl sulfone, methyl vinyl sulfone, and ethyl vinyl sulfone. The sulfone makes the vinyl group electrophilic, allowing it to be used as a pharmacophore for binding to the thiol of cysteine residues | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In molecular biology, the 5. 8S ribosomal RNA (5. 8S rRNA) is a non-coding RNA component of the large subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome and so plays an important role in protein translation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
6C RNA is a class of non-coding RNA present in actinomycetes. 6C RNA was originally discovered as a conserved RNA structure having two stem-loops each containing six or more cytosine (C) residues. Later work revealed that 6C RNAs in Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces avermitilis have predicted rho-independent transcription terminators, and microarray and reverse-transcriptase PCR experiments indicate that the S | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The 23S methyl RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure found upstream of genes predicted to encode rRNA methyltransferases, possibly for 23S rRNA. However, in one case it is far (3 kilobases) from the rRNA methyltransferase gene. Nonetheless, it was proposed that this RNA could be a cis-regulatory element, an attractive hypothesis in view of the fact that rRNA methyltransferases can bind RNA, and therefore presumably the 23S methyl RNA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The AAC/AAD 5' leader is a disputed genetic element that was proposed to be a conserved RNA structure that is found upstream of the bacterial aminoglycosides antibiotic-resistant genes and that functions as an aminoglycoside-specific riboswitch. The putative RNA is upstream of aminoglycoside acetyl transferase (AAC) and aminoglycoside adenyl transferase (AAD) genes.
According to the initial report, it has a short open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a leader peptide upstream of the resistance gene | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Actino-pnp RNA motif is a conserved structure found in Actinomycetota that is apparently in the 5' untranslated regions of genes predicted to encode exoribonucleases. The RNA element's function is likely analogous to an RNA structure found upstream of polynucleotide phosphorylase genes in E. coli and related enterobacteria | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Four non-coding small RNAs containing a Fur box-like (ferric uptake regulator) sequence were identified by bioinformatics analysis in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans HK1651 called JA01-JA04. The transcription of sRNAs was confirmed by Northern blot. Fur binding was demonstrated to each sRNA promoter, and that transcription of the sRNAs was decreased in presence of iron and increased by iron limitation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
AII amacrine cells are a subtype of amacrine cells present in the retina of mammals.
AII amacrine cell serve the critical role of transferring light signals from rod photoreceptors to the retinal ganglion cells (which contain the axons of the optic nerve)
The Classical Rod Pathway described the role of AII amacrine cells in the mammalian retina. This can be summarised as follows:
In scotopic conditions, if a rod photoreceptor receives light in scotopic (dark) conditions, it will hyperpolarise | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
AKNA is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AKNA gene. The protein is an AT-hook transcription factor which contains an AT-hook binding motif. The protein is expressed as different isoforms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Alpha granules, (α-granules) also known as platelet alpha-granules are a cellular component of platelets. Platelets contain different types of granules that perform different functions, and include alpha granules, dense granules, and lysosomes. Of these, alpha granules are the most common, making up 50% to 80% of the secretory granules | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
8-Anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (ANS), also called 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate, is an organic compound containing both a sulfonic acid and an amine group. This compound is used as a fluorescent molecular probe. For example, ANS can be used to study conformational changes induced by ligand binding in proteins, as ANS's fluorescent properties will change as it binds to hydrophobic regions on the protein surface | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The anti-hemB RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was found in all known bacteria in the genus Burkholderia, and in a variety of other betaproteobacteria. The anti-hemB RNA motif consists primarily of two stem-loops, followed by a predicted rho-independent transcription termination stem-loop. As anti-hemB RNAs are generally not located in a 5' UTR, the RNAs are presumed to be non-coding RNAs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Antizyme RNA frameshifting stimulation element is a structural element which is found in antizyme mRNA and is known to promote frameshifting. Antizyme genes have two partially overlapping open reading frames, the second, which encodes the functional (antizyme) protein requires +1 translational frameshifting. This frameshift is stimulated by a pseudoknot present 3' of the frameshift site in the antizyme mRNA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In archaea like in eukaryotes, uridines in various RNAs are converted to pseudouridines by ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) containing H/ACA sRNA. Because of their conserved function, these sRNAs are also called small "nucleolar" RNAs (snoRNA) like in eukaryotes, despite no nucleus is present in prokaryotes. By using various computational and experimental approaches in three Pyrococcus genomes seven H/ACA sRNAs and 15 pseudouridine (Ψ) resides on rRNA were identified | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The asd RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure found in certain lactic acid bacteria. The asd motif was detected by bioinformatics and an individual asd RNA in Streptococcus pyogenes was detected by microarray and northern hybridization experiments as a 170-nucleotide molecule called "SR914400". The transcription start site determined for SR914400 corresponds to the 5′-end of the molecule shown in the consensus diagram | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The AT-hook is a DNA-binding motif present in many proteins, including the high mobility group (HMG) proteins, DNA-binding proteins from plants and hBRG1 protein, a central ATPase of the human switching/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) remodeling complex.
Stucture
This motif consists of a conserved, palindromic, core sequence of proline-arginine-glycine-arginine-proline, although some AT-hooks contain only a single proline in the core sequence. AT-hooks also include a variable number of positively charged lysine and arginine residues on either side of the core sequence | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The ATPC RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure found in certain cyanobacteria. It is apparently ubiquitous in Prochlorococcus marinus, and is present in many species in the genus Synechococcus. The RNA is always found within an operon encoding subunits of ATP synthase, and it is always located downstream of the gene encoding the A subunit of ATP synthase, and upstream of the C subunit gene | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In molecular biology, autotransporter proteins are proteins secreted out the Gram-negative bacteria. These beta helixes require a domain which is called the intramolecular autochaperone domain. It shows similarities with other intramolecular chaperone sequences and has a folding-associated function | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Avian HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilon (AHBV epsilon) is an RNA structure that is shown to facilitate encapsidation of the pregenomic RNA required for viral replication. There are two main classes of encapsidation signals in avian hepatitis B viruses - Duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) and Heron hepatitis B virus (HHBV) like. DHBV is used as a model to understand human Hepatitis B virus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
SR6 is a 100 nucleotide long antisense RNA antitoxin that overlaps 2 toxins: 3' end of yonT and yoyJ at its 5'end. In type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems the antitoxin is a small RNA that neutralizes a toxin protein. Several type I TA systems have been described in B | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Bacillus-plasmid RNA motif is a predicted conserved RNA structure usually located in plasmids. It is known in species under the genera Bacillus and Lactobacillus. In Bacillus subtilis, it is found upstream of the hypothetical gene ydcS, whose function is unknown | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bacteriophage pRNA is a ncRNA element. During replication of linear dsDNA viruses, the viral genome is packaged into the pre-formed viral procapsid. The packaging of DNA into the procapsid requires a molecular motor, which uses ATP as energy to accomplish the energetically unfavorable motion | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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