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Unison is a file synchronization tool for Windows and various Unix-like systems (including macOS and Linux). It allows two replicas of a collection of files and directories to be stored on different hosts (or different disks on the same host), modified separately, and then brought up to date by propagating the changes in each replica to the other. Syncing replicas directly Unison is independent of third-party providers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of notable file managers.
General information
Operating system support
Cross-platform file managers
This table shows the operating systems that the file managers can run on, without emulation.
Mac-only file managers
Finder
ForkLift
Path Finder
Xfile
Commander One
*nix-only file managers
emelFM2
Gentoo file manager
Konqueror
Krusader
nnn
Nautilus
Nemo
PCMan File Manager
Ranger
ROX-Filer
Thunar
SpaceFM
worker
Windows-only file managers
Altap Salamander
Directory Opus
Explorer++
File Manager
Nomad | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A file manager or file browser is a computer program that provides a user interface to manage files and folders. The most common operations performed on files or groups of files include creating, opening (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computing, a spatial file manager is a file manager that uses a spatial metaphor to represent files and folders as if they were real physical objects.
Concepts
The base requirements of a spatial file manager are:
Each folder is represented by a single window.
Each window is unambiguously and irrevocably tied to a particular folder | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Batch renaming is a form of batch processing used to rename multiple computer files and folders in an automated fashion, in order to save time and reduce the amount of work involved. Some sort of software is required to do this. Such software can be more or less advanced, but most have the same basic functions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Commander One is a dual-pane file manager for macOS, created entirely in Swift. The app is developed by Eltima Software. Apart from basic operations such as creating and managing folders, deleting, copying, moving and renaming files, it also provides functionality that default OS X file manager does not | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DeskMate is a software application that provides a graphical operating environment. It originally was for Tandy Corporation's TRSDOS Operating System for their TRS-80 line of computers, but eventually shifted to MS-DOS. Like GEM from Digital Research, it is not a full operating system, but runs on top an existing system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dolphin is a free and open source file manager included in the KDE Applications bundle. Dolphin became the default file manager of the KDE Plasma desktop environments in the fourth iteration, termed KDE Software Compilation 4. It can also be optionally installed on K Desktop Environment 3 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A file viewer is a software application that represents the data stored in a computer file in a human-readable form. The file contents are formatted in a meaningful way, then displayed on the screen, printed out, or read aloud using speech synthesis.
Overview
File viewer applications can be split into the following categories:
File Viewer Only applications do not allow the user to edit files | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ForkLift is a dual-pane file manager and file transfer client for macOS, developed by BinaryNights.
Major releases
ForkLift 1. 0 was released on June 1, 2007 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
FreeGEM released in 1999 is a windowing system based on Digital Research's GEM which was first released in 1985. GEM stands for "Graphics Environment Manager".
Overview
FreeGEM is the free software/open source version of GEM developed after Caldera Thin Clients released the GEM code under the terms of the GNU GPL-2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
GNOME Activity Journal is a semantic desktop browser-like application for the GNOME desktop environment. Instead of providing direct access to the hierarchical file system like most file managers, GNOME Activity Journal uses the Zeitgeist framework to classify files according to metadata. This includes time and date of previous accesses, location of use (using GPS positioning), file type, tagging and more | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lotus Magellan is an MS-DOS desktop search package, conceived and developed by Bill Gross and released in 1989 by Lotus Development Corporation, most famous for Lotus 1-2-3. Lotus sold 500,000 copies of Magellan.
Operation
Running under MS-DOS, Magellan would scan the directories and files on a drive or floppy diskettes and create a master index | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Path Finder (originally SNAX) is a Macintosh file browser developed by Cocoatech. First released in 2001 simultaneously with the public release of Mac OS X 10. 0 (Cheetah), it replicates or integrates most of the features of the Finder, but introduces additional functionality similar to that found in Windows's File Explorer, the defunct Norton Commander, and other third-party file browsers developed for a variety of platforms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ViewMAX is a CUA-compliant file manager supplied with DR DOS versions 5. 0 and 6. 0 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
WebDrive is a drive mapping utility that supports accessing remote file servers using open FTP, FTPS, SFTP, and WebDAV protocols, and proprietary or vendor-specific protocols. It can be run as a Windows service and supports automatic mounting on system startup.
History and use
Though associated with traditional FTP protocols, WebDrive has had a long history of being considered a unique type of FTP client because it made remote folders look like part of the native operating system's file manager rather than display a "two pane" view (a | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
WinX MediaTrans is a mobile media file manager software. It helps file synchronization between phones and Windows PC, importing exporting photos, music, videos, and mount iPhone iPad as USB drive. Currently iOS devices are supported only | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Workbench is the desktop environment and graphical file manager of AmigaOS developed by Commodore International for their Amiga line of computers. Workbench provides the user with a graphical interface to work with file systems and launch applications. It uses a workbench metaphor (in place of the more common desktop metaphor) for representing file system organisation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Xfile is a file manager developed by Rixstep, built as a Finder replacement for the Mac OS X operating system. Its features are mostly congruent with those accessible by generic Unix systems.
Some examples of the more advanced features are a consequence of the above | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
XTree is a file manager program originally designed for use under DOS. It was published by Underwear Systems, later Executive Systems, Inc. (ESI) and first released on 1 April 1985, and became highly popular | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
XYplorer (pronounced X-Y-plorer or Zai-plorer, formerly known as TrackerV3) is a file manager for Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10, and 11. XYplorer is a hybrid file manager that combines features found in navigational and orthodox file managers. In addition to dual folder panes it features a file tree and a tabbed interface supporting drag-and-drop between tabs and panes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Identity management (IdM), also known as identity and access management (IAM or IdAM), is a framework of policies and technologies to ensure that the right users (that are part of the ecosystem connected to or within an enterprise) have the appropriate access to technology resources. IdM systems fall under the overarching umbrellas of IT security and data management. Identity and access management systems not only identify, authenticate, and control access for individuals who will be utilizing IT resources but also the hardware and applications employees need to access | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An identity document (also called ID or colloquially as papers) is any document that may be used to prove a person's identity. If issued in a small, standard credit card size form, it is usually called an identity card (IC, ID card, citizen card), or passport card. Some countries issue formal identity documents, as national identification cards that may be compulsory or non-compulsory, while others may require identity verification using regional identification or informal documents | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Document imaging is an information technology category for systems capable of replicating documents commonly used in business. Document imaging systems can take many forms including microfilm, on demand printers, facsimile machines, copiers, multifunction printers, document scanners, computer output microfilm (COM) and archive writers. Document Imaging means the conversion of paper files (of any size or description) or microfilm / fiche to digital images | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A bear pit was historically used to display bears, typically for entertainment and especially bear-baiting. The pit area was normally surrounded by a high fence, above which the spectators would look down on the bears.
The most traditional form of maintaining bears in captivity is keeping them in pits, although many zoos replaced these by more elaborate and spacious enclosures that attempt to replicate their natural habitats, for the benefit of the animals and the visitors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A blind arcade or blank arcade is an arcade (a series of arches) that has no actual openings and that is applied to the surface of a wall as a decorative element: i. e. , the arches are not windows or openings but are part of the masonry face | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A blowdown stack is an elevated vent or vertical stack that is used to vent the pressure of components of a chemical, refinery or other plant if there is a process problem or emergency. A blowdown stack can be used to complement a flare stack or as an alternative. The purpose is to prevent 'loss of containment' of volatile liquids and gases | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Boatsheds are generally lockable wooden sheds, often brightly colored, that were originally built to securely store small private boats and bathing materials directly on beaches. They are similar in appearance to beach huts (or "bathing boxes"), with the main difference being an integrated boat launching ramp directly to the beach (although some ramps have been replaced with steps, reflecting changes in usage). Many boatsheds also incorporate heavy-duty winches, which are used to winch a boat up from the water and back into the boatshed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bowellism is a modern architectural style heavily associated with Richard Rogers. It is described as a transient architectural and flippant style that was influenced by Le Corbusier and Antoni Gaudi. The style consists of services for the building, such as ducts, sewage pipes, and lifts, being located on the exterior to maximise space in the interior | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Brick nog, (nogging or nogged, beam filling) is a construction technique in which bricks are used to fill the vacancies in a wooden frame. Such walls may then be covered with tile, weatherboards, or rendering, or the brick may remain exposed on the interior or exterior of the building.
The technique was developed in England from the late 1400s to early 1500s, developing out of methods such as wattle and daub and lath and plaster construction, with the bricks being laid in horizontal courses or a herringbone pattern | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
W. C. Brown Apartment Building was a historic apartment building located at Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A canal warehouse is a commercial building principally associated with the expansions of canals from 1761 to 1896. This type of warehouse derived from coastal predecessors, had unique features: it had internal water filled canal arms that entered the building, it was multistorey with canal access at one level and road and even rail egress at another, and has a hoist system powered by a water wheel or at later stages steam. Canal warehouses were transhipment warehouses, holding goods until they could be shipped out to their next recipient | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The cantilever method is an approximate method for calculating shear forces and moments developed in beams and columns of a frame or structure due to lateral loads. The applied lateral loads typically include wind loads and earthquake loads, which must be taken into consideration while designing buildings. The assumptions used in this method are that the points of contraflexure (or points of inflection of the moment diagram) in both the vertical and horizontal members are located at the midpoint of the member, and that the direct stresses in the columns are proportional to their distances from the centroidal axis of the frame | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Castleton War Memorial is a 20th-century grade II listed war memorial in Castleton, Derbyshire.
History
The war memorial was unveiled in 1919. It features the names of local residents that died during the First World War | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Cathedral Architect or Surveyor of the Fabric for the Cathedral is a person appointed to a Cathedral of the Church of England under section 9(1)(f) of the Cathedrals Measure 1999. The administrative body of the cathedral, the Chapter, is required to consult the Cathedrals Fabric Commission for England before making an appointment.
Role
The Cathedral Architect or Surveyor of the Fabric has a key professional and statutory role covering everything that relates to the fabric of the cathedral | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Change Over Time is a semiannual peer-reviewed academic journal covering the history, theory, and practice of conservation and the built environment. Each issue is devoted to a particular theme. The journal was established in 2011 and is published by the University of Pennsylvania Press and available online through Project MUSE | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Château d'Einville-au-Jard was a ducal residence of the House of Lorraine in Einville-au-Jard, Lorraine. Most of it was demolished after the death of Stanislaus I in 1771. Some auxiliary buildings and structures survived | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A chuj is a traditional Mayan bathhouse. It is a sweat bath or steam bath. Traditional chuj had stone walls and live sod roofs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Cockburn Association (Edinburgh's Civic Trust) is one of the world's oldest architectural conservation and urban planning monitoring organisations, founded in 1875. The Scottish judge Henry Cockburn (1779–1854) was a prominent campaigner to protect and enhance the beauty of Edinburgh, notably resisting construction of new buildings on the south side of Princes Street. The association was founded in 1875 to continue the legacy of his work | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Commonwealth Association of Architects (CAA), formed in 1965, is an organisation for national and regional institutes representing architects in Commonwealth countries. As such, under the Commonwealth family, the association validates courses in architecture and convenes international boards to educational institutions to assess course components against set criteria. Its current membership list is 34 nations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A corrala is a type of housing found in old Madrid. Sometimes, it may be called a corridor house due to blocks having doors located on corridors. Usually, it is wooden and the units look at the central area, or a patio | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cottage flats, also known as four-in-a-block flats, are a style of housing common in Scotland, where there are single floor dwellings at ground level, and similar dwellings on the floor above. All have doors directly to the outside of the building, rather than into a 'close', or common staircase, although some do retain a shared entrance. The name 'cottage flats' is confusing as before the mid-1920s cottage housing referred to a single house, normally semi-detached, which contained living accommodation downstairs and bedrooms above | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Crazy paving is a means of hard-surfacing used outdoors, most frequently in gardens. Paving stones of irregular size and shape are laid in a haphazard manner sometimes with mortar filling the gaps between.
The method originated in ancient Rome | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cryer House is a 17th-century grade II listed country hall on Castle Street in Castleton, Derbyshire.
History
A smaller dwelling named Billson House stood on the site of Cryer House. Cryer House was named after Rev | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Custom Builder is a trade publication and web site formerly owned by Reed Business Information. It serves the informational needs of firms in the residential building industry.
History and profile
Established in 1991, the magazine was started with the name Luxury Home Builder and was originally published bimonthly | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A door frame, window frame, door surround, window surround, or niche surround is the architectural frame around an aperture such as a door or window.
This may consist of separate pieces including jambs (side pieces) and lintel (top piece). A doorway may include side lights and/or a transom beside or above the door; the framing around the door and these may be considered to be part of one door frame or may better be termed a door surround | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A door knocker is an item of door furniture that allows people outside a house or other dwelling or building to alert those inside to their presence. A door knocker has a part fixed to the door, and a part (usually metal) which is attached to the door by a hinge, and may be lifted and used to strike a plate fitted to the door, or the door itself, making a noise. The struck plate, if present, would be supplied and fitted with the knocker | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Duggan House, officially the J. J. Duggan Residence, is a brick building in Edmonton, Alberta, that is a both a Provincial Historic Resource and a Municipal Historic Resource | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dunkeld Cathedral Manse is an historic building in Dunkeld, Perth and Kinross, Scotland. Standing near the gates to Dunkeld Cathedral at the western end of Cathedral Street, from which it is set back on its southern side, it is a Category B listed building dating to c. 1715 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dunkeld market cross (colloquially Dunkeld mercat cross, also known as the Atholl Memorial Fountain), in the Scottish town of Dunkeld, Perth and Kinross, is in the form of a drinking fountain. A Category B listed structure in the care of the National Trust for Scotland, it was designed by Charles Sandeman Robertson and erected in 1866 as a monument to the George Murray, 6th Duke of Atholl. It replaced a cross that was about 20 feet (6 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dymaxion is a term coined by architect and inventor Buckminster Fuller and associated with much of his work—prominently his Dymaxion house and Dymaxion car. Dymaxion, a portmanteau of the words dynamic, maximum, and tension; sums up the goal of his study, "maximum gain of advantage from minimal energy input. "
Description
A name was needed for the display of Fuller's first architectural model, later to be known as the Dymaxion house, at the Marshall Field's department store in Chicago | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In architecture, an ell is a wing of a building perpendicular (at a right angle) to the length of the main portion (main range). It takes its name from the shape of the letter L. Ells are often additions to a building | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An ergastulum (plural: ergastula) was a Roman workhouse building used as a type of factory with slaves held in chains or to punish slaves. The ergastulum was usually built as a deep, roofed pit below ground level, large enough to allow the slaves to work within it, and containing narrow spaces in which they slept. Ergastula were common structures on all slave-using farms (latifundia) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Federal modernism is an architectural style which emerged in 1949 after the US General Services Administration (GSA) was created in response to the organizational needs of the US federal government during its time of post-war expansion. It undertook the construction of federal buildings that were built in modern style and shunned ornamentation.
Background
"The most gigantic business on earth," was established to consolidate the government's building management and general procurement functions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A fernery is a specialized garden for the cultivation and display of ferns.
In many countries, ferneries are indoors or at least sheltered or kept in a shadehouse to provide a moist environment, filtered light and protection from frost and other extremes; on the other hand, some ferns native to arid regions require protection from rain and humid conditions, and grow best in full sun. In mild climates, ferneries are often outside and have an array of different species that grow under similar conditions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A folly fort or just folly is a specific type of fort built in shallow water, near the shore, in the second half of the 19th century. The main characteristic of a folly fort was that it was built on the water, very close to the edge, very small, and exclusively for military defense with no intention of being used as normal living quarters. They were really defense fortifications rather than what were called "forts" at the time, which were on land and much larger | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fountaineer is a portmanteau of "Fountain" and "Engineer" – Hydraulic engineer.
Fountaineer describes one who designs, explores, or is passionate about fountains and their design, operation, and use. In addition, the Fontainiers made the water pipes from lead, the restoration of which, from the point of view of monument preservation, is the responsibility of today's fountain masters | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Frontage is the boundary between a plot of land or a building and the road onto which the plot or building fronts. Frontage may also refer to the full length of this boundary. This length is considered especially important for certain types of commercial and retail real estate, in applying zoning bylaws and property tax | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Future Anterior is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal published by the University of Minnesota Press. The editor-in-chief is Jorge Otero-Pailos (Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation).
History
The journal was established in 2004 by Jorge Otero-Pailos and is dedicated to the "critical examination of historic preservation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A gatehouse, gate house, outlet works or valve house for a dam is a structure housing sluice gates, valves, or pumps (in which case it is more accurately called a pumping station). Many gatehouses are strictly utilitarian, but especially in the nineteenth century, some were very elaborate.
Background
A set of outlet works is a device used to release and regulate water flow from a dam | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Gemini house is a prototype design for a house that uses solar energy and efficient design.
Roland Mösl wrote the house's concept in autumn 1991. The name expresses a design goal: The real estate used should serve two purposes simultaneously -- living and generating solar electricity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A gin pole is a supported pole that uses a pulley or block and tackle on its upper end to lift loads. The lower end is braced or set in a shallow hole and positioned so the upper end lies above the object to be lifted. The pole (also known as a mast, boom, or spar) is secured with three or more guy-wires | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In architecture or structural engineering, a girt, also known as a sheeting rail, is a horizontal structural member in a framed wall. Girts provide lateral support to the wall panel, primarily to resist wind loads. A comparable element in roof construction is a purlin | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Grey Room is a peer-reviewed academic journal published quarterly, in print and online, by the MIT Press. Founded in 2000, it includes work in the fields of architecture, art, media, and politics. To date it has featured contributions by such prominent historians and theorists as Yve-Alain Bois, Judith Butler, Georges Canguilhem, Hubert Damisch, Friedrich Kittler, Chantal Mouffe, Antonio Negri, Paolo Virno, Paul Virilio, and Samuel Weber | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A graveyard orbit, also called a junk orbit or disposal orbit, is an orbit that lies away from common operational orbits. One significant graveyard orbit is a supersynchronous orbit well beyond geosynchronous orbit. Some satellites are moved into such orbits at the end of their operational life to reduce the probability of colliding with operational spacecraft and generating space debris | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Space debris (also known as space junk, space pollution, space waste, space trash, space garbage, or cosmic debris) are defunct human-made objects in space – principally in Earth orbit – which no longer serve a useful function. These include derelict spacecraft – nonfunctional spacecraft and abandoned launch vehicle stages – mission-related debris, and particularly numerous in Earth orbit, fragmentation debris from the breakup of derelict rocket bodies and spacecraft. In addition to derelict human-made objects left in orbit, other examples of space debris include fragments from their disintegration, erosion and collisions or even paint flecks, solidified liquids expelled from spacecraft, and unburned particles from solid rocket motors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Engineering disasters often arise from shortcuts in the design process. Engineering is the science and technology used to meet the needs and demands of society. These demands include buildings, aircraft, vessels, and computer software | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
At approximately 2:42 a. m. on November 18, 1999, the annual Aggie Bonfire at Texas A&M University collapsed during its construction, killing 12 people and injuring 27 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The 2010 Boston water emergency occurred on May 1, 2010, when a water pipe in Weston, Massachusetts, broke and began flooding into the Charles River. This led to unsanitary water conditions in the greater Boston area, which resulted in Governor Deval Patrick declaring a state of emergency and an order for residents to boil drinking water. The leak was stopped on May 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Annualized failure rate (AFR) gives the estimated probability that a device or component will fail during a full year of use. It is a relation between the mean time between failure (MTBF) and the hours that a number of devices are run per year. AFR is estimated from a sample of like components—AFR and MTBF as given by vendors are population statistics that can not predict the behaviour of an individual unit | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The bathtub curve is a particular shape of a failure rate graph. This graph is used in reliability engineering and deterioration modeling. The 'bathtub' refers to the shape of a line that curves up at both ends, similar in shape to a bathtub | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Big Dig ceiling collapse occurred on July 10, 2006, when a concrete ceiling panel and debris weighing 26 short tons (24,000 kg) and measuring 20 by 40 feet (6. 1 by 12. 2 m) fell in Boston's Fort Point Channel Tunnel (which connects to the Ted Williams Tunnel) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Birkenhead dock disaster was a tragedy that happened when a temporary dam collapsed during construction of the Vittoria Dock in Birkenhead, Wirral Peninsula, England, on 6 March 1909. It left 14 workers (or "navvies") dead and three injured. The disaster led to a huge public outpouring of sympathy and grief in the local area | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A cache stampede is a type of cascading failure that can occur when massively parallel computing systems with caching mechanisms come under very high load. This behaviour is sometimes also called dog-piling. To understand how cache stampedes occur, consider a web server that uses memcached to cache rendered pages for some period of time, to ease system load | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Chicago flood occurred on April 13, 1992, when repair work on a bridge spanning the Chicago River damaged the wall of an abandoned and disused utility tunnel beneath the river. The resulting breach flooded basements, facilities and the underground Chicago Pedway throughout the Chicago Loop with an estimated 250 million US gallons (1,000,000 m3) of water.
The remediation lasted for weeks, and cost about $2 billion in 1992 dollars, equivalent to $4 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Crevice corrosion refers to corrosion occurring in occluded spaces such as interstices in which a stagnant solution is trapped and not renewed. These spaces are generally called crevices. Examples of crevices are gaps and contact areas between parts, under gaskets or seals, inside cracks and seams, spaces filled with deposits and under sludge piles | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A critical system is a system which must be highly reliable and retain this reliability as it evolves without incurring prohibitive costs. There are four types of critical systems: safety critical, mission critical, business critical and security critical. Description
For such systems, trusted methods and techniques must be used for development | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The term downtime is used to refer to periods when a system is unavailable.
The unavailability is the proportion of a time-span that a system is unavailable or offline.
This is usually a result of the system failing to function because of an unplanned event, or because of routine maintenance (a planned event) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dye-n-Pry, also called Dye And Pry, Dye and Pull, Dye Staining, or Dye Penetrant, is a destructive analysis technique used on surface mount technology (SMT) components to either perform failure analysis or inspect for solder joint integrity. It is an application of dye penetrant inspection.
Method
Dye-n-Pry is a useful technique in which a dye penetrant material is used to inspect for interconnect failures in integrated circuits (IC) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In an electric power system, a fault or fault current is any abnormal electric current. For example, a short circuit is a fault in which a live wire touches a neutral or ground wire. An open-circuit fault occurs if a circuit is interrupted by a failure of a current-carrying wire (phase or neutral) or a blown fuse or circuit breaker | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In systems design, a fail-fast system is one which immediately reports at its interface any condition that is likely to indicate a failure. Fail-fast systems are usually designed to stop normal operation rather than attempt to continue a possibly flawed process. Such designs often check the system's state at several points in an operation, so any failures can be detected early | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Failing badly and failing well are concepts in systems security and network security (and engineering in general) describing how a system reacts to failure. The terms have been popularized by Bruce Schneier, a cryptographer and security consultant.
Failing badly
A system that fails badly is one that has a catastrophic result when failure occurs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Failure analysis is the process of collecting and analyzing data to determine the cause of a failure, often with the goal of determining corrective actions or liability.
According to Bloch and Geitner, ”machinery failures reveal a reaction chain of cause and effect… usually a deficiency commonly referred to as the symptom…”. Failure analysis can save money, lives, and resources if done correctly and acted upon | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Failure modes, effects, and diagnostic analysis (FMEDA) is a systematic analysis technique to obtain subsystem / product level failure rates, failure modes and diagnostic capability. The FMEDA technique considers:
All components of a design,
The functionality of each component,
The failure modes of each component,
The effect of each component failure mode on the product functionality,
The ability of any automatic diagnostics to detect the failure,
The design strength (de-rating, safety factors) and
The operational profile (environmental stress factors). Given a component database calibrated with field failure data that is reasonably accurate, the method can predict product level failure rate and failure mode data for a given application | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Electronic components have a wide range of failure modes. These can be classified in various ways, such as by time or cause. Failures can be caused by excess temperature, excess current or voltage, ionizing radiation, mechanical shock, stress or impact, and many other causes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A failure reporting, analysis, and corrective action system (FRACAS) is a system, sometimes carried out using software, that provides a process for reporting, classifying, analyzing failures, and planning corrective actions in response to those failures. It is typically used in an industrial environment to collect data, record and analyze system failures. A FRACAS system may attempt to manage multiple failure reports and produces a history of failure and corrective actions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Flixborough disaster was an explosion at a chemical plant close to the village of Flixborough, North Lincolnshire, England, on 1 June 1974. It killed 28 and seriously injured 36 of the 72 people on site at the time. The casualty figures could have been much higher if the explosion had occurred on a weekday, when the main office area would have been occupied | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Forensic engineering has been defined as "the investigation of failures—ranging from serviceability to catastrophic—which may lead to legal activity, including both civil and criminal". It includes the investigation of materials, products, structures or components that fail or do not operate or function as intended, causing personal injury, damage to property or economic loss. The consequences of failure may give rise to action under either criminal or civil law including but not limited to health and safety legislation, the laws of contract and/or product liability and the laws of tort | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gerrards Cross Tunnel is a 310-metre-long (340 yd) railway tunnel in Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, on the Chiltern Main Line. The purpose of the tunnel was to enable a new Tesco supermarket to be built over the railway line. Plans were initially met with anger by local residents, and the council refused planning permission but this decision was overturned by John Prescott | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Great Molasses Flood, also known as the Boston Molasses Disaster, was a disaster that occurred on January 15, 1919, in the North End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.
A large storage tank filled with 2. 3 million U | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In the assembly of integrated circuit packages to printed circuit boards, a head-in-pillow defect (HIP or HNP) is a failure of the soldering process. For example, in the case of a ball grid array (BGA) package, the pre-deposited solder ball on the package and the solder paste applied to the circuit board may both melt, but the melted solder does not join. A cross-section through the failed joint shows a distinct boundary between the solder ball on the part and the solder paste on the circuit board, rather like a section through a head resting on a pillow | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Knox Mine disaster was a mining accident on January 22, 1959, at the River Slope Mine in Jenkins Township, Pennsylvania.
The disaster occurred when workers were ordered to dig illegally under the Susquehanna River without proper safety precautions, creating a hole in the riverbed which caused the river to flood into the many interconnected mine galleries in the Wyoming Valley between the right-bank (western shore) town of Exeter, Pennsylvania, and the left-bank (eastern shore) town of Port Griffith in Jenkins Township, near Pittston. Twelve miners were killed | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lake Peigneur (pronounced [pæ̃j̃æ̹ɾ]) is a brackish lake in the U. S. state of Louisiana, 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A levee breach or levee failure (the word dike or dyke can also be used instead of levee) is a situation where a levee fails or is intentionally breached, causing the previously contained water to flood the land behind the levee.
Causes of failure
Man-made levees can fail in a number of ways. The most frequent (and dangerous) form of levee failure is a breach | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lusser's law in systems engineering is a prediction of reliability. Named after engineer Robert Lusser, and also known as Lusser's product law or the probability product law of series components, it states that the reliability of a series of components is equal to the product of the individual reliabilities of the components, if their failure modes are known to be statistically independent. For a series of N components, this is expressed as:
R
s
=
∏
i
=
1
N
r
i
=
r
1
×
r
2
×
r
3
×
| https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In organizational management, mean down time (MDT) is the average time that a system is non-operational. This includes all downtime associated with repair, corrective and preventive maintenance, self-imposed downtime, and any logistics or administrative delays.
Description
The inclusion of delay times distinguishes mean down time from mean time to repair (MTTR), which includes only downtime specifically attributable to repairs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mean time between failures (MTBF) is the predicted elapsed time between inherent failures of a mechanical or electronic system during normal system operation. MTBF can be calculated as the arithmetic mean (average) time between failures of a system. The term is used for repairable systems while mean time to failure (MTTF) denotes the expected time to failure for a non-repairable system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mean Time to Dangerous Failure. In a safety system MTTFD is the portion of failure modes that can lead to failures that may result in hazards to personnel, environment or equipment.
MTTFD is critical to the determination of the performance level of a safety system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mean time (to) first failure (MTFF, sometimes MTTFF) is a concept in reliability engineering, which describes time to failure for non-repairable components like an integrated circuit soldered on a circuit board.
For repairable components like a replaceable light bulb the concept of mean time between failures is used to describe the failure rate.
MTFF and MTTF (mean time to failure) have identical meanings | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mean time to repair (MTTR) is a basic measure of the maintainability of repairable items. It represents the average time required to repair a failed component or device. Expressed mathematically, it is the total corrective maintenance time for failures divided by the total number of corrective maintenance actions for failures during a given period of time | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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