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Hybrid materials are composites consisting of two constituents at the nanometer or molecular level. Commonly one of these compounds is inorganic and the other one organic in nature. Thus, they differ from traditional composites where the constituents are at the macroscopic (micrometer to millimeter) level | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hybtonite is trademark of Amroy Europe Oy for carbon nanoepoxy resins. It is a family of composite resins reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
The material and the manufacturing method were originally developed in the Nanoscience Center of the University of Jyväskylä during the years 2002 to 2004 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Laminate panel is a type of manufactured timber made from thin sheets of substrates or wood veneer. It is similar to the more widely used plywood, except that it has a plastic, protective layer on one or both sides. Laminate panels are used instead of plywood because of their resistance to impact, weather, moisture, shattering in cold (ductility), and chemicals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is an engineered wood product that uses multiple layers of thin wood assembled with adhesives. It is typically used for headers, beams, rimboard, and edge-forming material. LVL offers several advantages over typical milled lumber: Made in a factory under controlled specifications, it is stronger, straighter, and more uniform | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lamination is the technique/process of manufacturing a material in multiple layers, so that the composite material achieves improved strength, stability, sound insulation, appearance, or other properties from the use of the differing materials, such as plastic. A laminate is a permanently assembled object created using heat, pressure, welding, or adhesives. Various coating machines, machine presses and calendering equipment are used | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Lay-Up process is a moulding process for composite materials, in which the final product is obtained by overlapping a specific number of different layers, usually made of continuous polymeric or ceramic fibres and a thermoset polymeric liquid matrix. It can be divided into Dry Lay-up and Wet Lay-Up, depending on whether the layers are pre-impregnated or not.
Dry Lay-up is a common process in the aerospace industry, due to the possibility of obtaining complex shapes with good mechanical properties, characteristics required in this field | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Light resin transfer moulding (Light RTM) is a process by which products of Composite materials are manufactured using a closed mold system.
Procedure
Similar to the methods performed in resin transfer molding, Light RTM involves a closed mold process. A vacuum holds mold A and mold B together to result in two finished sides with fixed thickness levels | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Long-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (LFRTs) is a type of easily mouldable thermoplastic used to create a variety of components used primarily in the automotive industry. LFRTs are one of the fastest growing categories in thermoplastic technologies. Leading this expansion is one of the oldest forms, glass mat thermoplastic (GMT) and two of the segment’s newest: precompounded (pelletized) LFRTs (long-fiber-reinforced thermoplastics), also known as LFTs, and inline compounded (ILC) or direct LFTs (D-LFTs) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In materials science, a matrix is a constituent of a composite material.
Functions
A matrix serves the following functions:
It binds the fiber reinforcement.
It provides the composite component its shape and directs its surface quality | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Medium-density fibreboard (MDF) is an engineered wood product made by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibres, often in a defibrator, combining it with wax and a resin binder, and forming it into panels by applying high temperature and pressure. MDF is generally denser than plywood. It is made up of separated fibres but can be used as a building material similar in application to plywood | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Metal profile sheet systems are used to build cost efficient and reliable envelopes of mostly commercial buildings. They have evolved from the single skin metal cladding often associated with agricultural buildings to multi-layer systems for industrial and leisure application. As with most construction components, the ability of the cladding to satisfy its functional requirements is dependent on its correct specification and installation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Metco 308 is a graphite cermet powder used to lubricate gas turbine and jet engines. It is applied using a combustion gas spray gun such as the Metco 6p gun or equivalent. It operates in service temperatures up to 900 °F (482 °C) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Micromechanics (or, more precisely, micromechanics of materials) is the analysis of composite or heterogeneous materials on the level of the individual constituents that constitute these materials.
Aims of micromechanics of materials
Heterogeneous materials, such as composites, solid foams, polycrystals, or bone, consist of clearly distinguishable constituents (or phases) that show different mechanical and physical material properties. While the constituents can often be modeled as having isotropic behaviour, the microstructure characteristics (shape, orientation, varying volume fraction, | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A multi-function material is a composite material. The traditional approach to the development of structures is to address the load-carrying function and other functional requirements separately. Recently, however, there has been increased interest in the development of load-bearing materials and structures which have integral non-load-bearing functions, guided by recent discoveries about how multifunctional biological systems work | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Non-explosive reactive armour (NxRA), also known as non-energetic reactive armor (NERA), is a type of vehicle armor used by modern main battle tanks and heavy infantry fighting vehicles. NERA advantages over explosive reactive armor (ERA) are its inexpensiveness, multi-hit capability, and ease of integration onto armored vehicles due to its nonexplosive nature.
Operating mechanism
The operating principle of NERA relies on the speed deviation of a shock wave propagating in different materials | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Novotext is a trade name for cotton textile-phenolic resin, essentially cotton-reinforced Bakelite. It was often used in car engines for gear wheels used to provide a direct drive to the camshaft as it is flexible and quiet-running. One of the first luxury cars to use this material for its camshaft drive gears was the Maybach Zeppelin of 1928 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Oriented strand board (OSB) is a type of engineered wood similar to particle board, formed by adding adhesives and then compressing layers of wood strands (flakes) in specific orientations. It was invented by Armin Elmendorf in California in 1963. OSB may have a rough and variegated surface with the individual strips of around 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Particle board, also known as chipboard or low-density fiberboard, is an engineered wood product manufactured from wood chips and a synthetic resin or other suitable binder, which is pressed and extruded. Particle board is often confused with oriented strand board (OSB, also known as flakeboard, or waferboard), a different type of fiberboard that uses machined wood flakes and offers more strength.
Characteristics
Particle board is cheaper, denser and more uniform than conventional wood and plywood and is substituted for them when cost is more important than strength and appearance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Carbon fiber is often time produced using two main methods: through the use of Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and from pitch. Pitch is a viscoelastic material that is composed of aromatic hydrocarbons. Pitch is produced via the distillation of carbon-based materials, such as plants, crude oil, and coal | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Plastic-coated paper is a coated or laminated composite material made of paper or paperboard with a plastic layer or treatment on a surface. This type of coated paper is most used in the food and drink packaging industry.
Function
The plastic is used to improve functions such as water resistance, tear strength, abrasion resistance, ability to be heat sealed, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Plymax is a composite material. It consists of a thin sheet of metal, such as aluminium, copper, or duralumin, that is bonded to a thicker sheet of plywood, giving it strength and rigidity at a relatively low weight.
Plymax was introduced during the 1920s, quickly spreading throughout Europe and the world by the 1930s | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Plywood is a composite material manufactured from thin layers, or "plies", of wood veneer that are glued together with adjacent layers, having their wood grain rotated up to 90° to one another. It is an engineered wood from the family of manufactured boards, which include medium-density fibreboard (MDF), oriented strand board (OSB), and particle board (or chipboard).
All plywoods bind resin and wood fibre sheets (cellulose cells are long, strong and thin) to form a composite material | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In materials science, a polymer matrix composite (PMC) is a composite material composed of a variety of short or continuous fibers bound together by a matrix of organic polymers. PMCs are designed to transfer loads between fibers of a matrix. Some of the advantages with PMCs include their light weight, high resistance to abrasion and corrosion, and high stiffness and strength along the direction of their reinforcements | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pre-preg is a composite material made from "pre-impregnated" fibers and a partially cured polymer matrix, such as epoxy or phenolic resin, or even thermoplastic mixed with liquid rubbers or resins. The fibers often take the form of a weave and the matrix is used to bond them together and to other components during manufacture. The thermoset matrix is only partially cured to allow easy handling; this B-Stage material requires cold storage to prevent complete curing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pressure bag moulding is a process for moulding reinforced plastics. This process is related to vacuum bag molding.
Procedure
A solid female mold is used along with a flexible male mold | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Prodema is a wood based material used for the interior and exterior of buildings. It is made up of natural wood with a bakelite core. Also known as a composite wooden panel, it has been in use since the early 1900s | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Pultrusion is a continuous process for manufacture of fibre-reinforced plastics with constant cross-section. The term is a portmanteau word, combining "pull" and "extrusion". As opposed to extrusion, which pushes the material, pultrusion pulls the material | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Carbon fibre reinforced carbon (CFRC),
carbon–carbon (C/C),
or reinforced carbon–carbon (RCC)
is a composite material consisting of carbon fiber reinforcement in a matrix of graphite. It was developed for the reentry vehicles of intercontinental ballistic missiles, and is most widely known as the material for the nose cone and wing leading edges of the Space Shuttle orbiter. Carbon-carbon brake discs and brake pads have been the standard component of the brake systems of Formula One racing cars since the late 1970s; the first year carbon brakes were seen on a Formula One car was 1976 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Reinforced rubber products are one of the largest groups of composite materials, though rarely referred to as composite materials. Familiar examples are automobile tyres, hoses, and conveyor belts.
Composite reinforced structure
Reinforced rubber products combine a rubber matrix and a reinforcing material so that high strength to flexibility ratios can be achieved | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In solid mechanics, a reinforced solid is a brittle material that is reinforced by ductile bars or fibres. A common application is reinforced concrete. When the concrete cracks the tensile force in a crack is not carried any more by the concrete but by the steel reinforcing bars only | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In materials science, reinforcement is a constituent of a composite material which increases the composite's stiffness and tensile strength.
Function
Following are the functions of the reinforcement in a composite:
It increases the mechanical properties of the composite.
It provides strength and stiffness to the composite in one direction as reinforcement carries the load along the length of the fibre | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Reversibly assembled cellular composite materials (RCCM) are three-dimensional lattices of modular structures that can be partially disassembled to enable repairs or other modifications. Each cell incorporates structural material and a reversible interlock, allowing lattices of arbitrary size and shape. RCCM display three-dimensional symmetry derived from the geometry as linked | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Petroliana is a category of collectibles that is related to gas stations or the petroleum industry. Petroliana memorabilia include items such as old gas pumps, fuel advertisements, enamel or tin signs, oil cans and tins, and road maps.
See also
Automobilia
List of petroleum and gas museums
References
Further reading
Moran, Mark F | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A pusher trailer is a device attached to the rear of a vehicle or bike that provides force to assist the vehicle.
For bikes
Electric
Electric pusher trailers use energy stored in a battery, typically of lithium ion or sealed lead acid chemistry, to provide power. Two wheel and one wheel designs are common | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Ralli car (or Rally cart) is a traditional type of horse-drawn cart, named after the Ralli family. The vehicle was commonly used as a general run-around for families.
The design developed towards the end of the 19th century and was derived from the dog cart, which has the same seating layout | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Reversing (also known as backing up) is the process of driving a vehicle in the reverse direction in order to maneuver. Rear view mirrors are somewhat standard equipment for this endeavor. Extremely large or luxury vehicles may have in addition technical aids such as backup cameras | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A rocket car is a land vehicle propelled by a rocket engine. A rocket dragster is a rocket car used for competing in drag racing, and this type holds the unofficial world record for the 1/4 mile.
Fritz von Opel was instrumental in popularizing rockets as means of propulsion for vehicles | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A sedan service is a transportation service that offers taxi-like rides in vehicles. Sedan services exist in many places, though the exact definition, along with regulations, may vary in different places. In some places, the term refers to a more luxurious service than taxicabs, while in other areas, it is a cheaper alternative | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A sociable (short for sociable coach) or barouche-sociable is an open, four-wheeled carriage described as a cross between a barouche and a victoria, having two double seats facing each other. It might be controlled from the interior by an owner-driver or have a box for a coachman. A pair of folding hoods protect the passengers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The SplinterBike is an invention by Michael Thompson. It is a 100% wooden bicycle which only uses glue to hold everything together. No bolts or screws were used | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Tata 407 is a light commercial vehicle manufactured by Tata Motors. Launched in 1986, in 2011 the 407 model sold more than 500,000 units. The 407 has a payload of 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The three-speed bicycle is a bicycle that uses internal hub gears at the rear wheel hub to provide three gear ratios.
Three-speed hubs have been in use since the early 1900s. Though they are heavier than comparable derailleur systems, internal-gear hub systems generally last longer and require less maintenance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Thundercat is the name of a series of snowmobiles produced by Arctic Cat from 1993 - 2002, and subsequently from 2017 to present. When used, Thundercat denotes the most powerful model of snowmobile in Arctic Cats Line-up.
Thundercat 900 (1993-1997)
The Thundercat series was introduced in 1993, as Arctic Cats entry into the Musclesled category | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The victoria is an elegant style of doorless four-wheeled open carriage, drawn by one or two horses, based on the phaeton with the addition of a coachman's seat at the front, and with a retractable roof over the passenger bench.
Named for Queen Victoria, it was possibly based on a phaeton made for George IV. The type was made some time before 1844, but acquired the name victoria around 1870, after one was imported to England by Edward VII, then Prince of Wales, in 1869 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A wagonette (little wagon) is a small horse-drawn vehicle with springs, which has two benches along the right and left side of the platform, people facing each other. The driver sits on a separate, front-facing bench. A wagonette may be open or have a tilt | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Xplorer Motorhomes are small Class B motorhomes built on a van chassis. It was the designer and builder of the first production motorhome. Ray Frank, the creator of the Travco Motorhome, saw his Frank Industries sold and renamed Travco in the early sixties | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
YAPP Automotive Systems Co. , Ltd. (亚普汽车部件股份有限公司) is a supplier to the automotive industry, specialized in fuel systems, in particular plastic fuel tanks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An earth structure is a building or other structure made largely from soil. Since soil is a widely available material, it has been used in construction since prehistoric times. It may be combined with other materials, compressed and/or baked to add strength | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In military engineering, a ditch is an obstacle designed to slow down or break up an attacking force, while a trench is intended to provide cover to the defenders. In military fortifications the side of a ditch farthest from the enemy and closest to the next line of defence is known as the scarp while the side of a ditch closest to the enemy is known as the counterscarp.
Uses
In early fortifications, ditches were often used in combination with ramparts to slow down the enemy whilst defensive fire could be brought to bear from the relative protection afforded by the rampart and possibly the palisade | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An earth shelter, also called an earth house, earth bermed house, or underground house, is a structure (usually a house) with earth (soil) against the walls, on the roof, or that is entirely buried underground.
Earth acts as thermal mass, making it easier to maintain a steady indoor air temperature and therefore reduces energy costs for heating or cooling.
Earth sheltering became relatively popular after the mid-1970s, especially among environmentalists | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A mudbrick or mud-brick is an air-dried brick, made of a mixture of mud (containing loam, clay, sand and water) mixed with a binding material such as rice husks or straw. Mudbricks are known from 9000 BCE.
From around 5000–4000 BCE, mudbricks evolved into fired bricks to increase strength and durability | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A platform mound is any earthwork or mound intended to support a structure or activity. It typically refers to a flat-topped mound, whose sides may be pyramidal.
Eastern North America
The indigenous peoples of North America built substructure mounds for well over a thousand years, starting in the Archaic period and continuing through the Woodland period | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A trench is a type of excavation or depression in the ground that is generally deeper than it is wide (as opposed to a wider gully, or ditch), and narrow compared with its length (as opposed to a simple hole or pit). In geology, trenches result from erosion by rivers or by geological movement of tectonic plates. In civil engineering, trenches are often created to install underground utilities such as gas, water, power and communication lines | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wattle and daub is a composite building method used for making walls and buildings, in which a woven lattice of wooden strips called wattle is daubed with a sticky material usually made of some combination of wet soil, clay, sand, animal dung and straw. Wattle and daub has been used for at least 6,000 years and is still an important construction method in many parts of the world. Many historic buildings include wattle and daub construction | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A ziggurat (; Cuneiform: 𒅆𒂍𒉪, Akkadian: ziqqurratum, D-stem of zaqārum 'to protrude, to build high', cognate with other Semitic languages like Hebrew zaqar (זָקַר) 'protrude') is a type of massive structure built in ancient Mesopotamia. It has the form of a terraced compound of successively receding storeys or levels. Notable ziggurats include the Great Ziggurat of Ur near Nasiriyah, the Ziggurat of Aqar Quf near Baghdad, the now-destroyed Etemenanki in Babylon, Chogha Zanbil in Khūzestān and Sialk Plus, Sumer in general | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group (AIDG) provided access to environmentally friendly infrastructure in impoverished communities in developing countries through a combination of business incubation, education, and direct outreach. The AIDG's focus is the promotion of affordable and environmentally sound technologies to address gaps in basic services and infrastructure in rural areas of developing countries. The AIDG incubates businesses that provide renewable energy, water, and sanitation technologies to underserved communities, development agencies, and private individuals | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt (Cal Poly Humboldt, Humboldt or Cal Poly) is a public university in Arcata, California. It is one of three polytechnic universities in the California State University (CSU) system and the northernmost campus in the system. The main campus, situated hillside at the edge of a coast redwood forest, has commanding views overlooking Arcata, much of Humboldt Bay, and the Pacific Ocean | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Engineering World Health (EWH) is a non-profit organization that works with hospitals and clinics that serve resource-poor communities of the developing world. EWH's focus is on the repair and maintenance of medical equipment - rather than donation - and on building local capacity to manage and maintain the equipment without international aid.
Engineering professors Robert Malkin and Mohammad Kiani established EWH in Memphis in 2001 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Action Group on Erosion, Technology, and Concentration (ETC), is an international organization dedicated to "the conservation and sustainable advancement of cultural and ecological diversity and human rights. " 'ETC' is intended to be pronounced "et cetera. " ETC often publishes opinions on scientific research by its staff and board members in topics including community and regional planning, ecology and evolutionary biology, and political science | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Full Belly Project Ltd is a non-profit organization based out of Wilmington, North Carolina, which designs labor-saving devices to improve the lives of people in developing communities. Their main devices are the Universal Nut Sheller (UNS) and the Rocker Water Pump.
The first device they designed, the UNS, was a peanut sheller but farmers started using it for other crops | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Globaloria is an online learning platform oriented to K-12 curricula to teach students to design, prototype, and code educational web/mobile games and simulations with industry-standard technology as a means of learning content and creative innovation skills. Globaloria was developed in 2006 by Idit Harel as a project of the World Wide Workshop Foundation with the stated mission of providing all primary and secondary school students in the U. S | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future (IBHF) is an affiliate of the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) and is housed at IIT's Chicago-Kent College of Law. The IBHF was founded in 2004 by Lori Andrews, J. D | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Lifeline Energy (formerly Freeplay Foundation) is a non-profit social enterprise that provides technology solutions for off-grid learning. The organization designs, manufactures and distributes solar and wind-up media players and radios for classroom and group listening and was behind the first solar and wind-up radio for humanitarian use which launched in 2003. Since it began operations in 1999 more than 550,000 wind-up and solar powered radios and media players have been distributed, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Presently curated and organized by Emeka Okafor, Henry Barnor and Jennifer Wolfe, Maker Faire Africa is an international organization co-founded by Mark Grimes (Felonious Nun) Emeka Okafor (TED Africa), Lars Hasselblad Torres (IDEAS Global Challenge), Erik Hersman (Afrigadget) and Nii Simmonds (Nubian Cheetah). Maker Faire Africa aims to engage with on-the-ground breakthrough organizations and individual makers to sharpen focus on locally generated, bottom-up prototypes of technologies that solve immediate challenges to development.
Overview
The aim of a Maker Faire Africa is to create a space on the African continent where Afrigadget-type innovations, inventions and initiatives can be sought, identified, brought to life, supported, amplified and propagated | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
One Laptop per Child (OLPC) was a non-profit initiative established with the goal of transforming education for children around the world; this goal was to be achieved by creating and distributing educational devices for the developing world, and by creating software and content for those devices.
When the program launched in 2005, the typical retail price for a laptop was considerably in excess of $1,000 (US), so achieving this objective required bringing a low-cost machine to production. This became the OLPC XO Laptop, a low-cost and low-power laptop computer designed by Yves Béhar with Continuum, now EPAM Continuum | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Asplenium pinnatifidum, commonly known as the lobed spleenwort or pinnatifid spleenwort, is a small fern found principally in the Appalachian Mountains and the Shawnee Hills, growing in rock crevices in moderately acid to subacid strata. Originally identified as a variety of walking fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum), it was classified as a separate species by Thomas Nuttall in 1818. It is believed to have originated by chromosome doubling in a hybrid between walking fern and mountain spleenwort (Asplenium montanum), producing a fertile tetraploid, a phenomenon known as alloploidy; however, the hypothesized parental hybrid has never been located | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Asplenium × wherryi, known as Wherry's spleenwort, is a rare hybrid fern of the Appalachian Mountains. The sterile triploid offspring of mountain spleenwort (A. montanum) and Bradley's spleenwort (A | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Astilbe Arendsii Group (Astilbe × arendsii) is a cultivar group of complex hybrids with A. astilboides, A. chinensis, A | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bauhinia × blakeana (bow-HIN-ee-ə [cross] blayk-ee-AH-nə), commonly called the Hong Kong orchid tree, is a hybrid leguminous tree of the genus Bauhinia. It has large thick leaves and striking purplish red flowers. The fragrant, orchid-like flowers are usually 10 to 15 centimetres (3 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tuberous begonias (Begonia × tuberhybrida Voss, also known as the Tuberhybrida Group or the Tuberosa Group) are a group of Begonia cultivars, sometimes regarded as some of the most spectacular of the genus. One of the first hybrids produced was B. x sedenii in 1870, a cross between B | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
× Beruladium procurrens is an intergeneric hybrid plant in the umbellifer family (Apiaceae); the result of hybridisation between Berula erecta (lesser water parsnip) and Helosciadium nodiflorum (fool's water cress).
Discovery
In July 1979 Max Walters collected an unidentified plant from Chippenham Fen, Cambridgeshire, England; it resembled H. nodiflorum, but grew as a floating mass in a fen ditch with small, pedunculate umbels rising above the water surface | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bougainvillea × buttiana is a flowering plant, a garden hybrid of Bougainvillea glabra and Bougainvillea peruviana.
Growing to 5 metres (16 ft) tall by 1. 5 metres (4 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Camellia × williamsii is a cultivar group of hybrid evergreen shrubs that are derived from a crossing of Camellia saluenensis with Camellia japonica. It was originally bred in 1923 at Caerhays Castle in Cornwall by John Charles Williams.
Cultivars
Williamsii cross camellias are hardier than most, and will grow outside anywhere in the UK | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cistus × incanus L. is a hybrid between Cistus albidus and Cistus crispus. The name "Cistus incanus" (synonym C | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cistus × purpureus, commonly known as orchid rockrose, is one of the most commonly cultivated varieties of rockrose.
Description
It is a small and bushy subshrub that grows 120cm to 180cm high and wide with wavy, dense, dull green leaves. The pink flowers, which appear from spring to summer, are 8cm (3 in) across that have petals with a dark blotch towards the centre | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cistus × rodiaei Verg. 1932 is a variety of rockrose. It is a small gray-green evergreen shrub reaching a maximum height of 70 centimetres (28 in) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cooking bananas are banana cultivars in the genus Musa whose fruits are generally used in cooking. They may be eaten ripe or unripe and are generally starchy. Many cooking bananas are referred to as plantains (/ˈplæntɪn/, /plænˈteɪn/, /ˈplɑːntɪn/) or green bananas | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Crataegus × lavalleei, sometimes known as hybrid cockspurthorn or Lavallée's hawthorn, is a hybrid that arose between cultivated specimens of two species in the genus Crataegus (Hawthorn). It is an ornamental small tree with glossy dark green unlobed leaves that is used horticulturally.
The female parent was C | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Crataegus × macrocarpa, is a hybrid between two species of Crataegus (hawthorn), C. laevigata and C. rhipidophylla, both in series Crataegus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Crataegus × media, is a hybrid between two species in the genus Crataegus (Hawthorn), C. monogyna and C. laevigata, both in series Crataegus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Crataegus × sinaica is a hawthorn that originated as a hybrid between two other hawthorn species, C. azarolus in series Orientales and C. monogyna in series Crataegus | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Curio × peregrinus, also known as dolphin necklace, flying dolphins, string of dolphins, dolphin plant or Senecio hippogriff, is a succulent nothospecies of Curio (previously Senecio) in the family Asteraceae. It is often called, incorrectly, Senecio peregrinus, but that name was previously given, by Grisebach in 1879, to a different species from South America. The name Curio × peregrinus was published in 1999, based on the earlier name Kleinia peregrina; however, this name was not validly published | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Diphasiastrum × issleri, known as Issler's clubmoss, is a hybrid species of clubmoss known from northern Europe and a few historical collections in northern Maine.
Taxonomy
Diphasiastrum × issleri is a hybrid between D. alpinum and D | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Diphasiastrum × sabinifolium, the savinleaf groundpine or savin leaf club moss, is hybrid of D. sitchense and D. tristachyum | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Disocactus × jenkinsonii is a hybrid between Disocactus phyllanthoides and Disocactus speciosus. It is perhaps the most commonly grown orchid cactus and seems to survive and flower under most conditions. It has a very complex taxonomic history and has been mistaken for Disocactus ackermannii for a long time | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Epiphyllum hybrids, epiphyllums, epicacti, or just epis, also known as orchid cacti, which are widely grown for their flowers, are artificial hybrids derived primarily from species of the genus Disocactus. These Disocactus species are not true epiphyllum, but they used to be included in the genus Epiphyllum.
Parental species
Epiphyllum hybrids are mostly derived from two or more of the following species:
Disocactus crenatus (Lindl | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Elaeagnus × submacrophylla, formerly known as Elaeagnus × ebbingei, is a hybrid between Elaeagnus macrophylla and Elaeagnus pungens. Several cultivars, including 'Gilt Edge', are grown in gardens as ornamental plants. Both the hybrid and 'Gilt Edge' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Epimedium × rubrum, known as red barrenwort, is a species of perennial flowering plant in the family Berberidaceae, cultivated in gardens. It is considered to be a hybrid between E. alpinum and E | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Eremurus × isabellinus is a hybrid of garden origin, derived from the crossing of E. stenophyllus with E. olgae | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fagus × taurica, the Crimean beech, is a deciduous tree in the beech genus Fagus.
Taxonomy
The Balkan beech Fagus moesiaca is considered to be the same species. It has been thought to be a hybrid between F | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Forsythia × intermedia, or border forsythia, is an ornamental deciduous shrub of garden origin.
Description
The shrub has an upright habit with arching branches and grows to 3 to 4 metres high. The opposite leaves turn yellowish or occasionally purplish in the autumn before falling | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
There are several commercially important hybrids between Fragaria and Comarum species in existence. A name for Fragaria × Comarum is available as × Comagaria Büscher & G. H | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fuchsia × bacillaris is a natural hybrid between F. microphylla subsp. microphylla and F | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gaillardia × grandiflora, known as blanket flower, is a hybrid species of flowering plant in the sunflower family Asteraceae, which is a cross of garden origin between G. aristata × G. pulchella | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Galium × centroniae, common name hybrid bedstraw, is a species of the family Rubiaceae. It is apparently of hybrid origin though established in the wild, a cross between G. pumilum × G | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Garden marguerites, also known as marguerite daisies, are cultivars of plants in the subtribe Glebionidinae of the family Asteraceae, the great majority being hybrids created in cultivation. One of the genera belonging to the subtribe, Argyranthemum, was introduced into cultivation from the Canary Islands in the 18th century, and modern cultivars are mostly sold and grown under the genus name Argyranthemum or the species name Argyranthemum frutescens, although many are actually intergeneric hybrids. The first such hybrids involved species now placed in the genus Glebionis, but other crosses within the subtribe are known | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Geranium × cantabrigiense is a hybrid flowering plant in the cranesbill family Geraniaceae. It is an hybrid between Geranium dalmaticum and G. macrorrhizum | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Geranium × magnificum, the purple cranesbill, is a species of hardy flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the genus Geranium, family Geraniaceae. The multiplication symbol × indicates that it is the result of hybridisation, in this case between Geranium platypetalum and Geranium ibericum. Growing into a clump 70 cm (28 in) high and broad, it has the decorative, deeply-lobed leaves typical of the genus Geranium | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Geranium × oxonianum, the Oxford geranium, is a hybrid variety of flowering plant in the family Geraniaceae, which is a 1932 cross of garden origin between Geranium endressii and Geranium versicolor. Growing to 0. 5 m (1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hamamelis × intermedia, the hybrid witch hazel, is a flowering plant in the family Hamamelidaceae. It is a hybrid of garden origin between H. japonica and H | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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