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Tripedalism (from the Latin tri = three + ped = foot) is locomotion by the use of three limbs. It has been said that parrots (Psittaciformes) display tripedalism during climbing gaits, which was tested and proven in a 2022 paper on the subject, making parrots the only creatures to truly use tripedal forms of locomotion. Tripedal gaits were also observed by K | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A tripod stance is a behaviour in which quadruped animals rear up on their hind legs and use their tail to support this position. Several animals use this behaviour to improve observation or surveillance, and during feeding, grooming, thermoregulation, or fighting.
In mammals
The common dwarf mongoose (Helogale parvula) adopts a tripod stance when being vigilant for predators | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Unadulterated Cat by Terry Pratchett, illustrated by Gray Jolliffe, is a book written to promote what Pratchett terms the 'Real Cat', a cat who urinates in the flowerbeds, rips up the furniture, and eats frogs, mice and sundry other small animals. The opposite of the Real Cat is the 'Fizzy Keg Cat', a well-behaved and bland kind, as seen on cat food advertisements.
It was first published 1989 by Gollancz | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Urination is the release of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. It is the urinary system's form of excretion. It is also known medically as micturition, voiding, uresis, or, rarely, emiction, and known colloquially by various names including peeing, weeing, pissing, and euphemistically going number one | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Vacuum activities (or vacuum behaviours) are innate, fixed action patterns (FAPs) of animal behaviour that are performed in the absence of a sign stimulus (releaser) that normally elicit them. This type of abnormal behaviour shows that a key stimulus is not always needed to produce an activity. Vacuum activities often take place when an animal is placed in captivity and is subjected to a lack of stimuli that would normally cause a FAP | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Vent pecking is an abnormal behaviour of birds performed primarily by commercial egg-laying hens. It is characterised by pecking damage to the cloaca, the surrounding skin and underlying tissue. Vent pecking frequently occurs immediately after an egg has been laid when the cloaca often remains partly everted exposing the mucosa, red from the physical trauma of oviposition or bleeding if the tissue is torn by her laying an egg | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Vermivore (from Latin vermi, meaning "worm" and vorare, "to devour") is a zoological term for animals that eat worms (including annelids, nematodes, and other worm-like animals). Animals with such a diet are known to be vermivorous. Some definitions are less exclusive with respect to the diet, but limit the definition to particular animals, e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wallowing in animals is comfort behaviour during which an animal rolls about or lies in mud, water or snow. Some definitions include rolling about in dust, however, in ethology this is usually referred to as dust bathing. Wallowing is often combined with other behaviours to fulfil its purpose; for example, elephants will often blow dirt over themselves after wallowing to create a thicker "coating", or pigs will allow the mud to dry before rubbing themselves on a tree or rock to remove ectoparasites stuck in the mud | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Weaving is a behaviour in horses that is classified as a stable vice, in which the horse repetitively sways on its forelegs, shifting its weight back and forth by moving the head and neck side to side. It may also include swaying of the rest of the body and picking up the front legs. Some horses exhibit non-stereotypical weaving, and instead engage in variations on this behavior | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Whiffling is a term used in ornithology to describe the behavior whereby a bird rapidly descends with a zig-zagging, side-slipping motion. Sometimes to whiffle, a bird flies briefly with its body turned upside down but with its neck and head twisted 180 degrees around in a normal position. The aerodynamics which usually give a bird lift during flying are thereby inverted and the bird briefly plummets toward the ground before this is quickly reversed and the bird adopts a normal flying orientation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The winner and loser effect is an aggression phenomenon in which the winner effect is the increased probability that an animal will win future aggressive interactions after experiencing previous wins, while the loser effect is the increased probability that an animal will lose future aggressive interactions after experiencing previous losses. Overall these effects can either increase or decrease an animals aggressive behaviour, depending on what effect affects the species of concern. Animals such as Agkistrodon contortrix, Rivulus marmoratus, and Sula nebouxii show either both or one of these effects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wound licking is an instinctive response in humans and many other animals to cover an injury or second degree burn with saliva. Dogs, cats, small rodents, horses, and primates all lick wounds. Saliva contains tissue factor which promotes the blood clotting mechanism | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
This is a glossary of terms used in the description of arthropod cuticle, including that of insects such as ants. These animals can have surface textures spanning and combining cracks, excavations, imbrications, mealiness, punctures, reticulations, roughness, scratches, spots, wrinkles, and more. As such, hundred of technical terms have been adapted for use in description of individual specimens from which taxa are defined | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The following is a glossary of common English language terms used in the description of birds—warm-blooded vertebrates of the class Aves and the only living dinosaurs, characterized by feathers, the ability to fly in all but the approximately 60 extant species of flightless birds, toothless, beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
Among other details such as size, proportions and shape, terms defining bird features developed and are used to describe features unique to the class—especially evolutionary adaptations that developed to aid flight. There are, for example, numerous terms describing the complex structural makeup of feathers (e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
This glossary explains technical terms commonly employed in the description of dinosaur body fossils. Besides dinosaur-specific terms, it covers terms with wider usage, when these are of central importance in the study of dinosaurs or when their discussion in the context of dinosaurs is beneficial. The glossary does not cover ichnological and bone histological terms, nor does it cover measurements | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
This glossary of entomology describes terms used in the formal study of insect species by entomologists.
A–C
abbreviate(d)(adjective) Of an organ or member: markedly or unexpectedly short in proportion to the rest of the body
abdomenBody of the insect, toward the posterior of the thorax.
abdominal feetSee proleg
AcalyptrataSee Acalyptratae
acanthusthorn-like projection, typically a single-celled cuticular growth without tormogen (socket) or sensory cells | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
This is a glossary of terms used in fisheries, fisheries management and fisheries science.
A
Abundance – is a measure of how many fish are in a population or a fishing ground. See relative abundance and absolute abundance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
This glossary of ichthyology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in ichthyology, the study of fishes.
A
abdomen
Belly.
abdominal
Pertaining to the belly | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Many different terms have been proposed for features of the tooth crown in mammals.
The structures within the molars receive different names according to their position and morphology. This nomenclature was developed by Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1907 and is, although with many variations, the one that continues today | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Allen Institute for Cell Science is a research institute established by Paul Allen in Seattle, Washington on 8 December 2014. The institute is modelled in large part on the Allen Institute for Brain Science and received the same initial financial commitment from Allen—US$100,000,000 over five years. The two Institutes also share the same building | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Animal Behavior Society is an international non-profit scientific society that encourages and promotes the professional study of animal behavior. It has open membership and also provides a certification and directory for animal behaviorists. The Society was founded in 1964 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Belgian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB) is a Belgian non-profit organization, concerned with biochemistry and molecular biology. The BMB was created, based on an initiative of Marcel Florkin, so a Belgian society could join the new International Union of Biochemistry. The first charter of the society was drafted by Edouard J | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG), originally called the Taxonomic Databases Working Group, is a non-profit scientific and educational association that works to develop open standards for the exchange of biodiversity data, facilitating biodiversity informatics. It is affiliated with the International Union of Biological Sciences. It is best known for the Darwin Core standard for exchanging biodiversity, which has been used by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility to collect millions of biological observations from museums and other organizations from around the world | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A bird rarities committee or bird records committee is a committee which exists to validate records of rare birds in a particular country or region.
Many countries have national rarities committees; in some areas, such as Europe, coverage is near-complete at a national level. European national committees are all members of the Association of European Rarities Committees | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Canberra Ornithologists Group (COG) was founded on 15 April 1970 when the ACT branch of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU) became defunct following drastic reform within the RAOU in the late 1960s which abolished all its branches. It publishes a quarterly journal, Canberra Bird Notes, as well as a monthly newsletter, Gang-gang. Its aims are to:
encourage interest in, and develop knowledge of, the birds of the Canberra region
promote and co-ordinate the study of birds
to promote the conservation of native birds and their habitatCOG holds monthly meetings in Canberra as well as regular field excursions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Genome Research Foundation(게놈연구재단) also known as Genome Foundation is a non-profit research foundation and institute in Korea under the approval of the ministry of Education, Science, and Technology of Korea. It is a public research foundation with over 30 researchers and staff in 2011. It is a government accredited public charity organization | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In artillery, caliber or calibre is the internal diameter of a gun barrel, or, by extension, a relative measure of the barrel length.
Rifled barrels
Rifled barrels introduce ambiguity to measurement of caliber. A rifled bore consists of alternating grooves and lands | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In measurement technology and metrology, calibration is the comparison of measurement values delivered by a device under test with those of a calibration standard of known accuracy. Such a standard could be another measurement device of known accuracy, a device generating the quantity to be measured such as a voltage, a sound tone, or a physical artifact, such as a meter ruler.
The outcome of the comparison can result in one of the following:
no significant error being noted on the device under test
a significant error being noted but no adjustment made
an adjustment made to correct the error to an acceptable levelStrictly speaking, the term "calibration" means just the act of comparison and does not include any subsequent adjustment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Certified reference materials (CRMs) are 'controls' or standards used to check the quality and metrological traceability of products, to validate analytical measurement methods, or for the calibration of instruments. A certified reference material is a particular form of measurement standard.
Reference materials are particularly important for analytical chemistry and clinical analysis | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Colorimetry is "the science and technology used to quantify and describe physically the human color perception".
It is similar to spectrophotometry, but is distinguished by its interest in reducing spectra to the physical correlates of color perception, most often the CIE 1931 XYZ color space tristimulus values and related quantities.
History
The Duboscq colorimeter was invented by Jules Duboscq in 1870 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Composite measure in statistics and research design refer to composite measures of variables, i. e. measurements based on multiple data items | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A concrete number or numerus numeratus is a number associated with the things being counted, in contrast to an abstract number or numerus numerans which is a number as a single entity. For example, "five apples" and "half of a pie" are concrete numbers, while "five" and "one half" are abstract numbers. In mathematics the term "number" is usually taken to mean an abstract number | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The conductivity factor (CF) of dissolved salts in a given solution is a measurement of conductivity. Using the electrical conductivity between two electrodes in a water solution, the level of dissolved solids in that solution can be measured. Measurements can then be used to dose the solution with the necessary nutrients in the case of hydroponics | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) is a diffraction technique where a convergent or divergent beam (conical electron beam) of electrons is used to study materials.
History
This technique was first introduced in 1939 by Kossel and Möllenstedt, who worked with large (~40 μm) probes and small convergence angles. The development of the Field Emission Gun (FEG) in the 1970s, the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), energy filtering devices and so on, made possible smaller probe diameters and larger convergence angles, and all this made CBED more popular | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Correlated double sampling (CDS) is a method to measure electrical values such as voltages or currents that allows removing an undesired offset. It is often used when measuring sensor outputs. The output of the sensor is measured twice: once in a known condition and once in an unknown condition | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Counting is the process of determining the number of elements of a finite set of objects; that is, determining the size of a set. The traditional way of counting consists of continually increasing a (mental or spoken) counter by a unit for every element of the set, in some order, while marking (or displacing) those elements to avoid visiting the same element more than once, until no unmarked elements are left; if the counter was set to one after the first object, the value after visiting the final object gives the desired number of elements. The related term enumeration refers to uniquely identifying the elements of a finite (combinatorial) set or infinite set by assigning a number to each element | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In physics, the cross section is a measure of the probability that a specific process will take place when some kind of radiant excitation (e. g. a particle beam, sound wave, light, or an X-ray) intersects a localized phenomenon (e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In electrical engineering, current sensing is any one of several techniques used to measure electric current. The measurement of current ranges from picoamps to tens of thousands of amperes. The selection of a current sensing method depends on requirements such as magnitude, accuracy, bandwidth, robustness, cost, isolation or size | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The D-DIA or deformation-DIA is an apparatus used for high pressure and high temperature deformation experiments. The advantage of this apparatus is the ability to apply pressures up to approximately 15 GPa while independently creating uniaxial strains up to 50%.
Theory
The D-DIA utilizes the same principle that other high pressure apparatuses (such as the diamond anvil cell) use to create elevated pressure on a specimen | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In physical chemistry, there are numerous quantities associated with chemical compounds and reactions; notably in terms of amounts of substance, activity or concentration of a substance, and the rate of reaction. This article uses SI units.
Introduction
Theoretical chemistry requires quantities from core physics, such as time, volume, temperature, and pressure | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The limit of detection (LOD or LoD) is the lowest signal, or the lowest corresponding quantity to be determined (or extracted) from the signal, that can be observed with a sufficient degree of confidence or statistical significance. However, the exact threshold (level of decision) used to decide when a signal significantly emerges above the continuously fluctuating background noise remains arbitrary and is a matter of policy and often of debate among scientists, statisticians and regulators depending on the stakes in different fields.
Significance in analytical chemistry
In analytical chemistry, the detection limit, lower limit of detection, also termed LOD for limit of detection or analytical sensitivity (not to be confused with statistical sensitivity), is the lowest quantity of a substance that can be distinguished from the absence of that substance (a blank value) with a stated confidence level (generally 99%) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In crystallography, a diffraction standard, or calibration crystal, is a crystal used to calibrate an X-ray spectrometer to an absolute X-ray energy scale. Quartz or silicon crystals are typically used. There are also reports of crystals of silver behenate or silver stearate having been used for this purpose | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In engineering and science, dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their base quantities (such as length, mass, time, and electric current) and units of measurement (such as metres and grams) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed. The term dimensional analysis is also used to refer to conversion of units from one dimensional unit to another, which can be used to evaluate scientific formulae.
Commensurable physical quantities are of the same kind and have the same dimension, and can be directly compared to each other, even if they are expressed in differing units of measurement; e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DN Factor, also called DN Value, is a number that is used to determine the correct base oil viscosity for the lubrication of various types of bearings. It can also be used to determine if a bearing is the correct choice for use in a given application. It is a product of bearing diameter (D) and speed (N) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A draft survey is a calculation of the weight of cargo loaded or unloaded to or from a ship from measurents of changes in its displacement. The technique is based on Archimedes' principle. The procedure is standardized by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe for the measurement of coal cargoes | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dressed weight (also known as dead weight or carcass weight) refers to the weight of an animal after being partially butchered, removing all the internal organs and often the head as well as inedible (or less desirable) portions of the tail and legs. It includes the bones, cartilage and other body structure still attached after this initial butchering. It is usually a fraction of the total weight of the animal, and an average of 59% of the original weight for cattle | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The dry matter or dry weight is a measurement of the mass of something when completely dried.
Analysis of food
The dry matter of plant and animal material consists of all its constituents excluding water. The dry matter of food includes carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants (e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Effective number of bits (ENOB) is a measure of the dynamic range of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), digital-to-analog converter, or their associated circuitry. The resolution of an ADC is specified by the number of bits used to represent the analog value. Ideally, a 12-bit ADC will have an effective number of bits of almost 12 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Epicentral distance refers to the ground distance from the epicenter to a specified point. Generally, the smaller the epicentral distance of an earthquake of the same scale, the heavier the damage caused by the earthquake. On the contrary, with the increase of epicentral distance, the damage caused by the earthquake is gradually reduced | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The term "epistemic feedback" is a form of feedback which refers to an interplay between what is being observed (or measured) and the result of the observation.
The concept can apply to a process to obtain information, where the process itself changes the information when being obtained. For example, instead of quietly asking customers for their opinions about food in a restaurant, making an announcement about food quality, as being tested in a survey, could cause cooks to focus on producing high-quality results | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The equivalent spherical diameter of an irregularly shaped object is the diameter of a sphere of equivalent geometric, optical, electrical, aerodynamic or hydrodynamic behavior to that of the particle under investigation. The particle size of a perfectly smooth, spherical object can be accurately defined by a single parameter, the particle diameter. However, real-life particles are likely to have irregular shapes and surface irregularities, and their size cannot be fully characterized by a single parameter | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An error (from the Latin error, meaning 'wandering') is an action which is inaccurate or incorrect. In some usages, an error is synonymous with a mistake. The etymology derives from the Latin errare, meaning 'to stray' | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Experimental uncertainty analysis is a technique that analyses a derived quantity, based on the uncertainties in the experimentally measured quantities that are used in some form of mathematical relationship ("model") to calculate that derived quantity. The model used to convert the measurements into the derived quantity is usually based on fundamental principles of a science or engineering discipline.
The uncertainty has two components, namely, bias (related to accuracy) and the unavoidable random variation that occurs when making repeated measurements (related to precision) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Field Cycling (FC) is a measurement method which uses variable magnetic fields to measure the magnetization of a sample. Fast Field Cycling describes the same method but uses fast switchable magnetic fields.
Field Cycling is either "mechanical" or "electrical | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Flow measurement is the quantification of bulk fluid movement. Flow can be measured using devices called flowmeters in various ways. The common types of flowmeters with industrial applications are listed below:
Obstruction type (differential pressure or variable area)
Inferential (turbine type)
Electromagnetic
Positive-displacement flowmeters, which accumulate a fixed volume of fluid and then count the number of times the volume is filled to measure flow | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In flow measurement, flow meter error is typically reported by a percentage indicating non-linearity of the device. This can be expressed as either a +/- percentage based on either the full range capacity of the device or as a percentage of the actual indicated flow. In practice the flow meter error is a combination of repeatability, accuracy and the uncertainty of the reference calibration | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fluorescent microthermography (FMT) is a microscopy technique for infrared imaging of temperature distribution in small scale; the achievable spatial resolution is half micrometer and temperature resolution of 0. 005 K. Time-dependent measurements are possible, as the fluorescence lifetime is only about 200 microseconds | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fold change is a measure describing how much a quantity changes between an original and a subsequent measurement. It is defined as the ratio between the two quantities; for quantities A and B the fold change of B with respect to A is B/A. In other words, a change from 30 to 60 is defined as a fold-change of 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Forest inventory is the systematic collection of data and forest information for assessment or analysis. An estimate of the value and possible uses of timber is an important part of the broader information required to sustain ecosystems. When taking forest inventory the following are important things to measure and note: species, diameter at breast height (DBH), height, site quality, age, and defects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In computing, frecency is any heuristic that combines the frequency and recency into a single measure.
Heuristic
In its simplest form, the frequency and recency rating can be added to form a frecency rating. The ratings can be found by sorting items by most recent and most frequent respectively | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Frequency scanning interferometry (FSI) is an absolute distance measurement technique, for measuring the distance between a pair of points, along a line-of-sight.
The power of the FSI technique lies in its ability to make many such distance measurements, simultaneously.
For each distance to be measured, a measurement interferometer is built using optical components placed at each end of a line-of-sight | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gamma ray cross section - a measure of the probability that gamma ray interacts with matter. The total cross section of gamma ray interactions is composed of several independent processes: photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, electron-positron pair production in the nucleus field and electron-positron pair production in the electron field (triplet production). The cross section for single process listed above is a part of the total gamma ray cross section | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Geodesy is the science of measuring and representing the geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation of the Earth in temporally varying 3D. It is called planetary geodesy when studying other astronomical bodies, such as planets or circumplanetary systems. Geodynamical phenomena, including crustal motion, tides, and polar motion, can be studied by designing global and national control networks, applying space geodesy and terrestrial geodetic techniques, and relying on datums and coordinate systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A Helium analyzer is an instrument used to identify the presence and concentration of helium in a mixture of gases. In Technical diving where breathing gas mixtures known as Trimix comprising oxygen, helium and nitrogen are used, it is necessary to know the fraction of helium in the mixture to reliably calculate decompression schedules for dives using that mixture.
Thermal conductivity principle
Portable instruments for the analysis of helium content of breathing gas mixtures may be based on a thermal conductivity sensor (katharometer) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
High availability (HA) is a characteristic of a system that aims to ensure an agreed level of operational performance, usually uptime, for a higher than normal period.
Modernization has resulted in an increased reliance on these systems. For example, hospitals and data centers require high availability of their systems to perform routine daily activities | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The term human equivalent is used in a number of different contexts. This term can refer to human equivalents of various comparisons of animate and inanimate things.
Animal models in chemistry and medicine
Animal models are used to learn more about a disease, its diagnosis and its treatment, with animal models predicting human toxicity in up to 71% of cases | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hydroxyl tagging velocimetry (HTV) is a velocimetry method used in humid air flows. The
method is often used in high-speed combusting flows because the high velocity and temperature
accentuate its advantages over similar methods. HTV uses a laser (often an argon-fluoride
excimer laser operating at ~193 nm) to dissociate the water in the flow into H + OH | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
IEEE 1541-2002 is a standard issued in 2002 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) concerning the use of prefixes for binary multiples of units of measurement related to digital electronics and computing. IEEE 1541-2021 revises and supersedes IEEE 1541-2002, which is 'inactive'. While the International System of Units (SI) defines multiples based on powers of ten (like k = 103, M = 106, etc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A measurement system consists of a sensor, to input the physical parameter that is of interest, and an output to a medium that is suitable for reading by the system that needs to know the value of the parameter. (This could be a device to convert the temperature of the surrounding air or water into the visually readable height of a column of mercury in a small tube, for example; but the conversion could also be made to an electronic encoding of the parameter, for reading by a computer system. )
The integral linearity is then a measure of the fidelity of the conversion that is performed by the measuring system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The internal measurement refers to the quantum measurement realized by the endo-observer. Quantum measurement represents the action of a measuring device on the measured system. When the measuring device is a part of measured system, the measurement proceeds internally in relation to the whole system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The International System of Quantities (ISQ) consists of the quantities used in physics and in modern science in general, starting with basic quantities such as length and mass, and the relationships between those quantities. This system underlies the International System of Units (SI) but does not itself determine the units of measurement used for the quantities.
The system is formally described in a multi-part ISO standard ISO/IEC 80000 (which also defines many other quantities used in science and technology), first completed in 2009 and subsequently revised and expanded | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ISO 80000 or IEC 80000, Quantities and units, is an international standard describing the International System of Quantities (ISQ).
It was developed and promulgated jointly by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
It serves as a style guide for using physical quantities and units of measurement, formulas involving them, and their corresponding units, in scientific and educational documents for worldwide use | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Klingons ( KLING-(g)on; Klingon: tlhIngan [ˈt͡ɬɪŋɑn]) are a fictional species in the science fiction franchise Star Trek.
Developed by screenwriter Gene L. Coon in 1967 for the original Star Trek (TOS) series, Klingons were swarthy humanoids characterized by prideful ruthlessness and brutality | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Later Life Workplace Index (LLWI) serves as a measurement instrument for age-inclusive organizational practices and working conditions for the successful employment of age-diverse workforces. Especially in the light of demographic change and shortages of skilled workers, the employment of older workers gains importance. The index summarizes practices and working conditions that are beneficial for an older workforce by fostering their health, motivation, and performance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In the science of measurement, the least count of a measuring instrument is the smallest value in the measured quantity that can be resolved on the instrument's scale. The least count is related to the precision of an instrument; an instrument that can measure smaller changes in a value relative to another instrument, has a smaller "least count" value and so is more precise. Any measurement made by the instrument can be considered repeatable to no less than the resolution of the least count | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Level of measurement or scale of measure is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables. Psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens developed the best-known classification with four levels, or scales, of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. This framework of distinguishing levels of measurement originated in psychology and has since had a complex history, being adopted and extended in some disciplines and by some scholars, and criticized or rejected by others | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A light-induced fluorescence transient (LIFT) is a device to remotely measure chlorophyll fluorescence in plants in a fast and non-destructive way. By using a series of excitation light pulses, LIFT combines chlorophyll fluorescence data with spectral and RGB information to provide insights into various photosynthetic traits and vegetation indices. LIFT combines the pump-probe method with the principle of laser-induced fluorescence | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Magnetic resonance velocimetry (MRV) is an experimental method to obtain velocity fields in fluid mechanics. MRV is based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance and adapts a medical magnetic resonance imaging system for the analysis of technical flows. The velocities are usually obtained by phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging techniques | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The margin of error is a statistic expressing the amount of random sampling error in the results of a survey. The larger the margin of error, the less confidence one should have that a poll result would reflect the result of a census of the entire population. The margin of error will be positive whenever a population is incompletely sampled and the outcome measure has positive variance, which is to say, whenever the measure varies | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Maximum time interval error (MTIE) is the maximum error committed by a clock under test in measuring a time interval for a given period of time. It is used to specify clock stability requirements in telecommunications standards. MTIE measurements can be used to detect clock instability that can cause data loss on a communications channel | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Measurement category is a method of classification by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) of live electric circuits used in measurement and testing of installations and equipment, usually in the relation within a building (residential or industrial).
The categories take into account the total continuous energy available at the given point of circuit, and the occurrence of impulse voltages. The energy can be limited by circuit breakers or fuses, and the impulse voltages by the nominal level of voltage | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A measurement systems analysis (MSA) is a thorough assessment of a measurement process, and typically includes a specially designed experiment that seeks to identify the components of variation in that measurement process. Just as processes that produce a product may vary, the process of obtaining measurements and data may also have variation and produce incorrect results. A measurement systems analysis evaluates the test method, measuring instruments, and the entire process of obtaining measurements to ensure the integrity of data used for analysis (usually quality analysis) and to understand the implications of measurement error for decisions made about a product or process | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In metrology, measurement uncertainty is the expression of the statistical dispersion of the values attributed to a measured quantity. All measurements are subject to uncertainty and a measurement result is complete only when it is accompanied by a statement of the associated uncertainty, such as the standard deviation. By international agreement, this uncertainty has a probabilistic basis and reflects incomplete knowledge of the quantity value | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A TDR moisture sensor employs time-domain reflectometry (TDR) to measure moisture content indirectly based on the correlation to electric and dielectric properties of materials, such as soil, agrarian products, snow, wood or concrete.
Measurement usually involves inserting a sensor into the substance to be tested and then applying either Standard Waveform Analysis to determine the average moisture content along the sensor or Profile Analysis to provide moisture content at discrete points along the sensor. A spatial location can be achieved by appropriate installation of several sensors | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Porosimetry is an analytical technique used to determine various quantifiable aspects of a material's porous structure, such as pore diameter, total pore volume, surface area, and bulk and absolute densities.
The technique involves the intrusion of a non-wetting liquid (often mercury) at high pressure into a material through the use of a porosimeter. The pore size can be determined based on the external pressure needed to force the liquid into a pore against the opposing force of the liquid's surface tension | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Metric fixation refers to a tendency for decision-makers to place excessively large emphases on selected metrics.
In management (and many other social science fields), decision makers typically use metrics to measure how well a person or an organization attain desired goal(s). E | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Moisture analysis covers a variety of methods for measuring the moisture content in solids, liquids, or gases. For example, moisture (usually measured as a percentage) is a common specification in commercial food production. There are many applications where trace moisture measurements are necessary for manufacturing and process quality assurance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Molecular tagging velocimetry (MTV) is a specific form of flow velocimetry, a technique for determining the velocity of currents in fluids such as air and water. In its simplest form, a single "write" laser beam is shot once through the sample space. Along its path an optically induced chemical process is initiated, resulting in the creation of a new chemical species or in changing the internal energy state of an existing one, so that the molecules struck by the laser beam can be distinguished from the rest of the fluid | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Participatory monitoring (also known as collaborative monitoring, community-based monitoring, locally based monitoring, or volunteer monitoring) is the regular collection of measurements or other kinds of data (monitoring), usually of natural resources and biodiversity, undertaken by local residents of the monitored area, who rely on local natural resources and thus have more local knowledge of those resources. Those involved usually live in communities with considerable social cohesion, where they regularly cooperate on shared projects.
Participatory monitoring has emerged as an alternative or addition to professional scientist-executed monitoring | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is an optical method of flow visualization used in education and research. It is used to obtain instantaneous velocity measurements and related properties in fluids. The fluid is seeded with tracer particles which, for sufficiently small particles, are assumed to faithfully follow the flow dynamics (the degree to which the particles faithfully follow the flow is represented by the Stokes number) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) is a velocimetry method i. e. a technique to measure velocities and trajectories of moving objects | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In science and engineering, the parts-per notation is a set of pseudo-units to describe small values of miscellaneous dimensionless quantities, e. g. mole fraction or mass fraction | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Patternation is the specialized technical art of performing quantitative measurements of specific properties of particles within a spray and visualizing the patterns of this specific property within the spray. In order to understand patternation, we need to consider the role sprays play in our daily lives.
Uses of sprays
Sprays have a number of uses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The term personal equation, in 19th- and early 20th-century science, referred to the idea that different observers have different reaction times, which can introduce bias when it comes to measurements and observations.
Astronomy
The term originated in astronomy, when it was discovered that numerous observers making simultaneous observations would record slightly different values (for example, in recording the exact time at which a star crossed the wires of a reticule in a telescope), some of which were of a significant enough difference to afford for problems in larger calculations.
The existence of the effect was first discovered when, in 1796, the Astronomer Royal Neville Maskelyne dismissed his assistant Kinnebrooke because he could not better the error of his observations relative to Maskelyne's own values | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phase shift torque measurement is carried out by a torquemeter that uses a shaft connected between rotating machines such as a turbine and compressor or jet engine under test and a dynamometer. A gear at each end of the shaft is surrounded by a coil. The gear produces a sine wave in the coil's eddy current magnetic field | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phosphor thermometry is an optical method for surface temperature measurement. The method exploits luminescence emitted by phosphor material. Phosphors are fine white or pastel-colored inorganic powders which may be stimulated by any of a variety of means to luminesce, i | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A physical test is a qualitative or quantitative procedure that consists of determination of one or more characteristics of a given product, process or service according to a specified procedure. Often this is part of an experiment.
Physical testing is common in physics, engineering, and quality assurance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In geology, a piercing point is defined as a feature (usually a geologic feature, preferably a linear feature) that is cut by a fault, then moved apart. Reconfiguring the piercing point back in its original position is the primary way geologists can find out the minimum slip, or displacement, along a fault. This can be done on a large scale (over many kilometers), a small scale (inside a single outcrop or fault trench) or even a single hand sample/rock (see image) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) is an optical diagnostic technique widely used for flow visualization and quantitative measurements. PLIF has been shown to be used for velocity, concentration, temperature and pressure measurements.
Working
A PLIF setup consists of a source of light (usually a laser), an arrangement of lenses to form a sheet, fluorescent medium, collection optics and a detector | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A primary instrument is a scientific instrument, which by its physical characteristics is accurate and is not calibrated against anything else. A primary instrument must be able to be exactly duplicated anywhere, anytime with identical results.
Example
Pressure | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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